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1
Bessel, R. "The Upheaval of War: Family, Work and Welfare in Europe, 1914-1918." German History 8, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/8.3.369.
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Floud, Roderick. "The Upheaval of War: Family, Work and Welfare in Europe, 1914-1918." Population Studies 44, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000144536.
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Tilly, Louise A., Richard Wall, and Jay Winter. "The Upheaval of War: Family, Work, and Welfare in Europe, 1914-1918." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21, no. 2 (1990): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204414.
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Mathieu, Jon. "Temporalities and Transitions of Family History in Europe: Competing Accounts." Genealogy 3, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy3020028.
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Standard collective publications on European family history manifest large differences in their temporal structure. This article examines three examples from different countries and currents of research for the last five centuries. It discusses the question of whether, and to which degree, time theory can be applied to adjust and balance investigations of the domestic domain in the long run. For that purpose, this article uses the theoretical framework of US-American scholar Andrew Abbott. His work has provided important inputs for contemporary family research. Can we also use it for long-term investigations?
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Horne, John, Richard Wall, and Jay Winter. "The Upheaval of War. Family, Work and Welfare in Europe, 1914-1918." Le Mouvement social, no. 158 (January 1992): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3779333.
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Jurgens, Laura Kathryn. "Understanding Research Methodology: Social History and the Reformation Period in Europe." Religions 12, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12060370.
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This article provides an overview of the social-historical methodology, highlights relevant scholarship on this approach, and offers specific examples of studies on the Reformation period in Europe that use the social-historical method. I begin by explaining how the social-historical methodology, otherwise known as new social history, originated from the historical method. While highlighting key scholarship on this approach, I outline how the social-historical method differs from the historical method. I also present two essential methodological features of social history, including using sources in new, more analytical ways. I conclude by presenting specific examples of how historians of the early modern period, such as Kirsi Stjerna and Merry Wiesner-Hanks, apply the social-historical method in their own studies. This last section focuses on works that explore women’s history, family life, work, and witchcraft, primarily during the Reformation period in Europe. My goal is to provide a resource for emerging young scholars, such as undergraduate students and newly admitted graduate students, who are interested in strengthening their own work by better understanding the social-historical research method and how it is used in the study of history and religion.
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Deindl, Christian, and Miriam Engels. "PATHWAYS TO A GOOD LIFE? MULTIPLE SOCIAL ROLES IN ADULTHOOD AND MENTAL WELL-BEING IN LATER LIFE IN EUROPE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3339.
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Abstract The connection between employment, family life and health is well documented. Job demands and family obligations are divergent responsibilities and can be a constant source of conflict. The resulting role strain can have a long lasting impact on mental health. Using data from SHARE and ELSA, we take a life course perspective and look at patterns of employment history from the age of 25 to 40 combined with partnership and fertility history of 17,189 men and 23,266 women in 22 European countries. Sequence analysis combined with cluster analysis shows a clear picture of five dominant states in our sample: Stable work and family, stable work without family, working single parent, working childless couples, and being non employed. This pattern is similar for men and women. We use path models to distinguish the impact of childhood conditions on such life course patterns and the direct and indirect impact of employment and family life on mental health. Women who did not combine work and family roles, (work without family, family without work) reported higher levels of depression in comparison with women who combined work and family. Non-working women and single mothers also experienced indirect effects on depression through their economic situation. Unemployed men or men without family reported higher levels of depression. Unemployment and being a single father also have an indirect impact on depression via economic conditions and health. Moreover, such results also differ between countries, with lower employment rates reducing role strain for women, but not so for men.
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VIAZZO, PIER PAOLO. "Family, kinship and welfare provision in Europe, past and present: commonalities and divergences." Continuity and Change 25, no. 1 (May 2010): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416010000020.
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ABSTRACTThe realization that European family forms are failing to converge as predicted by modernization theory has led many scholars to suspect that the broad regional differences detected by historians persist in the present and are likely to influence future developments. This article outlines some relevant hypotheses prompted by historical studies about the role of family and kinship as sources of social security and analyses the results of comparative work on contemporary Europe, paying special attention to the relative weight of cultural and structural factors. Although differences still appear to predominate over commonalities, it is not inconceivable that in certain important respects European countries might paradoxically converge, owing to the generalized decline of the welfare state, towards forms of welfare provision that are closer to the ‘familialistic’ models of southern and eastern Europe than to the ‘modern’ models of Scandinavia and north-western Europe.
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Eidukevičiūtė, Julija, Roberta Motiečienė, and Rasa Naujanienė. "THE VOICE OF THE CHILD: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM IN LITHUANIAN FAMILY SOCIAL WORK." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 6 (May 28, 2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2021vol6.6243.
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This paper explains the current practices of the child welfare system in the context of Lithuania. In Europe, research on child welfare has a long history; however, the child welfare situation in Lithuania has not been systematically studied, nor has it been provided with the research-based knowledge necessary for the development of the system. Based on qualitative research results, the paper sheds light on how the voice of the child is heard in Lithuanian child and family social work practice. The research participants in the present study were children and family social workers. The research results indicate that adult-centered family social work practices are dominant and the voice of the child is misleading in the intervention process.
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Harrington, Joel F. "Hausvater and Landesvater: Paternalism and Marriage Reform in Sixteenth-Century Germany." Central European History 25, no. 1 (March 1992): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019701.
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Long before Melanchthon and Erasmus drew their parallels, paternal and political authority had enjoyed a long and successful association in Greco-Roman thought. The apparent resurgence of this patriarchal metaphor in sixteenth-century European literature and polemic, however, has led some historians to suggest a more socially significant transformation in the actual legal or moral authority of one or both of these father figures. Beginning with the pioneering work of Phillippe Ariès many historians of the family, particularly Lawrence Stone, have identified the sixteenth century as a time of greater paternal authority within the household and the beginning of the modern nuclear family throughout most of Europe. Others, expanding on references by Aries and Stone to a new state paternalism, have focused on the political half of the patriarchal analogy, especially the almost ubiquitous association among sixteenth-century German authors of the Hausvater (head of the household) with the Landesvater (political ruler). For most of these scholars, paternalistic language was a natural and even necessary component of the ambitious absolutist state-building of early modern Europe.
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Bruce, Emily C. "Reading German Girlhood: Louise Tilly and the Agency of Girls in European History." Social Science History 38, no. 1-2 (2014): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.9.
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This article addresses the legacies of Louise Tilly's work on women and the family in Europe for current studies of girls’ agency in history. Using my preliminary analysis of a body of German periodicals written for girls during the late Enlightenment, I propose some methodological possibilities for combining cultural histories of reading with social historical approaches to the roles played by girls and women in European social life. Tilly's focus on the life cycle as an organizing principle and the family economy as a key site of history established the importance of such groups to social historical understandings of the past. Though my study incorporates sources outside the usual bounds of social history, it also depends on the analysis and methods of pioneering feminist social historians such as Louise Tilly.
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Hilden, Patricia J. "The Rhetoric and Iconography of Reform: Women Coal Miners in Belgium, 1840–1914." Historical Journal 34, no. 2 (June 1991): 411–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00014205.
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Reflecting on the development of industrial capitalism in Europe, Antonio Gramsci wrote:It is worth drawing attention to the way in which industrialists…have been concerned with the sexual affairs of their employees and with their family arrangements in general. One should not be misled…by the ‘puritanical’ appearance assumed by this concern. The truth is that the new type of man demanded by the rationalization of production and work cannot be developed until the sexual instinct has been suitably regulated and until it too has been rationalized.
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SCHÜRER, K. "Introduction: Household and family in past time further explored." Continuity and Change 18, no. 1 (May 2003): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416003004491.
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The articles in this special issue of Continuity and Change arose from a workshop held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, between 9 and 11 September 1999, hosted by the Universitat de les Illes Balears. The workshop was called to celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of another conference, that held in Cambridge at the Faculty of History and at Trinity College in September 1969. It was this conference in 1969 that resulted in the publication of Household and family in past time: comparative studies in the size and structure of the domestic group over the last three centuries in England, France, Serbia, Japan and colonial North America, with further material from Western Europe, which itself has just celebrated its thirtieth anniversary. Household and family in past time (hereafter abbreviated to HFPT), in part largely due to the ‘analytic introduction on the history of the family’ contributed by Peter Laslett, subsequently became a seminal work in the field. It not only mapped out the methodological groundwork for the quantitative study of the historical co-resident domestic group, but perhaps unwittingly helped define a research agenda into comparative familial and social structural history that was followed for many years by Laslett, his colleagues at the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, and researchers from around the world. It became in a sense a manifesto, and one with which Peter Laslett personally was inexorably linked. Thus, with the sad death of Peter on 8 November 2001, this special issue of Continuity and Change took on a new double purpose: not only to mark the path-breaking 1969 conference and the subsequent publication of HFPT, but also to pay tribute to the remarkable life and work of Peter Laslett.
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Martini, Manuela. "When Unpaid Workers Need a Legal Status: Family Workers and Reforms to Labour Rights in Twentieth-Century France." International Review of Social History 59, no. 2 (May 9, 2014): 247–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859014000145.
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AbstractIn the second half of the twentieth century small family businesses were still widespread in France. An important reason for this resilience was the share of unpaid work performed by kin in producing for the market. The unpaid work of family members in a range of craft and commercial family businesses – particularly by spouses, sons, and daughters – contributed to both the survival of the businesses and the well-being of the families, as is testified to in numerous sources, albeit statistically undocumented. Although social rights in France are considered to be some of the most advanced in Europe, the French Parliament was extremely slow to define the legal status of these family workers. It was not until 1982 that a law was finally enacted to bestow occupational status on collaborating spouses and to define a procedure optionally to register this unpaid work and to secure social security benefits for those carrying it out. This article focuses on the process that led to a new definition of the demarcation between the marital duty to assist, and work that exceeds this moral and legal obligation, thus creating a legal right to be compensated. Two empirical perspectives, involving an analysis of the reasons behind the shifting position of trade associations on this issue, and an assessment of the influence of long-standing gendered institutions, such as marital authority, on the formal and informal rules regulating family business are used to illustrate this slow and tortuous process of acquiring occupational rights for family workers.
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Andall, Jacqueline. "Cape Verdean Women on the Move: ‘Immigration Shopping’ in Italy and Europe." Modern Italy 4, no. 2 (November 1999): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532949908454832.
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SummaryThe central theme of this article is the notion that migrants ‘shop’ for opportunities of work, income and social advantages in different countries. Taking the case of Cape Verdean women migrants, the research is based on 25 in-depth interviews carried out with domestic workers in Rome and Rotterdam. I explore ways in which these women have negotiated mobility, employment and family and household responsibilities within the context of a largely independent female migration which is well established from Cape Verde. Italy has a nodal role in channelling mobility from Cape Verde to various destinations in the global Cape Verdean diaspora. But while opportunities for stable employment as domestic workers in Italy have been a constant factor encouraging Cape Verdean women to migrate to Italy, difficulties over pay, working conditions, welfare and family reunion have led to much onward movement to the Netherlands and elsewhere.
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Hallama, Peter. "Introduction." Aspasia 15, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/asp.2021.150102.
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This introduction to Aspasia’s Special Forum on the history of men and masculinities under socialism demonstrates the interest and originality of applying critical men’s studies and the history of masculinities to state-socialist Eastern Europe. It reviews existing scholarship within this field, stresses the persisting difficulties in analyzing everyday performances of gender and masculinities in socialist societies, and argues for adopting new approaches in order to get closer to a social and cultural history of masculinities. It puts the contributions to this Special Forum in their broader historiographical context—in particular, concerning studies on work, family, violence, war, disability, and generational change and youth—and shows how they will contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics and everyday performances of gender in state-socialist societies.
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Sarti, Raffaella. "Historians, Social Scientists, Servants, and Domestic Workers: Fifty Years of Research on Domestic and Care Work." International Review of Social History 59, no. 2 (July 22, 2014): 279–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859014000169.
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AbstractHistorical research on domestic servants has a long tradition. Research, however, has become more systematic from the 1960s onwards thanks to social historians, historians focusing on the family, historical demographers and (particularly from the 1970s) women's and gender historians. For a long time, scholars assumed that domestic service (especially by live-in workers) would decline, or even disappear, because of household modernization, social progress, and development of the welfare state. The (largely unexpected) “revival” of paid domestic and care work in the past three decades has prompted sociologists and other social scientists to focus on the theme, opening new opportunities for exchange between historians and social scientists. This article provides a review of the research on these issues at a global level, though with a focus on Europe and the (former) European colonies, over the past fifty years, illustrating the different approaches and their results.
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Amussen, Susan D., and Allyson M. Poska. "Restoring Miranda: gender and the limits of European patriarchy in the early modern Atlantic world." Journal of Global History 7, no. 3 (October 19, 2012): 342–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002281200023x.
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AbstractAtlantic history has become fashionable as a way of linking the histories of Europe and the Americas. However, much work in Atlantic history does little to challenge the national biases of traditional colonial and imperial history. This article argues that gender provides an important conceptual tool for a trans-imperial and comparative exploration, just as it provided important conceptual structures for all the peoples of the Atlantic world. An examination of the research on two gendered issues – work, and family and sexuality – demonstrates that while Europeans attempted to impose their ideas on the various societies that they encountered in Africa and the Americas, such attempts were rarely successful. Gender not only provides the basis for a trans-imperial analysis of the Atlantic world but also enables us to reorient our scholarly perspective in the Atlantic, highlighting the agency of non-European peoples and exposing the limits of European patriarchy.
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Armianu, Irina. "KENIZÉ MOURAD AND EARLY MIDDLE EASTERN FEMINISM." Levantine Review 1, no. 2 (December 12, 2012): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/lev.v1i2.3052.
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This article explores the waning days of the Ottoman Empire and emergence of the modern state system in the early twentieth century Levant from the purview of Kenizé Mourad's self-narrative Regards from the Dead Princess: Novel of a Life. A work of history and literary fiction, Mourad's novel is an account of the last remnants of a secular Levantine culture, the story of a crumbling empire, and the personal tale of a young woman and her exiled imperial family strewn about the continents, torn between Lebanon, Europe, and the Indian subcontinent.
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Moch, Leslie Page. "Migration and the Nation." Social Science History 28, no. 1 (2004): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012724.
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The theme of this year’s meeting, “International Perspectives on Social Science History,” rises out of two realities. The first is the recognized international character of phenomena under study, such as fertility decline, political contention, family strategies in response to changing conditions, gendered work, migration, labor, and policing. The second is the way in which the Social Science History Association (SSHA) operates across borders and among scholars in the Americas, Europe, and Asia to investigate common scholarly problems. The attention of migration scholars is now focused on global movements of people and international migrations, particularly immigration. The politics and policies of receiving newcomers are very important now–in the Americas and in Europe. The SSHA is giving its attention to the old and new international immigrants to the United States, as in last year’s session on Nancy Foner’s fine book on New York,From Ellis Island to JFK(2000), and the presidential address by Caroline Brettell (2002) on the quantitative and qualitative methods by which we can understand human movement.
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Campos, Regina Regina Helena de Freitas, and Erika Lourenço. "Helena Antipoff: Science as a Passport for a Woman’s Career between Europe and Latin America." Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2019.i6.04.
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Helena Antipoff was one of the pioneers in the constitution of the fields of knowledge of educational psychology and special education in Brazil. Born in Russia, Antipoff received her education in Paris and Geneva. Researches in the history of education and of psychology have revealed the innovative character of Antipoff’s work as a researcher, as a professor and as a founder of different educational institutions in Brazil, with a focus on educational and psychological care for children with disabilities or at social risk. Her career is characterized by a sound scientific approach combined with a deep commitment to the right of children and youth to education and care. These directions can be associated with her scientific training in the sciences of education in a time of social turbulence and school reform, when many women became professionals in the field of education, trying to combine family, work and militant activity.
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Sokoll, Thomas. "Negotiating a Living: Essex Pauper Letters from London, 1800–1834." International Review of Social History 45, S8 (December 2000): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000115275.
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Research undertaken over the last generation has greatly enhanced our understanding of the survival strategies of the labouring poor in early modern Europe. Under economic conditions where poverty was endemic, most families were forced to take to various forms of work and to draw on whatever forms of income were available. Whether among small peasants, proto-industrial producers, landless labourers or casual workers, their mere subsistence depended on the effort of as many family members as possible. Women's and children's work were the norm well into the nineteenth century, and their contribution to the family income greater than previously assumed. There were, nevertheless, many who could not make ends meet. The reasons for which people had to turn to others for help are legion: structural, cyclical or seasonal unemployment and underemployment; insufficient earnings and debts; illness and accidents; death within the family. A lot of assistance was informal and went through networks of kinship, neighbourhood and local community. Friendly societies provided rudimentary forms of collectively-organized support. Some state or municipal agencies supplying poor relief and charitable institutions offered assistance of various types, but most of it was meagre and combined with social control of the clients. It is no wonder, therefore, that many people took to begging, prostitution or petty crime.
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Prysyazhnyuk, V. "The history of the treatment of animals in Lviv." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 92 (December 10, 2018): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9211.
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During the XV – first half of the XVII century, Lviv was the artisan, educational and cultural center of Ukraine due to the fact that it stood at the intersection of major European roads and was a well-known market center for sales, exchange and commodity production in Central and Southern Europe. The first schools for the training of medical specialists were family, that is, family schools. Later, the schools became known as workshops. In the 14th century the workshops were independent higher educational institutions and were not part of the universities, even in Europe, as it was regulated by the statutes of universities. Ukrainian workshops later started out academies and universities and had the attributes of higher educational institutions: statute, flag, seal, ciches, icons, which testified the place and importance of the school (shop) in the life of the country. The prince (king) gave the certificate of the opening of the school. The statute of the work shop was extended to members of the association: a student, an apprentice and a master. Workshops statutes were legal documents and often were not changed much for centuries. Medieval archival documents of the XIV – first half of the XVII century (workshops statutes, books on current affairs, books of the city authorities) quite fully reflect the Lviv workshop structure not only quantitatively but also professionally. The two oldest statutes of the blacksmith shop in 1529 and 1558 are stored in the Lviv State Historical Archives. In the future, the blacksmiths-conquerors were engaged in the treatment of not only horses but other animals. Particularly in the fight against poisonous animal diseases, they enriched the experience of medical practice, which was passed on to subsequent generations. However, all of these were educational institutions, in which a small number of qualified medical specialists trained, and the majority of the population and animals were served by healers, bloodshed, blacksmiths, and veterinary doctors. Diagnosis of diseases at that time was based mainly on using only their senses: it was investigated the movement of animals, body temperature, eye color, condition of the tongue, nasal mirror, mouth and nasal cavity, removing sweat, urine, breath, nostrils and so on. In countries that were under the care of Austria, Hungary, Poland and other countries of Western Europe, has acted veterinary service structure of relevant states. Already in the XII – XIII centuries laws have been enacted and the measures were developed, aimed at preventing the emergence and spread of diseases (quarantine disposal of dead animals, compliance with sanitary regulations, etc.). Great attention was paid to protecting people from infectious diseases. Opening of veterinary school and horses forging was the result of the rise of trade and economic, cultural and educational ties in the medieval city, which was contributed to the birth and development of the work shop structure that gave the beginning of a medical case, and later – the birth of veterinary education in Galicia.
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Fontaine, Laurence, and Jürgen Schlumbohm. "Household Strategies for Survival: An Introduction." International Review of Social History 45, S8 (December 2000): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000115263.
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In early modern Europe, as in developing countries today, much of the population had to struggle to survive. Estimates for many parts of pre-industrial Europe, as for several countries in the so-called Third World, suggest that the majority of the inhabitants owned so little property that their livelihood was highly insecure. Basically, all those who lived by the work of their hands were at risk, and the reasons for their vulnerability were manifold. Economic cycles and seasonal fluctuations jeopardized the livelihood of the rural and urban masses. Warfare, taxation, and other decisions by the ruling elites sometimes had far-reaching direct and indirect repercussions on the lives of the poor. This is also true of natural factors, both catastrophes and the usual weather fluctuations, which were a major factor affecting harvest yields. Equal in importance were the risks and uncertainties inherent in life and family cycles: disease, old age, widowhood, or having many young children.
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Bessel, R. "Book Reviews : The Upheaval of War: Family, Work and Welfare in Europe, 1914-1918. Edited by Richard Wall and Jay Winter. Cambridge University Press. 1988. vii + 497 pp. 40.00." German History 8, no. 3 (October 1, 1990): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549000800330.
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Lequin, Yves. "Richard Wall, Jay Winter éds, The Upheaval of War. Family, Work and Welfare in Europe, 1914-1948, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989, VII–497 p." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 46, no. 2 (April 1991): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900062272.
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Fekete, Ilona. "Family at the Fringes: The Medico-Alchemical Careers of Johann Ruland (1575–1638) and Johann David Ruland (1604–1648?)." Early Science and Medicine 17, no. 5 (2012): 548–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/10.1163/15733823-175000a5.
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The Ruland family was perhaps the most famous clan involved in alchemy and medicine in early modern Central and Eastern Europe. Yet while more prominent members of the family, such as Martin Ruland Junior (1569–1611), participated in the alchemical milieu at the court of Rudolf II in Prague, other members, farther from the centre of Empire, are also significant to the study of interconnections between early modern alchemy, science, and medicine. A case in point is the misunderstood figure of Johann David Ruland (1605–1648?), who plied his trade in the territories of Royal Hungary. His major publication, the Pharmacopoea nova (1644), introduced the rudiments of his “filth-pharmacy” (Dreckapotheke): the use of bodily waste to cure and heal certain afflictions. Yet in the secondary literature, Johann David’s life and work have often been confused with the activities of his uncle, Johann Ruland (1585–1638). The present biographical study of both Johann and Johann David seeks to disentangle their respective intellectual legacies, allowing us the opportunity to resituate both men within their respective medical and alchemical contexts.
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Dobigny-Reverso, Anne. "La faculté de tester dans le Dell’origine e dell’uffizio del notariato de Michele Cusa." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'histoire du droit / The Legal History Review 89, no. 1-2 (May 21, 2021): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-12340001.
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Summary In French law, the current reform plans affecting the reserved portion of inheritance that must devolve upon the heirs (‘legitim’) has revived the debate about the freedom of disposing of one’s estate by will. The debate echoes some of the considerations in Michele Cusa’s (1771-1855) work Dell’origine e dell’uffizio del notariato. The author, who was a notary, was a supporter of the testator’s freedom. His argument consists in a dialogue during which jurists, philosophers and politicians from all over Europe hold the stage. The dialogue reflects the broad culture of a Piemontese notary at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Cusa believed that the freedom to dispose of one’s estate by will was particularly important, because it was the only way to meet real-life social and economic demands, and the complex relationships formed within a family. The testator’s freedom should nonetheless be regulated by statute, so that its excessive use by a father or husband can be restricted.
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Asmer, Kadri. "Letters from the Past: Armin Tuulse’s Archive in Tartu." Baltic Journal of Art History 13 (October 9, 2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/bjah.2017.13.10.
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In 2015, the correspondence of Professor of Art History Armin Tuulse (1907–1977) and his wife Liidia Tuulse (1912–2012), which dates back to 1944 when the family escaped to Sweden, arrived at the Estonian Literary Museum. A significant part of the archive is comprised of the correspondence between the spouses, along with frequent contacts with exile Estonian cultural figures and Armin Tuulse’s work-related communications with colleagues in Europe, the U.S. and Australia. The main objective of this article is to take a first look at the material and highlight the main points of emphasis in the correspondence of the exile Estonians in the 1940s and 1950s. At that time, the main issue (in addition to worries about everyday hardships and living conditions) was related to the continuation of their work and keeping Estonian culture alive in a foreign cultural and linguistic space.In order to understand Armin Tuulse’s position in Sweden, the article also takes a look back onto his activities in the Department of Art History of the University of Tartu in the 1930s and 1940s, when Sten Karling (1906–1987) from Sweden came to teach in Tartu. Under Karling’s guidance, Tuulse became a dedicated scholar and later the first Estonian to become a professor of art history.
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Borisov, Vasily. "Historian of Technology N. K. Laman: Surprising Discoveries in the History of the “Elektroprovod” Plant." Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki 43, no. 2 (2022): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020596060020598-9.
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The future historian of technology N. K. Laman became a graduate student at the Institute for the History of Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1954 after he graduated from M. I. Kalinin Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals and Gold and worked at the “Elektroprovod” (“Electric wire”) plant in Moscow for three years. The history of this plant became a theme of a number of Laman’s research works. The Elektroprovod plant emerged from its predecessor, a gold thread factory that belonged to the Alekseev family of merchants and manufactured products that enjoyed a ready market both in Russia and internationally. A young K. S. Alekseev, who years later won renown as a theater practitioner and reformer K. S. Stanislavsky (also spelled Stanislavski), began to work at this factory in 1882. Alekseev / Stanislavsky’s engineering and organizational efforts in the field of gold thread manufacturing were described by Laman in a monograph and several articles. In 1892, Alekseev visited a number of plants in Western Europe to study international practices, after which he made a significant contribution to the reorganization of gold thread production at the Moscow factory. When he became the principal director and manager of the Moscow Art Theater in 1898, he was relieved from the responsibilities of directly supervising the work at the factory but retained his position of the chairman of the board of directors of the Gold Thread Factories Company (“Tovarishchestvo”). The article analyzes Laman’s studies on the history of the Alekseevs’ factory / Elektroprovod plant and, first and foremost, his monograph “The History of the Elektroprovod Plant”, coauthored with Yu. I. Krechetnikova (1967).
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Cohen, Miriam. "Working Mothers and the Welfare State: Religion and the Politics of Work-Family Policies in Western Europe and the United States, by Kimberly J. Morgan." Labor History 50, no. 3 (July 2, 2009): 382–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00236560903021649.
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Goglio, Valentina, and Roberto Rizza. "Young adult occupational transition regimes in Europe: does gender matter?" International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 1/2 (March 12, 2018): 130–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-04-2017-0052.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to achieve a greater understanding of the transitions young adults experience into and out of the labour market and the influence that gender and married/cohabiting status have on employment careers. Design/methodology/approach The paper focuses on young adults (25-34 years old) in four European countries – Italy, the Netherlands, the UK and Norway – that are representative of different youth transition regimes. Using longitudinal data from EU-SILC survey (for the years 2006-2012) and event history analysis, the authors investigate the effect of the particular set of institutional features of each country, the effect of the cohort of entry and the effect of gender differences in determining transitions across labour market status. Findings Findings show that the filter exercised by the national institutions has a selective impact on the careers of young adults, with some institutional contexts more protective than others. In this respect, the condition of inactivity emerges as an interesting finding: on one side, it mainly involves women in a partnership, on the other side it is more common in protective youth regimes, suggesting that it may be a chosen rather than suffered condition. Originality/value The paper contributes to existing literature by: focusing on a specific category, young adults from 25 to 34 years old, which is increasingly recognised as a critical stage in the life course though it receives less attention than its younger counterpart (15-24); integrating the importance of family dynamics on work careers by analysing the different effects played by married/cohabiting status for men and women.
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Davitadze, Tamila, and Nana Mazmishvili. "How Georgian Women (Representatives of One Family) Contributed to the Education and Science Exchange with Europe." Balkanistic Forum 31, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v31i1.5.
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The aim of the presented paper is to explore the distinguished Georgian women, representatives of one family, the family of Kipiani, with invaluable contribution not only to the achievements of the Georgian community but the development of science, cul-ture, education, and art worldwide. The paper will display outstanding faces from the history of Georgian feminism including Nino (Tatishvili-maiden surname) Kipiani (1867-1937), Nino (Ninuca) Kip-iani (1877-1920), Barbare Kipiani (1879-1965), Elene Kipiani (1855-1890) with their big role in establishment and development of close contacts with European countries in the fields of education, science, media, and art. Barbare Kipiani was the first Georgian member of the Academy of Medicine in France who also was conducting lectures in the universities in Brussels, Paris, and Geneva. The Georgian girl from an aristocratic family became a secretary of the magazine "Revue Psychology" of the University of Brussels.Nino (Tatishvili) Kipiani, a stateswoman and publicist translated children’s stories from French into Georgian. She translated a famous historical novel “Spartacus” and a short story by. I. Franko. The establishment of Georgian Theatre is also related to her. Elene Kipiani translated literary works of Hugo and Moliere from French. She also was an actress of Georgian theater. The methodology of the presented research foresees the analysis of the archive materials of the Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts through which we intend to reveal the constraints and obstacles women from Kipiani family had to overcome in the course of carrying out numerous socially and culturally valued activities.
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Agárdi, Izabella. "Intersections of Memory and History in Rural Hungarian Women’s Life Narratives: Three Case Studies." Hungarian Cultural Studies 14 (July 16, 2021): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2021.428.
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The article contextualizes the oral life stories of three Hungarian-speaking women and their connections to the national histories of East-Central Europe. Through these three life narratives, I argue that in reconstructing their own life stories, the women articulate historical change. The women – born in the 1920s in the aftermath of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and coming of age in a socialist Eastern bloc as citizens of different nation-states – make up a generation as well as a mnemonic community with divergent versions of their community’s past. They talk about childhood in the interwar era, their maturation during the Second World War, their married life and work during the early years of socialism and their retirement years after 1989. In so doing, they give shape to starkly different family histories and personal experiences which inform not only their political sensibilities, but also their sense of womanhood, ethnicity, social standing and assessments of the past. While placing themselves into a sequence of events, they maintain their sense of integrity and construct political subjectivities. Their stories are imprints of a deeply divided collective memory of a generation bearing all the complexities that make women’s history different from the mainstream historiographical canon.
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Martin Zsarnóczky and Fanni Zsarnóczky-Dulházi. "Early recognition of dementia within the family." Magyar Gerontológia 12 (November 26, 2020): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47225/mg/12/kulonszam/8452.
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The awareness of communities with dementia in Western Europe has moved closer to recognizing priority issues such as the environment or climate change. Dementia-friendly communities how have a history of 30 years and have achieved significant results through their work, both for those affected by the disease and those not directly affected. It probably affects many families, the topic is also getting into the spotlight in Hungary.
Without specific and detailed statistics and databases, dementia currently exists in the latent zone. The vast majority of the literature defines dementia as a diesease for which there is no treatment or cure. The effect of dementia is considered primarily as problems in the brain that negatively affect clear thinking, memory processes and result in additional emotional turbulence. Dementia is known as an age-related condition.
In general, dementia is identified as senility, incorrectly. Dementia can occur in different areas and at different levels in individual patients. As a result, families affected by the disease often face serious difficulties in identifying the disease. Without proper and detailed knowledge of the diagnosis, many families struggle with the situation of self care solutions at home. This personal involvement not only imposes a significant financial and emotional burden on the family but also often leads to separation and isolation, which can have additional negative effects on the disease itself and even on the mental health of the patient’s family members.
The global extent of dementia is generally known only to experts in the field, and to this day there is still a lack of adequate representation in the wider social dialogue. There is a unique and innovative incentive in Gyöngyös where Matralab’s integrated care centers offer day-care activities and solutions to support and provide experts advice to families with dementia. The project is implemented at the regional level, where 25 municipalities start monitoring the conditions and impacts of dementia in the region. As dementia is a prevalent and identifiable condition, affected families need help and support at the widest possible level.
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Carter, E. J. "Breaking the Bank: Gambling Casinos, Finance Capitalism, and German Unification." Central European History 39, no. 2 (May 19, 2006): 185–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000082.
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In April 1867, Fyodor Dostoevsky left Russia for central Europe, in part to celebrate his marriage to Anna Gregorovich Snitkina, the young stenographer who had helped him compose The Gambler the previous fall. While that book freed him from the clutches of the publisher Stellovsky, who had advanced him money in exchange for a lien on his future works, it did not remove the larger financial destitution that threatened the new family, and fear of the debtor's prison clouded Dostoevsky's subsequent four-year sojourn in Europe. Residing first in Berlin and Dresden, he began to entertain thoughts of escaping his financial difficulties through gambling. In May, he traveled briefly to Bad Homburg; later, both he and Anna proceeded to Baden-Baden. Contrary to his hopes, life imitated art, and Dostoevsky was soon as hopelessly beset by the gambling demons as his fictional anti-hero, Alexei, and with as little success. By the end of the summer, he had pawned many of his and Anna's belongings and systematically lost the gifts sent from Russia by friends to bail them out. Finally on August 23, he managed to tear himself away from the tables. Over the next four years, he would gamble sporadically, but never with the same fervor he brought to Baden-Baden that summer. After returning to Russia in 1871, he gave up gambling entirely.
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Seidel, Michael E., and Carl H. Ernst. "A systematic review of the turtle family Emydidae." Vertebrate Zoology 67, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 1–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.67.e31535.
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Family Emydidae is a large and diverse group of turtles comprised of 50 – 60 extant species. After a long history of taxonomic revision, the family is presently recognized as a monophyletic group defined by unique skeletal and molecular character states. Emydids are believed to have originated in the Eocene, 42 – 56 million years ago. They are mostly native to North America, but one genus, Trachemys, occurs in South America and a second, Emys, ranges over parts of Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. Some of the species are threatened and their future survival depends in part on understanding their systematic relationships and habitat requirements. The present treatise provides a synthesis and update of studies which define diversity and classification of the Emydidae. A review of family nomenclature indicates that Rafinesque, 1815 should be credited for the family name Emydidae. Early taxonomic studies of these turtles were based primarily on morphological data, including some fossil material. More recent work has relied heavily on phylogenetic analyses using molecular data, mostly DNA. The bulk of current evidence supports two major lineages: the subfamily Emydinae which has mostly semi-terrestrial forms ( genera Actinemys, Clemmys, Emydoidea, Emys, Glyptemys, Terrapene) and the more aquatic subfamily Deirochelyinae ( genera Chrysemys, Deirochelys, Graptemys, Malaclemys, Pseudemys, Trachemys). Within subfamilies, some generic relationships have become well defined, supporting sister group relationships (e.g. Emydoidea + Emys, Malaclemys + Graptemys, and Trachemys + Graptemys/ Malaclemys). There is also strong evidence that Glyptemys and Deirochelys are outgroups (early sister lineages) to all of the other taxa in their respective subfamilies. The phylogenetic position of other genera (e.g. Clemmys, Chrysemys, Actinemys) remains enigmatic or controversial. Similarly, many species relationships have been clarified within recent decades, but several remain poorly resolved such as those belonging to Pseudemys, Trachemys, and Terrapene. Overall, our systematic knowledge of emydid turtles has rapidly progressed and ongoing studies are targeting broader and more comprehensive sampling of populations.
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Algazi, Gadi. "Scholars in Households: Refiguring the Learned Habitus, 1480–1550." Science in Context 16, no. 1-2 (March 2003): 9–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889703000681.
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ArgumentUntil the fifteenth century, celibacy was the rule among Christian scholars of northwestern Europe. Celibacy was a major element of the codified cultural representation of the scholar and his specific way of life, sustained by peculiar institutional arrangements and daily routines. Founding family households implied therefore a major reorganization of the scholar’s way of life. Broadly speaking, this involved refashioning the scholarly habitus (understood as a system of durable and transposable social dispositions), redefining social relations, and developing the necessary material infrastructure. The paper focuses on three aspects of this process during a period characterized by uncertainty and experimentation. It discusses the structure of scholars’ families, arguing that at least until the middle of the sixteenth century, received models still persisted, while new viable models for articulating family reproduction with the transmission of scholarly dispositions had not yet crystallized. It then turns to the reorganization of domestic space, focusing on the different uses of the study to manage social distance and regulate domestic relations. Finally, among the different manifestations of the scholarly habitus, it argues that the emotional detachment of learned men was itself a learned habit. The well-documented discussion of competing options for organizing scholars’ family households and cultivating an acquired nature in academic settings provides an exceptional occasion to examine the way a group habitus is reshaped and, explore the cultural work involved in this process.
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Orlova, T. "Development of Public History in Australia." Problems of World History, no. 15 (September 14, 2021): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-15-10.
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The present article is aimed at demonstrating the importance of new for Ukrainian historiography direction of public history, for the country’s development and for strengthening its stance at the international arena. Australia is taken for an example, as it has turned from once remote Terra Incognita into one of the leading nations of the modern world. It is emphasized that, regardless of attainments, the identity issue is still as urgent as to other countries in the conditions of a global crisis. The sources of the public history trend are revealed, explained are the factors conducive to its spread planet-wise, attention is brought to the fact that this trend has become a natural result of developments in the science of history in the Western civilization, encompassing countries of Europe, the Americas, and Australia. The latter, being a ramification of the Western civilization branch, has adopted the guidelines outlined by American scholars, driven by pragmatic considerations.
Steps are determined in the institutionalization of the said direction, a characteristic is given to the activities of the Australian Center of Public History at Sydney Technology University, of the journal “Public History Survey”, as well as to the specifics of their work in the digital era under the motto: “History for the public, about the public, together with the public”. The same motto is leading the historians working with local and family history, cooperating with the State in the field of commemoration, placing great importance on museums, memorials, monuments. Considering national holidays, particular attention is given to the National Day of Apology, reflecting the complications of Australian history. Like American public history, the Australian one began to give much attention to those groups of population that were previously omitted by the focus of research, namely, the aborigines.
A conclusion is made regarding the importance of history in general and public history in particular for the implementation of the national identity policy – an important token of the nation’s stable and successful progress.
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SAMPSON, MARGARET. "‘THE WOE THAT WAS IN MARRIAGE’: SOME RECENT WORKS ON THE HISTORY OF WOMEN, MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND AND EUROPE." Historical Journal 40, no. 3 (September 1997): 811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007437.
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Marriage and the English Reformation. By Eric Josef Carlson. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. Pp. ix+276. ISBN 0-631-16864-8. £45.00Gender, sex and subordination in England, 1550–1800. By Anthony Fletcher. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995. Pp. xxii+442. ISBN 0-300-06531-0. £19.95.Domestic dangers: women, words, and sex in early modern London. By Laura Gowing. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Pp. 301. ISBN 0-19-820517-1. £35.00.The prospect before her: a history of women in western Europe, Volume one, 1500–1800. By Olwen Hufton. London: HarperCollins, 1995. Pp. xiv+654. ISBN 0-00255120-9. £25.00.Sex and subjection: attitudes to women in early modern society. By Margaret R. Sommerville. London: Edward Arnold, 1995. Pp. 287. ISBN 0-340-64574-1. £14.99.
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Gradu, Diana. "Romanian Francophony, the Beautiful Stranger." Intertext, no. 1/2 (57/58) (October 2021): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.54481/intertext.2021.1.22.
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French in Romanian space meant much more than mastering a linguistic instrument, being the expression of adherence to a whole series of values, ideas and ideals specific to modern European nations. Romanian intellectuals and political elites chose French as an idiom for the expression of freedom, modernity and the belonging of Romanian space to the Europe of free nations. The francophone dimension of Romania developed especially during the first half of the 20th century. It was at this time that Bucharest became little Paris”. Many Romanian writers then chose to create the most significant part of their work in French. Illustrious names, including those of Constantin Brancusi, Eugène Ionesco, Mircea Eliade, Georges Enesco, Emil Cioran, have since become part of the Francophone cultural heritage. The French-speaking component of Romanian history, built over two centuries of history, has been able to resist even under the conditions of great precariousness imposed under totalitarianism, after the Second World War. Immediately after the return of democracy, Romania joined, as a full member, the institutional Francophonie (1993), returning to the Francophone family to which it was attached in an extremely rich past.
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Łysek, Wojciech. "Richard Pipes: A Life Against the Tide (1923-2018)." Studia Polityczne 47, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/stp.2019.47.4.06.
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The article discusses the life and work of the outstanding Sovietologist Richard Pipes, who was born in a Polonized Jewish family in Polish Cieszyn. After an adventurous trip to the United States in 1939 and 1940, he graduated in history from Harvard University and devoted himself to scientific work. For the next half a century, Pipes dealt with the historical and contemporary aspects of Russia. In his numerous publications, including more than 20 monographs, he emphasised that the Soviet Union continued rather than broke with the political practice of tsarist Russia. In his professional work, he thus contested views prevailing among American researchers and society. From the 1960s, Pipes was involved in political activities. He was sceptical about détente, advocating more decisive actions towards the Soviet Union. Between 1981 and 1983, he was the director of the Department of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the National Security Council in the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Although retiring in 1996, he did not give up his scientific activity. Pipes died on 17 May 2018; according to his last will, his private book collection of 3,500 volumes has been donated to the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
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Biesterfeldt, Hinrich. "Franz Rosenthal’s Half an Autobiography." die welt des islams 54, no. 1 (May 28, 2014): 34–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700607-00541p03.
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Franz Rosenthal (1914-2003), one of the outstanding scholars of Semitic languages, Arabic and Islamic history of the past century, has described himself as an Orientalist, whose task is “to look beyond the culture in which one is rooted to other cultures whatever their geographical location with respect to Europe, in order to learn about and understand them and to try to spread the knowledge thus acquired”. This simple-sounding approach is qualified by a vast knowledge of the appropriate literary sources and a keen sense for the truly significant topic that characterize all of Rosenthal’s works. His memoir discusses these aspects, as well as the profile and outlook of Near Eastern Studies, particularly in relation to neighboring disciplines, and the roles of philology and language teaching. What is at least as interesting as this discussion is an autobiographical account of Rosenthal’s family, his school and university years in Berlin, of his emigration to the United States, and his career up to his arrival at Yale University – a memoir which illuminates his work and his convictions and which tells a story of “cruelly turbulent times” that changed the lives of many scholars and opened up new ways of scholarship.
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Gradinskaitė, Vilma. "In Search of Missing Collection: The Case of Artist Albert Rappaport." Art History & Criticism 17, no. 1 (November 15, 2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mik-2021-0003.
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Summary The artist Albert Rappaport was born in Anykščiai in 1898. In 1911, the family emigrated to New York. Rappaport became an American citizen in 1925 and began to travel widely. He studied fine art in New York, Paris, Dresden and Munich. He visited South America, Africa and traveled extensively through Europe (1925–1927, 1933, 1937–1939), returning to the United States now and again. The artist participated in several dozen exhibitions. He showed his work in Paris, Rome, Florence, Barcelona, Palma de Mallorca, Copenhagen, Mexico City, Havana, New York, Calgary and Montreal, in addition to his solo exhibitions in 1937 in Warsaw and Vilnius, and in Kaunas, Riga and Tallinn in 1938. After Rappaport’s death, in March 17, 1969 in Montreal, his collection of artworks disappeared and has thus far not been found. To date, two of his painted portraits are known to exist – one belongs to the private collection of Jonathan C. Rappaport, another is on display at the Jewish Public Library in Montreal.
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Nielsen, J. P., and V. V. Tevlina. "Norwegian Destiny of Anatolii E. Heintz (1898–1975), Palaeontologist and Russian Emigré from St. Petersburg." Modern History of Russia 10, no. 4 (2020): 933–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2020.407.
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This article provides information on the life and work of Anatolii Evgenievich Heintz. Heintz was born and raised in St. Petersburg, became a Russian émigré in the so-called “first wave”, and ended up in Norway with his family after the revolutionary events in Russia in 1917–1920. Later Heintz became renowned in the world of science as a Professor, Academician, and one of the founding fathers of Norwegian paleontology, as well as a well-known promoter of scientific knowledge among the common people in Norway. At the same time he was an active participant and organizer of scientific expeditions to Spitsbergen (Svalbard) in search of fish fossils, but he also pioneered the protection of wild animals and establishment of natural parks on this Arctic archipelago. In this article Heintz’s life is examined against the background of social and cultural processes that Russian emigrants faced in the first and later waves of emigration in the 20th and 21st centuries, especially processes of socio-cultural adaptation and integration into their new country of residence. The authors compare the conditions for finding themselves and ways of preserving one’s Russianness in the large colonies of the Russian diaspora, which appeared in Berlin, Prague, and Paris, with the conditions in the northern periphery of Europe and a country like Norway. The paper focus on what Heintz did to preserve his Russian identity, and how he simultaneously struggled to become fully recognized as a Norwegian citizen.
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MOHR, BARBARA A. R. "CLEMENTINE HELM BEYRICH (1825–1896), THE UNUSUAL CASE OF A WOMAN POPULARIZER OF THE GEOSCIENCES DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY IN CENTRAL EUROPE." Earth Sciences History 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.1.84.
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ABSTRACT During the nineteenth century the role of women was very much restricted. In the geosciences, women were not able to study and thus even less able to publish. Here the work of one female writer is presented who, due to her upbringing in an intellectual family with close connections to the most celebrated scientists in Prussia/Germany, such as Alexander von Humboldt, the mineralogist Christian Samuel Weiss, Ernst Haeckel and many others, was aware of scientific progress and the discussions of the times. Based on her unusual education by teachers and scientists and her intellectual abilities, and knowledge acquired through marriage to a well-established geoscientist, she wrote popular juvenile literature that included geological and palaeontological content. This scientific content was typically woven into fairy tales or novels for adolescent girls and served as a way to spread geoscientific knowledge to a large audience.
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Dementyev, Leonid I. "Female images of God in the works of Church Fathers and other Christian writers before the XIX century." Issues of Theology 4, no. 1 (2022): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu28.2022.108.
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There is a common misconception among some Christians that the idea of God as a feminine principle is strongly influenced by liberal theology and queer studies of the 20th and 21st centuries. In part, this is true: attention to women’s legal awareness in modern Europe raises the question of the relationship between the sexes. However, carefully studying earlier periods of the history of church creativity, we find that saints and heroes of faith of different denominations came to the conviction that God is the Mother and has traditionally female characteristics, not at all in connection with the struggle of the fair sex for their rights, but thanks to personal mystical experience and perception of the Trinity as a prototype of the earthly human family. The article is devoted to the study of the topic of the femininity of God in general and the Holy Spirit in particular. The author suggests looking at the Holy Trinity through the prism of the outstanding writers of the Christian world from the 1st to the 19th centuries, showing that the modern theology of femininity has a long and rich prehistory, rooted in Christian antiquity and closely connected with family archetypes.
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Hosgood, Christopher P. "“Mercantile Monasteries”: Shops, Shop Assistants, and Shop Life in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain." Journal of British Studies 38, no. 3 (July 1999): 322–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386197.
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It is now over twenty years since Geoffrey Crossick first urged historians to investigate the English lower middle class. On that occasion he suggested that small business interests and white-collar employees be designated the two wings of a residual lower middle class. Historians speculated that the members of this class were bound together by their marginality to the social, cultural, and economic world of the middle class and by their pathetic attempts to ape the gentility of their superiors. Such an analysis confirmed the unheroic nature of the lower-middle-classmentalitéand explains Crossick's conclusion that this group “claimed no vital social role.” Crossick's more recent work, in collaboration with Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, offers a reevaluation of this earlier position and concludes that white-collar and small business interests should not be considered to occupy the same social station. Crossick and Haupt's work is significant because both authors make it clear that they now credit the petite bourgeoisie of small business families in Europe with a greater spirit of independence than they had earlier acknowledged. They argue convincingly that the petite bourgeoisie created their own social and cultural world, centered on the interrelationship between enterprise and family life, which enabled them to react more purposefully to outside social forces and agencies.By hiving off these small business interests from the old lower middle class, we are left with a rump of white-collar workers who collectively formed a lower middle class that shared many common experiences and hence is attractive to historians as a potentially more cohesive social body.
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Pedersen, Susan. "The Upheaval of War: Family, Work and Welfare in Europe, 1914–1918. Edited by Richard Wall and Jay Winter. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Pp. vii, 497. $65.00." Journal of Economic History 49, no. 4 (December 1989): 1014–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700009657.
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Tokarska-Bakir, Joanna, and Irena Grudzińska-Gross. "Między brakiem a nadmiarem. Z Ireną Grudzińską-Gross rozmawia Joanna Tokarska-Bakir." Studia Litteraria et Historica, no. 1 (December 31, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/slh.2012.007.
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Between overabundance and scarcity. Joanna Tokarska-Bakir in an interview with Irena Grudzińska GrossThis conversation with Irena Grudzińska-Gross starts a series of interviews in “Studia Litteraria et Historica”, which motto is the title of the essay of Jan Stanisław Bystroń “On subjects I was advised not to pursue”. Among these subjects that Irena Grudzińska-Gross names are: war, family history, women. Grudzińska-Gross tells also about the reactions to “Złote Żniwa” - a book that she wrote together with Jan Tomasz Gross, and about academic work of people of Eastern Europe living in the United States. One part of the interview concerns also a “collective hypnosis”, that Americans underwent after the 9/11 World Trade Center Attack and the price, that Susan Sontag had to pay for being critical about American militarism. Między brakiem a nadmiarem. Z Ireną Grudzińską-Gross rozmawia Joanna Tokarska-BakirRozmowa z Ireną Grudzińską-Gross otwiera cykl wywiadów “Studia Litteraria et Historica”, których mottem jest tytuł eseju Jana Stanisława Bystronia: “Tematy, które mi odradzano”. Wśród “odradzanych” tematów, które wymienia Irena Grudzińska-Gross są między innymi: wojna, historia rodzinna, kobiety. Grudzińska-Gross opowiada także o reakcjach na książkę “Złote żniwa”, którą napisała wraz z Janem Tomaszem Grossem oraz o pracy akademickiej osób z Europy Wschodniej w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Część rozmowy dotyczy także “zbiorowej hipnozy”, której ulegli mieszkańcy USA po ataku 11 września 2001 na World Trade Center i ceny, jaką musiała zapłacić Susan Sontag za krytykę amerykańskiego militaryzmu.