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Journal articles on the topic 'Work Break'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Blasche, Gerhard, Sanja Pasalic, Verena-Maria Bauböck, Daniela Haluza, and Rudolf Schoberberger. "Effects of Rest-Break Intention on Rest-Break Frequency and Work-Related Fatigue." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59, no. 2 (October 20, 2016): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720816671605.

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Objectives: The present paper presents findings from two studies addressing the effects of the employee’s intention to have rest breaks on rest-break frequency and the change of well-being during a workday. Background: Rest breaks are effective in avoiding an accumulation of fatigue during work. However, little is known about individual differences in rest-break behavior. Method: In Study 1, the association between rest-break intention and the daily number of rest breaks recorded over 4 consecutive workdays was determined by generalized linear model in a sample of employees ( n = 111, 59% females). In Study 2, professional geriatric nurses ( n = 95 females) who worked over two consecutive 12-hour day shifts recorded well-being (fatigue, distress, effort motivation) at the beginning and the end of their shifts. The effect of rest-break intention on the change of well-being was determined by multilevel modeling. Results: Rest-break intention was positively associated with the frequency of rest breaks (Study 1) and reduced the increase of fatigue and distress over the workday (Study 2). Conclusion: The results indicate that individual differences account for the number of breaks an employee takes and, as a consequence, for variations in the work-related fatigue and distress. Application: Strengthening rest-break intentions may help to increase rest-break behavior to avoid the buildup of fatigue and distress over a workday.

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2

Scholz, André, Johannes Wendsche, Argang Ghadiri, Usha Singh, Theo Peters, and Stefan Schneider. "Methods in Experimental Work Break Research: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 3844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203844.

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The number of studies on work breaks and the importance of this subject is growing rapidly, with research showing that work breaks increase employees’ wellbeing and performance and workplace safety. However, comparing the results of work break research is difficult since the study designs and methods are heterogeneous and there is no standard theoretical model for work breaks. Based on a systematic literature search, this scoping review included a total of 93 studies on experimental work break research conducted over the last 30 years. This scoping review provides a first structured evaluation regarding the underlying theoretical framework, the variables investigated, and the measurement methods applied. Studies using a combination of measurement methods from the categories “self-report measures,” “performance measures,” and “physiological measures” are most common and to be preferred in work break research. This overview supplies important information for ergonomics researchers allowing them to design work break studies with a more structured and stronger theory-based approach. A standard theoretical model for work breaks is needed in order to further increase the comparability of studies in the field of experimental work break research in the future.

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3

Boucsein, Wolfram, and Michael Thum. "Recovery from Strain under Different Work/Rest Schedules." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 12 (October 1995): 785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901208.

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Measures of psychophysiological recovery were used to evaluate two rest break schedules; 7.5 minutes of rest after every 50 minutes of work versus 15 minutes of rest after every 100 minutes of work. Eleven examiners using a prototype computer system in the European Patent Office worked under both work/rest schedules. Electrodermal activity, heart rate, respiratory frequency, pulse wave transit time, neck electromyogram, and gross body movements were continuously recorded. Measures of emotional well-being and body comfort were obtained eight times per work day. Heart rate variability was significantly higher under the short break schedule, indicating decreased mental strain. Break duration and time of measurement interacted significantly for electrodermal responses, indicating that emotional strain was reduced under the short break schedule until mid-day, and under the long break schedule in the afternoon. The results indicate that a switch to longer breaks in the afternoon may be favorable during highly demanding computer work. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that psychophysiological measures are useful for the evaluation of work/rest schedules, even if performance data are not available.

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4

Mitra, Biswadev, Peter A. Cameron, Greg Mele, and Peter Archer. "Rest during shift work in the emergency department." Australian Health Review 32, no. 2 (2008): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah080246.

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The aim of this study was to pilot a program to encourage shift breaks for emergency department doctors and analyse the effects of breaks on tiredness and fatigue as well as possible effects on overall departmental performance. During Phase 1, medical staff were asked to fill out a survey regarding their working day at the end of every shift. A 30-minute uninterrupted break was promoted during Phase 2 by provision of a cover doctor on the roster as well as educational sessions and posters. There were 233 completed surveys received over the 4-week period. Only 33% of shifts worked included an uninterrupted break in Phase 1, which improved significantly to 60% during Phase 2. Subjective tiredness was significantly lower at the end of a shift when a break was taken (P < 0.001), while fatigue levels were also lower, but not significant (P = 0.060). There were significant improvements in some key performance indicators.

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5

Barrett, B. "When is a Work Break Not a Statutory Rest Break?" Industrial Law Journal 41, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dws023.

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6

Haidrani, Layla. "Stand Up! The Work Break Timer." Nursing Standard 30, no. 6 (October 7, 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.30.6.29.s33.

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7

Björnmalm, Mattias. "Taking a break is hard work, too." Science 364, no. 6435 (April 4, 2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.364.6435.98.

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8

Powell, Kendall. "Work–life balance: Break or burn out." Nature 545, no. 7654 (May 2017): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nj7654-375a.

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9

Mackey, K. "Culture At Work - Give me a Break." IEEE Software 16, no. 1 (January 1999): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ms.1999.744562.

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10

Kim, Sung Doo, Daniele A. Bologna, Stacie Furst-Holloway, Elaine C. Hollensbe, Suzanne S. Masterson, and Therese Sprinkle. ""Taking a Break via Technology? Triggers, Nature, and Effects of ""Online"" Work Breaks"." Academy of Management Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (January 2014): 11891. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.9.

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11

Kühnel, Jana, Hannes Zacher, Jessica de Bloom, and Ronald Bledow. "Take a break! Benefits of sleep and short breaks for daily work engagement." European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 26, no. 4 (December 26, 2016): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2016.1269750.

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12

Henning, Robert A., George V. Kissel, and Douglas C. Maynard. "A compensatory rest break system for VDT operators." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 12 (October 1993): 905–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303701211.

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Short rest breaks at 10 or 15-min intervals are being proposed as a means to moderate health problems and discomfort associated with continuous VDT use. This laboratory study evaluated an alternative to administering frequent breaks on a regimented schedule; short breaks were not administered unless the operator's spontaneous rest pauses were insufficient. Undergraduate volunteer typists (N=38) were assigned to one of two conditions: regimented (20-sec breaks every 5 min), or compensatory (20-sec breaks every 5 min only if the spontaneous pauses did not total 20 sec). Participants entered lines of randomized upper and lower-case characters that appeared on their VDT during a 48-min work period. Mood and musculoskeletal discomfort were assessed before and after the work period, followed by a questionnaire about the break system. Performance measures included keystroke output, error rate, and correction rate (backspace use). Large pre-to-post work period differences in both mood and musculoskeletal discomfort were found. Both the number and length of computer-administered breaks decreased in the compensatory condition. Back discomfort was lower in the compensatory condition, however, no differences in performance, mood, nor acceptance of the break system were found. These results indicate that rest breaks administered on a compensatory basis during repetitive computer work can eliminate unnecessary breaks and improve well-being without being any more disruptive to work than regimented breaks.

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13

Kim, Sooyeol, YoungAh Park, and Qikun Niu. "Micro-break activities at work to recover from daily work demands." Journal of Organizational Behavior 38, no. 1 (May 2, 2016): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.2109.

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14

Henning, Robert A., Eric A. Callaghan, Jason I. Guttman, and Heather A. Braun. "Evaluation of Two Self-Managed Rest Break Systems for VDT Users." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 12 (October 1995): 780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901207.

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Two self-managed rest break systems for video display terminal (VDT) users were evaluated using measures of heart rate and heart rate variability, breathing, and work-physiological synchronization in addition to conventional measures of performance, mood, user acceptance, and musculoskeletal discomfort. Undergraduate typists (N=30) entered lines of randomized words during a 55-min work period. Cognitive demand was increased by having typists reverse-type a specified word in each line. In the feedback condition, typists were continuously informed of the discrepancy between a target rest break standard of 30 s every 8 min and their discretionary rest breaks. This feedback information was absent in the control condition. Management of discretionary rest breaks was better in the feedback condition and VDT users reported less task disruption and lower back discomfort. Time-related trends in performance and physiological response reflected behavioral changes associated with fatigue, but did not differentiate between experimental conditions. The lack of adverse psychophysiological responses in the feedback condition supports the conclusion that continuous feedback about rest break behavior can help VDT users self-manage discretionary rest breaks, with no untoward effects on performance or well-being.

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15

Ma, Weimin, and Xiaodong Ji. "Online Work-Break Problem and its Competitive Analysis." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 33, no. 02 (April 2016): 1650011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595916500111.

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An original online problem with decreasing profit growth rate is proposed to optimize the work hours of employees, named the online work-break problem (WBP). In this problem, the manager has to answer for an abstract worker when he should have a break for his work efficiency declines with the durative time of work period. The efficiency of the worker is presented by a work efficiency function [Formula: see text] in the description of our problem. We present the online algorithms to solve the WBP based on linear estimation of [Formula: see text] under two levels. Both the problems with single-period and dynamic multi-periods have 2-competitive online algorithms.

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16

Lu, Deng. "Multi-Unknown Breaks Estimates in Presence of Fractional White Noise Disturbance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 1480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.1480.

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This paper analyzes the distribution of breaks estimators and finite sample property of the method based on different mean break and long memory situations based on Bai and Perron (1998) multi-unknown breaks method. As to the distribution of the multiple break estimates, the property of the estimates under the alternative hypothesis is better when d is close to-0.5 that the bias and variance are smaller and the distribution are smoother even better than the BP (1998) case. Further work can be made on the limit distribution of break number test statistics in the case of d (-0.5, 0), d (0, 0.5) and to the case of three and more mean, trend breaks.

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17

Kaza, Stephanie. "AWAKENING TO OUR ROLE IN THE GREAT WORK." Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 5, no. 2-3 (2001): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685350152908183.

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AbstractThomas Berry breaks new ground in The Great Work, with a reassessment of "wild" as it applies to both humans and nature. He challenges traditional western dualisms, showing how creative or chaotic energy is in continuous relationship with the stabilizing force of discipline or form. In his view of modern globalization, all conflicts reduce to the central tension between environmentalist and developer, a clash of worldviews and resource uses. Berry urges a serious rethinking of what it means to be human in order to break the deep entrancement with industrial civilization.

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18

Bosch, Christine, and Sabine Sonnentag. "Should I take a break? A daily reconstruction study on predicting micro-breaks at work." International Journal of Stress Management 26, no. 4 (November 2019): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/str0000117.

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19

Ukadgaonker, Vijay G., and R. Shanmuga Babu. "Review of work related to ‘leak-before-break’ assessment." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 69, no. 2 (December 1996): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(95)00124-7.

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20

Aranda, Sanchia. "We still have to work to break the silence." Collegian 22, no. 4 (December 2015): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2015.10.006.

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21

Zittrain, Jonathan. "Will the Web break?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1987 (March 28, 2013): 20120386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0386.

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What is the Web? What makes it work? And is it dying? This paper is drawn from a talk delivered by Prof. Zittrain to the Royal Society Discussion Meeting ‘Web science: a new frontier’ in September 2010. It covers key questions about the way the Web works, and how an understanding of its past can help those theorizing about the future. The original Web allowed users to display and send information from their individual computers, and organized the resources of the Internet with uniform resource locators. In the 20 years since then, the Web has evolved. These new challenges require a return to the spirit of the early Web, exploiting the power of the Web’s users and its distributed nature to overcome the commercial and geopolitical forces at play. The future of the Web rests in projects that preserve its spirit, and in the Web science that helps make them possible.

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22

Dora, Jonas, Madelon van Hooff, Sabine Geurts, Michiel Kompier, and Erik Bijleveld. "Fatigue, boredom and objectively measured smartphone use at work." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 7 (July 2021): 201915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201915.

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Nowadays, many people take short breaks with their smartphone at work. The decision whether to continue working or to take a smartphone break is a so-called labour versus leisure decision. Motivational models predict that people are more likely to switch from labour (work) to leisure (smartphone) the more fatigue or boredom they experience. In turn, fatigue and boredom are expected to decrease after the smartphone was used. However, it is not yet clear how smartphone use at work relates to fatigue and boredom. In this study, we tested these relationships in both directions. Participants ( n = 83, all PhD candidates) reported their current level of fatigue and boredom every hour at work while an application continuously logged their smartphone use. Results indicate that participants were more likely to interact with their smartphone the more fatigued or bored they were, but that they did not use it for longer when more fatigued or bored. Surprisingly, participants reported increased fatigue and boredom after having used the smartphone (more). While future research is necessary, our results (i) provide real-life evidence for the notion that fatigue and boredom are temporally associated with task disengagement, and (ii) suggest that taking a short break with the smartphone may have phenomenological costs.

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23

Singh, Usha, Argang Ghadiri, Daniel Weimar, and Joachim Prinz. "“Let’s have a break”: An experimental comparison of work-break interventions and their impact on performance." Journal of Business Research 112 (May 2020): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.008.

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24

Scheel, Tabea E., Daniel Putz, and Christopher Kurzawa. "Give me a break: Laughing with colleagues guards against ego depletion." European Journal of Humour Research 5, no. 1 (May 29, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2017.5.1.scheel.

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Job demands, like time pressure, consume employees’ limited resources, which need to be restored through recovery in order to maintain psychological well-being and work performance. Employees in high-strain jobs need to replenish their emotional resources throughout the work day. This can take place during breaks if employees are able to psychologically detach from the work demands. Given the stress-relieving functions of humour, we hypothesised that affiliative humour during breaks would attenuate affective impairments related to time pressure and would decrease negative emotional spillover from breaks to subsequent work. We conducted moderated mediation analyses with bootstrapping based on a cross-sectional sample of 170 employees working at four retail stores. Time pressure was positively related to affective irritation, which in turn was related to more spillover of negative (and less spillover of positive) mood from breaks to work. Laughing with colleagues during breaks moderated the link between time pressure and affective irritation, such that this relation became nonsignificant when the frequency of joint laughter during breaks increased. Hence, pleasurable social break activities appear to be important for within-workday recovery. Employers should encourage their employees to take their breaks consistently and to socialise with likable colleagues, especially during periods of high work load.

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Rachmawati, Deti, and Indriati Paskarini. "Correlation between Individual Characteristics and Rest Break with Work-related Fatigue on Telecommunication Network Service Workers." Indonesian Journal Of Occupational Safety and Health 10, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v10i1.2021.25-33.

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Introduction: Work-related fatigue on workers are usually caused by some factors such as individual characteristics (age, work period, nutritional status) and rest break. This research aims to analyze the correlation between individual characteristics and rest break with work-related fatigue on telecommunication network service workers. Method: This research used an observational analytic and a cross-sectional approach. The population and sample in this research were all 32 workers at I-OAN unit in a telecommunication network service company. The independent variables in this study were age, work period, nutritional status, and rest break, while the dependent variable was work-related fatigue. Data were obtained throughquestionnaires about individual characteristics (age, work period, nutritional status) and rest break filled by workers. The data were also obtained through the Industrial Fatique Research Committee (IFRC) questionnaires filled by workers. All of the data in this study were analyzed with the Spearman correlation test (α = 0.05). Results: The majority of I-OAN unit workers are in the age range of 25-29 years (46.9%), have 3-4 years of work period (56.2%), and have normal nutritional status (40.6%). For the rest break variable, there are16 workers (50%) who have <30 minutes rest break and also 16 workers (50%) who have ≥ 30 minutes rest break. Conclusion: There is a correlation between individual characteristics and rest break with work-related fatigue on telecommunication network service workers.Keywords: individual characteristics, rest break, work-related fatigue

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Santrac, Branislav, and Vladimir Vujicic. "Measuring device for determination fault location in transmission lines based on stochastic adding a/d conversion." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 16, no. 2 (2003): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0302165s.

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This work describes a device, locator of breaks in transmission networks based on the Stochastic Additional A/D converter. An algorithm has been used for detection does the complete analysis of circuits within the break and locates the location of the break BEFORE the protection reacts. The time needed for this is 40-80 ms. The algorithm for calculation requires data about the type of the network, characteristic values of its parameters and values of some harmonics of signals of the voltage and electricity that are measured. They are ON-LINE extracted at every 10 ms. The stochastic additional A/D converter (SAADK) is used for the extraction of these harmonics. Simulations of the work of the device have been done on generated readings of electricity and voltage, and on real images of the break. Special attention has been paid to the analysis of accuracy of the work of the device. A theoretical error is also given in the values realized from simulations.

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Stone-Goldman, Judy. "Make It Work: Handling a Hard Conversation." ASHA Leader 18, no. 6 (June 2013): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.miw.18062013.26.

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KATO, Tsugumasa, and Hiroyuki MIYAMOTO. "2C2-1 Break reminder by blink detection in VDT work." Japanese Journal of Ergonomics 49, Supplement (2013): S322—S323. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.49.s322.

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29

Li, Kai, Shuling Xu, and Hong Fu. "Work-break scheduling with real-time fatigue effect and recovery." International Journal of Production Research 58, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 689–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1598600.

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Henning, Robert A., Anna M. Ortega, Eric A. Callaghan, and George V. Kissel. "Self Management of Rest Breaks by VDT Users." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 12 (October 1994): 754–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801208.

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Video display terminal (VDT) users can benefit from frequent, short rest breaks in terms of improved productivity and well-being. However, VDT users report that scheduled breaks can seriously disrupt some tasks. This laboratory study tested if performance feedback would promote better self management of discretionary rest breaks. Undergraduate typists (N=31) entered lines of randomized words for 65 min. A mandatory rest break was administered whenever discretionary rest breaks did not total 30 s every 10 min. Typists in the experimental condition received feedback indicating how their discretionary breaks compared to a criterion. Typists in the control condition received no such feedback. Mood and musculoskeletal discomfort were assessed before and after the work period, followed by a questionnaire about the break system. Performance measures included keystroke rate, error rate, and correction rate (backspace use). Measures of heart rate and heart rate variability were also collected. Both the number of full-length mandatory breaks and correction rate were lower in the feedback condition. No significant differences in mood, musculoskeletal discomfort, physiological response, nor acceptance of the break system were found. These results suggest that self management of discretionary breaks as well as keystroke performance are improved by feedback, with no untoward effects on well-being.

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Handayani, Elvira, and Annisaa Dwiretnani. "KAJIAN PRODUKTIVITAS TUKANG BATU TERHADAP BEBAN KERJA DAN WAKTU ISTIRAHAT PADA PEKERJAAN KONSTRUKSI BANGUNAN." Jurnal Civronlit Unbari 2, no. 2 (January 25, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/civronlit.v2i2.17.

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Productivity becomes a dominant issue in the construction services industry. High productivity will result in efficient use of resources and cost savings, so that construction companies will achieve adequate profit and have a high competitiveness (competitiveness). Labor productivity can be affected by the energy it consumes and the regular schedule of rest breaks. Rest is needed to restore the physical and mental fitness of the workforce. This research was conducted on 37 masons of building construction work. The work under study is a masonry job. The results showed that age, education, and experience did not significantly affect the productivity. Break time masons, in the form of stolen breaks and management factors, quite a lot ie 1 to 6 minutes per observation (30 minutes). Based on heart rate examination, there is a decrease in productivity in the afternoon. But the mason has not been exhausted yet. So it can be concluded that the amount of break time stolen by the mason in the middle of work greatly affects the stamina of the mason.Keyword : masons, Rest time, Productivity

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Kreibich, Shelley R., Mo Chen, and Joe Reichle. "Teaching a Child With Autism to Request Breaks While Concurrently Increasing Task Engagement." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 46, no. 3 (July 2015): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_lshss-14-0081.

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Purpose An intervention package, including teaching break requests and tolerance for delay in reinforcement delivery to increase task engagement, was implemented with a 4-year-old child with an autism spectrum disorder who did not engage for a duration commensurate with individual education program team expectations. Method A multiple-probe design across tasks was implemented. Dependent measures taken included engagement duration and the production of spoken break requests after work completion. Intervention was implemented with tasks involving short periods of engagement prior to the learner's disengagement. The possibility of the learner's overgeneralized production of break requests with tasks originally associated with longer engagement was also examined. Results The participant learned to request breaks in short engagement tasks. In addition, engagement increased dramatically without off-task behavior. Overgeneralized use of break requests with long engagement tasks did not occur. Generalization of break requests to untrained short engagement tasks that were not the focus of intervention (but were associated with escape and short engagement) did not occur until the intervention package was implemented. Conclusions The combination of teaching break requests and tolerance for delay in reinforcement delivery was effective in addressing problem behavior. Implications for enhancing properly generalized and moderated use of break requests across different tasks or contexts are discussed.

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Landis, Tullamora T., Marian Wilson, Teresa Bigand, and Moriah Cason. "Registered Nurses’ Experiences Taking Breaks on Night Shift: A Qualitative Analysis." Workplace Health & Safety 69, no. 6 (January 29, 2021): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079920983018.

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Background: Fatigue mitigation strategies among night shift workers can include deliberate use of restful work breaks, taking naps, and consuming caffeine. However, nurses have frequently reported missing break opportunities, and the rationale for missed breaks remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to describe and interpret the lived experience of hospital night shift nurses taking breaks and the meaning of this phenomenon as it relates to the workplace. Methods: Registered nurses ( n = 16) from a U.S. community hospital were interviewed about how they took rest breaks during their shift. Data were analyzed with methods consistent to interpretive phenomenology. Findings: Identified themes about the breaks included (a) breaks are a time to eat, (b) breaks are inconsistently supported by unit-level structures and processes, and (c) breaks are a luxury, not a right. Conclusions/Applications to Practice: Nurses in this study reported an absence of consistent and restorative breaks. Organizations should analyze gaps within systems and processes to optimize a consistent, restorative nature of the break experience among nurses working night shift.

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Liu, Xinxin, Kazuyuki Iwakiri, and Midori Sotoyama. "Cardiovascular Responses and Effects of an Inserted Break in Mental Work." SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI 55, no. 3 (2013): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/sangyoeisei.c12003.

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Bruijn, Eveline, and Gail Whiteman. "That Which Doesn’t Break Us: Identity Work by Local Indigenous ‘Stakeholders’." Journal of Business Ethics 96, no. 3 (April 10, 2010): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0479-0.

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Yu, Man, and Warren Masker. "T7 Single Strand DNA Binding Protein but Not T7 Helicase Is Required for DNA Double Strand Break Repair." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 6 (March 15, 2001): 1862–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.6.1862-1869.2001.

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ABSTRACT An in vitro system based on Escherichia coliinfected with bacteriophage T7 was used to test for involvement of host and phage recombination proteins in the repair of double strand breaks in the T7 genome. Double strand breaks were placed in a uniqueXhoI site located approximately 17% from the left end of the T7 genome. In one assay, repair of these breaks was followed by packaging DNA recovered from repair reactions and determining the yield of infective phage. In a second assay, the product of the reactions was visualized after electrophoresis to estimate the extent to which the double strand breaks had been closed. Earlier work demonstrated that in this system double strand break repair takes place via incorporation of a patch of DNA into a gap formed at the break site. In the present study, it was found that extracts prepared from uninfected E. coli were unable to repair broken T7 genomes in this in vitro system, thus implying that phage rather than host enzymes are the primary participants in the predominant repair mechanism. Extracts prepared from an E. coli recA mutant were as capable of double strand break repair as extracts from a wild-type host, arguing that the E. coli recombinase is not essential to the recombinational events required for double strand break repair. In T7 strand exchange during recombination is mediated by the combined action of the helicase encoded by gene 4 and the annealing function of the gene 2.5 single strand binding protein. Although a deficiency in the gene 2.5 protein blocked double strand break repair, a gene 4 deficiency had no effect. This argues that a strand transfer step is not required during recombinational repair of double strand breaks in T7 but that the ability of the gene 2.5 protein to facilitate annealing of complementary single strands of DNA is critical to repair of double strand breaks in T7.

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Ebel, Kenny, and Ilko Bald. "Length and Energy Dependence of Low-Energy Electron-Induced Strand Breaks in Poly(A) DNA." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010111.

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The DNA in living cells can be effectively damaged by high-energy radiation, which can lead to cell death. Through the ionization of water molecules, highly reactive secondary species such as low-energy electrons (LEEs) with the most probable energy around 10 eV are generated, which are able to induce DNA strand breaks via dissociative electron attachment. Absolute DNA strand break cross sections of specific DNA sequences can be efficiently determined using DNA origami nanostructures as platforms exposing the target sequences towards LEEs. In this paper, we systematically study the effect of the oligonucleotide length on the strand break cross section at various irradiation energies. The present work focuses on poly-adenine sequences (d(A4), d(A8), d(A12), d(A16), and d(A20)) irradiated with 5.0, 7.0, 8.4, and 10 eV electrons. Independent of the DNA length, the strand break cross section shows a maximum around 7.0 eV electron energy for all investigated oligonucleotides confirming that strand breakage occurs through the initial formation of negative ion resonances. When going from d(A4) to d(A16), the strand break cross section increases with oligonucleotide length, but only at 7.0 and 8.4 eV, i.e., close to the maximum of the negative ion resonance, the increase in the strand break cross section with the length is similar to the increase of an estimated geometrical cross section. For d(A20), a markedly lower DNA strand break cross section is observed for all electron energies, which is tentatively ascribed to a conformational change of the dA20 sequence. The results indicate that, although there is a general length dependence of strand break cross sections, individual nucleotides do not contribute independently of the absolute strand break cross section of the whole DNA strand. The absolute quantification of sequence specific strand breaks will help develop a more accurate molecular level understanding of radiation induced DNA damage, which can then be used for optimized risk estimates in cancer radiation therapy.

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Sawalha, M. S., C. Brierley, and E. Atwell. "Prosody prediction for arabic via the open-source boundary-annotated qur’an corpus." Journal of Speech Sciences 2, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/joss.v2i2.15038.

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humans or machines. To develop phrase break classifiers, we need a boundary-annotated and part-ofspeech tagged corpus. Boundary annotations in English speech corpora are descriptive, delimiting intonation units perceived by the listener; manual annotation must be done by an expert linguist. For Arabic, there are no existing suitable resources. We take a novel approach to phrase break prediction for Arabic, deriving our prosodic annotation scheme from Tajwid (recitation) mark-up in the Qur’an which we then interpret as additional text-based data for computational analysis. This mark-up is prescriptive, and signifies a widely-used recitation style, and one of seven original styles of transmission. Here we report on version 1.0 of our Boundary-Annotated Qur’an dataset of 77430 words and 8230 sentences, where each word is tagged with prosodic and syntactic information at two coarse-grained levels. We then use this dataset to train, test, and compare two probabilistic taggers (trigram and HMM) for Arabic phrase break prediction, where the task is to predict boundary locations in an unseen test set stripped of boundary annotations by classifying words as breaks or non-breaks. The preponderance of non-breaks in the training data sets a challenging baseline success rate: 85.56%. However, we achieve significant gains in accuracy with a trigram tagger, and significant gains in performance recognition of minority class instances with both taggers via the Balanced Classification Rate metric. This is initial work on a longterm research project to produce annotation schemes, language resources, algorithms, and applications for Classical and Modern Standard Arabic.

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Sugawara, Jun, Takeshi Otsuki, Takumi Tanabe, Kouki Takahashi, Ken Yamazaki, Koichiro Hayashi, Kozo Yoshino, et al. "Association between the Ventilatory Treshold and the Break-point in the Heart Rate/Work Rate Relationship: Comparison with the Break-point in the Double Product/Work Rate." International Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2006): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/ijshs.4.499.

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Stahl-Rommel, Sarah, David Li, Michelle Sung, Rebecca Li, Aarthi Vijayakumar, Kutay Deniz Atabay, G. Guy Bushkin, et al. "A CRISPR-based assay for the study of eukaryotic DNA repair onboard the International Space Station." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): e0253403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253403.

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As we explore beyond Earth, astronauts may be at risk for harmful DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation. Double-strand breaks are a type of DNA damage that can be repaired by two major cellular pathways: non-homologous end joining, during which insertions or deletions may be added at the break site, and homologous recombination, in which the DNA sequence often remains unchanged. Previous work suggests that space conditions may impact the choice of DNA repair pathway, potentially compounding the risks of increased radiation exposure during space travel. However, our understanding of this problem has been limited by technical and safety concerns, which have prevented integral study of the DNA repair process in space. The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system offers a model for the safe and targeted generation of double-strand breaks in eukaryotes. Here we describe a CRISPR-based assay for DNA break induction and assessment of double-strand break repair pathway choice entirely in space. As necessary steps in this process, we describe the first successful genetic transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in space. These milestones represent a significant expansion of the molecular biology toolkit onboard the International Space Station.

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Narayan, Paresh Kumar. "Testing the Unit Root Hypothesis When the Alternative is a Trend Break Stationary Process: An Application to Tourist Arrivals in Fiji." Tourism Economics 11, no. 3 (September 2005): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000005774352971.

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The unit root hypothesis owes much to the work of Dickey and Fuller and has gained momentum since the seminal contribution of Perron (1989), who introduced the idea of structural breaks in unit root tests. In a recent study Sen (2003), extending the work of Zivot and Andrews (1992), recommends the F-test statistic for a unit root in the presence of a structural change in the economy. The central aim of this paper is to apply the Sen test to tourist arrivals to Fiji. The idea behind this exercise is to identify the year of the structural break and, more importantly, to examine whether the break has had a permanent or temporary effect on tourist arrivals in Fiji. Among our key results, we find that visitor arrivals in Fiji from Australia, New Zealand and the USA are stationary, implying that shocks have a temporary effect.

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Martinez, Iris Ann G., and Josefa Angelie D. Revilla. "Investigating the Effect on the Learning Curve of Performing Similar Work during the Break between Work Stints." Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015): 3456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.638.

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Corvo, Paolo, Michele Filippo Fontefrancesco, and Raffaele Matacena. "Eating at Work: The Role of the Lunch-Break and Canteens for Wellbeing at Work in Europe." Social Indicators Research 150, no. 3 (May 4, 2020): 1043–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02353-4.

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Ferrie, Kevin, and Mark H. Spicknall. "A Hybrid-Agent-Based Approach for Block Break Definition Using Fuzzy Logic." Journal of Ship Production 21, no. 03 (August 1, 2005): 146–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2005.21.3.146.

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This paper presents a hybrid-agent-based methodology for defining block breaks using fuzzy logic mechanisms for agent preference representation and mediation. The concept of a hybrid agent is defined, and the fuzzy-logic-based mechanisms for defining the preferences of individual agents and then deriving joint preferences are described. Working examples are given for defining blocks and associated breaks in the hold area and engine room of the notional fast sealift ship PD-337. The agents jointly defining the block breaks in these examples are a structure manufacturing planner, a structure assembly planner, and an outfitting planner. Excel spreadsheets are used in these examples to execute the fuzzy-based operations. This methodology has proven to be straightforward, to provide useful results, and to have the potential to improve the efficiency and optimality of block definition. The methodology could be effectively integrated into the detail/production design process and could also be applied to the definition of other planning units, such as outfit units and on-board outfitting zones. Areas of further research include exploring within the hybrid agent and fuzzy-based context (1) the ability to define breaks in all three dimensions simultaneously rather than sequentially where simultaneous three-dimensional optimization is necessary, (2) dynamic break definition where a break location is dependent to some extent on the location of adjacent breaks, (3) the simultaneous consideration of preferences from lifting/weight and planning/work content agents that use block attributes other than location to determine if breaks are satisfactory, and (4) the development of an integrated and user-friendly tool for block break definition for use in the production planning or build strategy development process.

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Kim, Yu-Chang, and Jun-Pal Lee. "A Study on the Short Break Time on VDT Work using EMG." Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea 26, no. 4 (November 30, 2007): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5143/jesk.2007.26.4.041.

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Fleetwood, Denise. "Staff in care homes also work 12-hour shifts without a break." Nursing Standard 31, no. 25 (February 15, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.31.25.30.s34.

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MIYAZAKI, Yuki, Yoko INOUE, and Takeshi MASUO. "Effect of Space for Work and Rest-Break on Perceived Mental Fatigue:." Japanese Journal of Ergonomics 56, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.56.68.

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Renaud, E., Y. Le Gat, and M. Poulton. "Using a break prediction model for drinking water networks asset management: From research to practice." Water Supply 12, no. 5 (August 1, 2012): 674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.040.

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Break prediction models can help water utility decision-makers to build pipe rehabilitation programs. For many years, using them has been a specialist matter. After more than 15 years of research into the ageing of water pipes, Irstea (formerly Cemagref) has developed the Linear Extension of the Yule Process (LEYP) model based on counting process theory, which relies not only on a pipe's characteristics and environment but also on its age and previous breaks. It was then decided to develop a break prediction tool usable by water utilities: the ‘Casses’ freeware. To make this possible, it was necessary to deal with several constraints. To cope with the diversity of available data for various water utilities, flexible input data formats were designed as well as an importation module which checks the conformity and coherence of data. Tools for data management and an advice module dedicated to model calibration were conceived for non-statistician users. The break prediction results can be used directly to compare break evolution with different rehabilitation strategies and they can also feed multicriteria decision tools. In this case, the ‘Casses’ freeware can work as a ‘slave’ of the integrated application.

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Mukhopadhyay, Arunangshu. "Relative Performance of Lockstitch and Chainstitch at the Seat Seam of Military Trouser." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 3, no. 1 (March 2008): 155892500800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892500800300103.

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An experimental investigation of the effect of two different type of stitches viz., lockstitch and chainstitch at the seat seam of trouser for military armed forces has been reported. Performance of chainstitched seam is found to be much better as regards lower value of force at low level of strain, higher value of force at break, strain at break and work of rapture. In general with the change in thread linear density, greater improvement in seam strength, seam strain at break and work up to fracture are obtained in case of chainstitched seam. On laundering, in general force at small strain and force at break increases, the change being more in case of lockstitched fabric. However, strain at break decrease marginally on laundering in case of both the stitches.

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LEAR, MARTIN J., and JONATHAN HOBLEY. "YOU MAKE IT, I BREAK IT." COSMOS 04, no. 01 (May 2008): 99–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607708000329.

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The changing state of our molecular world involves the making and breaking of bonds. Some researchers make chemical structures, others break them. Both approaches play an important part in the development of new drugs, detectors and materials. However, modern endeavors in research involve understanding and overlapping the interfaces of a myriad of disciplines. No more do scientific pioneers work alone. In this article, we shall give background of our selected scientific endeavors, and briefly show how, within chemistry, we can bond seemingly disparate disciplines together in unexpected ways in a collective attempt to deliver new materials and hybrid systems.

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