Journal articles: 'Word(s)'

1

Vicioso, Sherezada, and Daisy Cocco-DeFilippis. "S-Word." Callaloo 23, no. 3 (2000): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2000.0176.

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Abu-Melha, WaleedS. "President′s word." Saudi Journal of Obesity 1, no. 1 (2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2347-2618.119466.

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Abu-Melha, WaleedS. "President′s word." Saudi Journal of Obesity 1, no. 2 (2013): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2347-2618.128624.

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Abu-Melha, WaleedS. "President′s Word." Saudi Journal of Obesity 2, no. 1 (2014): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2347-2618.137564.

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Abu Melha, WaleedS. "President′s Word." Saudi Journal of Obesity 2, no. 2 (2014): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2347-2618.147340.

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Assael, Leon A. "The “S” word." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 60, no. 4 (April 2002): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/joms.2002.32702.

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Ruiz, Jason. "The S Word." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 9, no. 1 (2020): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2020.9.1.101.

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This essay reflects on the campus sanctuary movement that accelerated in the immediate aftermath of the 2016 US presidential election, focusing on the promises and pitfalls for activists who pushed to have their campuses declared sanctuaries for undocumented students, staff, and faculty. It offers a personal case study that relates to the nationwide push for campus sanctuary.

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Jones, C. N. "The "S" word." BMJ 339, sep07 3 (September 7, 2009): b3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b3629.

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Lochrie, K. "THE "S" WORD." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 11, no. 4 (January 1, 2005): 640–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10642684-11-4-640.

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Smyth, Richard. "Despite the ‘S’ word." British Journal of Learning Disabilities 41, no. 3 (August 7, 2013): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bld.12065.

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Merck, Mandy, Hilary Wainwright, Nira Yuval-Davis, Deborah Grayson, and Jo Littler. "Feminism and 'the S-word'." Soundings 61, no. 61 (November 1, 2015): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/136266215816772151.

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O'Brien, Susie. "Multispecies Resilience After Word(s)." Resilience: A Journal of the Environmental Humanities 9, no. 3 (September 2022): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/res.2022.0014.

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Bolton, Jenni. "Clinicians and the “s-word”." Clinical Chiropractic 9, no. 2 (June 2006): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clch.2006.02.001.

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Rudrum, Alan. "T. S. Eliot on Lancelot Andrewes's “word within a word”." ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews 9, no. 4 (October 1996): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0895769x.1996.10543158.

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Phelan, James. "Editor's Column: Spreading the Word(s)." Narrative 13, no. 2 (2005): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nar.2005.0012.

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McFarland, W. J., K. H. Springer, and C. S. Yen. "1-Gword/s pseudorandom word generator." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 24, no. 3 (June 1989): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4.32036.

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Green, Douglas R., and David R. Webb. "Saying the ‘S’ word in public." Immunology Today 14, no. 11 (November 1993): 523–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(93)90180-s.

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A Political Prisoner in N Ireland. "The "S" Word Has Not Disappeared." Monthly Review 43, no. 8 (January 4, 1992): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-043-08-1992-01_4.

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Warren, Vanessa. "Let’s talk about the “S” word." Canadian Medical Association Journal 192, no. 42 (October 18, 2020): E1272—E1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.201302.

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Mulombe, N., J. Kahlert, W. Piscalar, and G. Seehausen. "8.8 Gbit/s travelling-pulse word generator." Electronics Letters 23, no. 13 (1987): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19870500.

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Gould, B. "Paying too much for the ‘S’ word." Antidote 3, no. 2 (March 1998): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000006377.

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Hutchings, Patrick. "11 September and the ‘S[ublime]’ word." Sophia 41, no. 1 (May 2002): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02780403.

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23

Fryer, Paul. "The S Word: Stanislavsky and The Media." Stanislavski Studies 7, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20567790.2019.1653008.

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В.П., Канарина,. "A word about the research activities of S. S. Surazakov and S. M. Katashev." Issues of national literature, no. 4(08) (December 29, 2022): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/litteraesvfu.2022.78.74.005.

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Статья приурочена к 70-летию Научно-исследовательского института алтаистики имени С. С. Суразакова и посвящена научной деятельности подвижников алтайской филологии, как С. С. Суразаков и С. М. Каташев. В ней речь идет о личностных, человеческих качествах и научной работе ученых. Рассматриваются статьи, посвященные оценке и анализу их творчества с позиций современной науки.

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ALLAN, KEITH. "The anthropocentricity of the English word(s)back." Cognitive Linguistics 6, no. 1 (January 1995): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cogl.1995.6.1.11.

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Hurst, Larry. "The Right Word(s) at the Right Time." American String Teacher 65, no. 4 (November 2015): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313131506500404.

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27

Lipski, John M. "Reduction of Spanish Word-Final /s/ and /n/." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 31, no. 2 (1986): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100011579.

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The non-linear analysis of Spanish phonology as proposed by Harris (1984) and others promises to augment the explanatory power of currently available phonological descriptions, and may offer significant insights into the description of phonological differences among dialects. However, the interaction between previously held notions of phonological processes and the new theoretical analysis has not yet been fully explored, and the claim that the latter apparatus must necessarily completely supplant the former is perhaps over ambitious. The present note will deal with competing analyses of two frequent processes in Spanish, velarization of underlying /n/ and aspiration of underlying /s/, both of which have been used in support of the latest theoretical proposals. I will attempt to demonstrate that the data used to formulate these proposals have been excessively idealized. The full range of complexity and variation which surrounds these and similar phenomena necessitates a more ramified analysis, and even an idealization which does not distort the fundamental nature of the two processes casts doubt on the simple analysis suggested as a replacement for orthodox generative and traditional structuralist analyses.

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Wu, Qingnan. "An Comparative Analysis of the Korean word ‘aswipda’ and Chinese word ‘kexi’’s meaning." Korean Semantics 71 (March 31, 2021): 93–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.19033/sks.2021.03.71.93.

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Birget, Jean-Camille. "Time-Complexity of the Word Problem for Semigroups and the Higman Embedding Theorem." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 08, no. 02 (April 1998): 235–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196798000132.

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The following algebraic characterization of the computational complexity of the word problem for finitely generated semigroups is proved, in the form of a refinement of the Higman Embedding Theorem: Let S be a finitely generated semigroup whose word problem has nondeterministic time complexity T (where T is a function on the positive integers which is superadditive, i.e. T(n+m) ≥T(n)+T(m)). Then S can be embedded in a finitely presented semigroup H in which the derivation distance between any two equivalent words x and y (and hence the isoperimetric function) is O (T(∣x∣+∣y∣)2). Moreover, there is a conjunctive linear-time reduction from the word problem of H to the word problem of S, so the word problems of S and H have the same nondeterministic time complexity (and also the same deterministic time complexity). Thus, a finitely generated semigroup S has a word problem in NTIME(T) (or in DTIME(To)) iff S is embeddable into a finitely presented semigroup H whose word problem is in NTIME(T) (respectively in DTIME(To)). In the other direction, if a finitely generated semigroup S is embeddable in a finitely presented semigroup H with isoperimetric function ≤ D (where D(n) ≥ n), then the word problem of S has nondeterministic time complexity O(D). The word problem of a finitely generated semigroup S is in NP (or more generally, in NTIME((T) O(1) )) iff S can be embedded in a finitely presented semigroup H with polynomial (respectively (T) O(1) ) isoperimetric function. An algorithmic problem L is in NP (or more generally, in NTIME((T) O(1) )) iff L is reducible (via a linear-time one-to-one reduction) to the word problem of a finitely presented semigroup with polynomial (respectively (T) O(1) ) isoperimetric function. In essence, this shows: (1) Finding embeddings into finitely presented semigroups or groups is an algebraic analogue of nondeterministic algorithm design; (2) the isoperimetric function is an algebraic analogue of nondeterministic time complexity.

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30

KIRK, CECILIA, and KATHERINE DEMUTH. "Asymmetries in the acquisition of word-initial and word-final consonant clusters." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 4 (November 2005): 709–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000905007130.

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Previous work on the acquisition of consonant clusters points to a tendency for word-final clusters to be acquired before word-initial clusters (Templin, 1957; Lleó & Prinz, 1996; Levelt, Schiller & Levelt, 2000). This paper evaluates possible structural, morphological, frequency-based, and articulatory explanations for this asymmetry using a picture identification task with 12 English-speaking two-year-olds. The results show that word-final stop+/s/ clusters and nasal+/z/ clusters were produced much more accurately than word-initial /s/+stop clusters and /s/+nasal clusters. Neither structural nor frequency factors are able to account for these findings. Further analysis of longitudinal spontaneous production data from 2 children aged 1;1–2;6 provides little support for the role of morphology in explaining these results. We argue that an articulatory account best explains the asymmetries in the production of word-initial and word-final clusters.

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31

Li, Qizhi, Xianyong Li, Yajun Du, Yongquan Fan, and Xiaoliang Chen. "A New Sentiment-Enhanced Word Embedding Method for Sentiment Analysis." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 10236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010236.

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Since some sentiment words have similar syntactic and semantic features in the corpus, existing pre-trained word embeddings always perform poorly in sentiment analysis tasks. This paper proposes a new sentiment-enhanced word embedding (S-EWE) method to improve the effectiveness of sentence-level sentiment classification. This sentiment enhancement method takes full advantage of the mapping relationship between word embeddings and their corresponding sentiment orientations. This method first converts words to word embeddings and assigns sentiment mapping vectors to all word embeddings. Then, word embeddings and their corresponding sentiment mapping vectors are fused to S-EWEs. After reducing the dimensions of S-EWEs through a fully connected layer, the predicted sentiment orientations are obtained. The S-EWE method adopts the cross-entropy function to calculate the loss between predicted and true sentiment orientations, and backpropagates the loss to train the sentiment mapping vectors. Experiments show that the accuracy and macro-F1 values of six sentiment classification models using Word2Vec and GloVe with the S-EWEs are on average 1.07% and 1.58% higher than those without the S-EWEs on the SemEval-2013 dataset, and on average 1.23% and 1.26% higher than those without the S-EWEs on the SST-2 dataset. In all baseline models with S-EWEs, the convergence time of the attention-based bidirectional CNN-RNN deep model (ABCDM) with S-EWEs was significantly decreased by 51.21% of ABCDM on the SemEval-2013 dataset. The convergence time of CNN-LSTM with S-EWEs was vastly reduced by 41.34% of CNN-LSTM on the SST-2 dataset. In addition, the S-EWE method is not valid for contextualized word embedding models. The main reasons are that the S-EWE method only enhances the embedding layer of the models and has no effect on the models themselves.

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32

Syafani, Aisyah Nur, Tahrun Tahrun, and Evi Rosmiyati. "STUDENTSâ€™ PERCEPTION ON THE USE OF JOHNY GRAMMARâ€™S WORD CHALLENGE APPLICATION IN LEARNING PREPOSITIONS." Esteem Journal of English Education Study Programme 4, no. 2 (July 10, 2021): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31851/esteem.v4i2.6184.

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The main problem of this study isÂ â€œWhat were the eleventh grade studentsâ€™ perception on the use Johnny grammarâ€™s word challenge application in learning prepositions and the impact of Johnny grammarâ€™s word challenge application the eleventh grade at PGRI Vocational High School 2 of Palembang?â€. This study aimed to investigate the eleventh grade studentsâ€™ perception on the use Johnny grammarâ€™s word challenge application in learning prepositions at PGRI Vocational High School 2 of Palembang. This data acquired from questionnaires based on four indicators, this research used a descriptive qualitative method in this study. Based on the achievement of the questionnaire, it can be concluded that all indicator high category shows that amounts to 9 (16.36%) students which means the students have comprehension ability is fair, the indicator medium category shows that amounts to 41(74.54%) students which means all of the students understand Johnny Grammarâ€™s Word Challenge Application and the low category shows that amounts to 11 (20%) students which means the students half of them can not able to understand Johnny Grammarâ€™s Word Challenge Application. So, it can be concluded that using Johnny Grammarâ€™s Word Challenge Application can help students learn prepositions

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Zuhri, Muhammad Arif. "Konsep Mahar dalam Al- Quran: Suatu Tinjauan Semantik." Ulumuddin 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/ulum.v11i1.10095.

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This article examines how the meaning of s{aduqa>tdannih}lahis seen from the semantic approach The term or word used by the Koran to indicate dowryis three: fari>d}ah, uju>r,, and s{aduqa>t. However, the word s{aduqa>t. which indicates the meaning of dowry in general without any designation of time must exclude it. In addition, it is also accompanied by the word nihlah which indicates the status and purpose or function of the bride price. So this word was chosen to be studied. The word will be approached by the semantic theory of Toshihiko Izutsu. There are two meanings that are explored namely the basic meaning and relational meaning.

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Will, Udo, Guido Nottbusch, and Rüdiger Weingarten. "Linguistic units in word typing." Written Language and Literacy 9, no. 1 (July 20, 2006): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.9.1.10wil.

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This study reports on two experiments in which German participants had to type words presented to them in various modes. Experiment 1 compares typing following visual and oral word presentation with typing following picture presentation. In the second experiment typing responses following oral and visual word presentation were delayed by an extended preparatory period. Both experiments demonstrate significantly increased inter-keystroke intervals (IKIs) at exclusive syllable (S) boundaries and combined syllable and morpheme (SM) boundaries in comparison to within-syllable (L) boundaries. SM-IKIs are significantly larger than S-IKIs and influenced by word frequencies, indicating lexical dependencies. SM-IKIs were found to be significantly longer for oral than for visual word presentation. This is taken as an indication that additional processes are involved in the accessing of graphemic word forms when words are presented orally. Two effects of the typing delay were identified: a decrease of word initial latencies and the disappearance of size differences between SM-IKIs following visual and oral word presentation. On the other hand, the persistence of augmented SM- and S-IKIs in the delayed typing task indicates that input into the motor system is constituted by sub-word units instead by fully specified words. As SM- and S-IKIs reflect influences of different hierarchical levels of language processing, these findings suggest a processing architecture in which the peripheral motor system essentially connects at several hierarchical levels with central processing units.

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35

Wheat, Carolyn. "The Last Word The Real Queen(s) of Crime." Clues: A Journal of Detection 23, no. 4 (July 1, 2005): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/clus.23.4.87-90.

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김시만 and 이광철. "『Shijing』and Tao-Yuanming′s four-word patterned poem." Journal of Study on Language and Culture of Korea and China ll, no. 15 (February 2008): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.16874/jslckc.2008..15.011.

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Choe, Hyeong－Gang. "Reconsideration of ‘Insert-s(ㅅ)’ and ‘Word-initial Rule’." Eomunhak 140 (June 30, 2018): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.37967/emh.2018.06.140.97.

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Tarran, Brian. "THE S WORD … and what to do about it." Significance 16, no. 4 (July 24, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2019.01295.x.

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Hannay, Margaret P. "Book Review: Word and Story in C. S. Lewis." Christianity & Literature 40, no. 4 (September 1991): 416–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833319104000426.

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40

Higgs, Megan. "Do We Really Need the S-word?" American Scientist 101, no. 1 (2013): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2013.100.6.

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41

Turner, Geoffrey. "Singing The Word: The Cantatas of J S Bach." New Blackfriars 87, no. 1008 (March 2006): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-4289.2006.00135.x.

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Edwards, Ruth B. "1, 2, 3 John. By S. S. Smalley. (Word Biblical Commentary, 51.) Waco, Texas, Word Books, 1984. Pp. xxxiv + 386. $19·95." Scottish Journal of Theology 40, no. 1 (February 1987): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600017439.

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Jha, Sanjay K. "COMMUNICATIVE VERBAL COLLOCATIONS FOR ENGLISH CONVERSATION." International Journal of Language, Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 02, no. 03 (2023): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.59009/ijlllc.2023.0021.

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This study hypothesizes that a language like English can be better learnt by learning it in collocational form rather than word form. Collocation, which is a vital unit of phraseology, is a natural association or grouping of a word particularly with another word(s) because words have cohesive nature or natural tendency of being grouped with particular word(s). Given this cohesive nature of words, this study identifies highly communicative verbal collocations for daily conversation by EFL and ESL learners.

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Brown, Earl Kjar. "The Effect of Forms’ Ratio of Conditioning on Word-Final /s/ Voicing in Mexican Spanish." Languages 5, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040061.

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There is mounting evidence that words that occur proportionately more often in contexts that condition a phonetically-motivated sound change end up changing more rapidly than other words. Support has been found in at least modern-day Spanish, Medieval Spanish, bilingual English-Spanish, and modern-day English. This study tests whether there is support for this idea with regards to the variable voicing of word-final /s/ in Spanish. An analysis of 1431 tokens of word-final /s/ spoken by 15 female speakers of Mexican Spanish living in Salinas, California, USA is performed. The response variable is the percentage of the /s/ segment that is voiced, and the effect of a handful of predictor variables shown in the literature to condition /s/ voicing is investigated. The variable of interest is forms’ ratio of conditioning (FRC), or the proportion of times with which word types occur in the context that conditions voicing of word-final /s/. The results of a series of 40 beta regression models indicate that FRC significantly conditions the percentage of voicing of word-final /s/ in these data. Also, the effect of manipulating two aspects of FRC operationalization is analyzed. This study adds to the growing body of literature documenting the importance of cumulative contextual information in the mental representation of words.

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Harahap, Evi Marlina. "TIPOLOGI SINTAKSIS DALAM BAHASA BATAK MANDAILING." Jurnal Hata Poda 1, no. 1 (June 2, 2022): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/hatapoda.v1i1.5437.

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This study discusses the word order of the Mandailing language in a syntactic typology review. In collecting data, the method of listening and literature review was used. In reviewing the data needed in this paper, the agih method is used. The results of data analysis in this paper are presented with informal methods and formal methods. In the Mandailing Batak language, there are two types of word order. Verbal word order and nominal word order. The dominant order pattern is found in sentences that begin with a verb and are followed by a noun that functions as a subject. While the alternative order pattern is found in the nouns that fill the function of the subject and object which are put forward. The word order in the Mandailing Batak language has a V-S-O dominant pattern, and the alternative sequence pattern is S-V-O, OVS, V-O-S. In the SVO sequence in the Mandailing language, the elements that fill the S function can be filled by three categories, namely nouns, personal pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns. The word order of type VOS is a variant of the word order of type SVO. This word order has two kinds of models. The first model is an element of the subject function filler category consisting of definite nouns, the second model is an element of the subject function filler category consisting of non-definite nouns. Keyywords: linguistic, typology, syntax, Mandailing’s language.

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Thompson, Tok. "The Irish S� Tradition: Connections Between the Disciplines, and What?s in a Word?" Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 11, no. 4 (December 2004): 335–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-004-1418-0.

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Sharma, Rabin K. "S in Geoinformatics Profession." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 14 (March 13, 2017): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v14i0.16974.

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The researchers from the field of surveying, in which the first letter of the word surveying is "S", is always seeking to improve for efficient system. In the process of such development, geoinformatics word being used instead of surveying and it covers wide range of technologies to collect, process, visualize, storage, integrate and disseminate the data and information required for many applications to improve the livelihood of the people. This article tried to identify such system related to the alphabet "S".Nepalese Journal on Geoinformatics, Vol. 14, 2015, Page: 37-40

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Purnamasari, Ribka, Caroline Victorine Katemba, and Nelson B. Panjaitan. "A Comparison between Word Tree Branch Method and Interactive Word Wall to Improve Studentâ€™s Vocabulary." Acuity : Journal of English Language Pedagogy, Literature and Culture 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35974/acuity.v3i2.650.

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The purpose of this study is to find out the improvement of studentsâ€™ vocabulary between those who were taught through WTB (Word Tree Branch) or IWW (Interactive Word Wall).Â This study used quantitative research method and comparative design by using pre-test and post-test. This study was designed to find out the answer to the following question: Is there any significant difference on the studentsâ€™ vocabulary improvement between those who were taught through Word Tree Branch method and those who were taught through Interactive Word Wall method? The sample of this study are, two classes in grade VIII of SMPN 1 Parongpong, Bandung. They were divided into two classes, grade VIII H experienced Interactive word Wall and grade VIII J experienced Word Tree Branch. The instrument used for this study is vocabulary test, which contain 40 questions. The result of this study shows that the students who acquire WTB or IWW method were improved for their vocabulary, vocabulary categorized as â€œmoderateâ€ but there is no significant difference between those two groups of students â€˜vocabulary improvement. Â Keywords: WTB (Word Tree Branch) and IWW (Interactive Word Wall) Â

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KAMAE, TETURO, and PAVEL V. SALIMOV. "On maximal pattern complexity of some automatic words." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 31, no. 5 (October 13, 2010): 1463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385710000453.

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AbstractThe pattern complexity of a word for a given pattern S, where S is a finite subset of {0,1,2,…}, is the number of distinct restrictions of the word to S+n (with n=0,1,2,…). The maximal pattern complexity of the word, introduced in the paper of T. Kamae and L. Zamboni [Sequence entropy and the maximal pattern complexity of infinite words. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.22(4) (2002), 1191–1199], is the maximum value of the pattern complexity of S with #S=k as a function of k=1,2,…. A substitution of constant length on an alphabet is a mapping from the alphabet to finite words on it of constant length not less than two. An infinite word is called a fixed point of the substitution if it stays the same after the substitution is applied. In this paper, we prove that the maximal pattern complexity of a fixed point of a substitution of constant length on {0,1} (as a function of k=1,2,…) is either bounded, a linear function of k, or 2k.

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Abbas H. J. Sultan. "Word Order Variations in Shabaki." global journal al thaqafah 9, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7187/gjat072019-5.

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Word order types constitute the most well- established and frequently cited generalization in language typology. Basic or canonical word order tends to fall into two main types: SOV (about 48% of world languages) or SVO (about 41%). SOV is assumed to have been the predominant and unmarked word order in most of the oldest attested Indo-European languages, as well as in Iranian languages. This paper investigates the basic word order in Shabaki, a modern northwest language of the Indo-Iranian family spoken by the Shabaki minority in Iraq. This study also measures the word order variation and provides a typological description of this language. An examination of Shabaki data reveals that it follows SOV, OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS word order patterns in mono-transitive sentences. The most frequent (predominant and unmarked) word order in declarative sentences in Shabaki is SOV where the initial position is occupied by a nominative noun phrase, but constituents can appear at any position, creating grammatical sentences with different discursive distributions. In ditransitive sentences, (S) DO V IO is proven to be three fold higher in number than (S) IO V DO. (S) DO IO V and (S) IO DO V were also found in data. Keywords: Agreement, basic word order, case, clitics, Indo-Iranian languages, language typology, Shabaki Introduction Grammatical relations in human languages, such as those between a noun phrase and the verb, are primarily expressed by means of three different morphosyntactic strategies: word order, case marking, and agreement (Croft 1990: 101). All languages, rather than relying on just one of these mechanisms, use some combination of the three. In this paper, it is the intention to explore what elements of these three strategies Shabaki language employs to indicate the relationship that a noun bears to the verb in a clause. It also tries to explore the order of objects in ditransitive sentences.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Word(s)'

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