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Brennan, Mary. "Word formation in BSL." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 1990. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-63586.
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This study explores the interlocking strands of productive morphology in British Sign Language (BSL), the language used by the Deaf Community in Britain. It examines how users of the language, 'signers', are able to create 'new* lexical items on a regular everyday basis. While these novel forms are part of the everyday 'currency' of BSL interchange, some will be 'one-off usages, while others will become established within the lexicon' of BSL. In order to account for this rich morphological productivity, this study will examine some key elements within BSL morphology. Special attention will be given to the 'motivated' relationships which operate between certain sublexical components and their meanings. Special attention will be given to the role of 'metaphor' which is seen as providing a triggering' role in the creation of new lexical items. This account will also focus on the importance of 'classifiers' in productive morphology and will suggest that, for the most part, these also express metaphorical relationships. In the final chapters, the study will examine the operation of traditional derivational processes such as affixation and compounding. It will be suggested that two processes, sequential compounding and simultaneous compounding play a key part in developing new forms. Other processes such as word-class derivation (eg, NOUN —> VERB) and 'aspectual' derivation will also be illustrated. This study aims to demonstrate that BSL has a rich morphology capable of producing 'new" forms in a regular and rule-governed way.
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Josefsson, Gunlög. "Minimal words in minimal syntax : word formation in Swedish /." Amsterdam : J. Benjamins, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39982714x.
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Rainer, Franz. "Word formation and word history: The case of CAPITALIST and CAPITALISM." Language Science Press, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6537/1/165%2D3%2D1215%2D1%2D10%2D20180925.pdf.
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The treatment of the history of modern vocabulary in historical and etymological dictionaries is generally disappointing, especially with respect to the processes by which the words came into being. The TLFi1 only provides the following information concerning the history of French capitalisme and capitaliste: "Capitalisme [...] Dér. de capital²"; suff. -isme*", "Capitaliste [...] Dér. de capital*; suff. -iste*". Such a treatment, which is inadequate even from a synchronic point of view (in the sense "a supporter of capitalism", capitaliste is derived from capitalisme by affix substitution), does not do justice to the manifold relationships that have developed between these two words and their common base capital in the course of the 300 years since the creation of Dutch Capitalist in 1621. The present paper retraces in detail the many steps of the unfolding of these two words in French. It is shown that each of their many senses constitutes a separate lexeme and must be provided with an etymology of its own. Particular attention is dedicated to the identification of the exact mechanism (borrowing, semantic extension, word formation) that was at work at each step.
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Warell, Peter. "New Chinese Words in 2014 – A Study of Word-formation Processes." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Kinesiska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-23241.
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随着社会的发展，尤其是互联网的发展，很多语言每年都涌现出了不少新词汇。词语是每个语言最基本也是最重要的组成部分，因此分析这些新词汇的结构特点以及构词法是很有意义的。这篇文章分析了2014年出现在中文里的新词汇和它们的构词方式，论文的目的是为了更好地了解中文词汇的发展和特点。本文以《2014汉语新词语》中公布的2014年出现的新词汇作为语料进行分析，发现了以下两个主要特点：第一，合成法，派生法，缩略法是2014年产生的新词汇的主要构词方式；第二， 百分之七十二的新词汇是多音节词（包含三个或者三个以上音节），而百分之八十的是名词。这些特点说明中文词汇现阶段的特点和发展趋势，跟传统的中文词汇有不同之处。The aim of this thesis was to investigate how new Chinese words are formed and to examine the linguistic patterns among them. This thesis focused on the analysis of Chinese words formed in 2014. The quantitative data for the analysis included a collection of 423 new Chinese words from the book 2014 汉语新词语 (hànyǔxīn cíyǔ) by Hou and Zhou. Parts of speech and number of syllables in the new words were investigated, although the focus was on word-formation processes. A discussion of derivation, blending, abbreviation, analogy, borrowing, change of meaning, compounding and inventions is also included. The share of each word-formation process used for each of the new words was presented statistically in order to reveal the significance of each word-formation process. The analysis showed that compounding, derivation and abbreviation were the major word-formation processes in 2014. The study also suggests that words formed by derivation and analogy were much more frequent in 2014, in comparison to previous studies. Furthermore, the ways words are formed in Chinese are changing and evolving, as some word-formation processes are becoming more frequently used in the formation of new words.
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Padrosa, Trias Susanna. "Complex word-formation and the morphology-syntax interface." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/32103.
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L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és estudiar un tipus específic de formació de paraules complexes, és a dir, els compostos, i la seva relació amb la interfície morfologia-sintaxi, amb l’objectiu final d’entendre millor el fenomen. S’analitzen diferents aspectes de la composició. A continuació es resumeixen les preguntes principals que s’adrecen a cada capítol.
En el primer capítol es presenten arguments per a la plausibilitat d’una teoria de la gramàtica en què la sintaxi de la paraula i la sintaxi de la frase (a les quals ens referim com a morfologia i sintaxi, respectivament) són dos mòduls distints dins un mòdul sintàctic més gran (cf. Jackendoff 1990, 1997, 2002, Ackema & Neeleman 2004) així com també arguments per a la formació de compostos dins la sintaxi de la paraula/la morfologia. S’explora una explicació morfològica de la composició, basada en la teoria de la competició morfosintàctica d’Ackema & Neeleman (2004), amb dades de l’anglès i de llengües romàniques (el català i l’espanyol). El resultat d’aquesta exploració es contrasta amb l’anàlisi sintàctica de compostos de Harley (2004, 2008b), d’acord amb la Morfologia Distribuïda (cf. Halle & Marantz 1993, Marantz 1997a, b, 2001, 2007, entre d’altres). Les dades que s’estudien en aquest capítol afavoreixen l’explicació morfològica de la formació de compostos i no l’explicació sintàctica. Per exemple, la primera pot explicar contrastos com *to meat-eat (carn-menjar) i to computer-generate (ordinador-generar), mentre que la segona no ho pot fer.
El segon capítol comença establint l’existència de nuclis en la morfologia i demostrant el seu paper crucial en la classificació de compostos. Tot seguit, s’estudia la naturalesa dels elements que formen els compostos en anglès i en català. El segon capítol també inclou un panorama general de classificacions de compostos. La més prometedora és la de Bisetto & Scalise (2005), segons la qual hi ha tres macrotipus de compostos: els subordinatius, els atributius i els coordinats. Cada tipus està subdividit en endocèntric i exocèntric. S’afegeix un nou nivell d’anàlisi a la classificació original i l’esquema que en resulta s’aplica a un estudi detallat de compostos en anglès i en català. La classificació tripartita de Bisetto & Scalise s’adopta inicialment però canvia substancialment al llarg del capítol. Els tres macrotipus queden reduïts a un sol tipus, basat en la relació de nucli envers no-nucli, de la qual en sorgeixen les diferents interpretacions (subordinativa, atributiva). Es nega l’existència de compostos coordinats i de compostos exocèntrics.
El tercer capítol primer explora el Paràmetre dels Compostos de Snyder (Snyder 1995, 1996, 2001, 2002). Després d’identificar quins predicats complexos s’han de considerar rellevants per al paràmetre, el funcionament d’aquest s’analitza en vàries llengües. Es qüestiona la validesa del Paràmetre dels Compostos. Es conclou que no es pot mantenir una aplicació estricta de composició/paràmetre de predicats complexos ni tampoc la suposada dependència dels predicats complexos en la composició de NN. La segona part del capítol considera la possibilitat d’un lligam real entre resultatives i composició. A aquesta fi, s’analitzen breument dues anàlisis sintàctiques de resultatives (Kratzer 2005 i Mateu 2000, 2010). La conclusió és que la composició i les construccions resultatives semblen tractar-se de dos fenòmens bastant diferents. En darrer lloc, s’aborda la qüestió de per què en algunes llengües, com el català, la composició de NN és productiva, tot i que en un grau inferior als compostos de NN en llengües com l’anglès.
El quart capítol sintetitza les troballes principals de la tesi.The goal of this dissertation is to study a specific type of complex word-formation, namely compounding, and its relation to the morphology-syntax interface, with the ultimate aim of gaining a better understanding of the phenomenon. Different aspects of compounding are explored in this work, of which the main questions addressed in each chapter are outlined below. The first chapter presents some evidence for the plausibility of a theory of grammar in which word syntax and phrasal syntax (which will be referred to as morphology and syntax respectively) are two distinct modules within a bigger syntactic module (cf. Jackendoff 1990, 1997, 2002, Ackema & Neeleman 2004), as well as evidence for the generation of compounds within word syntax/morphology. A morphological account of compounding, based on Ackema & Neeleman’s (2004) morphosyntactic competition theory, is explored, tested with some English and Romance (Catalan and Spanish) compounds and contrasted with Harley’s (2004, 2008b) syntactic analysis of compounds, based on Distributed Morphology (cf. Halle & Marantz 1993, Marantz 1997a, b, 2001, 2007, a.o.). The data examined in this chapter favour the morphologically-based account over the syntactically-based account of compound formation. For example, the former account can explain contrasts like *to meat-eat and to computer-generate, while the latter cannot. The second chapter starts by establishing the existence of heads in morphology and showing their crucial role in the classification of compounds. Then, the nature of the compounding elements in English and Catalan is examined, which is followed by a brief overview of some compound classifications. The most promising classification is that of Bisetto & Scalise (2005), according to which there are three overarching macro-types of compounds: subordinate, attributive, and coordinate, each being subdivided into endocentric and exocentric types. Another level of analysis is added to their original classification and the resulting scheme is applied when carrying out an exhaustive study of compounding in English and Catalan. Although initially adopted, Bisetto & Scalise‘s tripartite classification changes substantially in the course of the chapter. The three macro-types of compounds are reduced to one compounding type, based on a head vs. non-head relation, from which the different interpretations arise (subordinate, attributive). The existence of coordinate compounds and exocentric compounds is argued against. The third chapter first explores Snyder’s Compounding Parameter (Snyder 1995, 1996, 2001, 2002). After identifying which complex predicates must count as relevant to the parameter, its workings are considered in a few languages. The validity of the Compounding Parameter is questioned. It is concluded that a strict application of the compounding/complex-predicate parameter cannot be maintained nor can the alleged dependence of complex predicates on NN compounding. The second part of the chapter considers the possibility of a real connection between resultatives and compounding. To this end, two syntactic analyses of resultatives (Kratzer’s 2005 and Mateu’s 2000, 2010) are briefly reviewed. The conclusion is that compounding and resultative constructions seem to be two rather different phenomena. Finally, the question of why in some languages - like Catalan - NN compounds are productive, albeit to a lesser degree than NN compounds in a language like English, is addressed. The fourth chapter brings together the main findings of this dissertation in a compact form.
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Vaahtera, Jaana Johanna. "Derivation : Greek and Roman views on word formation /." Turku : Turun Yliopisto, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39233991x.
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Forse, Jessica Amy. "The conceptual semantics of word formation : a romance perspective." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678457.
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Biermeier, Thomas. "Word formation in new Englishes a corpus based analysis." Berlin Münster Lit, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988766590/04.
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Pineros, Carlos Eduardo. "Prosodic Morphology in Spanish: Constraint Interaction in Word Formation." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392740585.
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Piñeros, Carlos-Eduardo. "Prosodic morphology in Spanish : constraint interaction in word formation /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487950658546139.
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Braun, Maria. "Word-formation and creolisation the case of early Sranan." Tübingen Niemeyer, 2009. http://d-nb.info/985834706/04.
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MELLONI, Chiara. "Polysemy in word formation: the case of deverbal nominals." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Verona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337830.
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In questa tesi si analizza il significato lessicale delle nominalizzazioni deverbali tradizionalmente definite come nomi d'azione, vale a dire, quei nominali deverbali che conservano pressoché inalterato il significato della base verbale e che sono morfologicamente derivati per mezzo di suffissi che fungono da operatori della nominalizzazione (detti anche trasposizionali). E' tuttavia risaputo che questi nominali presentano fenomeni di ambiguità semantica: tra le diverse interpretazioni che essi possono esprimere, la distinzione fra lettura Evento (d'ora in avanti E) e lettura Risultato (R) è stata esplorata con particolare attenzione nella letteratura su questo tema, poiché essa rivela interessanti corollari morfo-sintattici. I nominali E conservano, infatti, non solo il significato del verbo, ma anche alcune proprietà verbali (in particolare, una struttura di argomenti sintattici) e rappresentano pertanto un caso di categoria mista Nome-Verbo, laddove i nominali R si comportano invece come nomi assoluti, non argomentali. Pertanto, insieme al significato eventivo o trasposizionale, si esplora il significato, o più precisamente, l'insieme delle interpretazioni espresse dai nominali R. Quest'ultima classe, in particolare, rappresenta l'oggetto privilegiato di indagine di questa dissertazione; poiché le interpretazioni dei nominali R sono state ampiamente trascurate nella letteratura sulla nominalizzazione, si sottolinea come tale designazione abbia acquisito un valore sintattico, anziché semantico, e si dimostra che in questa classe vengono raggruppati elementi anche lontani dal punto di vista del contenuto semantico lessicale. La dicitura di nominale "Risultato", difatti, è stata indistintamente utilizzata per designare quei nominali che non mostrano una struttura argomentale e le altre proprietà caratterizzanti dei nominali E (si veda Grimshaw, 1990). Pertanto si propone di sostituire la designazione "Risultato" con quella di "Referenziale"; tuttavia, all'interno di questa classe eterogenea, si individua un nucleo di tratti semantici caratterizzanti e comuni ad un gruppo di nominali R, sui quali in particolare si concentra l'analisi teorica e la relativa modelizzazione formale.
La ricerca affronta il problema dell'ambiguità interpretativa delle parole complesse in una prospettiva di analisi morfologica. Per spiegare l'ambiguità interpretativa E / R si ricorre ad una analisi semantica di tipo composizionale; vale a dire, si tenta di identificare il significato dei singoli elementi che compongono il derivato, la base verbale e l'affisso, e di derivare il significato del lessema complesso attraverso una
composizione degli stessi. Più precisamente, si propone una duplice rappresentazione della semantica lessicale degli affissi che sono le teste di queste forme morfologicamente complesse. Pertanto l'ambiguità lessicale « E / R » viene spiegata ad un livello di rappresentazione lessicale, mentre la disambiguazione del senso avviene chiaramente ad un livello più alto di composizione sintattico-semantica...In this research, I survey a significant pattern of deverbal word-formation in Italian, and integrate the data analysis into a recently developed theoretical model of derivational semantics. In particular, the main goal of this study is to analyze the range of semantic interpretations and the corresponding morpho-syntactic behavior displayed by the class of deverbal nouns usually acknowledged as "action nominals". While Chapter 2 contains an overview of the relevant literature on the subject in the generative tradition, the body of the dissertation is composed of Chapters 3 to 5, where I work out a theoretical proposal aimed at accounting for the lexical meaning of a range of deverbal nominals in a framework of decompositional lexical semantics. Specifically, this research, which is placed against the theoretical background of generative morphology, rests on groundwork laid in recent years by Lieber and Baayen (1997; 1999) and Lieber (2003), and in the more elaborated version of Lieber (2004). The present chapter introduces the reader to the phenomenon of nominalization, offers an overview of the subject to be discussed and of the theoretical background, and finally sketches out the thesis outline.
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Tajima, Masakazu. "Complex predicate formation in Ainu." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56904.
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Lexicalists assume that words with derivational morphology and compound words are not formed by syntactic transformation (Selkirk, 1982). The Lexicalist Hypothesis implies that the principles of universal grammar are not operative to word formation.This thesis argues that a word is composed of lexical constituents and post-lexical constituents, and that the post-lexical constituents can incorporate into a verb, to form the complex predicate. This formational process is subject to syntactic constraints and principles. Therefore, I claim that the principles of universal grammar are also operative to word formation. This hypothesis will throw a new light upon the area of language acquisition of complex predicates.
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Schulzek, Daniel [Verfasser]. "A Frame Approach to German Nominal Word Formation / Daniel Schulzek." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201159261/34.
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Yusupov, M. "Tendencies and factors of word-formation dynamics in German language." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/65665.
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The development of language also depends on the development of its word-formation system. Production of new lexical units happens by means of the wordformation models which were historically developed in a certain language.
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鄭佩芳 and Pui-fong Cheng. "A study on parts of speech, word formation, and the change of word meaning in modern Chinese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31234124.
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Cunnings, Ian. "English word formation : morphological constraints and their time-course during processing." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486733.
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The plurals-inside-compounds effect has been one of the most widely studied morphological phenomena in the psycholinguistics literature. Research has shown that there is both a restriction against regular but not irregular plurals inside compounds (*rats eater versus mice eater), and a general preference for non-heads to be singular (?mice eater versus mouse eater). The general preference for singular non-heads has been derived from a semantic constraint against non-heads marked for plural number semantics (Haskell, MacDonald & Seidenberg 2003),whereas the avoidance of regular plurals results from a morphological constraint against concatenative regular plural inflections (Gordon 1985, Kiparsky 1982, Pinker 1999). However, a restricted range of exceptions to the morphological constraint (buildings inspector) are in fact possible, but only when licensed by particular semantic properties (Alegre & Gordon 1999). Whether these constraints also apply to word formation by derivational suffixation is not known (*ratsless versus ?miceless versus ~ouseless), and the time-course of these constraints during online processing has not previously been examined.
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Shepard-Kegl, Judy Anne. "Locative relations in American Sign Language word formation, syntax and discourse." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15168.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES
Bibliography: leaves 493-505.
by Judy Anne Shepard-Kegl.
Ph.D.
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Zapotochna, L. I. "Affixation in the process of word formation in English cardiologic terminology." Thesis, БДМУ, 2017. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/17351.
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CARVALHO, JOSE JOAO DE. "WORD FORMATION IN PORTUGUESE: A STUDY OF LEXICAL BLENDS IN MIA COUTO." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=13347@1.
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Este trabalho investiga a fusão vocabular como um processo de formação de
palavras. Inicialmente, conceitua-se palavra em alguns modelos lingüísticos com o
objetivo de se encontrar uma definição que inclua formações compostas de dois
vocábulos para um único referente. Em seguida, são abordadas as diversas proposições
acerca da composição em português, desde a visão tradicional até propostas vinculadas
a teorias lingüísticas mais recentes. Posteriormente, é apresentado o cruzamento
vocabular na visão de alguns estudiosos, e, a partir de suas considerações teóricas,
confronta-se a composição e a fusão vocabular. A parte de análise de dados é feita
com um corpus de 106 inovações lexicais, selecionadas na obra do escritor Mia Couto.
Como resultado da análise, adota-se a denominação de fusão vocabular para todas as
formações sobrepostas que, normalmente, são classificadas por outros estudiosos como
cruzamento vocabular. Os resultados da análise revelam a grande produtividade da
fusão vocabular como processo de formação de palavras em português, não apenas na
modalidade oral, em que os cruzamentos vocabulares são frequentemente atestados, mas
também na língua escrita literária. A análise efetuada demonstra a adequação do
conceito adotado, segundo o qual a fusão vocabular é um processo sistemático de
predicação expressiva de um vocábulo por outro que apresente propriedades
fonológicas compatíveis para a efetuação do processo.This work investigates the process underlying lexical blend formation. At first, we examine the concept of word in some linguistic models in order to find a definition which would accommodate compounding. Next, we present an overview of morphological and lexical compounding in Portuguese, including both traditional descriptions and those related to more recent linguistic theories. Then, the notion of lexical blend is introduced, according to the definitions presented by specialists in Portuguese Word Formation, and the traditional notion of lexical blend is confronted with the concept of lexical fusion. We then proceed to the analysis of a corpus of 106 occurrences of lexical innovation, selected from the work of the writer Mia Couto. The results of the analysis support the adoption of the concept of lexical fusion for all superposed constructions which are traditionnaly viewed as standard lexical blend cases. Our results also reveal the significant productivity of lexical fusion as a wordformation process in Portuguese, both in speech, where it had already been attested, and in written literary language. The analysis shows the adequacy of the concept of lexical fusion, defined as a systematic process of expressive predication of a word by another word whose phonological properties permit the felicitous operation of the process.
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Naccarato, Maria Chiara. "Compound agent nouns in Russian: A comparison of rival word-formation constructions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/104994.
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The aim of this dissertation is to analyze and compare rival word-formation constructions giving rise to compound agent nouns in modern Russian. Given the almost total lack of investigations on compounds in Russian, this research aims to partially fill this gap in the literature by focusing on one of the most productive group of compound constructions in Russian, i.e. synthetic agentive compounds (e.g. basn-o-pis-ec ‘fable writer’).
Apart from the descriptive aim consisting in a thorough analysis of the formal and semantic features of such compounds, this study also exploits quantitative corpus-based methods to investigate the distribution and productivity of rival word-formation constructions giving rise to synthetic agentive compounds, and thus contributes to demonstrating the importance of quantitative investigations in studies on word-formation.
The first part of this dissertation is mainly concerned with theoretical questions regarding the phenomenon of compounding in Russian (Chapter 1), the constructionist approach to compounding (Chapter 2), and the polysemy of agentive constructions (Chapter 3). The second part is devoted instead to qualitative and quantitative investigations of the semantics, distribution, and productivity of the rival agentive constructions selected for the analysis (Chapters 4 and 5), i.e. the compound constructions formed with the suffixes -ec, -lec, -tel’, -nik, -ščik/čik, -l’ščik, -ka, -lka, and the suffixless construction (-ø).
The analysis highlights some major differences among the rival constructions investigated. The low-frequency constructions in -lec, -l’ščik and -lka show no variation at all and their productivity is restricted to specific constructions based on a limited number or base verbs. By contrast, the high-frequency constructions show greater variation (especially ec, -tel’ and -ø; to a lesser extent, -nik, -ščik/čik and -ka), but the degree of variation depends on the parameter considered. Among all the parameters employed for the analysis, those that better discriminate the distribution of rival constructions are the aspect of the compound’s verbal element (which brings out the different behavior of -tel’ with respect to the other constructions) and the semantics of the compound, (which allows identifying diverging tendencies especially among the high-frequency constructions in -ec, -tel’ and -ø).
Rival constructions show diverging tendencies also in terms of diachronic and stylistic distribution, and in terms of productivity. Although determining the synchronic productivity of these constructions appears as a complicated task due to the nature of the data at my disposal, I assess the productivity of rival constructions based on their diachronic developments and on possible restrictions depending on the nature of the compounds’ constituents (i.e. the availability of autonomous deverbals outside compounding and the variability of the verbal bases).
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Feldmanis, Sheila. "A Corpus-based Study of Tok Pisin with particular reference to Word Formation." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1492.
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The aim of this study is to compare Tok Pisin with English and, in doing so, try to determine whether it is a developing language, moving forwards in its own right, or whether it is a language in the process of disappearing. This possibility was discussed in 1985 by Don Laycock in the article "The Future of Tok Pisin", where he predicts that the language will decline in popularity and use and that "... in perhaps 50 years time, Tok Pisin will most likely be being studied by scholars among a small community of old men."
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Börger, Claudia. "Word formation processes from a cognitive perspective an analysis of complex prepositional lexemes." Hamburg Kovač, 2006. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-3077-5.htm.
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Walker, L. Brooks. "Shalom and spiritual maturity." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2002. http://www.tren.com.
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Birth, Ann-Inga. "New words : a study of applied linguistic relativity and the types and historical development of word formation in literature." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230032.
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This thesis is a literary linguistic study of lexical innovation in fiction. It uses corpus linguistic methods and concepts of morphological theory to develop a new word typology and to examine new words as to their role in directing a reader's imagination and with regard to their frequency and distribution in classic English literature between 1750 and 1923. A 56 million word corpus consisting of a homogenous variety of texts converted from online literature databases serves as the basis for a chronologically structured new word extraction. This is carried out aided by the concordancer programme AntConc. The following three aspects are addressed in this research. The first attempts to explain why certain new words appear newer than other equally novel forms. It demonstrates that the factors influencing a word's novelty effect are wordlike-ness, morpheme content, and formal and semantic analogy. A new word typology is derived from these. A second main section focuses on stylistic aspects. If the words we use influence the way we think, as theorised in the principle of linguistic relativity, then forming new words and reading these should influence the way we think about what they describe. The second element identifies the strategies authors may use to affect their readers' associations through word formation. A third section is a frequency and distribution analysis of the new words extracted, taking historical developments, text mode and form, genre, and new word types into account. It adds quantitative data to the qualitative investigation preceding it, showing that verse and prose, text forms, and genres as well as time periods differ in the new words they produce and providing evidence for the characteristics of each.
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Prené, Emma. "Dumbledore, Remembrall and OWLs : Word formation processes of neologisms in the Harry Potter books." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-24075.
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This thesis investigates the word formation processes of the neologisms in the Harry Potter books by JK Rowling. The aim is to find the frequencies of these processes and then discuss why the frequency looks this way. By collecting and analysing the neologisms with the help of the classification of Plag (2003) and Ljung (2003), the frequencies of the different formation processes is established. The reasons why the distribution of word formation processes looks this way is then discussed and compared to the background information about the author. The conclusion is that compound is the most frequent word formation of this sample. The arguments why the distribution looks this way could be that the semantic meaning of the Harry Potter words is important and that many of the neologisms are based on humour, mythology and folklore.
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Cowie, Claire Susan. "Diachronic word-formation : a corpus-based study of derived nominalizations in the history of English." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251674.
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This dissertation investigates the history of derived nominalizations in English from 1500 to the present day, with special reference to the deverbal nominalizing suffix -(t)ion and the deadjectival nominalizing suffixes, -ness and -ity. The data are drawn from two historical corpora of English texts: The Early Modern section of HCET (Helsinki Corpus of English Texts, 1500-1700), and ARCHER (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers, 1650-1990). The case studies are situated within an integrated theoretical framework of change in derivational morphology which addresses neologising, productivity, variation, lexicalization and semantic change. Morphological productivity, a topic typically treated in synchronic morphology, is placed at the centre of this framework. The rationale for this approach is that the measurement of productivity provides a way to observe change in progress in derivational morphology. The chief task then, is to develop procedures for measuring productivity in historical corpora. The history of the suffixes will be investigated quantitatively by measuring their productivity across temporal periods and across text-type/register, and qualitatively by analysing derived nominalizations in discourse contexts to understand the effect of register and/or text type on nominalization. The result is a socio-historical account of derived nominalization, which demonstrates the ways in which neologising (and thus productivity) can be driven by contextual factors, discourse processes and stylistic considerations.
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ANDRADE, FERNANDO GIL COUTINHO DE. "POLYSEMY AND PRODUCTIVITY IN WORD FORMATION: A STUDY OF THE PREFIX RE- IN CONTEMPORARY PORTUGUESE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8995@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOREste trabalho investiga os valores do prefixo re- enquanto elemento morfológico utilizado na formação de verbos no Português do Brasil e focaliza a questão da produtividade lexical em sua relação com o aspecto polissêmico e/ou multifuncional dos processos de formação de palavras. De início, analisam-se diferentes abordagens da formação de palavras por prefixação na descrição do português e revisam-se os preceitos da gramática tradicional, a perspectiva estruturalista e a abordagem gerativista em relação ao fenômeno. Em seguida, são apresentadas e analisadas diferentes proposições descritivas sobre o prefixo re- na língua portuguesa.. Discute-se a seguir a complexa noção de produtividade na Teoria Lexical e introduz-se a questão da polissemia nas construções lexicais e sua relevância na determinação da produtividade de processos específicos de formação de palavras. A partir das questões teóricas levantadas, procede-se à análise da relação produtividade/polissemia no processo de adição do prefixo re- para a formação de verbos no português. Os resultados da análise, baseada num corpus de língua escrita jornalística contemporânea e num corpus, de tamanho equivalente, de língua falada culta (dados do Projeto NURC), evidenciam o caráter polissêmico do prefixo re- no português contemporâneo e revelam a precariedade de abordagens correntes que privilegiam a noção de repetição como único aporte semântico produtivo do prefixo re- na formação de verbos. A investigação revela ainda que é possível prever pela semântica do verbo o(s) significado(s) de uma eventual formação com o prefixo re-, configurando-se, portanto, a delimitação de um conjunto de construções lexicais possíveis na língua, juntamente com seus significados, o que indica que a multiplicidade de sentidos de re- não é aleatória, antes constitui um fenômeno derivado de conjunções de significados que levam a uma direção funcional na formação de palavras por prefixação.
This work investigates the meanings of the prefix re- as a morphological element used in verb formation in Brazilian Portuguese. It concentrates on the question of lexical productivity and its relation to the polysemic and/ or multifunctional aspect of word formation. Initially, we analyse several approaches to word formation by prefixation in Portuguese, examining the precepts of traditional grammar, the point of view of the structuralists and the generative view on the phenomenon. Then we present and discuss different descriptive proposals for the prefix re- in Portuguese. Next, we discuss the complex notion of productivity in lexical theory and introduce the question of polysemy in lexical constructions and its relevance in determining specific processes in word formation. Having in mind the theoretical issues brought into our previous discussion, we then analyse the relation between productivity and polysemy in the Word Formation Rule of re- addition in Portuguese verb formation. The analysis is based on corpora consisting both of contemporary written newspaper language and of standard spoken language (NURC data) of about the same length. Our results reveal the polysemic nature of the prefix re- in contemporary Portuguese and point to the precariousness of current descriptions which focus on the notion of repetition as being the sole productive semantic contribution of the prefix re- in verb formation. Furthermore, the research shows that it is possible to predict the meaning(s) of a re- + V formation on the basis of the semantic properties of the basic verb. This strongly supports the hypothesis that the multiplicity of meanings of the prefix re- does not constitute a case of random or incidental polysemy, but rather accounts for a phenomenon generated by a convergence of meanings which leads towards a functional direction in word formation by prefixation.
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Langslow, David R. "The formation and development of Latin medical vocabulary : A. Cornelius Celsus and Cassius Felix." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3f2c9b29-d9a5-413c-a930-d03c28c5e79a.
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This is a study of the substantival medical terminology of Aulus Cornelius Celsus (early 1st c.) and Cassius Felix (mid 5th c.), in the fields of Anatomy and Physiology; Pathology; and Therapeutics. Two broad questions are considered: (1) What were the possible and the preferred means of extending the Latin vocabulary in these technical areas in the first and the fifth century A.D.? (2) May any linguistic features be identified as proper or peculiar to Latin medical - or, more generally, technical - terminology? Chapter 1 presents a general characterisation, based on examples of medical language, of modern technical terminology. Certain features of the structure and composition of the modern terminology are observed also in our Latin authors, especially in Cassius Felix. Chapters 2-5 focus each on one linguistic means of term-formation in Celsus and Cassius Felix. These are (Ch.2:) the use of Greek medical terms within the Latin terminology; (Ch.3:) the use of semantic extension, that is the deployment of established Latin words with new, medical reference (sutura 'stitching' → 'cranial suture'); (Ch.4:) the minimal use of compounding (dentifricium 'tooth-rub'), and the use as single terminological units of lexicalised Noun Phrases, Noun + Adjective (ignis sacer a type of skin-disease) or Noun + Genitive (difficultas urinae 'dysury'), here called "Phrasal Terms"; (Ch.5:) the favouring of certain suffixes in deriving Nouns (and some Adjectives) and the striking correlation between suffix and the lexical-semantic field of the derivative (-or and clinical signs and symptoms: dolor, rubor). Chapter 6 presents comparative figures for the two authors and a general working hypothesis that emerges: namely that divergences between Cassius Felix and Celsus may be interpreted as symptoms of the development of a Latin technical medical terminology (notably the integration of Greek and Latin terminology; reduction in the use of non-metaphorical polysemy; increased use of Phrasal Terms in fixed word order; extended use of suffixation to signal the semantic organisation of the terminology and, additionally, to form nominalisations as part of the development of a heavily-nominal style). A programme is adumbrated for testing this hypothesis. Volume II contains brief historical introductions to Celsus and Cassius Felix, the authors and their works; a Glossary of their medical terminology in three parts (ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; THERAPEUTICS); and full word indexes to both authors listed on microfiche.
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Enarsson, Anna. "New Blends in the English Language." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-674.
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Titel: New Blends in the English Language
Författare: Anna Enarsson
Antal sidor: 29
Abstract: The aim of this essay was to identify new blends that have entered the English language. Firstly six different word-formation processes, including blending, was described. Those were compounding, clipping, backformation, acronyming, derivation and blending. The investigation was done by using a list of blends from Wikipedia. The words were looked up in the Longman dictionary of 2005 and in a dictionary online. A google search and a corpus investigation were also conducted. The investigation suggested that most of the blends were made by clipping and the second most common form was clipping and overlapping. Blends with only overlapping was unusual and accounted for only three percent. The investigation also suggested that the most common way to create blends by clipping was to use the first part of the first word and the last part of the second word. The blends were not only investigated according to their structure but also according to the domains they occur in. This part of the investigation suggested that the blends were most frequent in the technical domain, but also in the domain of society
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Mealing, Cathy. "German noun compounds and their role in text cohesion." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64084.
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Совенко, А. М. "Функціональні девіації лексеми one." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/30522.
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Лексема one з’явилася близько 1200 року н.е. Такий вік лексеми об’єктивує її частотність, морфологічну дивергенцію, граматикалізацію та значний словотворчий потенціал.
При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/30522
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Hippisley, Andrew. "Declarative derivation : a network morphology account of Russian word formation with reference to nouns denoting 'person'." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363798.
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Green, Brita Elisabet. "Noun compounds in the language of Harry Martinson : a study in creative word-formation and usage." Thesis, University of Hull, 1989. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:13030.
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This investigation began as frustration - frustration, during my attempts at translating Harry Martinson's poetry at being unable to find adequate English equivalents for most of his compounds. The frustration developed into curiosity about the nature of the compounds and their use. The thesis is the result of that curiosity. I have studied the compounds from both linguistic and stylistic points of view. One chapter concerns numbers. Very nearly 4,500 (some 3,500 different) noun compounds have been excerpted from almost 92,000 words of Harry Martinson's published poetry. In addition, some thousand compounds have been excerpted from the manuscript poems in the Harry Martinson archive in Uppsala University Library. Whereas every attempt has been made to be accurate in word-counts and calculations, comparisons across tables may reveal minor discrepancies. Manually calculated figures do not always exactly match the numbers indicated by computer calculations. This may be a result of human error, whether in the manual calculations or in the typing in of the data, but it may also be caused by such factors as compounds appearing in prose passages and section titles (included in some calculations, not in others) or in poems included in more than one collection. In small-scale manual calculations, allowance can be made for such factors, but it is not usually possible to foresee all the repercussions of such adjustments on all other calculations and tables. I am confident that the discrepancies are in no case of a magnitude to affect the conclusions drawn from the figures.
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Meissner, Torsten. "S-stem nouns and adjectives in Greek and Proto-Indo-European : a diachronic study in word formation." Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280087.001.0001.
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Zugl.: Oxford, Univ., Diss., 1995 u.d.T.: Meissner, Torsten: S-stem nouns and adjectives in ancient Greek : a study in Greek and Indo-European word formationIncludes bibliographical references and index
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Meissner, Torsten. "S-stem nouns and adjectives in ancient Greek : a study in Greek and Indo-European word formation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319162.
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Berto, Flávia de Freitas [UNESP]. "Kania Ipewapewa: estudo do léxico juruna sobre a avifauna." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115691.
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Essa dissertação apresenta um estudo do léxico sobre os nomes para as aves em Juruna (família Juruna, tronco tupi), a partir da coleta de dados em campo e pesquisa participativa de base etnográfica, com vistas à aplicação em um estudo lexicográfico, que prevê a elaboração de um dicionário juruna-português. Apresentamos uma discussão sobre os nomes em Juruna, com destaque para os nomes para partes do corpo das aves e os vocativos de criação. Discutimos também o processo de formação de palavras relacionadas às aves em Juruna, analisando a formação de nomes compostos e o marcador de posse maka, que mais do que um constituinte dos compostos genitivos indica uma relação de significado amplo entre os Juruna e os animais. Por fim, discutimos o sistema de classificação etnobiológica e os processos de categorização dos Juruna em relação à avifauna, destacando a importância da cosmologia e das relações cotidianas entre as pessoas e as aves para a compreensão do seu sistema classificatório
This work presents a study of the lexicon of bird names in Juruna (Juruna family, Tupi branch) aiming a lexicographic application, the production of a Juruna-Portuguese dictionary. The data presented here were collected from fieldwork and participative ethnographic work. We present a discussion about the nouns in Juruna, mainly the names of parts of the body of birds and pet vocatives. We also discuss the process of word formation in the lexicon of words concerning birds in Juruna, analyzing the formation of compound nouns and the marker of possession maka, which rather indicates a relation of broad significance between human beings and animals than just constitutes genitive compounds. Finally, we discuss the Juruna ethnobiological system of classification and the Juruna’s processes of categorization concerning the avifauna, highlighting the significance of cosmology and daily relations between people and birds in order to understand that classificatory system
FAPESP: 10/13623-8
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Faltusová, Marie. "Automatické zařazování neznámých slov na základě derivačních vazeb." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417230.
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This master thesis deals with the construction of a system for automatic classification of~unknown words based on derivation bonds. For this purpose, the system was designed to~extract derivative links based on electronic dictionaries and to create word-forming models from them. Based on this knowledge, it is then possible to incorporate unclassified words into existing nests formed from the obtained bonds, and their models, or create new ones. The reader will be gradually acquainted with the reasons that lead to the continuous transformation or expansion of the lexicon, the ways in which the words in~the~Czech language are derived and how to obtain information about the changes caused by this derivation process. This system builds on and extends the research of the branch of morphology in~the~project of a morphological analyzer of the Research Group of Knowledge Technologies, working at the Faculty of Information Technology of the Brno University of~Technology.
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Liebel, Dorothea. "Tageslichtfreude und Buchstabenangst : Zu Harry Martinsons dichterischen Wortbildungen als Übersetzungsproblematik." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-18459.
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The style of the Swedish writer Harry Martinson is characterised by a large number of conspicuous and creative word-formation units, which have a special function in his writing. One single word might summarise and denominate an experiance or a complex emotion, sometimes using an exact description, sometimes using a metaphor. The content and the novelty of such nonce forms catch the reader´s or listener´s attention, achieving the intended effect: to make the reader understand what Martinson wants to convey. The present study is an analysis of the neologisms used in two of Martinson´s semiautobiographical novels and their German translations. The object of the study is twofold: firstly to show that the great variety of nonce words-formations as well as their semantics provide the special stylistic markers of the texts, and secondly to draw more general conclusions about the effect of target languages regarding the form, content and function of the units in the texts, as well as their effect on the reader, the concept of equivalence is central. Correspondences and deviations are analysed applying a model specifically designed for the purpose and based in relevant theories. The results illustrate both the various problems a translator must seek to solve and the consequences that simplifications, omissions, and paraphrases might have on the meaning and effect of the text.
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Maroneze, Bruno Oliveira. "Um estudo da mudança de classe gramatical em unidades lexicais neológicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-28092011-102939/.
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A mudança de classe gramatical consiste na criação de uma unidade lexical em uma classe gramatical diferente da classe da base. Para efetuar essa criação, os falantes dispõem de diversos mecanismos, como a derivação sufixal (com diversos sufixos), a derivação parassintética, a derivação regressiva e a conversão. Nosso objetivo, no presente trabalho, é o de descrever tais mecanismos, procurando compreender por que motivo(s) os falantes criam novas unidades lexicais em classes gramaticais diferentes. Buscando a fundamentação teórica da Linguística Cognitiva, procuramos dividir nossa análise em duas perspectivas: a perspectiva onomasiológica, em que analisamos os mecanismos de criação lexical, e a perspectiva semasiológica, em que analisamos os mecanismos de interpretação de uma nova unidade lexical. Seguindo as ideias da Linguística Cognitiva, entendemos que as classes gramaticais devem ser consideradas categorias semânticas, e a mudança de classe, um processo de natureza basicamente semântica. Considerando apenas as classes gramaticais de natureza lexical, os seis tipos de mudança de classe possíveis em português são: adjetivo para substantivo, verbo para substantivo, substantivo para adjetivo, verbo para adjetivo, substantivo para verbo e adjetivo para verbo. Dessa forma, separamos 1.209 neologismos resultantes de mudança de classe gramatical integrantes da Base de neologismos do português brasileiro contemporâneo (que faz parte do Projeto TermNeo Observatório de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo) e os classificamos em cada um dos seis tipos de mudança de classe. Para cada um dos tipos, analisamos onomasiologicamente os mecanismos de criação e, semasiologicamente, os mecanismos de interpretação desses neologismos. A derivação sufixal é o mecanismo mais empregado, com inúmeros sufixos produtivos no português contemporâneo, muitos deles polissêmicos; no entanto, a derivação parassintética na formação de verbos e a derivação regressiva na formação de substantivos abstratos também são mecanismos produtivos. Há alguns casos importantes de concorrência entre sufixos, como -ice e -(i)dade na mudança de adjetivo para substantivo e -ção e -mento na mudança de verbo para substantivo. Na análise da interpretação dos neologismos, a metonímia revelou-se um processo importante em quase todos os tipos de mudança de classe. Por fim, as análises parecem indicar que os falantes operam a mudança de classe gramatical com a finalidade de exprimir novos conceitos, não apenas por razões meramente morfossintáticas.Word class change consists on the creation of a lexical unit in a word class different from the bases class. In order to do this, speakers have at their disposal many mechanisms, like suffixal derivation (with many different suffixes), parasynthetic derivation, regressive derivation and conversion. Our goal, in this study, is to describe such mechanisms, trying to figure out why speakers create new lexical units in different word classes. With the theoretical foundations of Cognitive Linguistics, we divide our analysis in two perspectives: the onomasiological perspective, in which we analyse the mechanisms of lexical creation, and the semasiological perspective, in which we analyse the mechanisms of interpretation of a new lexical unit. According to Cognitive Linguistics, we understand that word classes must be considered semantic categories, and word class change, a basically semantic process. Considering only the lexical word classes, the six possible types of word class change in Portuguese are: adjective to noun, verb to noun, noun to adjective, verb to adjective, noun to verb and adjective to verb. Therefore, we collected 1,209 neologisms resulting from a word class change process from the Base de neologismos do português brasileiro contemporâneo (Contemporary Brazilian Portuguese neologism database - part of Project TermNeo Contemporary Brazilian Portuguese Neologism Observer) and classified them into the six types of word class change. For each one of these types, we analysed onomasiologically the creation mechanisms and, semasiologically, the interpretation mechanisms of these neologisms. Suffixal derivation is the most employed mechanism, with many suffixes which are productive in contemporary Portuguese, many of them polysemic; however, parasynthetic derivation in verb creation and regressive derivation in the formation of abstract nouns are also productive mechanisms. There are some important cases of suffix competition, like -ice and -(i)dade in the change from adjective to noun and -ção and -mento in the change from verb to noun. In analyzing neologism interpretation, metonymy revealed itself an important process in almost all types of word class change. Finally, the analyses seem to show that speakers change word class in order to express new concepts, and not only for merely morphosyntactic reasons.
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Zarrouki, Karen M. (Karen Marie) Carleton University Dissertation German. "On word-formation : linguistic structure of compound nouns in late 20th century German vocabulary and its didactic use." Ottawa, 1990.
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Koeck, Benjamin. "Emergence of a new actor category in electronic word of mouth communication." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25782.
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Digital platforms such as blogs and social networking sites provide new means for individuals to gather and spread information about products and services through electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM). Within those platforms, individuals have the potential to emerge to become influential actors with the power to affect the behaviours and attitudes of others. Despite the growing interest in online influence, there is still a limited understanding of how key individuals share and engage in eWOM. This study looks at tech-bloggers as an emerging actor category that create and develop consumption oriented online content such as product reviews using blogs and associated technologies. This thesis presents an in depth qualitative investigation to understand how this emerging actor category have been able to establish an influential status. Existing literature often labelled bloggers as “opinion leaders” obscuring what is new and different about them. Building a practice based discussion of these emerging actors aims to capture activities and processes in a wider, natural setting. Paired with the exploratory nature of research, this thesis draws on a conceptually grounded, qualitative research approach utilising interviews with key tech-bloggers, marketers and blog analysis. Findings show that these emerging actors engage in three distinct but interrelated practices centred on audience construction, content development and network formation. Audience construction requires emerging actors to develop quality content utilising existing networks composed of other actors within the same category and the audience. As a consequence, emerging actors are socially embedded in a multiplicity of interactions online and offline to develop their blog and their content. This study contributes to existing concepts in eWOM by showing how emerging actors develop a particular expertise, distinct from consumers, in attracting an audience. Furthermore, these emerging actors transform from being knowledge replicators to become knowledge producers developing communication content in line with a wider audience. As tech-bloggers become more established as emerging actors, tech companies are adapting their marketing to account for these practices. The result is a co-creation of product news and advice on new products between emerging actors, marketers and the audience. Thus, this work gives a more nuanced account of eWOM and the role of emerging actors shaping communication in this sector.
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Kjellander, Daniel. "Beauty and the Blend : Implications of Cognitive Constraints and Word Class Distribution in Lexical Blending." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118194.
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This master thesis investigates underlying principles and usage-based aspects of lexical blending. In a corpus study examining the lexical items, or matrix words, republican, liberal, and vegetarian it was found that there were three cognitive constraints influencing their potential to form blends. Mapping of a prefixation schema onto the lexical item republican was shown to fuel blend formation. Neighborhood effects and morphological lexicalization, on the other hand, were observed to have a negative influence on the possibility to form blends from the terms liberal and vegetarian. Also, an examination of word class distribution in the matrix words and their blend and compound derivatives showed that the patterns of the blends were less consistent than the compounds. These findings point to an important duality in the derivative blends. While they operate in an interplay with regular morphological processes they are at the same time creatively elaborated in use. Therefore blends exhibit a fundamental aspect of language, which is phrased as the dynamic interrelatedness between socio-pragmatic motivation and schematization, or pattern-finding. This positions blending not in the margin, but at the centre of studies on language development.
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Danks, Debbie. "Separating blends : a formal investigation of the blending process in English and its relationship to associated word formation processes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402356.
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Kwan, Pun-lok David, and 關本樂. "Lexical blending among young Chinese readers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617825.
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Lexical compounding refers to the process of word formation through union of lexicalized morphemes. Given that young Chinese readers learn print vocabulary as unanalyzed whole, I am uncertain whether children can effortlessly decompose bound morphemes from disyllabic words for lexical compounding to occur. With this concern, I propose a lexical blending process in parallel with lexical compounding, where words are constructed from previously learnt words that have not yet been decomposed as morphemes. This thesis investigated the mechanisms behind the lexical blending process, as well as its role in word reading among young Chinese readers, in five studies
Studies One and Two examined the factors that favor lexical blending to occur. In Study One, I located a high proportion of disyllabic words and bound morphemes within a corpus of Chinese textbooks in Hong Kong. Around 40-50% of disyllabic words in Grade One to Grade Three are composed of one or more bound morphemes, which set a favorable environment for lexical blending to occur. In Study Two, I found that younger readers tended to commit more selection errors, defined as “naming the target character as a character that forms a highly frequent two-character compound word with it” (Shu, Meng, Chen, Luan and Cao, 2005), than older readers during character reading, suggesting that their representations of bound morphemes were not precise. An experiment on morpheme name judgment demonstrated that bound morphemes and low frequency morphemes embedded in high frequency words were most prone to selection errors.
I further examined the lexical blending process and its contribution to reading development in Studies Three and Four. Adopting a cross-sequential design in Study Three, I found that lexical blending concurrently and longitudinally predicted Chinese word reading, after lexical compounding and other reading-related variables were partialled out. In Study Four, I located lexical class and structural relation knowledge as significant component skills of lexical blending. The process of lexical blending proceeded first with structural arrangement of words, followed by morphological decomposition and union of morphemes to eventually form a blended word.
I also tested Chinese dyslexic readers’ performance on lexical blending in Study Five. Dyslexic readers exhibited difficulties in lexical blending and all the related component skills, when compared with chronological-age (CA) matched controls. Process-wise, the dyslexic readers were weaker than CA controls in both structural arrangement and morphological decomposition, while having particular difficulties in the latter process.
I conclude that lexical blending is an important word formation process for young Chinese readers. To aid mastery of lexical blending, readers should be aware of the syntax in phrases and sentences, as it provides cues on structural arrangement of blended words. In addition, I suggest explicit instruction on lexical blending skills in the curriculum, with a particular focus on morphological decomposition, in order to meet the learning needs of dyslexic readers.published_or_final_version
Psychology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Navickaitė, Agnė. "Noun formation system (nomina agentis and nomina actionis) in contemporary Latvian." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140423_090956-34709.
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This paper aims to provide a description of two main word-formation categories of Latvian nouns: agent names and action names. It was attempted to divide the collected data (suffix and ending derivatives) into clearly defined word-formation types, to determine the meaning of different word-formation types and productivity of word-formation types, analyse the semantics and structure of derivatives, and to provide a clear systematic description of the formation of the aforementioned Latvian language word formation categories.Šiame darbe siekiama išsamiai išnagrinėti latvių kalbos veikėjų pavadinimų ir veiksmų pavadinimų darybos kategorijas. Surinktą medžiagą (priesagų, galūnių vedinius) stengiamasi aiškiai suskirstyti į darybos tipus, nustatyti darybos reikšmes ir darybos tipų produktyvumą, išnagrinėti vedinių semantiką ir struktūrą ir pateikti aiškų sisteminį minėtųjų darybos kategorijų darybos latvių kalboje aprašą.
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Dotto, Simony de Lena [UNESP]. "Novas formas de pensar/dizer, dizer/pensar: a imagem como linguagem mediadora da experiência do formador de professores." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86954.
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Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo descrever processos de mediação da imagem como linguagem no pensar/dizer, dizer/pensar de formador de professores na perspectiva de compreender como a imagem pode favorecer a construção de um discurso mais autoral. A pesquisa foi realizada no contexto do projeto de formação de professores da rede escolar SESI-SP, com seis formadores de professores, os quais expressaram seus percursos profissionais e os sentidos atribuídos ao ofício de formador com palavras e imagens. A construção dos dados e informações produzidas pelos sujeitos foi integrada aos fundamentos teóricos, num diálogo vivo e dinâmico como é a vida de uma pesquisa. Algumas metáforas como travessia, caminho e labirinto acompanharam o processo de produção da pesquisa, tendo como objetivo indicar a complexidade que reside no campo da formação continuada de professores e as possibilidades de novas abordagens de discurso e reflexão. As idéias de Dewey e Larrosa, Paulo Freire e Perrenoud, Vigostski, Santaellla e Pareyson embasam teoricamente os principais conceitos abordados: EXPERIÊNCIA, FORMAÇÃO E IMAGEM-LINGUAGEM. A interpretação dos dados revelou que a imagem, como linguagem mediadora, pode ampliar e revestir de maior sentido o pensar/dizer dos formadores desde a formação seja compreendida como experiência estética do sentir, pensar e produzir sentidos. Isso significa que, muito mais que uma mera atividade a ser desempenhada pelos sujeitos a tradução da imagem em palavras agrega elementos compatíveis com a idéia da integralidade do sujeito: sentimentos, emoções, vivências e saberes construídos. Nessa perspectiva, a imagem desvelou um sujeito mais inteiro, revestindo de sentido suas palavras. Todo o percurso de investigação contou com um pesquisador que também viveu o processo de reinvenção de seu pensamento e discurso por meio da linguagem-imagem-tradução.
This research has the objective of describing the processes of images as language of thinking/saying, saying/thinking of formators of teachers in the perspective of understanding as the image can favor the construction of a more authorial speech. The research was done in the context of the project of formation of teachers from the escolar group SESI-SP, with six formators of teachers, that expressed their professional route and the senses attributed to the trade of formators with words and images. The construction of the information done by people was integrated to the theoretical fundamentals, in a living and dynamic dialogue like it is the life of a research. Some metaphors like passages, way and labyrinth follow the process of the production of the research, having as object to indicate the complexity that resides in the field of the continuous formation of teachers and the possibilities of new approaches of the speech and reflexion. The ideas of Dewey and Larrosa, Paulo Freire and Perrenoud, Vigostski, Santaella and Pareyson confirm theoretically the principal concepts deal: experience, formation and image-language. The interpretation of the information revealed that the image, as the language, can enlarge and cover the biggest sense the thinking/saying of formators since the formation be understandable as aesthetic experience of feeling, thinking and producing senses. This means that, more than an activity to be done by people to translate the image in words with compatible elements with the idea of the total person: feelings, emotions and knows constructed. By this perspective, the image showed a more complete person, his/her words covered of senses. All the route of investigation counted with a researcher that also lived the process of the reinvention of his/her thought and the speech by the way of language-image-translation.
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Redouane, Rabia. "The use of Modern Standard Arabic word formation processes by English-speaking and French-speaking adult L2 learners and native speakers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ63629.pdf.
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Alizadeh, Lemjiri Sedigheh. "Historische und vergleichende Untersuchung der Wortbildung im Persischen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-67493.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Morphologiestruktur der verschiedenen Sprachperioden im Persischen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der Wortbildung liegt. Des Weiteren wird der Versuch unternommen, die innere Struktur der Wörter in Bezug auf die Wortbildung auf verschiedenen Zeitebenen zu erforschen und die Wortbildungsmuster zu analysieren.
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Walsh, Linda. "The nature of morphological representations /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=73987.
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