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Journal articles on the topic 'Word order processing'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Vilkaitė-Lozdienė, Laura, and Kathy Conklin. "Word order effect in collocation processing." Mental Lexicon 16, no. 2-3 (December 31, 2021): 362–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.20022.vil.

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Abstract Collocations are words associated because of their frequent co-occurrence, which makes them predictable and leads to facilitated processing. While there have been suggestions that collocations are stored as unanalysed chunks, other researchers disagree. One of the arguments against holistic storage is the fact that collocations are not fixed phrases, for example, their word order can vary. To explore whether reversed collocations retain the processing advantage that they have in their canonical form, we conducted two primed lexical decision experiments: Experiment 1 in English, and Experiment 2 in Lithuanian, an understudied language. We presented both forward and backward collocations and compared them to matched control phrases. We also explored which collocational measure (phrasal frequency, MI, t-score, or ΔP) worked as the best predictor of processing speed. We found a clear priming effect for both languages when collocations were presented in their forward form, which is in line with previous research. There was no priming for the backward condition in English, but a priming effect for it in Lithuanian, where the reversed word order is acceptable albeit marked. These results are not easily explained by holistic storage. As far as collocational measures are concerned, they all seem to perform reasonably well, with none of them being clearly better than the others.

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Saur, Dorothee, Annette Baumgaertner, Anja Moehring, Christian Büchel, Matthias Bonnesen, Michael Rose, Mariachristina Musso, and Jürgen M. Meisel. "Word order processing in the bilingual brain." Neuropsychologia 47, no. 1 (January 2009): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.007.

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3

Thomsen, Ole Nedergaard. "Syntactic processing and word order in Danish." Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 30, no. 1 (January 1998): 129–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03740463.1998.10412288.

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4

Kristensen, Line Burholt, Elisabeth Engberg-Pedersen, and Mikkel Wallentin. "Context Predicts Word Order Processing in Broca's Region." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 12 (December 2014): 2762–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00681.

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The function of the left inferior frontal gyrus (L-IFG) is highly disputed. A number of language processing studies have linked the region to the processing of syntactical structure. Still, there is little agreement when it comes to defining why linguistic structures differ in their effects on the L-IFG. In a number of languages, the processing of object-initial sentences affects the L-IFG more than the processing of subject-initial ones, but frequency and distribution differences may act as confounding variables. Syntactically complex structures (like the object-initial construction in Danish) are often less frequent and only viable in certain contexts. With this confound in mind, the L-IFG activation may be sensitive to other variables than a syntax manipulation on its own. The present fMRI study investigates the effect of a pragmatically appropriate context on the processing of subject-initial and object-initial clauses with the IFG as our ROI. We find that Danish object-initial clauses yield a higher BOLD response in L-IFG, but we also find an interaction between appropriateness of context and word order. This interaction overlaps with traditional syntax areas in the IFG. For object-initial clauses, the effect of an appropriate context is bigger than for subject-initial clauses. This result is supported by an acceptability study that shows that, given appropriate contexts, object-initial clauses are considered more appropriate than subject-initial clauses. The increased L-IFG activation for processing object-initial clauses without a supportive context may be interpreted as reflecting either reinterpretation or the recipients' failure to correctly predict word order from contextual cues.

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Urošević, Z., Claudia Carello, M. Savić, G. Lukatela, and M. T. Turvey. "Word order and inflectional strategies in syntactic processing." Language and Cognitive Processes 3, no. 1 (January 1988): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690968808402081.

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6

Hawkins, John A. "A processing approach to word order in Danish." Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 30, no. 1 (January 1998): 63–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03740463.1998.10412286.

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7

Kennedy, Alan. "On keeping word order straight." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 4 (August 2003): 490–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03350101.

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E-Z Reader is a highly successful model of eye-movement control, employing the notion of a serial-sequential attentional spotlight switched from word to word. Evidence of parallel processing of words in text calls this notion into question. Modifications to the model to accommodate this evidence are possible but will not address the fundamental objection that reading should not be seen as “surrogate listening.”

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8

Köpcke, Klaus-Michael, Sarah Schimke, and Verena Wecker. "Processing of German noun plurals: Evidence for first- and second-order schemata." Word Structure 14, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2021.0173.

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This article addresses the question of how morphologically complex words are represented in the mental grammar of monolingual adult speakers of German. We contend that in perception, speakers assign a plural or singular meaning according to the degree of reliability to which a given shape is associated with the function singular or plural. In this article, we present the results of two lexical decision experiments with nonce words. In experiment 1, the nonce words presented are preceded by the article form die, and, in experiment 2, the same nonce words are presented as bare nouns. It turns out that the results for experiment 1 and 2 differ. Nevertheless, we argue that the results for both experiments can straightforwardly be explained by a schema account. More precisely, we distinguish between first- and second-order schemata. First-order schemata rely on the pure word form onto which a specific function is mapped. But, recent developments of the schema approach argue that in the speaker's representation of word forms not only single schemata are stored and mapped onto specific functions, but rather schema-pairs, e.g. a singular and its most likely plural partner, referred to as ‘second-order schema’. The results of our experiments support the assumption of first- and second-order schemata and their interaction.

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9

Kanduboda, AB Prabath. "Issues in Sinhala Syntax: Sentence Processing and Word Order." Sri Lanka Journal of Humanities 37, no. 1-2 (July 26, 2014): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljh.v37i1-2.7210.

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10

Kiyama, Sachiko, Katsuo Tamaoka, Jungho Kim, and Masatoshi Koizumi. "Effect of Animacy on Word Order Processing in Kaqchikel Maya." Open Journal of Modern Linguistics 03, no. 03 (2013): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2013.33027.

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11

Izadi, Mehri. "Word Order of Persian and English: A Processing-Based Analysis." Education Journal 4, no. 1 (2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.edu.20150401.18.

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Heilenman, L. Kathy, and Janet L. McDonald. "Dislocated sequences and word order in French: a processing approach." Journal of French Language Studies 3, no. 2 (September 1993): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269500001733.

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AbstractThis article reports the results of three studies dealing with dislocated sequences in French. A text count of written and spoken French reveals that word order is not entirely free in these sequences but instead obeys certain constraints. Two studies then investigate the use of cues (word order, clitic pronoun type, clitic pronoun agreement and animacy) in the interpretation of dislocated sequences by native speakers of French. Results indicate that the constraints found in the text count, with minor modifications, are also operative in processing.

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13

Candan, Ayşe, Aylin C. Küntay, Ya-ching Yeh, Hintat Cheung, Laura Wagner, and Letitia R. Naigles. "Language and age effects in children's processing of word order." Cognitive Development 27, no. 3 (July 2012): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2011.12.001.

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14

Edeleva, Julia, Anna Chrabaszcz, and Valeriia Demareva. "Resolving conflicting cues in processing of ambiguous words: The role of case, word order, and animacy." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 8 (February 13, 2020): 1173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820902429.

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We report results from a self-paced silent-reading study and a self-paced reading-aloud study examining ambiguous forms (heteronyms) of Russian animate and inanimate nouns which are differentiated in speech through word stress, for example, uCHItelja.TEACHER.GEN/ACC.SG and uchiteLJA.TEACHERS.NOM.PL.1 During reading, the absence of the auditory cue (word stress) to word identification results in morphologically ambiguous forms since both words have the same inflectional marking, -ja. Because word inflection is a reliable cue to syntactic role assignment, the ambiguity affects the level of morphology and of syntactic structure. However, word order constraints and frequency advantage of the GEN over both the NOM and the ACC noun forms with the - a/-ja inflection should pre-empt two different syntactic parses (OVS vs. SVO) when the heteronym is sentence-initial. We inquired into whether the parser is aware of the multi-level ambiguity and whether selected conflicting cues (case, word order, animacy) can prime parallel access to several structural parses. We found that animate and inanimate nouns patterned differently. The difference was consistent across the experiments. Against the backdrop of classical sentence processing dichotomies, the emergent pattern fits with the serial interactive or the parallel modular parser hypothesis.

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Harrington, Michael. "Processing transfer: Language-specific processing strategies as a source of interlanguage variation." Applied Psycholinguistics 8, no. 4 (December 1987): 351–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400000370.

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ABSTRACTA sentence interpretation experiment based on the functionalist Competition Model of speech processing (Bates & MacWhinney, 1982) was administered to three groups of university-age English L1, Japanese ESL, and Japanese L1 subjects (n = 12 per group) in an attempt to elicit evidence for (1) processing strategies characteristic of the Japanese and English L1 groups and, (2) transfer/influence of Japanese L1 strategies on the English sentence interpretations of the Japanese ESL group. Subjects selected the subject/actor of simple sentences incorporating word order, animacy, and stress cues in random converging and competing orders. The English L1 and ESL groups were tested on English sentences and the Japanese L1 group tested on Japanese sentences. The Japanese L1 interpretations were most heavily influenced by animacy cues, while the English L1 group showed a higher overall sensitivity to word order manipulations. The ESL group resembled the Japanese L1 group in reliance on animacy cues, with the exception of allowing inanimate nouns to act as subjects. While the ESL group showed greater sensitivity to word order effects than the Japanese L1 group, no “second-noun” strategy (i.e., systematically interpreting the NNV and VNN orders as left- and right-dislocated SOV and VOS orders) was evident.Although the findings were generally consistent with previous research, the presence of contrasting response patterns in the English L1 group suggests caution in attempting to typify languages on the basis of processing strategies drawn from probablistic tendencies evident in grouped data, and leaves open the role of such processing strategy typologies as a potential source of variation in inter-language.

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16

DALE, ROBERT. "Law and Word Order: NLP in Legal Tech." Natural Language Engineering 25, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324918000475.

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AbstractThe law has language at its heart, so it’s not surprising that software that operates on natural language has played a role in some areas of the legal profession for a long time. But the last few years have seen an increased interest in applying modern techniques to a wider range of problems, so I look here at how natural language processing is being used in the legal sector today.

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17

Gong, Tao, James W. Minett, and William S.-Y. Wang. "A simulation study on word order bias." Interaction Studies 10, no. 1 (March 24, 2009): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.10.1.04gon.

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The majority of the extant languages have one of three dominant basic word orders: SVO, SOV or VSO. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain this word order bias, including the existence of a universal grammar, the learnability imposed by cognitive constraints, the descent of modern languages from an ancestral protolanguage, and the constraints from functional principles. We run simulations using a multi-agent computational model to study this bias. Following a local order approach, the model simulates individual language processing mechanisms in production and comprehension. The simulation results demonstrate that the semantic structures that a language encodes can constrain the global syntax, and that local syntax can help trigger bias towards the global order SOV/SVO (or VOS/OVS).

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18

Fedzechkina, Maryia, Becky Chu, and T. Florian Jaeger. "Human Information Processing Shapes Language Change." Psychological Science 29, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617728726.

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Human languages exhibit both striking diversity and abstract commonalities. Whether these commonalities are shaped by potentially universal principles of human information processing has been of central interest in the language and psychological sciences. Research has identified one such abstract property in the domain of word order: Although sentence word-order preferences vary across languages, the superficially different orders result in short grammatical dependencies between words. Because dependencies are easier to process when they are short rather than long, these findings raise the possibility that languages are shaped by biases of human information processing. In the current study, we directly tested the hypothesized causal link. We found that learners exposed to novel miniature artificial languages that had unnecessarily long dependencies did not follow the surface preference of their native language but rather systematically restructured the input to reduce dependency lengths. These results provide direct evidence for a causal link between processing preferences in individual speakers and patterns in linguistic diversity.

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19

Röder, Brigitte, Tobias Schicke, Oliver Stock, Gwen Heberer, Helen Neville, and Frank Rösler. "Word order effects in German sentences and German pseudo-word sentences." Sprache & Kognition 19, no. 1/2 (June 2000): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//0253-4533.19.12.31.

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Summary: German belongs to those languages that allow a free permutation of subject, direct object and indirect object in verb final sentences. Five linear precedence (LP) principles have been postulated to describe preference patterns for the different word orders ( Uszkoreit, 1986 ). The present study tested if these rules are valid for meaningful German sentences only or also hold for pseudo-word sentences, i.e., if they are independent of semantic language aspects. Twelve students saw sentences in six different but legal word orders and in one illegal word order, either with normal German words or pronounceable pseudo-words. They had to answer a question focussing on the thematic role of one or more complements. In addition, they rated the acceptability of a subset of sentences in all experimental conditions. The canonical word order was processed fastest and processing times increased the more LP-principles were violated, both for normal and pseudo-word sentences. Moreover, acceptability ratings decreased monotonously with an increasing deviation of the sentences from its canonical word order, again irrespective of the stimulus material. The ungrammatical permutation received the lowest acceptability ruting. These results imply that the LP-principles describe syntactical preferences independent of meaning, at least in isolated sentences.

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20

Burholt Kristensen, Line, Elisabeth Engberg-Pedersen, Andreas Højlund Nielsen, and Mikkel Wallentin. "The influence of context on word order processing – An fMRI study." Journal of Neurolinguistics 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.05.001.

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21

LEE, EUN-KYUNG, DORA HSIN-YI LU, and SUSAN M. GARNSEY. "L1 word order and sensitivity to verb bias in L2 processing." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 4 (February 4, 2013): 761–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728912000776.

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Using a self-paced reading task, this study examines whether second language (L2) learners are flexible enough to learn L2 parsing strategies that are not useful in their first language (L1). Native Korean-speaking learners of English were compared with native English speakers on resolving a temporary ambiguity about the relationship between a verb and the noun following it (e.g.,The student read [that] the article. . .). Consistent with previous studies, native English reading times showed the usual interaction between the optional complementizerthatand the particular verb's bias about the structures that can follow it. Lower proficiency L1-Korean learners of L2-English did not show a similar interaction, but higher proficiency learners did. Thus, despite native language word order differences (English: SVO; Korean: SOV) that determine the availability of verbs early enough in sentences to generate predictions about upcoming sentence structure, higher proficiency L1-Korean learners were able to learn to optimally combine verb bias and complementizer cues on-line during sentence comprehension just as native English speakers did, while lower proficiency learners had not yet learned to do so. Optimal interactive cue combination during L2 sentence comprehension can probably be achieved only after sufficient experience with the target language.

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Erdocia, Kepa, Adam Zawiszewski, and Itziar Laka. "Word Order Processing in a Second Language: From VO to OV." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 43, no. 6 (December 25, 2013): 815–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10936-013-9280-4.

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Koring, Loes, and Hans van de Koot. "Processing delays." Linguistics in the Netherlands 35 (December 3, 2018): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00005.kor.

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Abstract An eye-tracking experiment using the Visual World Paradigm (VWP) shows that in on-line sentence processing in English the argument of an unaccusative verb reactivates late after verb offset. In contrast to previous studies, this VWP experiment establishes the exact time course of this effect, which matches the time course previously found for Dutch, despite differences in word order between the two languages. Furthermore, it uncovers an early reactivation of the argument of unergative verbs that has previously gone unnoticed. Such an effect has previously been observed for Dutch, but not for English. Moreover, the effect seems to occur earlier in English than in Dutch. We suggest that this difference may be due to the more rigid word order of English, which provides the parser with more informative cues.

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Bornkessel, Ina, Matthias Schlesewsky, and Angela D. Friederici. "Grammar overrides frequency: evidence from the online processing of flexible word order." Cognition 85, no. 2 (September 2002): B21—B30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00076-8.

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LEE, EUN-KYUNG, DORA HSIN-YI LU, and SUSAN M. GARNSEY. "L1 word order and sensitivity to verb bias in L2 processing – CORRIGENDUM." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, no. 1 (September 27, 2013): 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000527.

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26

Wolff, Susann, Matthias Schlesewsky, Masako Hirotani, and Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky. "The neural mechanisms of word order processing revisited: Electrophysiological evidence from Japanese." Brain and Language 107, no. 2 (November 2008): 133–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2008.06.003.

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27

Charvillat, Agnès, and Michèle Kail. "The status of ‘canonical SVO sentences’ in French: a developmental study of the on-line processing of dislocated sentences." Journal of Child Language 18, no. 3 (October 1991): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900011260.

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ABSTRACTThis on-line study investigates the processing of word order by 30 French children (6;6, 8;6, 10;6) and 10 adults. Its main objective is to show that the privileged status granted to ‘canonical SVO sentences’ is inadequate to account for the on-line processing of pronominal utterances in spoken French. Using a word monitoring task, we showed that word order (NVN vs NNV): (1) is a significant factor in sentences containing no clitic pronoun; (2) stops being significant when sentences contain either one or two clitic pronouns. These results suggest that processing complexity depends upon co-reference (‘linear’, ‘crossed’ or ‘embedding’) assignment constraints rather than upon word order per se. We conclude that, in French, word-order processing always interacts with acceptability considerations provided by cliticization.

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ANDERSSON, ANNIKA, SUSAN SAYEHLI, and MARIANNE GULLBERG. "Language background affects online word order processing in a second language but not offline." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, no. 04 (July 6, 2018): 802–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918000573.

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This study examines possible crosslinguistic influence on basic word order processing in a second language (L2). Targeting Swedish V2 word order we investigate adult German learners (+V2 in the L1) and English learners (-V2 in the L1) of Swedish who are matched for proficiency. We report results from two offline behavioural tasks (written production, metalinguistic judgements), and online processing as measured by event-related potentials (ERPs). All groups showed sensitivity to word order violations behaviourally and neurocognitively. Behaviourally, the learners differed from the native speakers only on judgements. Crucially, they did not differ from each other. Neurocognitively, all groups showed a similar increased centro-parietal P600 ERP-effect, but German learners (+V2) displayed more nativelike anterior ERP-effects than English learners (-V2). The results suggest crosslinguistic influence in that the presence of a similar word order in the L1 can facilitate online processing in an L2 – even if no offline behavioural effects are discerned.

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Yano, Masataka, Keiyu Niikuni, Hajime Ono, Manami Sato, Apay Ai-yu Tang, and Masatoshi Koizumi. "Syntax and processing in Seediq: an event-related potential study." Journal of East Asian Linguistics 28, no. 4 (November 2019): 395–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10831-019-09200-9.

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AbstractIn many languages with subject-before-object as a syntactically basic word order, transitive sentences in which the subject precedes the object have been reported to have a processing advantage over those in which the subject follows the object in sentence comprehension. Three sources can be considered to account for this advantage, namely, syntactic complexity (filler-gap dependency), conceptual accessibility (the order of thematic roles), and pragmatic requirement. To examine the effect of these factors on the processing of simple transitive sentences, the present study conducted two event-related potential experiments in Seediq, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan, by manipulating word orders (basic VOS vs. non-basic SVO), the order of thematic roles (actor vs. goal voice), and discourse factors (presence/absence of visual context). The results showed that, compared to VOS, SVO incurred a greater processing load (reflected by a P600) when there was no supportive context, irrespective of voice alternation; however, SVO did not incur a greater processing load when there was supportive context and the discourse requirement was satisfied. We interpreted these results as evidence that the processing difficulty of the non-basic word order in Seediq is associated with a discourse-level processing difficulty.

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Zhao, Siyuan, Zhiwei Xu, Limin Liu, Mengjie Guo, and Jing Yun. "Towards Accurate Deceptive Opinions Detection Based on Word Order-Preserving CNN." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (September 24, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2410206.

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Convolutional neural network (CNN) has revolutionized the field of natural language processing, which is considerably efficient at semantics analysis that underlies difficult natural language processing problems in a variety of domains. The deceptive opinion detection is an important application of the existing CNN models. The detection mechanism based on CNN models has better self-adaptability and can effectively identify all kinds of deceptive opinions. Online opinions are quite short, varying in their types and content. In order to effectively identify deceptive opinions, we need to comprehensively study the characteristics of deceptive opinions and explore novel characteristics besides the textual semantics and emotional polarity that have been widely used in text analysis. In this paper, we optimize the convolutional neural network model by embedding the word order characteristics in its convolution layer and pooling layer, which makes convolutional neural network more suitable for short text classification and deceptive opinions detection. The TensorFlow-based experiments demonstrate that the proposed detection mechanism achieves more accurate deceptive opinion detection results.

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Hopp, Holger. "Cross-linguistic lexical and syntactic co-activation in L2 sentence processing." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7, no. 1 (February 4, 2016): 96–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.14027.hop.

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Abstract This study investigates under which conditions the L1 syntax is activated in L2 on-line sentence comprehension. We study whether cross-linguistic syntactic activation of the L1 word order is affected by lexical activation of the first language (L1) by virtue of cognate words. In two eye-tracking experiments, German-English bilinguals and English natives read English sentences containing reduced relative clauses whose surface word order partially overlaps with German embedded clauses. The verbs used were either German-English cognates or matched control verbs. The results show lexical cognate facilitation and syntactic co-activation of L1 word order, with the latter being moderated by proficiency and cognate status. Critically, syntactic co-activation is found only with English control words. We argue that fleeting co-activation of the L1 syntax becomes measurable under higher demands of lexical processing, while cognate facilitation frees resources for inhibition of the L1 syntax and target-like syntactic processing.

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Fortescue, Michael, and J. Lachlan Mackenzie. "An acquisitional approach to disharmonic word-order/affixation pairings." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 2 (December 31, 2004): 31–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.2.02for.

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Various proposals have been put forward to explain the typological skewing produced by the universal preference for suffixing as opposed to prefixing. These proposals have focused either on processing or on diachronic explanations (or a combination of both). In the present paper it is argued that a developmental approach is more comprehensive than either of these. It can explain exceptions from typologically universal tendencies as well as the tendencies themselves in terms of alternative ways of balancing off basic acquisitional principles involved already at the holophrastic stage of development. The long-term stability of certaina priori‘disharmonic’ or unusual combinations of features is emphasised. What is needed to give support to the model is data from the acquisition of languages with rich morphologies. The available data is examined for evidence and a framework is proposed as a guide to future investigations.

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Di Domenico, Alberto, and Rosalia Di Matteo. "Processing Italian Relative Clauses: Working Memory Span and Word Order Effects on RTs." Journal of General Psychology 136, no. 4 (October 30, 2009): 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221300903266671.

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Cromdal, Jakob. "Bilingual order in collaborative word processing: on creating an English text in Swedish." Journal of Pragmatics 37, no. 3 (March 2005): 329–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2004.10.006.

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Slioussar, Natalia. "Processing of a Free Word Order Language: The Role of Syntax and Context." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 40, no. 4 (July 8, 2011): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10936-011-9171-5.

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Rayner, Keith, Bernhard Angele, Elizabeth R. Schotter, and Klinton Bicknell. "On the processing of canonical word order during eye fixations in reading: Do readers process transposed word previews?" Visual Cognition 21, no. 3 (March 2013): 353–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2013.791739.

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YOSHIMURA, YUKI, and BRIAN MacWHINNEY. "The use of pronominal case in English sentence interpretation." Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no. 4 (August 27, 2010): 619–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716410000160.

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ABSTRACTThis study examined adult English native speakers' processing of sentences in which pronominal case marking conflicts with word order. Previous research has shown that English speakers rely heavily on word order for assigning case roles during sentence interpretation. However, in terms of cue reliability measures, we should expect English pronominal case to be nearly as strong a cue as word order. The current study examined this issue by asking subjects to interpret grammatical and ungrammatical sentences in which case competes with word order. The results indicated that word order remains the strongest cue in English, even when the case-marking cue is available. However, for noncanonical word orders, the case-marking cue had a strong effect on sentence interpretation.

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Finke, Mareike, Pascale Sandmann, Hanna Bönitz, Andrej Kral, and Andreas Büchner. "Consequences of Stimulus Type on Higher-Order Processing in Single-Sided Deaf Cochlear Implant Users." Audiology and Neurotology 21, no. 5 (2016): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452123.

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Single-sided deaf subjects with a cochlear implant (CI) provide the unique opportunity to compare central auditory processing of the electrical input (CI ear) and the acoustic input (normal-hearing, NH, ear) within the same individual. In these individuals, sensory processing differs between their two ears, while cognitive abilities are the same irrespectively of the sensory input. To better understand perceptual-cognitive factors modulating speech intelligibility with a CI, this electroencephalography study examined the central-auditory processing of words, the cognitive abilities, and the speech intelligibility in 10 postlingually single-sided deaf CI users. We found lower hit rates and prolonged response times for word classification during an oddball task for the CI ear when compared with the NH ear. Also, event-related potentials reflecting sensory (N1) and higher-order processing (N2/N4) were prolonged for word classification (targets versus nontargets) with the CI ear compared with the NH ear. Our results suggest that speech processing via the CI ear and the NH ear differs both at sensory (N1) and cognitive (N2/N4) processing stages, thereby affecting the behavioral performance for speech discrimination. These results provide objective evidence for cognition to be a key factor for speech perception under adverse listening conditions, such as the degraded speech signal provided from the CI.

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Katsika, Kalliopi, Maria Lialiou, and Shanley E. M. Allen. "The Influence of Case and Word Order in Child and Adult Processing of Relative Clauses in Greek." Languages 7, no. 3 (August 3, 2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7030206.

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Previous cross-linguistic studies have shown that object relative clauses (ORCs) are typically harder to parse than subject relative clauses (SRCs). The cause of difficulty, however, is still under debate, both in the adult and in the developmental literature. The present study investigates the on-line processing of SRCs and ORCs in Greek-speaking 11- to 12-year-old children and adults, and provides evidence on relative clause processing in Greek—a free word order language. We conducted a self-paced listening task in which we manipulated the type of relative clause (SRC vs. ORC), the RC internal word order (canonical vs. scrambled), and the type of relativizer (relative pronoun vs. complementizer). The results showed that SRCs were overall processed faster than ORCs, providing evidence that children follow similar processing strategies to adults. In addition, accusative case marking facilitated the processing of non-canonical structures in adults but less so in children. Children showed heavy reliance on word order, as they processed nominative and accusative pre-verbal NPs in exactly the same way, while they were strongly garden-pathed in ORCs with post-verbal nominative NPs. We argue that these results are compatible with the Competition Model.

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Grainger, Jonathan. "Orthographic processing: A ‘mid-level’ vision of reading: The 44th Sir Frederic Bartlett Lecture." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 335–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1314515.

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I will describe how orthographic processing acts as a central interface between visual and linguistic processing during reading, and as such can be considered to be the ‘mid-level vision’ of reading research. In order to make this case, I first summarize the evidence in favour of letter-based word recognition before examining work investigating how orthographic similarities among words influence single word reading. I describe how evidence gradually accumulated against traditional measures of orthographic similarity and the associated theories of orthographic processing, forcing a reconsideration of how letter-position information is represented by skilled readers. Then, I present the theoretical framework that was developed to explain these findings, with a focus on the distinction between location-specific and location-invariant orthographic representations. Finally, I describe work extending this theoretical framework in two main directions: first, to the realm of reading development, with the aim to specify the key changes in the processing of letters and letter strings that accompany successful learning to read, and second, to the realm of sentence reading, in order to specify how orthographic information can be processed across several words in parallel, and how skilled readers keep track of which letters belong to which words.

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Csernoch, Mária, János Máth, and Tímea Nagy. "The Interpretation of Graphical Information in Word Processing." Entropy 24, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24101492.

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Word processing is one of the most popular digital activities. Despite its popularity, it is haunted by false assumptions, misconceptions, and ineffective and inefficient practices leading to erroneous digital text-based documents. The focus of the present paper is automated numbering and distinguishing between manual and automated numbering. In general, one bit of information on the GUI—the position of the cursor—is enough to tell whether a numbering is manual or automated. To decide how much information must be put on the channel—the teaching–learning process—in order to reach end-users, we designed and implemented a method that includes the analysis of teaching, learning, tutorial, and testing sources, the collection and analysis of Word documents shared on the internet or in closed groups, the testing of grade 7–10 students’ knowledge in automated numbering, and calculating the entropy of automated numbering. The combination of the test results and the semantics of the automated numbering was used to measure the entropy of automated numbering. It was found that to transfer one bit of information on the GUI, at least three bits of information must be transferred during the teaching–learning process. Furthermore, it was revealed that the information connected to numbering is not the pure use of tools, but the semantics of this feature put into a real-world context.

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Sagarra, Nuria, Liliana Sánchez, and Aurora Bel. "Processing DOM in relative clauses." Representation and Processing in Bilingual Morphology 9, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 120–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.16020.sag.

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Abstract Early heritage bilinguals have been repeatedly found to differ from late bilinguals and from monolinguals (e.g., Montrul, 2008, 2011). In the realm of Spanish Differential Object Marking (DOM), both early heritage bilinguals (Montrul et al., 2015) and late bilinguals (e.g., Bowles & Montrul, 2008; Guijarro-Fuentes, 2012) exhibit difficulties. DOM in a complex structure such as relative clauses (RCs) provides an ideal setting to differentiate early from late bilinguals, but it has only been explored offline (Perpiñán & Moreno-Villar, 2013). This study fills this gap by examining the role of word order (SVO, OSV, OVS), optionality (obligatory vs. optional contexts), and saliency (bound vs. unbound morphology) on the processing of DOM in embedded RCs in Spanish, by Spanish monolinguals, and advanced early heritage and late bilinguals of Spanish. The results of a word-by-word non-cumulative self-paced reading task revealed that all participants were more accurate but were slower in subject than object RCs, and in OSV than OVS RCs. Slower RTs in subject RCs were due to the presence of DOM, and in OSV to interpreting OVS as SVO. Also, all participants were both more accurate as well as faster in obligatory than optional DOM, unbound than bound morphology, and masculine than feminine RC NPs. These findings reveal that processing difficulties in RCs result from the interaction of word order and DOM, and that processing DOM depends on both salience and, to a lesser extent, gender. Finally, this study shows that early heritage bilinguals are closer to monolinguals than late bilinguals in terms of morphosyntactic processing patterns.

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Mestres-Missé, Anna, Thomas F. Münte, and Antoni Rodriguez-Fornells. "Functional Neuroanatomy of Contextual Acquisition of Concrete and Abstract Words." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 11 (November 2009): 2154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21171.

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The meaning of a novel word can be acquired by extracting it from linguistic context. Here we simulated word learning of new words associated to concrete and abstract concepts in a variant of the human simulation paradigm that provided linguistic context information in order to characterize the brain systems involved. Native speakers of Spanish read pairs of sentences in order to derive the meaning of a new word that appeared in the terminal position of the sentences. fMRI revealed that learning the meaning associated to concrete and abstract new words was qualitatively different and recruited similar brain regions as the processing of real concrete and abstract words. In particular, learning of new concrete words selectively boosted the activation of the ventral anterior fusiform gyrus, a region driven by imageability, which has previously been implicated in the processing of concrete words.

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Cedden, Gülay, and Özgür Aydın. "Do non-native languages have an effect on word order processing in first language Turkish?" International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 4 (May 3, 2017): 804–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917703454.

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Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: Existing studies on sentence processing in bi-/multilinguals are typically centred on the first language (L1) influence on second language sentence processing. However, there is almost no evidence of influence in the other direction. The aim of this study is to find out whether being mono-, bi-, tri- or plurilingual has an effect on reading times (RTs) in the native language. To this end, Turkish native speakers’ RTs are measured when processing Turkish canonical subject–object–verb sentences, subject–verb–object (SVO) sentences where constituents move to post-verbal positions and SVO– ki sentences where post-verbal constituents are base generated. Design/Methodology/Approach: A non-cumulative self-paced reading task is used in order to measure the RTs of a sentence. The area of interest contains (i) the critical verb, (ii) the verb of the complement clause and (iii) the argument or adjunct of the complement clause (32 sentences + 12 filler sentences). All elements are matched according to their frequency of occurrence and their syllable structure. Data and Analysis: Analyses of variance are performed on RTs of the area of interest. Findings/Conclusions: One of the main findings in this study is that all three sentence types are processed significantly slower by the monolingual group than by the bi- and multilingual groups. We infer that non-native languages have a positive effect on processing the word order in the L1, which might lead to a faster processing in the three sentence types. The findings are discussed in terms of working memory and the “gap-driven strategy”. Originality and Significance/Implications: The results are interpreted from psycholinguistic and syntactic points of view.

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Annett, Marian. "Phonological Processing and Right minus Left Hand Skill." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 44, no. 1 (January 1992): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749208401282.

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Two experiments tested the hypothesis that children at the left of the distribution of right minus left (R-L) hand skill are at risk for poor phonological processing. In the first experiment, individual assessments of spoken rhyme awareness were made in 5- to 8-year-olds. In the second experiment, a group test of word order memory for spoken confusable and nonconfusable items was given to 9- to 11-year-olds. Evidence of poorer phonological processing in those at the left of the R-L distribution was found in both experiments. Rhyme judgements and word order memory were both associated with reading ability, but reading did not interact with effects for hand skill. A group test of homophone comprehension was given to the same children tested for word order memory. Homophone errors did not differ between hand skill groups, showing a dissociation between the two tasks for R-L hand difference. The findings suggest that some risks for phonological processing could be due to normal genetic variation associated with the hypothesized rs + gene (Annett, 1972, 1978).

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Le Bigot, Nathalie, Jean-Michel Passerault, and Thierry Olive. "Visuospatial Processing in Memory for Word Location in Writing." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000136.

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Two experiments examined how visuospatial processing engaged during text composition intervenes in memory for word location. Experiment 1 showed that in contrast to participants who performed a spatial task concurrently with composing a text, participants who performed a concurrent visual task recalled fewer word locations after the composition. Consequently, it is hypothesized that writers process the written text in order to visually represent its physical layout, and that this representation is then used when locating words. Experiment 2 tested this hypothesis by comparing a standard composition condition (with the written trace) with a condition in which the written trace was suppressed during composition, and with a condition without written trace and with added visual noise. Memory for word location only decreased with visual noise, indicating that construction of the visual representation of the text does not rely on the written trace but involves visual working memory.

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Neath, Ian, and Philip T. Quinlan. "The item/order account of word frequency effects: Evidence from serial order tests." Memory & Cognition 49, no. 6 (March 30, 2021): 1188–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-021-01144-7.

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AbstractAccording to the item/order hypothesis, high-frequency words are processed more efficiently and therefore order information can be readily encoded. In contrast, low-frequency words are processed less efficiently and the focus on item-specific processing compromises order information. Most experiments testing this account use free recall, which has led to two problems: First, the role of order information is difficult to evaluate in free recall, and second, the data from free recall show all three possible patterns of results: memory for high-frequency words can be better than, the same as, or worse than that for low-frequency words. A series of experiments tested the item/order hypothesis using tests where the role of order information is less ambiguous. The item/order hypothesis predicts better performance for high- than low-frequency words when pure lists are used in both immediate serial recall (ISR) and serial reconstruction of order (SRO) tests. In contrast, when mixed (alternating) lists are used, it predicts better performance for low- than for high-frequency words with ISR tests, but equivalent performance with SRO tests. The experiments generally confirm these predictions, with the notable exception of a block order effect in SRO tasks: When a block of low-frequency lists preceded a block of high-frequency lists, a high-frequency advantage was observed but when a block of high-frequency lists preceded a block of low-frequency lists, no frequency effect was observed. A final experiment provides evidence that this block order effect is due to metacognitive factors.

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Nam, Yunju, and Upyong Hong. "ERP evidence on the word order preference in the processing of Korean dative sentences." Language and Information 21, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29403/li.21.3.2.

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VanPatten, Bill, Daniela Inclezan, Hilda Salazar, and Andrew P. Farley. "Processing Instruction and Dictogloss: A Study on Object Pronouns and Word Order in Spanish." Foreign Language Annals 42, no. 3 (September 2009): 557–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2009.01033.x.

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Lee, James F. "Word Order and Linguistic Factors in the Second Language Processing of Spanish Passive Sentences." Hispania 100, no. 4 (2017): 580–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2017.0100.

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