Journal articles: 'Work disincentives'

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Turton, Neil. "Welfare benefits and work disincentives." Journal of Mental Health 10, no. 3 (January 2001): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638230123664.

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Rahilly, S. "Housing Benefit and Work Disincentives." Industrial Law Journal 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilj/33.1.81.

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Caniglia, Alan S. "How large are welfare’s work disincentives?" International Journal of Social Economics 23, no. 9 (September 1996): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068299610124333.

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Warner, Richard. "Work disincentives in US disability pension programs." Journal of Mental Health 10, no. 4 (January 2001): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638230120041164.

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Kotlikoff, Laurence J., and David A. Wise. "Pension Backloading, Wage Taxes, and Work Disincentives." Tax Policy and the Economy 2 (January 1988): 161–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/tpe.2.20061776.

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Bordieri, James E. "Job Satisfaction of Occupational Therapists: Supervisors and Managers versus Direct Service Staff." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 8, no. 3 (May 1988): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944928800800304.

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Overall job satisfaction and the specific work incentives and disincentives that were responsible for job satisfaction or dissatisfaction were surveyed in 489 occupational therapists Job satisfaction was found to be moderately high, and the respondents rated achievement and interpersonal relationships with co-workers as work incentives Opportunity for advancement and working conditions, on the other hand, were seen as job disincentives Ratings on several of the job satisfaction factors differed as a function of the respondent's primary work role (i.e., supervision/management vs. direct service).

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Lanterman, Jennifer L., and Sarah J. Blithe. "The Benefits, Challenges, and Disincentives of Interdisciplinary Collaboration." Commoning Ethnography 2, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/ce.v2i1.5399.

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Research consistently demonstrates the value of interdisciplinary collaboration. It has also become common for universities to encourage their faculty to engage in interdisciplinary and collaborative research. However, there are several challenges and disincentives to this type of work. In this article, we draw on a single case study of a project employing interdisciplinary collaborative event ethnography (CEE) to demonstrate the benefits, challenges, and disincentives of this approach to research. We highlight the enhanced and nuanced outcomes achieved through interdisciplinary collaboration that would likely not have been achieved through an intradisciplinary approach to the research questions. The case study also highlights the challenges and disincentives associated with this research strategy, including longer work times, difficulty in publishing due to editorial and reviewer criticism about violating methods preferences or disciplinary boundaries, and issues related to publications outside of one’s field. We conclude with a call to enhance the incentives associated with interdisciplinary collaborative research.

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Hyatt, Douglas E. "Work Disincentives of Workers' Compensation Permanent Partial Disability Benefits: Evidence for Canada." Canadian Journal of Economics 29, no. 2 (May 1996): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/136290.

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GODA, GOPI SHAH, JOHN B. SHOVEN, and SITA NATARAJ SLAVOV. "Work incentives in the Social Security Disability benefit formula." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 18, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747218000136.

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AbstractWe examine the connection between taxes paid and benefits accrued under the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program on both the intensive and extensive margins. We perform these calculations for stylized workers given the existing benefit structure and disability hazard rates. On the intensive margin, we examine the effect of an additional dollar of earnings on the marginal payroll taxes contributed and future benefits earned. We find that the present discounted value of disability benefits received from an additional dollar of earnings, net of the SSDI payroll tax, generally declines with age, becoming negative around age 40 and reaching almost zero at age 63. On the extensive margin, we determine the effect of working an additional year on the additional payroll taxes and future benefits as a percentage of income. The return to working an additional year at an income level just large enough to earn Social Security credits for the year is large and positive through age 60. However, the return to working an additional full year is substantially smaller and becomes negative at approximately age 57. Thus, older workers face strong incentives to earn enough to obtain creditable coverage through age 60, but they face disincentives for additional earnings. In addition, workers aged 61 and older face work disincentives at any level of earnings. We repeat this analysis for stylized workers at different levels of earnings and find that, while the program transfers resources from high earners to low earners, the workers experience similar patterns in the returns to working.

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Sadasivam, Suri, and Jagannath Mallela. "Application of Work Zone Road User Costs to Determine Schedule-Related Incentives and Disincentives." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2504, no. 1 (January 2015): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2504-05.

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Rowlingson, K. "Social Security. Social security and disincentives to work: the case of the disability working allowance." Industrial Law Journal 26, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilj/26.2.198.

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Morera, Maria C., and Christina H. Gladwin. "Does Off-Farm Work Discourage Soil Conservation? Incentives and Disincentives Throughout Two Honduran Hillside Communities." Human Ecology 34, no. 3 (May 23, 2006): 355–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9022-4.

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Gelijns, Annetine C., and C. Ok Pannenborg. "The Development of Contraceptive Technology: Case Studies of Incentives and Disincentives to Innovation." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 9, no. 2 (1993): 210–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230000444x.

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AbstractThis paper examines the characteristics of the process of innovation as applied to a range of contraceptive technologies. Whereas the understanding of how and why innovation works or does not work has grown in the past few decades in such professional fields as electronics, aviation, and optics, only the first attempts are currently under way in medicine. Borrowing from other fields, this paper proposes a theoretical underpinning to the process of innovation as it would apply to the development of medical technology. Subsequently, it documents this process with regard to contraceptive technology (oral contraceptives, injectables, intrauterine devices, implants, and surgical contraception), providing a framework of first-, second-, and third-generation definitions of development. A number of observations about the importance of certain supply- and demand-side determinants of the direction and rate of medical innovation conclude the essay.

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Vall Castelló, Judit. "What happens to the employment of disabled individuals when all financial disincentives to work are abolished?" Health Economics 26 (September 2017): 158–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3533.

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Bhatt, Sonal. "How does participatory irrigation management work? A study of selected water users' associations in Anand district of Gujarat, western India." Water Policy 15, no. 2 (October 25, 2012): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.065.

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Measuring the performance of water users' associations (WUAs) is a complex task. Literature associates a large number of parameters with their success and failure. This paper presents an in-depth study of two WUAs that are considered to be functioning well by the irrigation department in Anand, India. It discusses some new issues and innovations being tried out in Anand, namely: (1) incentives and disincentives for WUA membership; (2) outsourcing of irrigation service fees (ISF) collection by the WUAs; and (3) expansion of the scope of WUA activities beyond irrigation, with a potential impact on financial viability. The paper discusses degrees of success in WUAs in this context and tries to draw out lessons that may be widely replicable.

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LIM, Tai Wei. "Housing Policies in Hong Kong." East Asian Policy 12, no. 01 (January 2020): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930520000094.

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Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam presented her housing policies at the 2019 annual address in broad strokes, including using ordinances to resume undeveloped land in accordance with the law. The Hong Kong government could use its regulatory power as disincentives for private development of land given the highly bureaucratic, time-consuming and expensive land development approval process. The Hong Kong government would also work jointly with private sector landlords to potentially develop public housing and profit-driven projects, which would then be negotiated based on the Hong Kong government’s terms and conditions.

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Campolieti, Michele, Rafael Gomez, and Morley Gunderson. "Volunteering, Income Support Programs and Persons with Disabilities." Articles 64, no. 2 (September 9, 2009): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037917ar.

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We study the propensity of persons with disabilities to engage in volunteer activity using the Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS). Our principal focus is on the effects of various income support programs on persons with disabilities participation in volunteer activities because income support programs can differ with respect to their treatment of unpaid work. For example, workers’ compensation programs embody strong disincentives to volunteering while public disability insurance programs explicitly encourage unpaid work. We find that workers’ compensation is associated with decreases in the probability of volunteering while public disability insurance is associated with increases in the propensity to volunteer. The relevance of these results to both theories of volunteerism and public policy is discussed.

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Fenton, Jane, and Mark Smith. "‘You Can’t Say That!’: Critical Thinking, Identity Politics, and the Social Work Academy." Societies 9, no. 4 (October 17, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc9040071.

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Recent years have witnessed an eruption of what have been termed culture wars, often converging around the messier aspects of interpersonal relationships and corresponding identity issues that are complex, sensitive, and contested. These are emotive topics that are often colonised by activist groups, and consequently have become enveloped in particular regimes of truth and assertive identity politics. They are often also, by their nature, the kind of issues that are central to social work practice. This can lead to pressure on social workers and social work students to think that these orthodoxies ought to underpin and define the profession, which in turn can lead to the silencing of alternative opinions and the closing down of dissent. This article seeks to locate identity politics in a political and cultural context. It goes on to set out classic arguments for free speech, viewpoint diversity, and for the need for social work to embrace and engage with such. It explores the notion that the closing down of debate about contentious issues, the disincentives that exist to expressing controversial opinions, and the uncritical adoption of ideological orthodoxies work against the development of the critical thinking skills that are essential for social work practice.

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Frech, Adrianne, Ginny Natale, Don Hayes, and Dmitry Tumin. "Marital Status and Return to Work After Living Kidney Donation." Progress in Transplantation 28, no. 3 (June 7, 2018): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526924818781560.

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Purpose: Living kidney donation is safe and effective, but patients in need of a transplant continue to outnumber donors. Disincentives to living donation include lost income, risk of job loss, perioperative complications, and unreimbursed medical expenses. Methods: This study uses US registry and follow-up data on living kidney donors from 2013 to 2015 to identify social predictors of return to work across gender following living kidney donation. Results: Using logistic regression, we find that predictors of return to work following living kidney donation differ for women and men. Among women, age, education, smoking status, and procedure type are associated with return to work. Among men, education, procedure type, and hospital readmission within 6 weeks postdonation are associated with return to work. Notably, single and divorced men are less likely to return to work compared to married men (odds ratio [OR] for single men 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-0.69, P < .001; OR for divorced men 0.51, 95% CI, 0.34-0.75, P = .006). Marital status is not associated with return to work for women. Single and divorced men’s greater odds of not returning to work are robust to controls for relevant pre- and postdonation characteristics. Conclusions: Single and divorced men’s lack of social support may present an obstacle to work resumption following living kidney donation.

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Arellano, José-Pablo. "Social Policies in Chile: an Historical Review." Journal of Latin American Studies 17, no. 2 (November 1985): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0000794x.

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In many countries the government plays an important role in the provision of several basic human needs. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in these social policies. In less developed countries, the question of income redistribution and poverty alleviation strategies has led to a ‘basic needs’ approach. This strategy attempts to satisfy a minimum consumption basket of the poor through government intervention. intervention. On the other hand, in some developed countries a revision of the ‘welfare state’ conception – at least in terms of its future growth – is under way. Alleged inefficiencies, work and savings disincentives and the high tax burden it requires are among the criticisms.

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Warner, Richard. "Schizophrenia and the environment: speculative interventions." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 8, no. 1 (March 1999): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00007491.

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SummaryObjective – Starting from research on environmental factors that influence schizophrenia, the author speculates on innovations that could reduce the occurrence of the illness, improve its course and enhance the quality of life of sufferers and their relatives. Results – Ranging from education about obstetric risks to a stigma-reducing campaign, the suggestions could be of interest, not only to clinicians, but also to advocates, policy-makers and communications specialists. Conclusions – Several of the suggestions, which would be innovative in the United States, are already established features of Italian mental health care. These features include social enterprises, family support payments and a disability pension system without severe disincentives to work.

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Porcellato, Lorna, Fiona Carmichael, Claire Hulme, Barbara Ingham, and Arvin Prashar. "Giving older workers a voice: constraints on the employment of older people in the North West of England." Work, Employment and Society 24, no. 1 (March 2010): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017009353659.

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This article contributes to the literature on older workers and employment, providing a regional perspective on the relationship between age and work. The study is based on interviews in conjunction with occupational-event calendars with 56 individuals in North West England. The primary aim was to gain in-depth understanding of perceived constraints that older people feel hinder their employment prospects within the context of their daily lives. Significant constraints on employment and re-employment were identified and attributed to health, negative perceptions of self, lack of formal human capital and undervaluation of experience, financial disincentives for employers to employ older workers and prevailing ageist attitudes.

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Koebel, Kourtney, Dionne Pohler, Rafael Gomez, and Akshay Mohan. "Public Policy in a Time of Crisis: A Framework for Evaluating Canada’s COVID-19 Income Support Programs." Canadian Public Policy 47, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 316–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-117.

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Income support programs introduced for workers during the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdowns faced criticism for their negative labour supply effects. We propose that these concerns about work disincentives are embedded in restrictive assumptions about work and led to suboptimal design of crisis support policies. We describe a framework for analyzing alternative crisis income support programs predicated on more realistic assumptions of labour markets and human motivation. Our framework proposes that balancing efficiency, equity, and voice objectives should be the goal of crisis labour market policies. We argue that adoption of a basic income targeted toward low-income workers, in combination with Canada’s pre-existing Employment Insurance program, would have balanced efficiency, equity, and voice better than the combination of the Canada Emergency Response Benefit and Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy. A targeted basic income would also have been more effective at achieving stated public health objectives.

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McAweeney, Mary, Joseph Keferl, Dennis Moore, and Joseph Wagner. "Predictors of Successful Closure in the State-Federal Vocational Rehabilitation System: Findings from a Sample of Persons with Disability and Substance Use Disorders." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.39.2.30.

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Numerous studies have focused on the predictors of successful closure of state-federal vocational rehabilitation (VR) applicants. However, there appears to be only one study focused solely on the predictors of employment with persons who were deemed eligible for services based on their alcohol or drug abuse diagnosis. This retrospective study examined the predictors of employment among this population. A sample of 940 persons with a primary or secondary diagnosis of alcohol or drug abuse and a closure status of 26 or 28 was randomly selected from the 2005 Rehabilitation Service Administration (RSA) 911 data. A combination of consumer characteristics, VR service variables, and work disincentives predicted employment. Knowledge of these predictors suggests ways for counselors to better serve consumers via accurate assessment, appropriate planning, and efficient case coordination.

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Szőcs, Csongor-Ernő. "Public Attitudes towards Monetary Integration in Seven New Member States of the EU." Politics in Central Europe 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pce-2015-0006.

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Abstract Existing work on euro support has provided insights into the dynamics of preferences, but most of these studies focus on older member states that already form an integral part of the Eurozone. This article inquires into public attitudes towards monetary integration in new member states of the EU: Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria and Lithuania. Focusing on the cross-sectional variation of preferences, it applies multilevel logit regression to test three perspectives – economic, conceptual and political – using individual-level survey data and NUTS-2 regional statistical data from seven countries for 2013. One of its novel findings is that beliefs such as the one that European Monetary Union (EMU) adherence will cause a spiral in economic inflation are powerful disincentives to euro support in these countries.

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Gassmann, Franziska, and Lorena Zardo Trindade. "Effect of Means-Tested Social Transfers on Labor Supply: Heads Versus Spouses—An Empirical Analysis of Work Disincentives in the Kyrgyz Republic." European Journal of Development Research 31, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41287-018-0142-7.

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Kaelin, Mark A., Judith K. Barr, Thomas Golaszewski, and Leon J. Warshaw. "Risk-Rated Health Insurance Programs: A Review of Designs and Important Issues." American Journal of Health Promotion 7, no. 2 (November 1992): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-7.2.118.

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Purpose of the Review. The purpose of this review is to assist those who work in the field of health promotion when considering the implementation of an individually risk-rated health insurance plan. It does so by introducing the reader to the concept of individually risk-rating health insurance; uncritically reviewing selected risk-rated health insurance plans; and exploring several issues related to plan implementation, administration, and appropriateness. Search Methods Used. The review is based on the authors' awareness of the literature in the fields of preventive medicine, health promotion, and employee benefits. The six individually risk-rated health insurance programs that are reviewed were chosen because they demonstrate how aspects of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' Model have been implemented using various combinations of administrative procedures, verification strategies, and types of economic incentives or disincentives. This review is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the literature. Summary of Important Findings. Individually risk-rated health insurance programs have been established using a variety of administrative procedures, verification strategies, and types of economic incentives or disincentives. The frequency with which these programs are being established is increasing. As the number of risk-rated programs grows, it will be increasingly important to address the many issues that implementing such plans generate: How should lifestyle behaviors be verified? Will healthy lifestyles save money? Can employees fully control their risk factors? Is risk-rating socially responsible? Major Conclusions. As risk-rating becomes more widespread, there will be a continuing need to address the business, medical, ethical, and legal issues these programs create and to refine them accordingly. The health promotion community has both an opportunity and obligation to see to it that individually risk-rated health insurance programs are implemented in a socially acceptable manner and that the outcomes they generate are cost-beneficial.

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Hiller, Janet, Myrna Sroka, Mary Jo Holochek, Ann Morrison, Louis R. Kavoussi, and Lloyd E. Ratner. "Functional Advantages of Laparoscopic Live-Donor Nephrectomy Compared with Conventional Open-Donor Nephrectomy." Journal of Transplant Coordination 7, no. 3 (September 1997): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/090591999700700309.

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Live-donor kidney transplants accounted for only 27% of all kidney transplants performed in the United States in 1995. Prolonged hospitalization, pain, extended convalescence, and related socioeconomic concerns associated with traditional open-donor nephrectomy surgery may discourage potential donors, contributing to a low percentage of live kidney donors. To remove such disincentives, the laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy procedure was introduced. In this study, the postdischarge course of 10 laparoscopic nephrectomy donors was compared with that of 27 open nephrectomy donors over the same time period. Laparoscopic nephrectomy donors experienced significantly shorter hospitalizations, less pain, felt able to return to work and normal routines sooner, and needed significantly less assistance during the recuperation period than did open nephrectomy donors. The laparoscopic nephrectomy procedure may decrease many of the concerns of potential donors, thus making live kidney donation more attractive and increasing the kidney supply.

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Whyte, Angus, and Graham Pryor. "Open Science in Practice: Researcher Perspectives and Participation." International Journal of Digital Curation 6, no. 1 (March 8, 2011): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v6i1.182.

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We report on an exploratory study consisting of brief case studies in selected disciplines, examining what motivates researchers to work (or want to work) in an open manner with regard to their data, results and protocols, and whether advantages are delivered by working in this way. We review the policy background to open science, and literature on the benefits attributed to open data, considering how these relate to curation and to questions of who participates in science. The case studies investigate the perceived benefits to researchers, research institutions and funding bodies of utilising open scientific methods, the disincentives and barriers, and the degree to which there is evidence to support these perceptions. Six case study groups were selected in astronomy, bioinformatics, chemistry, epidemiology, language technology and neuroimaging. The studies identify relevant examples and issues through qualitative analysis of interview transcripts. We provide a typology of degrees of open working across the research lifecycle, and conclude that better support for open working, through guidelines to assist research groups in identifying the value and costs of working more openly, and further research to assess the risks, incentives and shifts in responsibility entailed by opening up the research process are needed.

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Jackson, Joshua L., and Douglas B. Atkinson. "The Refugee of My Enemy Is My Friend: Rivalry Type and Refugee Admission." Political Research Quarterly 72, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912918776136.

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Why do states accept refugees? While there are a number of factors that influence a state’s decision to accept refugees, interstate relations play an important yet understudied role in refugee flows. In this paper, we build on previous work that has suggested that states with an adversarial relationship will be more likely to accept refugees. We incorporate existing conceptualization and theory from the rivalry literature and extend this logic to state strategy of refugee acceptance to provide one of the first empirical evaluations of refugee acceptance by states. Specifically, we argue that the issues rivals are contending over will change the incentives and disincentives for admitting a rival’s refugees. We anticipate that rivals disputing over ideology will be more likely to accept their rival’s refugees than rivals contending over other rivalry types. We test and find evidence for our arguments using a data set of all directed dyads from 1960 to 2006.

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Feyrer, James, Bruce Sacerdote, and Ariel Dora Stern. "Will the Stork Return to Europe and Japan? Understanding Fertility within Developed Nations." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.3.3.

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We seek to explain the differences in fertility rates across high-income countries by focusing on the interaction between the increasing status of women in the workforce and their status in the household, particularly with regards to child care and home production. We observe three distinct phases in women's status generated by the gradual increase in women's workforce opportunities. In the earliest phase, characteristic of the 1950s and 1960s in the United States, women earn low wages relative to men and are expected to shoulder all of the child care at home. As a result, most women specialize in home production and raising children. In an intermediate stage, women have improved (but not equal) labor market opportunities, but their household status lags. Women in this stage are still expected to do the majority of child care and household production. Increasing access to market work increases the opportunity cost of having children, and fertility falls. Female labor force participation increases. Working women in this phase of development have the strongest disincentives to having additional children since the entire burden of child care falls on them. In the final phase of development, women's labor market opportunities begin to equal those of men. In addition, the increased household bargaining power that comes from more equal wages results in much higher (if not gender-equal) male participation in household production. Female labor force participation is higher than in the intermediate phase. The increased participation of men in the household also reduces the disincentives for women to have additional children, and fertility rates rise compared to the intermediate phase. The intermediate, low-fertility phase might describe Japan, Italy, and Spain in the present day, while the Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, and the modern-day United States may be entering the final phase. After presenting the empirical evidence, we predict that high-income countries with the lowest fertility rates are likely to see an increase in fertility in the coming decades.

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Hodgson, Geoffrey M. "Introduction to the inaugural issue by the Editor-in-Chief." Journal of Institutional Economics 1, no. 1 (May 27, 2005): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137405000081.

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Major shifts in thinking among economists and other social scientists in recent years have prepared the ground for the launch of the Journal of Institutional Economics. Within economics, for example, after a period of neglect from the earlier to the later decades of the twentieth century, the study of the nature and role of institutions has become a central topic. Explanations of economic growth and development used to focus on inputs, production functions, and outputs, often neglecting the institutional structures that constrain or empower individuals, and frame their incentives and disincentives. Accordingly, for a long time the firm was treated as a ‘black box’, with little regard to the structural determinants of its existence, boundaries, and performance. However, the study of the firm changed dramatically in the 1970s when Oliver Williamson, building on the earlier work of Ronald Coase and others, opened the black box to investigate the firm as an institution. Similarly, in a pioneering series of works, Douglass North has investigated the role of institutions in the historical development of the modern capitalism. There are many other examples of important achievements in this area, too numerous to mention here. The outcome is that institutions have become a central topic of analysis for economists.

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Hill, Mark L., David J. Ruth, Michael J. Hine, Robert M. Carlson, Simone Worden Jones, and Alice T. Watts. "Navigating and Improving Employment Related Policies for People with Disabilities: An Emerging WorkWORLD Knowledge Based Decision Support (WW-KBDS) System." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 29, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.29.4.32.

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Current disability benefit, employment, and welfare programs interact in complex ways that often discourage beneficiaries from seeking employment and increased earnings. The complexity of such “incentive incompatibilities” or “perverse incentives” serves as barriers not only to the employment of individuals with disabilities but also to the efforts of policy makers to improve the policies and remove the disincentives. A Knowledge Based Decision Support (KBDS) system can: (1) help individuals to navigate the current system as successfully as possible; and (2) help policy makers and disability advocates to develop “incentive compatible” policies that reward beneficiaries for going to work rather than punish them. The Employment Support Institute (ESI) has been working under contract with the Social Security Administration (SSA) to develop the WorkWORLD decision support system and software that can help both beneficiaries and policy makers. Because many of the programs operate differently in different states, however, the full development of the software will require the cooperation of every state. A model for that cooperation has been developed and is presented.

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Jerosch-Herold, Christina. "Evidence Based Practice — How to Do a Literature Search." British Journal of Hand Therapy 3, no. 1 (March 1998): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175899839800300111.

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Evidence based practice has been defined as the integration of current best evidence with individual clinical expertise when making decisions about the care of individual patients (Sacket et al, 1996) The use of one without the other does not constitute evidence-based practice. As clinicians therefore it is vital not to devalue clinical expertise developed through education and practice but it is also time that a closer look is taken at the research which should underpin our practice. It is this which maybe poses the greater challenge. The distance to the nearest library, the associated computer technology which has to be mastered, the limits on time and staffing act as disincentives rather than to encourage evidence-based practice. This paper is the first of a series on getting evidence into practice by providing an introductory guide on how to search for literature using computer databases. Examples from the field of hand therapy are used to illustrate the different components involved in a search and how different strategies work.

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Mwinyihija, M., and H. Mekonnen. "Preview of Camel (Camelus dromedarius) hides marketing and challenges in Eastern Africa." Journal of Africa Leather and Leather Producuts Advances 3, no. 1 (March 6, 2016): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15677/jallpa.2016.v3i1.12.

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Camel production in the world has continued taking a centre stage in livestock economics and food security. More conspicuously is the prominence of Camel hide production for specialized leather artifacts worldwide. Of Interest has been the growth of the Camel milk, meat and hide industry in Eastern Africa. Previous areas that had not registered Camel slaughter particularly in the urban and peri-urban areas have become areas of interest with gradual increase demonstrated in this study. However the decline in prices worldwide, poor production technique, inadequate policy and legal frame work and disincentives have been a ‘bottleneck’, in the rapid and potential wealth creating Camel hide industry in Eastern Africa. Indeed with appropriate strategy the potential is rife for the development of the Industry, if appropriate interventions are developed for the cited challenges. The increase of camel meat in urban environment is an indicator that the industry is poised to grow even further. Thus the urgency to attend to the evolving needs is equally critical by all the stakeholders, core or no-core.

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Bobrow, Davis B., and Mark A. Boyer. "Public Opinion and International Policy Choices: Global Commitments for Japan and Its Peers?" Japanese Journal of Political Science 2, no. 1 (May 2001): 67–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109901000147.

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To understand the prospects for global order and progress in the coming years, we explore the joint implications of three premises: (1) states advantaged by the current international order have stakes in its regularity and predictability, and thus in moving to counter or prevent threats to those stakes; (2) along impure public and club goods lines, they are more likely to make efforts to do so when some private or club benefits result; and (3) public opinion provides a bounded policy acceptance envelope offering incentives and disincentives to national political elites to act as envisioned by the first two premises. We present a mosaic of public opinion in major OECD countries (the US, Japan, and major EU members) on three policy areas – foreign aid, UN peace-keeping operations, and environmental quality – that contain international public goods elements. Actual contribution tendencies in those areas found in our previous work largely conform to the public opinion patterns reported here. Within the limits of available data, domestic political incentives as represented by public opinion warrant neither extreme optimism nor pessimism about the prospects for continuing contributions by OECD states to sustaining orderly functioning of the current world system.

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Camfield, Laura. "Rigor and Ethics in the World of Big-team Qualitative Data: Experiences From Research in International Development." American Behavioral Scientist 63, no. 5 (July 5, 2018): 604–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218784636.

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In the large international projects where many qualitative researchers work, generating qualitative Big Data, data sharing represents the status quo. This is rarely acknowledged, even though the ethical implications are considerable and span both process and product. I argue that big-team qualitative researchers can strengthen claims to rigor in analysis (the product) by drawing on a growing body of knowledge about how to do credible secondary analysis. Since this necessitates a full account of how the research and the analysis are done (the process), I consider the structural disincentives for providing these. Debates around credibility and rigor are not new to qualitative research in international development, but they intensify when new actors such as program evaluators and quantitative researchers use qualitative methods on a large scale. In this context, I look at the utility of guidelines used by these actors to ensure the quality of qualitative research. I ask whether these offer pragmatic suggestions to improve its quality, recognizing the common and hierarchized separation between the generation and interpretation of data, or conversely, whether they set impossible standards and fail to recognize the differences between and respective strengths of qualitative and quantitative research.

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CHANG, YU-LING. "Unequal Social Protection under the Federalist System: Three Unemployment Insurance Approaches in the United States, 2007–2015." Journal of Social Policy 49, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000217.

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AbstractDespite the increased attention paid to federal-state unemployment insurance (UI) schemes after the Great Recession (2007–2009), research examining the policy characteristics and the underlying logic shaping the social protection provided by a federal-state UI system is limited. Integrating the perspectives of policy design theory, comparative welfare politics, and fiscal welfare, this paper examines the unequal social protection under the American UI system during and after the Great Recession. By using model-based cluster analysis and fixed-effect panel regression models, this paper identifies three distinct UI approaches, i.e. the limited social protection approach, the unbalanced social protection approach, and the balanced social protection approach. The policy choices made by those states that follow the three approaches reflect different mixtures of policy logic, including social protection, economic stabilization, work disincentives, and interstate competition. The overall downward trend in social protection signals that the American UI system is under-prepared for the next economic recession, thereby exposing unemployed workers to the risk of economic insecurity. These findings provide implications for future policy designs aiming to strengthen the social protection of the federal-state UI system.

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Dom, Geert. "Work is Important. Commentary on Finn et al. (2017) Decisions to Attend and Drink at Party Events: The Effects of Incentives and Disincentives and Lifetime Alcohol and Antisocial Problems." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 42, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.13530.

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Peichl, Andreas, Nico Pestel, Hilmar Schneider, and Sebastian Siegloch. "Reform der Hartz IV-Hinzuverdienstregelungen: Ein verfehlter Ansatz." Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 12, no. 1 (February 2011): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2516.2010.00348.x.

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AbstractIn Germany, both policy makers and researchers have been searching for solutions to overcome the disincentives on labor supply generated by income allowances for welfare recipients (Unemployment Benefit II). Taking proposals of the German Economic Institute (IW) and the governing Liberal Party (FDP) as a starting point, the German Federal Government has intensely discussed this topic during fall 2010 and finally proposed a reform in legislation. In this study, we analyze the potential labor supply effects of the legislated reform and the preceding proposals. In a second step, we augment the different scenarios with a working hours requirement to ensure that only those are subsidized, whose earned income is low due to low hourly wages rather than few working hours. Our simulations confirm the well-known trade-off of in-work benefits: Without working time requirement they tend to create incentives for welfare recipients to increase their labor supply, such that overall labor supply rises. However, the more generous the allowable income regulation, the more expensive the reform gets for the government budget. This comes mainly from the increasing incentive to reduce working hours for those located around the phasing-out level of income. This predominantly affects secondary earners. A working hours requirement reduces these effects and causes more favorable labor market effects and consequently much lower fiscal costs.

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Rogers, Mary E., Peter A. Creed, and Judy Searle. "Why are junior doctors deterred from choosing a surgical career?" Australian Health Review 36, no. 2 (2012): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11999.

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Objective. To identify the reasons why interns would not choose a surgical career. Methods. This qualitative study used semi-structured telephone interviews to explore the future career choices of 41 junior doctors (14 men, 27 women). Doctors were asked to identify specialties they would not take up, and state why this was the case. Results. Thirty (73.2%) of the 41 interns nominated surgery as a specialty they would not choose. Themes relating to reasons for not wanting to pursue a surgical career included the lifestyle associated with surgery (66.7%), the culture within the surgical work environment (53.3%), the lack of interest in performing surgical work (36.7%), and the training requirements associated with surgery (33.3%). Both sexes had similar reasons for not wanting to choose a surgical career; but additionally, women referred to the male domination of surgery, and the difficulty and inflexibility of the training program as deterrents. Conclusions. Efforts are needed to promote interest in surgery as a career especially for women, to improve the surgical work environment so that medical students and junior doctors have exposure to positive role models and surgical placements, and to provide a more flexible approach to surgical training. What is known about the topic? In Australia, there is an anticipated future shortage of surgeons, with acute shortages expected in some locations. Lifestyle issues are reported as the primary contributing factor. What does this paper add? Little is known about Australian junior doctors’ perceptions of surgery as a possible specialty choice. The results of this qualitative study reveal that perceived lack of lifestyle, the culture within the surgical environment, the lack of interest in performing surgery, and concerns relating to the training program were the main disincentives to choosing a surgical career. These results add to the international literature in this area. What are the implications for practitioners? To meet current and future workforce needs, educators need to be aware that positive role models and positive work environments are very important in attracting more medical students and graduates to choosing surgery as a career.

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Laporšek, Suzana. "Implementation of flexicurity in Slovenia." Review of innovation and competitiveness 6, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/ric.2020.61/2.

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Flexicurity remains an important policy instrument in the EU and will be especiallyimportant in the changing economic and labor market environment, characterized with changing nature of work and development of new forms of work. Purpose. This paper examines the implementation of flexicurity policies in Slovenia and compares them with the EU countries. Design/methodology/approach. As there is no uniform measure of flexicurity, the analysis is structured in accordance with four elements of flexicurity policies, developed within the EU, and suitable indicators: (i) flexibility of contractual relations; (ii) lifelong learning; (iii) active labor market policies; and (iv) social protection system. Analysis uses descriptive statistics for last available years and compares these data with crisis year 2010. Data for international comparisons were obtained from the European Commission, Eurostat and Organization for the Economic Co-operation and Development, Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia and the Employment Service of Slovenia. Findings and iImplications. Slovenia has in the past already performed labor market reforms that relate to flexicurity components, yet there is still room for improvement. These are especially needed in the field of lifelong learning and expenditures for active labor market policies, where Slovenia is at the tail of the EU countries. In the front of flexibility, a significant decline in the employment protection was noticed with the last legislative change in 2013, which aimed at reducing segmentation and increasing labor market flexibility. In the front of social protection, Slovenia is among the EU countries with the most generous social systems, which, on the other hand, create high work disincentives. Limitations. This study focuses only on the presentation of the recent indicators of flexicurity components, which is one of its major limitation. Future research should study in more detail the effects of flexicurity on labor market, reconsider the importance of flexicurity in assuring decent work and develop a more comprehensible measure of flexicurity. Originality. The paper adds to the existing literature on Slovenia by giving an overview of recent developments of flexicurity concept, pointing on the areas that require policy response.

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Shr, Jin-Fang, Benjamin P. Thompson, Jeffrey S. Russell, Bin Ran, and H. Ping Tserng. "Determining Minimum Contract Time for Highway Projects." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1712, no. 1 (January 2000): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1712-23.

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An increasing number of state highway agencies (SHAs) are using A (cost) + B (time cost) bidding ( A + B bidding) for highway construction. The A + B bidding concept is designed to shorten the total contract time by allowing each contractor to bid the number of days in which the work can be accomplished, in addition to the traditional cost bid. The SHA is then presented with the problem of determining a reasonable range of contract time submitted by the bidders. Most SHAs do not currently restrict the range of B. However, several problems may arise from an unrestricted range of B. First, if no minimum is set for B, a bidder may inflate the cost bid and submit an unreasonably low B, using the excess cost bid to cover the disincentives charged for exceeding the time bid. Second, if no maximum is set for B, then a bidder with a high B and a low-cost bid may be awarded the job and make an unreasonable amount of money from incentive payments. This study develops a quantified model of the price-time bidding contract. A construction cost-versus-time curve is developed from Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) data. The contractor’s price-versus-time curve is then combined with the road-user cost to determine the optimum lower limit to be set on B. Finally, several projects completed by the Florida DOT will be used to illustrate this model.

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Tee, Lisa, Sonia Ferns, and Jeffery D. Hughes. "The capabilities that count for early professional success in Pharmacy: A case study of graduates, employer and course teaching team perspectives." Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2018vol9no1art679.

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This study gathered and analysed the perceptions of graduates, employers, and the course team regarding graduate capabilities required for early professional success in pharmacy and the extent to which these capabilities are demonstrated in new graduates. The Graduate Employability Indicator (GEI) surveys were administered online to gather stakeholders’ perceptions about the Bachelor of Pharmacy offered at a large Australian university. The GEI asks graduates the extent to which their course experience contributed to achievement of the capabilities, and asks employers and course teams about the extent to which new graduates demonstrated the capabilities. This study also assessed the incentives and disincentives of the course team for assisting to develop work-related skills, attributes and personal qualities. In total, 95 graduates, 109 employers and 42 members of the course team participated in the survey. The findings indicated that graduates preferred earlier professional placement in the course. Employers identified communication and professional skills as the most useful capabilities for new graduates. Members of the course team identified benefits to the students, industry and university as the main incentives for developing graduate employability. Both employers and course team members perceived the use of technology demonstrated by the graduates as important, however the graduates perceived this as much less important compared to other capabilities This study provided an evidence-based approach to engage the course team in curriculum renewal for the Bachelor of Pharmacy program. Data collected using the GEI tool provided valuable information for reshaping the curriculum structure.

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Lin, Steven, Cathina Nguyen, Emily Walters, and Paul Gordon. "Residents’ Perspectives on Careers in Academic Medicine:." Family Medicine 50, no. 3 (March 7, 2018): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2018.306625.

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Background and Objectives: Worsening faculty shortages in medical schools and residency programs are threatening the US medical education infrastructure. Little is known about the factors that influence the decision of family medicine residents to choose or not choose academic careers. Our study objective was to answer the following question among family medicine residents: “What is your greatest concern or fear about pursuing a career in academic family medicine?” Methods: Participants were family medicine residents who attended the Faculty for Tomorrow Workshop at the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine Annual Spring Conference in 2016 and 2017. Free responses to the aforementioned prompt were analyzed using a constant comparative method and grounded theory approach. Results: A total of 156 participants registered for the workshops and 95 (61%) answered the free response question. Eight distinct themes emerged from the analysis. The most frequently recurring theme was “lack of readiness or mentorship,” which accounted for nearly one-third (31%) of the codes. Other themes included work-life balance and burnout (17%), job availability and logistics (15%), lack of autonomy or flexibility (11%), competing pressures/roles (10%), lower financial rewards (4%), politics and bureaucracy (4%), and research (3%). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify barriers and disincentives to pursuing a career in academic medicine from the perspective of family medicine residents. There may be at least eight major obstacles, for which we summarize and consider potential interventions. More research is needed to understand why residents choose, or don’t choose, academic careers.

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Bester, Johan C., Flechner Stuart M., Matt Ronin, and Garet Hil. "Should All Living Kidney Donors Receive Donor Health Insurance? - Ethical Guidance for Evaluating Policies and Actions that Provide Financial Benefits to Living Organ Donors." Journal of Organ Transplantation 1, no. 2 (December 13, 2018): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2576-9359.jot-18-2388.

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This review article provides ethical guidance for determining which kinds of financial benefits provided to living organ donors are ethically appropriate. It does so by way of ethical analysis of a policy case study: the National Kidney Registry (NKR) has implemented a donor insurance program to all its living donors. Is such a policy ethically supportable, or is it an unethical practice? The article proceeds as follows. First, a framework for grounding the ethical commitments of transplant programs is defended. It is argued that this framework can be accepted by all who work in transplant medicine, regardless of differences in ethical theory preference or background. Second, from this framework two ethical principles are formulated. (1) Living donors should, as far as possible, not be worse off for donating. (2) Disincentives towards donation should be removed as much as possible. Third, issues with unethical incentives are explored: undue inducement, commodification of the body, potential decreased organ donation rates, and potential exploitation of vulnerable populations. Lastly, these ethical considerations are applied to the policy change at the NKR, showing that the NKR policy change appears to be ethically supportable. Financial benefits provided to donors are ethically sound if they are in keeping with principles (1) and (2), and do not cause undue inducement, commodification, decreased organ donation, or exploitation. It is ethically appropriate for transplant programs to institute as well as study such programs with the goal of serving the welfare and interests of patients, donors, and the general public.

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Zaidi, Shehla, Zulfiqar Bhutta, Syed Shahzad Hussain, and Kumanan Rasanathan. "Multisector governance for nutrition and early childhood development: overlapping agendas and differing progress in Pakistan." BMJ Global Health 3, Suppl 4 (October 2018): e000678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000678.

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This paper compares the policy trajectories of Nutrition and Early Childhood Development (ECD) in Pakistan, identifying enablers that led to better multisector progress for Nutrition over ECD. Specifically, it deliberates on (1) multisector policy adoption in terms of instigation, construct and stakeholder coalitions; and (2) horizontal coordination in terms of capacity, incentives and structures. The analysis builds on existing work of the authors, supplementing this with further document review and expert insights. Nutrition and ECD initiatives in Pakistan, while overlapping agendas, differed in terms of buy-in and structural grounding. A favourable policy window for Nutrition was successfully managed through coordinated advocacy, programmatic support and investment in networks, while capture of policy opportunities was not seen in case of ECD. A vague construct for ECD confined its activities narrowly to the education sector while a Nutrition discourse specifying roles for other sectors resulted in a broader coalition and expanded activities. Both Nutrition and ECD faced powerful disincentives to coordination, but Nutrition overcame this through cofinancing of different sectors and creation of structural platform in supraplanning ministries. Both Nutrition and ECD share common capacity constraints for horizontal coordination, raising concerns for effective implementation. We conclude that multisector action for child well-being requires deliberative action and investment to unlock opportunities. The analysis from Pakistan highlights four governance areas for progressing multisector action: (1) opportune management of policy windows; (2) a clear and inclusive menu of actions for stakeholder coalitions; (3) availability of cofinancing and structural platforms for catalysing coordination; and (4) investment in horizontally placed human resource and integrated tracking systems.

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Chalamat, Maturot, Cathrine Mihalopoulos, Rob Carter, and Theo Vos. "Assessing Cost-Effectiveness in Mental Health: Vocational Rehabilitation for Schizophrenia and Related Conditions." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 8 (August 2005): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01653.x.

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Objective: Existing evidence suggests that vocational rehabilitation services, in particular individual placement and support (IPS), are effective in assisting people with schizophrenia and related conditions gain open employment. Despite this, such services are not available to all unemployed people with schizophrenia who wish to work. Existing evidence suggests that while IPS confers no clinical advantages over routine care, it does improve the proportion of people returning to employment. The objective of the current study is to investigate the net benefit of introducing IPS services into current mental health services in Australia. Method: The net benefit of IPS is assessed from a health sector perspective using cost–benefit analysis. A two-stage approach is taken to the assessment of benefit. The first stage involves a quantitative analysis of the net benefit, defined as the benefits of IPS (comprising transfer payments averted, income tax accrued and individual income earned) minus the costs. The second stage involves application of ‘second-filter’ criteria (including equity, strength of evidence, feasibility and acceptability to stakeholders) to results. The robustness of results is tested using the multivariate probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Results: The costs of IPS are $A10.3M (95% uncertainty interval $A7.4M–$A13.6M), the benefits are $A4.7M ($A3.1M–$A6.5M), resulting in a negative net benefit of $A5.6M ($A8.4M–$A3.4M). Conclusions: The current analysis suggests that IPS costs are greater than themonetary benefits. However, the evidence-base of the current analysis is weak. Structural conditions surrounding welfare payments in Australia create disincentives to full-time employment for people with disabilities.

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Lee, Othelia E., and Junghyun Park. "EFFECTS OF PRODUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT ON SUBJECTIVE HEALTH AMONG OLDER ADULTS WITH SENSORY IMPAIRMENTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3058.

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Abstract Background: Productive engagement becomes significant protective factors in healthy aging. Yet, subgroups of older adults with age-related vision and hearing impairments lack access to various activities , suggesting that unequal ability to participate in productive aging is a major public health and health-disparities concern. Methods: Older adults experiencing age-related vision and hearing impairments were drawn from the 2015-2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n=2,164). Perceived health status (good vs. poor) was outcome measures used in multivariate logistic regression. Two aspects of productive engagement was considered: 1) employment status (unemployed vs employed) and 2) regular religious service attendance as tools to build social capital in their faith-based communities. Gender, race, marital status, educational attainment, poverty, urbanization, obesity, chronic disease, hospitalization, binge drinking, cigarette smoking, and difficulty with mobility were considered as covariates. Results: Working older adults with sensory loss were more likely to perceived good health status, compared to their unemployed counterparts (OR=2.46, p<.05). Religious service attendance also became protective factors for health (OR=1.60, p<.01). Of the covariates, higher educational attainment, White race, having one chronic disease, hospitalization, smoking, drinking, and mobility challenges appeared to affect the health status. Conclusions/Implications: Study findings implied the needs to identify late-life engagement through work and participation in faith-based community as a major public health issue. Given the barriers and disincentives to the productive engagement of older adults in this culture, healthcare providers should provide programs promoting employment and religious attendance.

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Mingay, George. "Article 82 of the LOS Convention—Revenue Sharing—The Mining Industry's Perspective." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 21, no. 3 (2006): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180806778884705.

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AbstractThe paper will provide an overview of Article 82 LOSC and look at the philosophy and intention behind Article 82's revenue sharing provisions in relation to resources exploited on the outer continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. A brief examination will follow of whether the realities faced at the time of drafting are the same as those faced today. The provisions of Article 82 have yet to be successfully implemented and it seems likely that more work will be required in refining certain aspects of the Article before they can be. Any such refinements are likely to be of significant interest to the mining industry as the theory behind the Article gives way to its practical implementation. The term mining industry covers a range of interests from oil and gas to mineral and metal deposits. Clearly, the economies of scale will be different for each of these interests as will the margins within which they operate. This is likely to have quite an individual effect on the desirability of Article 82 revenue sharing within the industry. Most likely as a consequence of Article 82 not yet having an effect, in addition to the relative costliness of deep water exploration, the mining industry has not widely publicised its view on the implications for the industry of Article 82. Notwithstanding this, there are concerns and factors that will be relevant to the industry as a whole. A look at some of the specific incentives and disincentives that Article 82 brings for the mining industry, in addition to the role of technology in the revenue sharing equation are some of the further issues which will be addressed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Work disincentives'

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