Journal articles: 'Word'

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Pirgmaier, Elke. "World, Word, Work." Environmental Values 31, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096327122x16452897197810.

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Laubstein, Ann Stuart. "Word Blends as Sublexical Substitutions." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 44, no. 2 (June 1999): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100022684.

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AbstractThe standard structural approach to word blends, such as noise1/sound2 → nound, has been to assume they involve a splicing together of the two words, where part of word2 is used to complete part of word1. The splice position has then been used as the source of mental lexicon generalizations. On the basis of 166 naturally occurring word blends, this article argues for a different approach—a “substitution” approach. The approach allows a comparison of the properties that word blends share with sublexical exchanges, anticipations, perseverations and substitutions; in addition, it accounts for the convergence of these properties. The substitution analysis allows a principled distinction between target and intruder; it predicts metrical structure output, and possible and impossible errors; moreover, the substitution analysis simplifies and constrains language production models.

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Foltz, Franz, and Frederick Foltz. "Word, Words, Words." Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 32, no. 3 (June 2012): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467612458089.

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Kokane, Chandrakant D., Sachin D. Babar, Parikshit N. Mahalle, and Shivprasad P. Patil. "Word sense disambiguation: Mathematical modelling of adaptive word embedding technique for word vector." Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics 26, no. 3 (2023): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47974/jim-1675.

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Word embedding is the method of representing ambiguous words into word vectors. The existing methods of word embedding are applicable for homonymous words. Constructing word vector of polysemous words is the challenge. The word vector of polysemous words are made by considering context information. The proposed adaptive word embedding technique is discussed in this article. The adaptive word embedding technique is applicable for both homosemous and polysemous words. While representing ambiguous word into word vector the context information is considered. The adaptive word embedding technique generates dynamic word vector for ambiguous word. The word vector with dimension size 198 is created here. There are 198 features are considered in the discussed model. The countable nouns are used as features in adaptive word embedding.

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Berleant, Daniel. "Engineering “word experts” for word disambiguation." Natural Language Engineering 1, no. 4 (December 1995): 339–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324900000255.

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AbstractEvery word in the lexicon of a natural language is used distinctly from all the other words. A word expert is a small expert system-like module for processing a particular word based on other words in its vicinity. A word expert exploits the idiosyncratic nature of a word by using a set of context testing decision rules that test the identity and placement of context words to infer the word's role in the passage.The main application of word experts is disambiguating words. Work on word experts has never fully recognized previous related work, and a comprehensive review of that work would therefore contribute to the field. This paper both provides such a review, and describes guidelines and considerations useful in the design and construction of word expert based systems.

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Uraeva, Darmon Saidakhmedovna. "DERIVATIVES OF WORDS, WORD COMBINATIONS AND PHRASES WITH THE WORD "MARKET" IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE." Journal of Central Asian Social Studies 02, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a5.

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The article examines derivative words, word combinations and phrases formed in the Uzbek language with the participation of the word "market". Synonyms for this word are words borrowed from the English language. Revealed literal and figurative meanings of words and phrases formed with the participation of the word "market".

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Ingham,, Mary Beth. "World as Word." American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 77, no. 1 (2003): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/acpq200377110.

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Muammar Suharso, Silvi Angelika, and Yani Lubis. "Word Stress of Derive word." Jurnal Pendidikan dan Sastra Inggris 3, no. 2 (June 22, 2023): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jupensi.v3i2.2002.

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Due to the fact that pronunciation is a fundamental component of English conversations, it is crucial that it be done correctly. word stress of derived words is one of the important aspects of English pronunciation that affects the understanding and expression of word meanings accurately. The goal of this study is to examine the word stress patterns in words that are English-derived. Although there are variations and exceptions, word stress in derived words typically adheres to a set of rules and patterns. In this study, we examine the word stress patterns in noun to verb, adjective to noun, and verb to noun derivations. Additionally, we looked at how prefixes and suffixes affected stress patterns. The purpose of this study is to advance the field of English pronunciation and provide a better understanding of the stress patterns in derived words. In this study, we collected data and examined stress patterns using a variety of sources, including dictionaries and pronunciation guides. The findings of this study can aid English language learners in getting better at pronouncing words. The findings of this study might help English learners in perfecting their pronunciation abilities and understanding words derived from them more precisely.

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CHEVROT, JEAN-PIERRE, CELINE DUGUA, and MICHEL FAYOL. "Liaison acquisition, word segmentation and construction in French: a usage-based account." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 3 (October 24, 2008): 557–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908009124.

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ABSTRACTIn the linguistics field, liaison in French is interpreted as an indicator of interactions between the various levels of language organization. The current study examines the same issue while adopting a developmental perspective. Five experiments involving children aged two to six years provide evidence for a developmental scenario which interrelates a number of different issues: the acquisition of phonological alternations, the segmentation of new words, the long-term stabilization of the word form in the lexicon and the formation of item-based constructions. According to this scenario, children favour the presence of initial CV syllables when segmenting stored chunks of speech of the type word1-liaison-word2 (les arbres‘the trees’ is segmented as /le/+/zarbr/). They cope with the variation of the liaison in the input by memorizing multiple exemplars of the same word2 (/zarbr/, /narbr/). They learn the correct relations between the word1s and the word2 exemplars through exposure to the well-formed sequence (un+/narbr/,deux+/zarbr/). They generalize the relation between a word1 and a class of word2 exemplars beginning with a specific liaison consonant by integrating this information into an item-based schema (e.g.un+/nX/,deux+/zX/). This model is based on the idea that the segmentation of new words and the development of syntactic schemas are two aspects of the same process.

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Culligan, Brent. "Evaluating Corpora with Word Lists and Word Difficulty." Vocabulary Learning and Instruction 8, no. 1 (2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7820/vli.v08.1.culligan.

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This study examines the application of an IRT analysis of words on lists including the General Service List (GSL), New General Service List (NGSL), Academic Word List (AWL), New Academic Word List (NAWL), and TOEIC Service List (TSL). By comparing line graphs, density distribution graphs, and boxplots for the average difficulty of each word list to related lists, we can get a visualization of the data’s distribution. Japanese EFL students responded to one or more of 84 Yes/No test forms compiled from 5,880 unique real words and 2,520 nonwords. The real words were analyzed using Winsteps (Linacre, 2005) resulting in IRT estimates for each word. By summing the difficulties of each word, we can calculate the average difficulty of each word list which can then be used to rank the lists. In effect, the process supports the concurrent validity of the lists. The analysis indicates the word family approach results in more difficult word lists. The mean difficulties of the GSL and the BNC_COCA appear to be more divergent and more difficult particularly over the first 4000 words, possibly due to the use of Bauer and Nation’s (1993) Affix Level 6 definition for their compilation. Finally, just as we should expect word lists for beginners to have higher frequency words than subsequent lists, we should also expect them to be easier with more words known to learners. This can be seen with the gradual but marked difference between the different word lists of the NGSL and its supplemental SPs.

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Pugazhendhi, D. "Tamil, Greek, Hebrew and Sanskrit: Sandalwood ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬(Σανταλόξυλο) and its Semantics in Classical Literatures." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 8, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.8-3-3.

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The Greek and Tamil people did sea trade from the pre-historic times. Sandalwood is seen only in Tamil land and surrounding places. It is also one of the items included in the trade. The Greek word ‘σανταλίνων’ is first mentioned in the ancient Greek works around the middle of the first century CE. The fact that the word is related to Tamil, but the etymologist did not acknowledge the same, rather they relate it to other languages. As far as its uses are concerned, it is not found in the ancient Greek literatures. One another type of wood ‘κέδρου’ cedar is also mentioned in the ancient Greek literature with the medicinal properties similar to ‘σανταλίνων’. In the same way the use of the Hebrew Biblical word ‘Almuggim -אַלְמֻגִּ֛ים’ which is the word used for sandalwood, also denotes teak wood. This shows that in these words, there are possibilities of some semantic changes such as semantic shift or broadening. Keywords: biblical word, Greek, Hebrew, Sandalwood, Tamil

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12

May, David M. "A Word about … Words." Review & Expositor 110, no. 1 (February 2013): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003463731311000105.

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Baker, C. David. "The Word and Words." Bible and the Contemporary World 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 92–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/bcw.v2i1.1980.

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Watt, D. H. "Words upon the Word." Sociology of Religion 72, no. 1 (February 24, 2011): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srr010.

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15

Smith, Angela. "New Word/New World." Women: A Cultural Review 30, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09574042.2019.1653117.

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May, David M. "A Word about … Words." Review & Expositor 105, no. 1 (February 2008): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003463730810500103.

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17

Schaeffer, John D. "Words and the Word." New Vico Studies 5 (1987): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/newvico1987536.

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Proner, Barry D. "A word about words." Journal of Analytical Psychology 51, no. 3 (May 19, 2006): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8774.2006.00600.x.

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Laskin, Daniel M. "A word about words." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 44, no. 7 (July 1986): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(86)80085-4.

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Penn, Gareth. "New world, old word." Nature 376, no. 6541 (August 1995): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376546d0.

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Katscher, Friedrich. "New world, old word." Nature 376, no. 6541 (August 1995): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/376546e0.

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McDonagh, Enda. "Word in the World." New Blackfriars 87, no. 1008 (March 2006): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-4289.2006.00134.x.

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Edgerton, W. Dow. "Words and the Word." Theology Today 44, no. 4 (January 1988): 462–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004057368804400406.

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“If prayer marks the limit of words in search of the Word, then it also marks the beginning of speech's real life. … Through the rightness of a sentence, the worlds of echo and memory and experience enter into relationship. Through the rightness of a poem, all that the poem has set ringing comes into relationship, into meaning, maybe for the first time.”

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Vihman, Marilyn May, and Lorraine McCune. "When is a word a word?" Journal of Child Language 21, no. 3 (October 1994): 517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009442.

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ABSTRACTAlthough adult-based words co-occur in the period of transition to speech with a variety of non-word vocalizations, little attention has been given to the formidable problem of identifying these earliest words. This paper specifies explicit, maximally ‘inclusive’ identification procedures, with criteria based on both phonetic and contextual parameters. A formal system for evaluating phonetic match is suggested, as well as a set of child-derived functional categories reflecting use in context. Analysis of word use across two samples of 10 children each, followed from 0;9 to 1;4, provides evidence to suggest that context-bound words can be ‘trained’ by focusing on eliciting language, but that the timing of context-flexible word use remains independent of such training.

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Shen, Yatian, Yiru Han, Huijing Yang, Songyang Wang, and Chengeng Lu. "Event Detection with Word-Word Relation Classification." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2644, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2644/1/012007.

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Abstract Event detection (ED) is a critical task in information extraction, aiming to identify triggers and types. Current research has increasingly focused on fine-grained types, where a single sentence may contain multiple trigger words and event types. Previous models only considered sentence-level features, neglecting word-word features and word positional information in the text. We propose a novel labeling scheme that treats event detection as a word-word relation recognition task. In this approach, we first identify relationships between word pairs and then utilize these relationships to perform trigger and event-type detection. By adopting this method, we can efficiently and concurrently identify triggers and types in a sentence. Leveraging word pair relationships effectively addresses scenarios in which multiple trigger words appear in a single sentence. The results demonstrate that our approach outperforms several baseline models.

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Qian, Yu, Yang Du, Xiongwen Deng, Baojun Ma, Qiongwei Ye, and Hua Yuan. "Detecting new Chinese words from massive domain texts with word embedding." Journal of Information Science 45, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551518786676.

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Textual information retrieval (TIR) is based on the relationship between word units. Traditional word segmentation techniques attempt to discern the word units accurately from texts; however, they are unable to appropriately and efficiently identify all new words. Identification of new words, especially in languages such as Chinese, remains a challenge. In recent years, word embedding methods have used numerical word vectors to retain the semantic and correlated information between words in a corpus. In this article, we propose the word-embedding-based method (WEBM), a novel method that combines word embedding and frequent n-gram string mining for discovering new words from domain corpora. First, we mapped all word units in a domain corpus to a high-dimension word vector space. Second, we used a frequent n-gram word string mining method to identify a set of candidates for new words. We designed a pruning strategy based on the word vectors to quantify the possibility of a word string being a new word, thereby allowing the evaluation of candidates based on the similarity of word units in the same string. In a comparative study, our experimental results revealed that WEBM had a great advantage in detecting new words from massive Chinese corpora.

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Olimjonovna, Mirabdullayeva Zulfiya, and Bakhadirova Dildora Azodovna. "Problems Of Adequacy And Equivalency In Translation." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-62.

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It is well known that in translation it is relatively rare for one concept to correspond to another. Experience has shown that in translation word for word, word for word, word for word can be. On this basis, when we say a lexical unit in translation, we can understand a word and a phrase, or even a phraseological unit that corresponds to a single word. In this case, a phraseological unit consisting of two or more words must correspond to the meaning of a single word. If the original word corresponds to one word in the translated language, then the meanings of the words in the two languages are considered to have the exact equivalent. Such words usually include well-known names, geographical and place names, names of enterprises, organizations, institutions, offices, ships and hotels, and so on. Equivalents are often monosemantic, that is, words with a single meaning.

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Yessimseitov, Baurzhan, and Nazerke Kokisheva. "THE WORD-FORMATION POTENTIAL OF THE WORD-FORMATION NEST WITH THE ORIGINAL WORDS "ZAN"." Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2023-4.04.

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In this article, the word-formation potential of the word-formation nest with the original word "zan" (law) is determined based on the analysis of the word-formation nest formed from this word. The works of such scientists as N. Oralbai, O. Tokkozhaeva, A. Salkynbai, K. Kurmanaliev, B. Yessimseitov, N. Kokisheva, T. Tokhtarov, D. Kuandykov, who studied the problem of the word-formation nest, are considered. A mandatory element of the word–formation nest is the source word. The original word, it is commonly called the top, plays a very important role in the formation of the word-formation nest, affects its structure, the semantic relations of single-root words in the structure of the nest. It is part of all derived words, determines their meaning. To date, the vertices in the nests can be: nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs. The article analyzes one of the main concepts of legal discourse – the word "law" from the point of view of the word-formation nest. 43 derived words are determined, 24 of them are terms formed in the word-formation nest by synthetic, analytical, lexico-semantic methods of word formation. The identification of synchronous word-formation potential requires the determination of the volume, depth of word–formation nest. At the same time, it was found that the volume of analyzed word-formation nest and their structure depend primarily on the volume of the lexico-semantic space of the source words. The more extensive the system of meanings a word has, the more voluminous its word-formation nest. The dependence of the volume of word-formation nest on the frequency of use of their source words was also revealed. The word-formation potential of the original words is also revealed by the depth of the word-formation nest, which means the number of syntagmatic, paradigmatic units in this particular word-formation nest. Linguistic data are collected from the Explanatory Dictionary of the Kazakh language, the Dictionary of Legal Terms and the Textbook Customs Law of the Republic of

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Karagulova, B. S., and Sandugash Mukhtarova. "TYPES OF LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN LITERARY TRANSLATION." Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2023-4.05.

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In this article, the word-formation potential of the word-formation nest with the original word "zan" (law) is determined based on the analysis of the word-formation nest formed from this word. The works of such scientists as N. Oralbai, O. Tokkozhaeva, A. Salkynbai, K. Kurmanaliev, B. Yessimseitov, N. Kokisheva, T. Tokhtarov, D. Kuandykov, who studied the problem of the word-formation nest, are considered. A mandatory element of the word–formation nest is the source word. The original word, it is commonly called the top, plays a very important role in the formation of the word-formation nest, affects its structure, the semantic relations of single-root words in the structure of the nest. It is part of all derived words, determines their meaning. To date, the vertices in the nests can be: nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs. The article analyzes one of the main concepts of legal discourse – the word "law" from the point of view of the word-formation nest. 43 derived words are determined, 24 of them are terms formed in the word-formation nest by synthetic, analytical, lexico-semantic methods of word formation. The identification of synchronous word-formation potential requires the determination of the volume, depth of word–formation nest. At the same time, it was found that the volume of analyzed word-formation nest and their structure depend primarily on the volume of the lexico-semantic space of the source words. The more extensive the system of meanings a word has, the more voluminous its word-formation nest. The dependence of the volume of word-formation nest on the frequency of use of their source words was also revealed. The word-formation potential of the original words is also revealed by the depth of the word-formation nest, which means the number of syntagmatic, paradigmatic units in this particular word-formation nest. Linguistic data are collected from the Explanatory Dictionary of the Kazakh language, the Dictionary of Legal Terms and the Textbook Customs Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

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Slattery, Timothy J., and Mark Yates. "Word skipping: Effects of word length, predictability, spelling and reading skill." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 2018): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310264.

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Readers’ eyes often skip over words as they read. Skipping rates are largely determined by word length; short words are skipped more than long words. However, the predictability of a word in context also impacts skipping rates. Rayner, Slattery, Drieghe and Liversedge reported an effect of predictability on word skipping for even long words (10-13 characters) that extend beyond the word identification span. Recent research suggests that better readers and spellers have an enhanced perceptual span. We explored that whether reading and spelling skill interact with word length and predictability to impact word skipping rates in a large sample ( N = 92) of average and poor adult readers. Participants read the items from Rayner et al., while their eye movements were recorded. Spelling skill (zSpell) was assessed using the dictation and recognition tasks developed by Sally Andrews and colleagues. Reading skill (zRead) was assessed from reading speed (words per minute) and comprehension accuracy of three 120 word passages each with 10 comprehension questions. We fit linear mixed models to the target gaze duration data and generalized linear mixed models to the target word skipping data. Target word gaze durations were significantly predicted by zRead, while the skipping likelihoods were significantly predicted by zSpell. Additionally, for gaze durations, zRead significantly interacted with word predictability as better readers relied less on context to support word processing. These effects are discussed in relation to the lexical quality hypothesis and eye movement models of reading.

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Handley-More, D., J. Deitz, F. F. Billingsley, and T. E. Coggins. "Facilitating Written Work Using Computer Word Processing and Word Prediction." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 57, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.57.2.139.

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Roll, Mikael, Pelle Söderström, Johan Frid, Peter Mannfolk, and Merle Horne. "Forehearing words: Pre-activation of word endings at word onset." Neuroscience Letters 658 (September 2017): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.030.

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Allen, Janet. "Word Market: Reading the World—One Word at a Time." Voices from the Middle 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/vm20032483.

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Describes how the author uses three properties of vocabulary instruction that increase comprehension: integration, repetition, and meaningful use. Notes that these three properties can be a natural part of the teaching and learning that occur each day in the classroom.

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Mahmudah, Faiqah. "The Use Of Word Coinage In Students’ Daily Conversation." IJER (Indonesian Journal of Educational Research) 2, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/ijer.v2i1.35.

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Abstract This research discusses about an analysis of word. In linguistics, study of word is analysed under morphology. To specify the research, this research focuseson the use of word coinage in daily conversation of third semester students of English study program. The aims of this research to describe and find out some words of word coinage that used by the students in their daily conversation. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. There are three kinds of word coinage that explained in this research; Invention, blend and clipping. Invention is word processes that create a word by adapting a name of commercial product. Blend is a merge or combine two words become a new word. And Clipping is create a new word by shorter the original word. Key words: linguistics, morphology, word coinage

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Allen, Janet. "The Word Market: Knowing a Word or Defining a Word--It’s a World of Difference." Voices from the Middle 13, no. 1 (September 1, 2005): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/vm20054752.

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Allen reminds us that there is a big difference between “defining a word” and “actually knowing the word in its forms and shades of meaning.” She offers several strategies for introducing words and reinforcing meaning.

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Juidah, Imas, Andayani, Sarwiji Suwandi, and Muhammad Rohmadi. "Swear Words From the Indramayu Javanese-Indonesia in the Novel Aib dan Nasib." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1402.32.

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Swear words are impolite words or words that make other people offended or get angry. Every region has its’ own particular swear words, especially in Indramayu. The swear words used by the Javanese people of Indramayu have various types and functions. Therefore, this study describes the types and functions of Indramayu Javanese swear words in the novel Aib dan Nasib by Minanto. The result reported nine types of swear words in the novel Aib and Nasib by Minanto. They are 1) excretion in the word of tahi; 2) death in the word of mampus; 3) body function term in the word of kontol, memek, endas, kuping; 4) religious term in the word of dedemit, setan; 5) mother in law in the word of telembuk, lonte, perung, jalang; 6) sex term in the word of ngentot, rabenan; 7) animal term in the word of kirik, ketek; 8) imbecilic term in the word of dungu, goblok, koplok, cecunguk, campleng; 9) general term in the word of, sinting, lancang, bangsat. Meanwhile, the functions of those swear words in the novel Aib dan Nasib by Minanto are: to create attention; to discredit; to provoke; to create interpersonal identification; and to provide catharsis.

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Dani Agung Arrizal, Wageyono, and Sutami Dwi Lestari. "AN ANALYSIS OF WORD FORMATION IN FORD V FERRARI MOVIE SCRIPT." LUNAR 7, no. 2 (November 22, 2023): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36526/ln.v7i2.3141.

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Word formation is the process to forming words by adding a few words, such as a prefix or a suffix or combining two different words and taking words from another language to get new word. This research discussed about types, meaning and most dominant word formation in script of Ford v Ferrari movie. This research based on George Yule (2020) theory of word formation which used 11 types, they are: borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, hypocorisms, backformation, conversion, coinage, acronyms, derivation and multiple process. This research was descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken from scipt of Ford v Ferrari movie. The researcher found 203 words in script of Ford v Ferrari movie, in which they are categorized into 8 types of word formation. They are: 58 words of compounding, 39 words of derivation, 38 words of blending, 30 words of coinage, 21 word of acronyms, 8 words of borrowing, 8 words of clipping and 1 word of hypocorisms. From the 11 types according to George Yules theory, the researchers found 8 types out of them. Meanwhile, the 3 types are never found in the script. The most dominant word in the reserach is compounding.

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DEMKE, TAMARA L., SUSAN A. GRAHAM, and PAUL D. SIAKALUK. "The influence of exposure to phonological neighbours on preschoolers' novel word production." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 2 (May 2002): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005081.

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We investigated the influence of exposure to phonologically similar words on four-year-olds' acquisition of novel object words. In Experiment 1, hearing phonological neighbours BEFORE learning a new word did not influence children's novel word productions. In Experiment 2, when children heard the phonological neighbours of a novel word AFTER learning a new word, they correctly produced the target word more often than children who did not receive this exposure. These findings suggest that exposing children to similar sounding words after a novel word was introduced may have helped maintain a representation of that word in working memory, leading to enhanced word learning.

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Zhu, Yeqiu, and Yuxin Huang. "Effect of Word Exposure Frequency on Chinese Advanced EFL Learners’ Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 6 (November 2, 2021): 948–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1206.11.

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The present study explores the effect of word exposure frequency on Chinese advanced EFL learners’ incidental acquisition of three aspects of word knowledge (i.e., word form, word class and word meaning). The participants were 20 Chinese English postgraduates who read two chapters of an original English novel and took four vocabulary tests. The target words were 20 pseudo-words created to replace the words that naturally occurred from one to twenty times in the text. The results show that word exposure frequency has a significant effect on IVA through reading, exerting the strongest effect on word form recognition and the weakest on word meaning recall. The study also finds that seven is the threshold value for significant word gain growth and that local word frequency also influences learners’ IVA.

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Hidayat, Teo Mujibul, and Mu'man Mu'man. "THE WORD FORMATION PROCESS OF SLANG WORDS IN RICH BRIAN’S SONG TITLED DAT STICK." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 3, no. 4 (July 23, 2020): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v3i4.p483-488.

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The purposes of this research were to analyze the word formation process of slang words in Dat Stick song. Word formation is a change of words from old form to the new form. This research used descriptive method because the researcher described the word formation process of slang word in the song into the word or sentence in detail. This research used a documentation method to collect the data. The researcher used Yule (2010) theory to analyze the slang word. There are 10 types of word formation process which consist of coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, and back-formation, conversion, acronym, derivation, and multiple process. Based on these 10 types, the researcher found 5 type of words formation process of 16 slang words. There were 9 from the clipping process, 1 from multiple process, 3 from acronym process, 1 from coinage process and 2 from blending process. Based on the results above, the most formed words were the clipping process. Keywords: Word formation, Slang words, Song

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Wibowo, Sastya Hendri, Busono Soerowirdjo, Ernastuti, and Avinanta Tarigan. "Spelling Checker of Words in Rejang Language Using the N-Gram and Euclidean Distance Methods." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 5384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8607.

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Spelling mistakes of words in writing Rejang words are often found so it is difficult to understand. The method used in correcting word errors (spelling checkers) has been carried out by several researchers. In this research, words were improved in Rejang words based on the morphology of the Reajang language using the N-gram and Euclidean Distance methods. The process begins with forming the word practice with the N-gram method in cutting a number of words. In the testing process, the pre-process stages are carried out first and the training words are checked based on the existing dictionary. Words that are assumed to be wrong are corrected by looking for words similar to Euclidean Distance. The results of the lowest word resemblance are adjusted to the word training, if it is not appropriate then the word with the highest similarity is considered the correct word to be improved. In this study the experimental results of the words tested produce similarity levels of 20 words and the smallest 3. The results from the calculation of similarity can be directly to correct the wrong word. The results of the study can be seen that word improvement is very dependent on the dictionary word unigram and existing training words. This shows that the N-gram and Euclidean Distance methods are good in spelling checker Rejang language.

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DAVIS, Barbara, Suzanne VAN DER FEEST, and Hoyoung YI. "Speech sound characteristics of early words: influence of phonological factors across vocabulary development." Journal of Child Language 45, no. 3 (December 4, 2017): 673–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000917000484.

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AbstractThis study investigates whether the earliest words children choose to say are mainly words containing sounds they can produce (cf. ‘phonological dominance’ hypotheses), or whether children choose words without regard to their phonological characteristics (cf. ‘lexical dominance’ hypotheses). Phonological properties of words in spontaneous speech from six children age 0;8 to 2;11 were analyzed by comparing sound distributions of consonant place and manner. Word-initial and word-final consonant patterns in children'sWord TargetsversusActual Word Formswere analyzed as a function of vocabulary size. Word-initial results showed more overall evidence for phonological dominance. In word-final position, at lower vocabulary sizes, results showed several differences between Word Targets and Actual Word Forms, consistent with lexical dominance. These findings challenge an ‘either–or’ phonological versus lexical dominance approach, and support consideration of a multifactorial set of influences, including different phonological dimensions and word positions, on the words that young children choose to say.

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Mizumoto, Atsushi, Geoffrey Pinchbeck, and Stuart McLean. "Comparisons of Word Lists on New Word Level Checker." Vocabulary Learning and Instruction 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7820/vli.v10.2.mizumoto.

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This paper introduces a novel online vocabulary profiling application called the New Word Level Checker (https://nwlc.pythonanywhere.com/) and word list resources used by the application. First, the rationale for developing another web vocabulary profiler and the word lists included in the application are described. Next, the lexical units (i.e., how words are counted) and rules (e.g., case sensitivity, contractions, abbreviations with periods, hyphenated words, and compounds) employed in the application are explained. Then, the word lists adopted for the application are compared to show which lists are best used for different purposes. Pedagogical implications of the use of the application and word lists are discussed, especially focusing on matching learners with vocabulary-level appropriate tests.

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Brysbaert, Marc, Paweł Mandera, and Emmanuel Keuleers. "The Word Frequency Effect in Word Processing: An Updated Review." Current Directions in Psychological Science 27, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721417727521.

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The word frequency effect refers to the observation that high-frequency words are processed more efficiently than low-frequency words. Although the effect was first described over 80 years ago, in recent years it has been investigated in more detail. It has become clear that considerable quality differences exist between frequency estimates and that we need a new standardized frequency measure that does not mislead users. Research also points to consistent individual differences in the word frequency effect, meaning that the effect will be present at different word frequency ranges for people with different degrees of language exposure. Finally, a few ongoing developments point to the importance of semantic diversity rather than mere differences in the number of times words have been encountered and to the importance of taking into account word prevalence in addition to word frequency.

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Wingfield, Arthur, Harold Goodglass, and Kimberly C. Lindfield. "Word recognition from acoustic onsets and acoustic offsets: Effects of cohort size and syllabic stress." Applied Psycholinguistics 18, no. 1 (January 1997): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009887.

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ABSTRACTIn the traditional gating technique, subjects hear increasing amounts of word-onset information from spoken words until the words can be correctly identified. The experiment reported here contrasted word-onset gating with results when words were gated from their word endings. A significant recognition advantage for words gated from their onsets was demonstrated. This effect was eliminated, however, when we took into account the number of word possibilities that shared overlapping phonology and the same stress pattern as the target words at their recognition points. These results support the position that the perceptual advantage of word-initial information can be understood within a general goodness-of-fit model of spoken word recognition.

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Howell, Peter, James Au-Yeung, and Stevie Sackin. "Exchange of Stuttering From Function Words to Content Words With Age." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42, no. 2 (April 1999): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4202.345.

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Dysfluencies on function words in the speech of people who stutter mainly occur when function words precede, rather than follow, content words (Au-Yeung, Howell, & Pilgrim, 1998). It is hypothesized that such function word dysfluencies occur when the plan for the subsequent content word is not ready for execution. Repetition and hesitation on the function words buys time to complete the plan for the content word. Stuttering arises when speakers abandon the use of this delaying strategy and carry on, attempting production of the subsequent, partly prepared content word. To test these hypotheses, the relationship between dysfluency on function and content words was investigated in the spontaneous speech of 51 people who stutter and 68 people who do not stutter. These participants were subdivided into the following age groups: 2–6-year-olds, 7–9-year-olds, 10–12-year-olds, teenagers (13–18 years), and adults (20–40 years). Very few dysfluencies occurred for either fluency group on function words that occupied a position after a content word. For both fluency groups, dysfluency within each phonological word occurred predominantly on either the function word preceding the content word or on the content word itself, but not both. Fluent speakers had a higher percentage of dysfluency on initial function words than content words. Whether dysfluency occurred on initial function words or content words changed over age groups for speakers who stutter. For the 2–6-year-old speakers that stutter, there was a higher percentage of dysfluencies on initial function words than content words. In subsequent age groups, dysfluency decreased on function words and increased on content words. These data are interpreted as suggesting that fluent speakers use repetition of function words to delay production of the subsequent content words, whereas people who stutter carry on and attempt a content word on the basis of an incomplete plan.

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Tynalieva, V. "DEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE WORD, THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT AND THE «FREE» WORD-COMBINATION." Vestnik Bishkek state university af. K. Karasaev 1, no. 59 (April 28, 2022): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35254/bhu/2022.59.58.

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The article under consideration dwells on the interrelationship between the word, its idiomatic equivalent and the word-combination. In actual speech words always come up in word-combinations. The lexical meaning of relatively ‘free’ word-combinations is the combined meaning of the component parts. But they are ‘free’ only in inverted commas because of the rules of lexical-phraseological combinability of words of this or that language. Substitutability of lexical components is the distinguishing feature of ‘free’ word-combinations in contrast to phraseological units. The latter, although consist of several words, semantically whole and convey a global meaning. Phraseological units are reproduced in speech.

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Shokabayeva, S., and A. Nurbanova. "WORD-FORMULATIVE POTENTIAL OF THE WORD "КӨК" IN THE MODERN KAZAKH LANGUAGE." Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2022-2.04.

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In the Kazakh language, the word "blue" is considered a homonym. In our language, this word has become the basis for many words used in the meanings of a noun, an adjective, and the quality of an object. The article defines the word-building potential of the word "blue" in the modern Kazakh language based on the analysis of the word-building nest derived from this word. Linguistic data, i.e. derived words are collected from the "Dictionary of compound nouns" by the scientist B. Kasym and "Dictionary of the Kazakh literary language", "Explanatory dictionary of the Kazakh language" by M. Buralkyuly. The works of such scientists as N.Oralbai, O.Tokkozhaeva, T.Tokhtarov, N.Kokisheva, B.Yesimseitov, K.Kurmanaliev, D.Kuandykov, who studied the problem of word-formation nest, the works of I.A.Batmanov, A.N. Kononov, G.A. Aidarova, A. Kaidarov, Z. Akhtamberdieva, B. Omirbekov, G. Zh. Bayaliyeva, N. N. Aitova, S. A. Rakhimberlina, B. K. Kasym Kazakh linguistics. In addition, 271 derived words are determined in five word-building cells from five semantic fields of the word "blue" and the number of words formed in the word-building nest by synthetic, analytical, lexico-semantic word-formation methods. Since the word blue is a homonym used in five different meanings, this word forms five word-building cells. The first derivational nest is formed from the word blue (adjective) in the sense of color, the second derivational nest is formed from the word blue in the sense of green grass, the third derivational nest is formed from the word blue in the sense of sky, the fourth derivational nest is formed from the word blue in the sense of a flat ribbon, cut from camel skin, the fifth derivational nest is formed from the word blue in the sense of immature, raw.

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Rifai, Wafda, and Edi Winarko. "Modification of Stemming Algorithm Using A Non Deterministic Approach To Indonesian Text." IJCCS (Indonesian Journal of Computing and Cybernetics Systems) 13, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijccs.49072.

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Natural Language Processing is part of Artificial Intelegence that focus on language processing. One of stage in Natural Language Processing is Preprocessing. Preprocessing is the stage to prepare data before it is processed. There are many types of proccess in preprocessing, one of them is stemming. Stemming is process to find the root word from regular word. Errors when determining root words can cause misinformation. In addition, stemming process does not always produce one root word because there are several words in Indonesian that have two possibilities as root word or affixes word, e.g.the word “beruang”.To handle these problems, this study proposes a stemmer with more accurate word results by employing a non deterministic algorithm which gives more than one word candidate result. All rules are checked and the word results are kept in a candidate list. In case there are several word candidates were found, then one result will be chosen.This stemmer has been tested to 15.934 word and results in an accurate level of 93%. Therefore the stemmer can be used to detect words with more than one root word.

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Li, Haonan. "The ‘Unsayable’ Word—How to Deal with the N-word." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 15 (June 13, 2023): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v15i.9292.

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The N-word is known to be insulting to black people for historical reasons, which makes people care about the appearance of the N-word in their discourse. For black people, it is permissible to say the N-word as an expression of the tight relationship between black people, just like the use of words like ‘bro’ and ‘guy’. However, for non-blacks, uttering the N-word could be terrible. Instead of considering the speaker’s intention before judging the appropriateness of his or her words, people would just criticize and punish the speaker. John McWhorter analyzed the N-word in his newsletter¾The New N-word Standard is not Progress, pointing out the difference between using the N-word and mentioning the N-word. This study hopes that when people face the N-word in discourse, they can rationally combine context and relevant background knowledge, abide by the principle of cooperation, and understand the speaker’s real intention before making a reasonable evaluation of the speaker.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Word'

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