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Urazayeva, Kuralay B. "Kazakh Translations of M. Lermontov: “Alien” Text and Word-for-Word Translation." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 2016): 1210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-2016-9-5-1210-1220.
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Hussein El-Omari, Abdallah. "Lexical Meaning Translation of the Root Word in the Holy Qur’an; the Word “KATABA” an Example." World Journal of Educational Research 7, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): p30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v7n4p30.
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This study aims at investigating the translation of the lexical meaning of the root word verb in the Holy Quran. A relatively old and a contemporary translations of the meaning of the Holy Quran are employed to investigate the meaning of the word verb “KATABA”. These are George Sale’s and King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran’s translations of its meaning. The word appears eight times in six chapters (“suras” in Arabic) in the Holy Quran. The two translations give six synonyms for the word through the eight different contexts. The study finds that understanding the context, environment, and reason of revelation guide the translator find the proper equivalent of the Holy Quran word. It is also found that translating the Holy Quran with its miraculous and high linguistic style is not easy. Similarly, translating a word isolated out of its context will turn into a literal distorted text. Furthermore, it is also found that using footnotes and explanations is inevitable.
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Zhang, Chun Xiang, Long Deng, Xue Yao Gao, and Li Li Guo. "Word Sense Disambiguation for Improving the Quality of Machine Translation." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.153.
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Word sense disambiguation is key to many application problems in natural language processing. In this paper, a specific classifier of word sense disambiguation is introduced into machine translation system in order to improve the quality of the output translation. Firstly, translation of ambiguous word is deleted from machine translation of Chinese sentence. Secondly, ambiguous word is disambiguated and the classification labels are translations of ambiguous word. Thirdly, these two translations are combined. 50 Chinese sentences including ambiguous words are collected for test experiments. Experimental results show that the translation quality is improved after the proposed method is applied.
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Leonavičienė, Aurelija. "Interpretation and Translation of Intertextual Meanings of Lithuanian Literature into French." Respectus Philologicus 23, no. 28 (April 25, 2013): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2013.23.28.8.
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This article analyses the intertextual meanings of Lithuanian literature, how they are interpreted, and some tendencies of their translation into French. The material for the analysis comprises 27 Lithuanian literature novels and ten poems, together with their translations into French (published from 2000–2010). The analysis shows the tendencies of translation of intertextual meanings during the last decade. The results of the quantitative research indicate that intertextual meanings are mainly translated by proper names, meaningful word groups, and phrases. A dominant tendency when translating intertextual meanings into French is translation without changes, when the intertextual meaning is understood equivalently in both the source and target cultures, without the need for additional explanation. Other translation strategies (explicit rendering of intertextual meaning; wordfor-word translation or “internal emphasis”) were applied more rarely. Even though the examples of word-for-word translation comprise only one-fifth of all analysed intertextual meanings, the results of their analysis suggest that translators sometimes fail to choose appropriate translation strategies and translate the word forms of the intertextual units; in such cases, the translations lose important intertextual connections, intellectual and emotional connotations are neutralized, and the readers of the translation face “culture bumps.”
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DEGANI, TAMAR, and NATASHA TOKOWICZ. "Ambiguous words are harder to learn." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2010): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990411.
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Relatively little is known about the role of ambiguity in adult second-language learning. In this study, native English speakers learned Dutch–English translation pairs that either mapped in a one-to-one fashion (unambiguous items) in that a Dutch word uniquely corresponded to one English word, or mapped in a one-to-many fashion (ambiguous items), with two Dutch translations corresponding to a single English word. These two Dutch translations could function as exact synonyms, corresponding to a single meaning, or could correspond to different meanings of an ambiguous English word (e.g., wisselgeld denotes the monetary meaning of the word change, and verandering denotes alteration). Several immediate and delayed tests revealed that such translation ambiguity creates a challenge for learners. Furthermore, words with multiple translations corresponding to the same meaning are more difficult to learn than words with multiple translations corresponding to multiple meanings, suggesting that a one-to-many mapping underlies this ambiguity disadvantage.
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Ueffing, Nicola, and Hermann Ney. "Word-Level Confidence Estimation for Machine Translation." Computational Linguistics 33, no. 1 (March 2007): 9–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.2007.33.1.9.
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This article introduces and evaluates several different word-level confidence measures for machine translation. These measures provide a method for labeling each word in an automatically generated translation as correct or incorrect. All approaches to confidence estimation presented here are based on word posterior probabilities. Different concepts of word posterior probabilities as well as different ways of calculating them will be introduced and compared. They can be divided into two categories: System-based methods that explore knowledge provided by the translation system that generated the translations, and direct methods that are independent of the translation system. The system-based techniques make use of system output, such as word graphs or N-best lists. The word posterior probability is determined by summing the probabilities of the sentences in the translation hypothesis space that contains the target word. The direct confidence measures take other knowledge sources, such as word or phrase lexica, into account. They can be applied to output from nonstatistical machine translation systems as well. Experimental assessment of the different confidence measures on various translation tasks and in several language pairs will be presented. Moreover,the application of confidence measures for rescoring of translation hypotheses will be investigated.
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Al-Shalabi, Riyad, Ghassan Kanaan, Huda Al-Sarhan, Alaa Drabsh, and Islam Al-Husban. "Evaluating Machine Translations from Arabic into English and Vice Versa." International Research Journal of Electronics and Computer Engineering 3, no. 2 (June 24, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/irjece.2017.3.2.01.
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Abstract—Machine translation (MT) allows direct communication between two persons without the need for the third party or via dictionary in your pocket, which could bring significant and per formative improvement. Since most traditional translational way is a word-sensitive, it is very important to consider the word order in addition to word selection in the evaluation of any machine translation. To evaluate the MT performance, it is necessary to dynamically observe the translation in the machine translator tool according to word order, and word selection and furthermore the sentence length. However, applying a good evaluation with respect to all previous points is a very challenging issue. In this paper, we first summarize various approaches to evaluate machine translation. We propose a practical solution by selecting an appropriate powerful tool called iBLEU to evaluate the accuracy degree of famous MT tools (i.e. Google, Bing, Systranet and Babylon). Based on the solution structure, we further discuss the performance order for these tools in both directions Arabic to English and English to Arabic. After extensive testing, we can decide that any direction gives more accurate results in translation based on the selected machine translations MTs. Finally, we proved the choosing of Google as best system performance and Systranet as the worst one.
Index Terms: Machine Translation, MTs, Evaluation for Machine Translation, Google, Bing, Systranet and Babylon, Machine Translation tools, BLEU, iBLEU.
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Xiao, Richard. "Word clusters and reformulation markers in Chinese and English." Languages in Contrast 11, no. 2 (September 30, 2011): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.11.2.01xia.
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This article presents a corpus-based contrastive study of word clusters and reformulation markers in Chinese and English, and discusses the implications of the findings for translation universal hypotheses. The study is based on three balanced comparable corpora which represent British English, native Chinese and translational Chinese in addition to an English-Chinese parallel corpus which provides a basis for comparing native and translated English and investigating explicitation in translation. Our results show that word clusters are substantially more common in translated Chinese, suggesting a tendency in translations to use fixed and semi-fixed recurring patterns in an attempt to achieve improved fluency. The more frequent use of word clusters, especially those of high frequency and high coverage in translational Chinese, is also likely to be a result of the influence of the English source language because word clusters are significantly more prevalent in native English in relation to native Chinese. Chinese and English tend to use reformulation markers of different styles while on the other hand, reformulation markers are generally more common in both translated English and translated Chinese than in their native counterparts, suggesting that reformulation markers function as a strategy for explicitation in translations, which tend to use oral, stylistically simpler forms than non-translated texts.
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Degani, Tamar, Anat Prior, Chelsea M. Eddington, Ana B. Arêas da Luz Fontes, and Natasha Tokowicz. "Determinants of translation ambiguity." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6, no. 3 (January 25, 2016): 290–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.14013.deg.
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Abstract Ambiguity in translation is highly prevalent, and has consequences for second-language learning and for bilingual lexical processing. To better understand this phenomenon, the current study compared the determinants of translation ambiguity across four sets of translation norms from English to Spanish, Dutch, German and Hebrew. The number of translations an English word received was correlated across these different languages, and was also correlated with the number of senses the word has in English, demonstrating that translation ambiguity is partially determined by within-language semantic ambiguity. For semantically-ambiguous English words, the probability of the different translations in Spanish and Hebrew was predicted by the meaning-dominance structure in English, beyond the influence of other lexical and semantic factors, for bilinguals translating from their L1, and translating from their L2. These findings are consistent with models postulating direct access to meaning from L2 words for moderately-proficient bilinguals.
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Malcolm, Matthew R. "Governing Imagery and the Translation of the Words philadelphia and anachusis in 1 Peter 1.22 and 4.4." Bible Translator 70, no. 1 (April 2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051677018823042.
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One element of the task of translation is the need to consider contextual clues in the source text that help to inform choices between alternative possibilities in the target language. I suggest that greater awareness of such contextual clues for two words in 1 Peter would result in better translations than are currently found in two major English Bible versions (NIV2011 and NRSV). Specifically, the context of 1.3–2.3 would suggest that the familial nuance of the word philadelphia should be retained in translation, because this word is part of a section governed by familial imagery. Also, the context of 3.17–4.6 would suggest that the aquatic nuance of the word anachusis should be retained in translation, because this word is part of a section governed by the imagery of the flood. I look into the semantic-pragmatic possibilities for these words, and propose that NRSV and NIV could be improved by changing their translations of these words. Finally, implications for the translations of these words in other English versions and in other languages are discussed.
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PRIOR, ANAT, JUDITH F. KROLL, and BRIAN MACWHINNEY. "Translation ambiguity but not word class predicts translation performance." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 2 (July 13, 2012): 458–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728912000272.
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We investigated the influence of word class and translation ambiguity on cross-linguistic representation and processing. Bilingual speakers of English and Spanish performed translation production and translation recognition tasks on nouns and verbs in both languages. Words either had a single translation or more than one translation. Translation probability, as determined by normative data, was the strongest predictor of translation production and translation recognition, after controlling for psycholinguistic variables. Word class did not explain additional variability in translation performance, raising the possibility that previous findings of differences between nouns and verbs might be attributed to the greater translation ambiguity of verbs relative to nouns. Proficiency in the second language was associated with quicker and more successful production of translations for ambiguous words, and with more accurate recognition of translations for ambiguous words. Working memory capacity was related to the speed of recognizing low probability translations for ambiguous words. These results underscore the importance of considering translation ambiguity in research on bilingual lexical and conceptual knowledge.
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Song, Yonsuk. "Ethics of journalistic translation and its implications for machine translation." APTIF 9 - Reality vs. Illusion 66, no. 4-5 (October 2, 2020): 829–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00188.son.
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Abstract Journalistic translation is governed by a target-oriented norm that allows varying degrees of intervention by journalists. Given the public’s expectations for the fidelity of translated news, this norm entails ethical issues. This paper examines the ethical dimensions of journalistic translation through a case study of political news translation in the South Korean context. It investigates how newspapers translated a US president’s references to two South Korean presidents in accordance with the newspapers’ ideologies and then came to apply the translations as negative labels as the political situation evolved over time. The study demonstrates how even word-level translation can require an intricate understanding of the sociopolitical context and cumulative meanings of a word. It then draws its implications for machine translation by comparing the human translations with machine translations of the references in question. It concludes by discussing why machine translation cannot yet replace human translation, at least between Korean and English, and what translation studies should do regarding the ethics of journalistic translation.
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Jiang, Nan, Man Li, and Taomei Guo. "A tale of two frequency effects: Toward a verification model of L2 word recognition." Applied Psycholinguistics 41, no. 1 (November 25, 2019): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716419000481.
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AbstractThis study examined the activation of first language (L1) translations in second language (L2) word recognition in a lexical decision task. Test materials included English words that differed in the frequency of their Chinese translations or in their surface lexical frequency while other lexical properties were controlled. Chinese speakers of English as a second language of different proficiencies and native speakers of English were tested. Native speakers produced a reliable lexical frequency effect but no translation frequency effect. English as a second language speakers of lower English proficiency showed both a translation frequency effect and a lexical frequency effect, but those of higher English proficiency showed a lexical frequency effect only. The results were discussed in a verification model of L2 word recognition. According to the model, L2 word recognition entails a checking procedure in which activated L2 words are checked against their L1 translations. The two frequency effects are seen to have two different loci. The lexical frequency effect is associated with the initial activation of L2 lemmas, and the translation frequency effect arises in the verification process. Existing evidence for verification in L2 word recognition and new issues this model raises are discussed.
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Repiso, Isabel. "The Impact of the Source Language in Spanish Translations: A Survey on English Counterfactuals ‘Should have’." Meta 63, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050518ar.
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The present article shows that the most frequent way of translating Should have + Past participle in Spanish is the word-by-word translation Debería haber. This preference is not coherent with the language use of natives at three levels: (i) the marginal role of modal verbs to express the speaker’s subjectivity in Spanish; (ii) the preferred use of modal verbs in the past participle position (e.g., No hubiese debido tener libros); and (iii) the predominant use of the pluperfect subjunctive as a prompting tense for counterfactual readings. Our survey is based on 1.7 million-word Social Sciences corpus covering 8 essays, 4 political biographies and 2 dystopian novels. In all, 9 sentences containing should have + past participle were analyzed. The translations were crossed with a reference corpus in Spanish containing 154 million words (CREA). The translators’ preference by Debería haber has an effect in the output texts’ readability since it implies a reversal in the frequencies of the Spanish constructions pertaining to the irrealis semantic domain. Our results provide empirical cues to prevent the word-by-word translation Debería haber, such as avoiding infinitive periphrastic constructions or favoring subjunctive mood’s tenses.
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Offerhaus, G. J. A., A. C. Tersmette, Johanna Hershey, R. A. Polacsek, and G. W. Moore. "Dutch Respelling Rules for English and German Medical Word Lists." Methods of Information in Medicine 26, no. 03 (July 1987): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635495.
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SummaryComputer translation programs for foreign language texts have recently become available commercially and in the public domain, but large medical lexicons for these programs are not readily available. It has been shown that many English words can be “respelled” to form their corresponding translations in other Western European languages. We have used lists of 139,451 English and 185,137 German medical terms to generate respeliings in the Dutch language. The English list yielded 39,035 Dutch respeliings, and the German list yielded 56,683 respeliings. Medical respelling rules can substantially lower the effort of installing and maintaining a medically oriented computer translation program.
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Song, Kai, Kun Wang, Heng Yu, Yue Zhang, Zhongqiang Huang, Weihua Luo, Xiangyu Duan, and Min Zhang. "Alignment-Enhanced Transformer for Constraining NMT with Pre-Specified Translations." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 8886–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6418.
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We investigate the task of constraining NMT with pre-specified translations, which has practical significance for a number of research and industrial applications. Existing works impose pre-specified translations as lexical constraints during decoding, which are based on word alignments derived from target-to-source attention weights. However, multiple recent studies have found that word alignment derived from generic attention heads in the Transformer is unreliable. We address this problem by introducing a dedicated head in the multi-head Transformer architecture to capture external supervision signals. Results on five language pairs show that our method is highly effective in constraining NMT with pre-specified translations, consistently outperforming previous methods in translation quality.
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Meyers, Jeffrey D. "Hypomonē as “Enduring Resistance”: Finding Nonviolence in the Book of Revelation." Bible Translator 69, no. 1 (April 2018): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051677018764266.
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The Greek word hypomonē frequently has a more active quality than translations such as “patience” or “endurance” suggest. This is particularly the case in the book of Revelation, where some scholars have suggested translating it as “resistance” or “nonviolent resistance.” This article argues that “enduring resistance” is the most appropriate way of rendering this word in John’s Apocalypse. This translation highlights hypomonē as part of Revelation’s call for its audience to engage in nonviolent resistance to the evils and seductions of the Roman Empire.
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Streiter, Oliver, and Leonid L. Iomdin. "Learning Lessons from Bilingual Corpora: Benefits for Machine Translation." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 199–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.5.2.06str.
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The research described in this paper is rooted in the endeavors to combine the advantages of corpus-based and rule-based MT approaches in order to improve the performance of MT systems—most importantly, the quality of translation. The authors review the ongoing activities in the field and present a case study, which shows how translation knowledge can be drawn from parallel corpora and compiled into the lexicon of a rule-based MT system. These data are obtained with the help of three procedures: (1) identification of hence unknown one-word translations, (2) statistical rating of the known one-word translations, and (3) extraction of new translations of multiword expressions (MWEs) followed by compilation steps which create new rules for the MT engine. As a result, the lexicon is enriched with translation equivalents attested for different subject domains, which facilitates the tuning of the MT system to a specific subject domain and improves the quality and adequacy of translation.
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Schwarzwald, Ora (Rodrigue). "Linguistic Variations in Early Ladino Translations." Journal of Jewish Languages 2, no. 1 (June 9, 2014): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340023.
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The differences between early Ladino liturgical translations andhalakhictranslations, both of which were based on Hebrew sources, are analyzed in this study. The liturgical translations include the Bible, Pirke Avot, the Passover Haggadah, and the Siddur as well as biblical citations in these sources. The halakhic translations includeMesa de el alma(Shulḥan Hapanimin Hebrew) which is a translation ofShulḥan Arukh, the translations ofḤovat Halevavot, and the halakhic instructions in the prayer books. While there are no significant variations in orthography between the two kinds of translations and morphology demonstrates few differences, syntax, discourse analysis, and lexicon reveal great variability. The halakhic translations demonstrate simplification, explicitation, normalization, and a small amount of interference, whereas the liturgical translations adhere to very strict norms of word-for-word translation. It was also found in both kinds of texts that the western translations from Italy and the Netherlands done by former converted Jews (anusim) follow Spanish norms more than the eastern Ladino conventions of the Jews in the Balkans and Asia Minor.
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Vayntrub, Jacqueline. "‘To Take Up a Parable’: The History of Translating a Biblical Idiom." Vetus Testamentum 66, no. 4 (October 12, 2016): 627–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341252.
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The following study examines the history of the translation of a Biblical Hebrew phrase in Greek, Aramaic, and Latin—a phrase which shaped the English idiom “to take up a parable, proverb, or song.” As early as Greek and Aramaic Bible translations, the phrase NŚʾ mɔšɔl was translated word-for-word in the target language, even though the verb used in the target language did not previously attest the specific sense of “speech performance.” This same translational strategy persists in modern translations of this idiom, preventing scholars from understanding the idiom as it was used by biblical authors. The study compares the Biblical Hebrew phrase to a similar Ugaritic phrase, showing how it should be understood to express the voicing of speech rather than the initiating of speech. The study concludes by offering an English translation which more closely reflects the metaphor for voice-activation employed by the Biblical Hebrew phrase.
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PRIOR, ANAT, SHULY WINTNER, BRIAN MACWHINNEY, and ALON LAVIE. "Translation ambiguity in and out of context." Applied Psycholinguistics 32, no. 1 (October 7, 2010): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716410000305.
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ABSTRACTWe compare translations of single words, made by bilingual speakers in a laboratory setting, with contextualized translation choices of the same items, made by professional translators and extracted from parallel language corpora. The translation choices in both cases show moderate convergence, demonstrating that decontextualized translation probabilities partially reflect bilinguals’ life experience regarding the conditional distributions of alternative translations. Lexical attributes of the target word differ in their ability to predict translation probability: form similarity is a stronger predictor in decontextualized translation choice, whereas word frequency and semantic salience are stronger predictors for context-embedded translation choice. These findings establish the utility of parallel language corpora as important tools in psycholinguistic investigations of bilingual language processing.
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Lavidas, Nikolaos. "Word order and closest-conjunct agreement in the Greek Septuagint: On the position of a biblical translation in the diachrony of a syntactic correlation." Questions and Answers in Linguistics 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 37–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/qal-2019-0003.
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Abstract Clauses can show closest-conjunct agreement, where the verb agrees only with one conjunct of a conjoined subject, and not with the full conjoined subject. The aim of this study is to examine the properties of word order and closest-conjunct agreement in the Greek Septuagint to distinguish which of them are due to the native syntax of Koiné Greek, possibly influenced by contact with Hebrew, and which of them are the result of a biblical translation effect. Both VSO and closest-conjunct agreement in the case of postverbal subjects have been considered characteristics of Biblical Hebrew. VSO becomes a neutral word order for Koiné Greek, and Koiné Greek exhibits examples of closest-conjunct agreement as well. The present study shows that VSO is the neutral word order for various types of texts of Koiné Greek (biblical and non-biblical, translations and non-translations) and that closest-conjunct agreement is also present with similar characteristics in pre-Koiné Greek. All relevant characteristics reflect a type of a syntactic change in Greek related to the properties of the T domain, and evidenced not only in translations or Biblical Greek. However, the frequencies of word orders are indeed affected by the source language, and indirect translation effects are evident in the Greek Septuagint.
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Chia, Philip Suciadi. "The Analysis of The Translation of 'אֲמֻצִּים' In Zechariah 63 and 67." Journal Kerugma 1, no. 1 (November 15, 2018): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33856/kerugma.v1i1.59.
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There are some ancient sacred texts for Christianity such as Hebrew Bible, Syriac Peshitta, Septuagint, Aramaic Targum and Latin Vulgate. However, the translation of these ancient texts is not always having the same nuance or literal meaning. Zechariah 6:3 and 6:7 are one example. The word “אֲמֻצִּים” or strong has been translated diversely in our ancient sacred texts. Therefore, this paper will attempt to discuss multiple translations for the word “אֲמֻצִּים” or strong. The discussion will cover the purpose of these various translations. The possible reason behind the selection of the meaning will also be discussed in this paper.
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Kuśmirek, Anna. "„I niosłem was na skrzydłach orlich” (Wj 19, 4) – metafora w tłumaczeniach targumicznych." Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny 57, no. 2 (June 30, 2004): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21906/rbl.489.
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The phenomenon of biblical metaphor has been discussed in the context of Aramaic translation. This article will attempt to illustrate targumic approach to the biblical metaphor or simile from Ex 19:4 „I carried you away on eagle’s wings”. These translations may be classified into several groups: literal translation – word for word (Samaritan Targum), exegetical targums – one myth exchanged for another (Palestinian Targums – identification the eagles with the cloudes) and a twofold exegetical conception (T. Neofiti I).
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Wijaya, Tomi. "AN ANALYSIS ON TRANSLATION METHODS’ PREFERENCE IN MEMOIR TRANSLATIONS PUBLISHED BY WARUNGSATEKAMU." Lire Journal (Journal of Linguistics and Literature) 2, no. 2 (October 27, 2018): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/lire.v2i2.29.
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This study investigates the general translation methods preference in memoir translations published by Warungsatekamu until April 2018 and what are the features of each translation method. This study uses translation method categories proposed by Newmark (1988). The data are twelve memoir translation texts which originally were written in English, and had been translated by Warungsatekamu’s translator into Indonesian. The result of translation methods analysis shows that there are seven translation methods applied. They are communicative translation method, free translation method, idiomatic translation method, faithful translation method, semantic translation method, word-for-word translation method and literal translation method. What influences these seven methods to be applied are the specific features of each translation methods.
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Östling, Robert, and Jörg Tiedemann. "Efficient Word Alignment with Markov Chain Monte Carlo." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 106, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pralin-2016-0013.
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Abstract We present EFMARAL, a new system for efficient and accurate word alignment using a Bayesian model with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference. Through careful selection of data structures and model architecture we are able to surpass the fast_align system, commonly used for performance-critical word alignment, both in computational efficiency and alignment accuracy. Our evaluation shows that a phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) system produces translations of higher quality when using word alignments from EFMARAL than from fast_align, and that translation quality is on par with what is obtained using GIZA++, a tool requiring orders of magnitude more processing time. More generally we hope to convince the reader that Monte Carlo sampling, rather than being viewed as a slow method of last resort, should actually be the method of choice for the SMT practitioner and others interested in word alignment.
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Ricci, Ronit. "Reading between the Lines." Journal of World Literature 1, no. 1 (2016): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00101008.
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Interlinear translations from Arabic into Malay and Javanese have been produced in Southeast Asia since at least the sixteenth century. Such translations included an Arabic original with its lines spaced out on the page and a word for word translation appearing between the lines, attempting to replicate the Arabic down to the smallest detail. This essay engages with the theme of World Literature and translation by (1) considering the interlinear text as microcosm: a world of intent and priorities, of a transfer of meaning, of grammar and syntax in translation, of choices and debates, and (2) by thinking of Arabic writing during an earlier period as a world literature sought after in many regions, whose translation in diverse forms and tongues had a vast impact on languages and literary cultures.
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Zarębski, Rafał. "Possessive Adjectives Formed from Personal Names in Polish Translations of the New Testament." Studia Ceranea 3 (December 30, 2013): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.03.14.
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The study focused on possessive adjectives derived by means of the suffixes -ow(y), -in, -sk- formed from proper personal names in old and contemporary translations of the New Testament. Adjectival derivatives have been excerpted from 15 full and 6 incomplete translations of the New Testament, which date back to the 16th, 17th and 20th century. These translations differ in methods of translation (loose and word-for-word; philological, interlinear, ecumenical, dynamic and artistic) and its basis (Greek original or Latin Vulgate). The comparative analysis of old and contemporary translations shows that possessive adjectives, though used frequently in former times, are now going out of use and the substantival genitival attribute is taking their place. This phenomenon is reflected in processes linked with the development of the Polish language. Moreover, tracking the use of the type of adjectives analysed can be used to distinguish various methods of translation. The use of possessive adjectives in contemporary texts suggests respect for the tradition of translation, whereas the failure to use them – the modernization of Polish.
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Vintar, Spela. "Using Parallel Corpora for Translation-Oriented Term Extraction." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 47, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.47.2.04vin.
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In many scientific, technological or political fields terminology and the production of up-to-date reference works is lagging behind, which causes problems to translators and results in inconsistent translations. Parallel corpora of texts already translated can be used as a resource for automatic extraction of terms and terminological collocations. Especially for smaller languages where existing resources are scarce, collecting and exploiting parallel corpora may be the chief method of obtaining terminological data. The paper describes how a methodology for multi-word term extraction and bilingual conceptual mapping was developed for Slovene-English terms. We used word-to-word alignment to extract a bilingual glossary of single-word terms, and for multi-word terms two methods were tested and compared. The statistical method is broadly applicable but gives results of very limited use, while the method of syntactic patterns extracts highly useful terminological phrases, however only from a tagged corpus. A vision of further development is given and how these methods might be incorporated into existing translation tools.
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Gupta, Prabhakar, and Mayank Sharma. "Unsupervised Translation Quality Estimation for Digital Entertainment Content Subtitles." International Journal of Semantic Computing 14, no. 01 (March 2020): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x20500026.
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We demonstrate the potential for using aligned bilingual word embeddings in developing an unsupervised method to evaluate machine translations without a need for parallel translation corpus or reference corpus. We explain different aspects of digital entertainment content subtitles. We share our experimental results for four languages pairs English to French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, and present findings on the shortcomings of Neural Machine Translation for subtitles. We propose several improvements over the system designed by Gupta et al. [P. Gupta, S. Shekhawat and K. Kumar, Unsupervised quality estimation without reference corpus for subtitle machine translation using word embeddings, IEEE 13th Int. Conf. Semantic Computing, 2019, pp. 32–38.] by incorporating custom embedding model curated to subtitles, compound word splits and punctuation inclusion. We show a massive run time improvement of the order of [Formula: see text] by considering three types of edits, removing Proximity Intensity Index (PII) and changing post-edit score calculation from their system.
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Passban, Peyman, Qun Liu, and Andy Way. "Providing Morphological Information for SMT Using Neural Networks." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 108, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pralin-2017-0026.
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Abstract Treating morphologically complex words (MCWs) as atomic units in translation would not yield a desirable result. Such words are complicated constituents with meaningful subunits. A complex word in a morphologically rich language (MRL) could be associated with a number of words or even a full sentence in a simpler language, which means the surface form of complex words should be accompanied with auxiliary morphological information in order to provide a precise translation and a better alignment. In this paper we follow this idea and propose two different methods to convey such information for statistical machine translation (SMT) models. In the first model we enrich factored SMT engines by introducing a new morphological factor which relies on subword-aware word embeddings. In the second model we focus on the language-modeling component. We explore a subword-level neural language model (NLM) to capture sequence-, word- and subword-level dependencies. Our NLM is able to approximate better scores for conditional word probabilities, so the decoder generates more fluent translations. We studied two languages Farsi and German in our experiments and observed significant improvements for both of them.
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TSVETKOV, YULIA, and SHULY WINTNER. "Extraction of multi-word expressions from small parallel corpora." Natural Language Engineering 18, no. 4 (March 21, 2012): 549–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324912000101.
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AbstractWe present a general, novel methodology for extracting multi-word expressions (MWEs) of various types, along with their translations, from small, word-aligned parallel corpora. Unlike existing approaches, we focus on misalignments; these typically indicate expressions in the source language that are translated to the target in a non-compositional way. We introduce a simple algorithm that proposes MWE candidates based on such misalignments, relying on 1:1 alignments as anchors that delimit the search space. We use a large monolingual corpus to rank and filter these candidates. Evaluation of the quality of the extraction algorithm reveals significant improvements over naïve alignment-based methods. The extracted MWEs, with their translations, are used in the training of a statistical machine translation system, showing a small but significant improvement in its performance.
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Lim, Lily, and Kwok Ying Loi. "Evaluating slogan translation from the readers’ perspective." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 61, no. 2 (October 23, 2015): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.61.2.07lim.
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Slogans play an important role in conveying information to targeted audiences, and the translation of slogans tends to be studied under the rubric of public-notice translation. Previous research mainly uses researchers’ expertise to evaluate the quality of this type of translation. Yet, little is known about what the targeted readers think about the translation, although their opinions present key information that helps to determine whether the translation has achieved the intended effect. This paper elicits and systematically analyzes readers’ responses. We investigate the case of Macao, a rapidly growing economy where the demand for English translation has markedly increased in recent decades. Public administration bodies in Macao have commissioned Chinese-to-English translation in varied areas such as tourism, social security and welfare, cultural and sports events. We sampled ten translated slogans that were used in the public sector, and administered survey questionnaires (n=130) to both source-text and target-text readers. The two groups of readers’ evaluations, based on the criteria of fluency, conciseness, persuasiveness and mnemonic effect, reveal that the translations are perceived significantly less favorably than the originals are. Readers most strongly disliked word-for-word translations, and pointed out numerous problems with the translations such as ungrammaticality, inappropriate word use, lack of appeal, and unintelligibility due to insufficient background knowledge. This research demonstrates the tangible value of using readers’ responses to evaluate translation quality. It also has implications for translator training, and recommends that public authorities should institute a rigorous quality assurance system.
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Islam, Sehrish. "Semantic Loss in Two English Translations of Surah Ya-Sin by Two Translators (Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Arthur John Arberry)." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 1, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.v1i4.322.
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The aim of the present study is to examine the semantic Loss and its causes in two English translations of Surah Ya-Sin by two translators: Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Arthur John Arberry. Semantic loss focuses on over-translation, under-translation or mistranslation of a source text and can result in partial or complete loss of meaning in the target text. Semantic loss is inevitable while translating from a source language due to the lack of equivalence of some cultural words in the target language. Baker’s typology of equivalence (1992) was adopted to identify causes of losses in the two English translations: Equivalence at word level, above word level, Textual, Grammatical and Pragmatic Equivalence. This research is qualitative in nature and is based on Hermeneutics, an interpretative framework of translation studies. The English translations of Surah Ya-Sin were selected from Abdullah Yusuf Ali’s work “The Holy Qur’an: Text and Translation” (1938) and Arthur John Arberry’s “The Koran Interpreted” (1968). Two language experts were consulted for the present study to understand the meanings of the source text. Moreover Tafsir by Ibn Khathir (2000) was used as a reference book. The analysis of the data revealed frequent partial loss of meaning in Abdullah Yusuf Ali’s translation and complete loss of meaning in Arthur John Arberry’s translation. Linguistic deviation from the source text was identified as one of the major causes of such losses.
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DUQUE, ANDRES, LOURDES ARAUJO, and JUAN MARTINEZ-ROMO. "CO-graph: A new graph-based technique for cross-lingual word sense disambiguation." Natural Language Engineering 21, no. 5 (April 16, 2015): 743–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324915000091.
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AbstractIn this paper, we present a new method based on co-occurrence graphs for performing Cross-Lingual Word Sense Disambiguation (CLWSD). The proposed approach comprises the automatic generation of bilingual dictionaries, and a new technique for the construction of a co-occurrence graph used to select the most suitable translations from the dictionary. Different algorithms that combine both the dictionary and the co-occurrence graph are then used for performing this selection of the final translations: techniques based on sub-graphs (communities) containing clusters of words with related meanings, based on distances between nodes representing words, and based on the relative importance of each node in the whole graph. The initial output of the system is enhanced with translation probabilities, provided by a statistical bilingual dictionary. The system is evaluated using datasets from two competitions: task 3 of SemEval 2010, and task 10 of SemEval 2013. Results obtained by the different disambiguation techniques are analysed and compared to those obtained by the systems participating in the competitions. Our system offers the best results in comparison with other unsupervised systems in most of the experiments, and even overcomes supervised systems in some cases.
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Polovinkina, O. I. "Pound, E. (2019). Cathay. A critical edition. Ed. by T. Billings. New York: Fordham U. P." Voprosy literatury, no. 2 (June 17, 2021): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2021-2-282-287.
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The new edition of E. Pound's poetic collection Cathay, first published in 1915, shows the idea of world literature to be as real as it is problematic. Thanks to T. Billings, the editor behind the publication, the book offers the most exhaustive description of the process whereby the translations were created: it involved not only Pound and Fenollosa, but also K. Mori and N. Ariga, who represent the Japanese tradition of reading classical Chinese poetry. The volume contains almost all of Pound's Chinese translations produced in the 1910s, his essay ‘Chinese Poetry,' as well as an impressive scholarly corpus: articles on the significance of these translations in the era of close relations between China and the West, extracts from Fenollosa's notebooks deciphered by Billings, and the original Chinese poems, each supplied with comments. The reconstruction of the process by which word-for-word translations were created puts Pound's translation effort into a new perspective.
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Guediche, Sara, Martijn Baart, and Arthur G. Samuel. "Semantic priming effects can be modulated by crosslinguistic interactions during second-language auditory word recognition." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 5 (February 24, 2020): 1082–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728920000164.
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AbstractThe current study investigates how second language auditory word recognition, in early and highly proficient Spanish–Basque (L1-L2) bilinguals, is influenced by crosslinguistic phonological-lexical interactions and semantic priming. Phonological overlap between a word and its translation equivalent (phonological cognate status), and semantic relatedness of a preceding prime were manipulated. Experiment 1 examined word recognition performance in noisy listening conditions that introduce a high degree of uncertainty, whereas Experiment 2 employed clear listening conditions, with low uncertainty. Under noisy listening conditions, semantic priming effects interacted with phonological cognate status: for word recognition accuracy, a related prime overcame inhibitory effects of phonological overlap between target words and their translations. These findings are consistent with models of bilingual word recognition that incorporate crosslinguistic phonological-lexical-semantic interactions. Moreover, they suggest an interplay between L2-L1 interactions and the integration of information across acoustic and semantic levels of processing in flexibly mapping the speech signal onto the spoken words, under adverse listening conditions.
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Takebayashi, Yuto, Chenhui Chu, Yuki Arase, and Masaaki Nagata. "Word Rewarding Model Using a Bilingual Dictionary for Neural Machine Translations." Journal of Natural Language Processing 26, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 711–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5715/jnlp.26.711.
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Ghoreishi, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein, and Sirwan Aminzadeh. "The Effects of Translation Shifts on The Readability in Translation of Children’s Literature." Asian Social Science 12, no. 6 (May 20, 2016): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n6p239.
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<p>This study examines the effects of translation shifts on the level of readability in translating children’s literature. It conducts this study on three Persian translations of “<em>Alice’s Adventures in the Wonderland</em>” to rank Catford’s shifts based on their effects on the readability of translation. To do that, in this study, the typology of Catford’s shifts will be extended, and the way to measure text readability will be modulated to include the effects of these shifts on the translation readability.</p><p>Thus, Ranking 14 types of shifts, the study reveals that complex shifts (represented as clauses and groups in the texts) are more effective than simple shifts (which are symbolized as single word -nouns and adjective, determiners- in the text) on the readability of translations. This means the complex shifts are more recognizable for children. Of course, verbs, although are mostly the representatives of simple shifts, are very effective on readability of text. Since, they, along with clause and group segments, are will recognizable for them. Therefore children cannot determine the place of single words in the text, but are expert in realizing word clusters in form of clauses and groups.</p>
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Vulić, Ivan, and Marie-Francine Moens. "Bilingual Distributed Word Representations from Document-Aligned Comparable Data." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 55 (April 12, 2016): 953–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4986.
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We propose a new model for learning bilingual word representations from non-parallel document-aligned data. Following the recent advances in word representation learning, our model learns dense real-valued word vectors, that is, bilingual word embeddings (BWEs). Unlike prior work on inducing BWEs which heavily relied on parallel sentence-aligned corpora and/or readily available translation resources such as dictionaries, the article reveals that BWEs may be learned solely on the basis of document-aligned comparable data without any additional lexical resources nor syntactic information. We present a comparison of our approach with previous state-of-the-art models for learning bilingual word representations from comparable data that rely on the framework of multilingual probabilistic topic modeling (MuPTM), as well as with distributional local context-counting models. We demonstrate the utility of the induced BWEs in two semantic tasks: (1) bilingual lexicon extraction, (2) suggesting word translations in context for polysemous words. Our simple yet effective BWE-based models significantly outperform the MuPTM-based and context-counting representation models from comparable data as well as prior BWE-based models, and acquire the best reported results on both tasks for all three tested language pairs.
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Markuckaitė, EGLĖ, and Jonė Grigaliūnienė. "WHAT IS “RIGHT” IN TRANSLATION: CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES FROM LINGUISTIC POINT OF VIEW." Vertimo studijos 7, no. 7 (April 5, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vertstud.2014.7.10532.
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The present paper reports on the study of the cultural word right, which is arguably one of the most culture-specific words in the English language (Wierzbicka 2006, 64). One of the means of measurement of culture-specificity is its translation into other languages. In the present study, the Parallel English-Lithuanian Corpus, compiled at the Centre of Computational Linguistics of Vytautas Magnus University, was used as the basis for checking the translations of the word right. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of research were applied in distinguishing the senses of the English word right and its correspondences in Lithuanian as well as making some inferences regarding the possible cultural differences. The research findings show that while the concept of the English word right is based on respect for rational thinking, logical deductions, and evidence, the Lithuanian correspondences are associated more with metaphysical truth and the dichotomy between GOOD and BAD.
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Dinarty, Arma. "The Use of Pocket Dictionary and Online Word-For-Word Translation on Reading Skill: An Experimental Study at Sman 4 Kota Bima Academic Year 2018/2019." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 5 (December 19, 2019): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i5.1221.
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This research is aimed at comparing the impact of published pocket dictionary (PD) and online word-for- word (OWfW) translation on the students’ reading skill. The study was conducted at the second year students of SMAN 4 Kota Bima in the academic year 2018/2019. The method used was experimental study wherein two classes of students were purposively selected as experimental samples. One class of 32 students (i.e. XI Science 1) served as the pocket dictionary group and one class of 32 students (i.e. XI Science 2) were selected as the word-for-word online translation group. Each group was taught three types of reading texts (i.e. narrative, argument, and procedure) obtained from pedagogic texts in the textbooks and authentic texts from other (non-textbook) sources. Pre-test and post-test were administered to each group prior to and after the treatment. The data was analyzed by using multiple t- test formula comparing multiple dimensions of the dictionary use and the reading skills. The study shows that both PD and OWfW translations were equally effective in assisting the students with the reading skills. PD translation is more effective for skimming skill useful for general comprehension of reading texts, OWfW translation is more effective for helping students scan for specific information in the texts. The paper also discusses opportunities and challenges facing the students in using the dictionary types.
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Frīdenberga, Anna. "Kādas ādas atrodam 17. gadsimta latviešu rakstu avotos." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 24 (December 2, 2020): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2020.24.052.
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In the article, the word āda, which is the entry for the Historical Dictionary of Latvian (16th–17th centuries), as well as other formatives with this word and word groups, are discussed. In the 17th century’s texts, the word āda is frequently used in two meanings – ‘skin (human or animal)’ and ‘leather’; there are also characteristic word groups with this word. Writing the Historical Dictionary, different problematic questions appear, this time mainly connected with the semantics of word groups, derivatives, or compounds. It is difficult to distinguish the free word groups from idioms, namely, to determine when the transfer of the sense has happened. In Latvian, the source of many idioms is the Bible, especially the first translation at the end of the 17th century (1685–1694) carried out by Ernst Glück. Therefore, considering Latvian texts of the 17th century, often a question appears, whether the word group is used in its direct meaning or it is an idiom, for example, āda niez ‘skin itches’, ādu dīrāt ‘to skin’, ādu noplēst ‘to rip off the skin’ etc. The word āda has some interesting derivatives and compounds in the early texts, for example, priekšāda ‘foreskin’, ādminis ‘skinner’, ādainis ‘made from leather’ etc. To discuss the semantics of words, word groups of the religious texts, a comparison with later translations of the Bible is very useful. The word āda in the 17th century’s texts is a component of such a unique word group as takas āda, meaning ‘leather of unknown animal’. To make conclusions about the name of this animal it probably would be useful to study the Bible texts in original languages.
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Abu Helou, Mamoun, Matteo Palmonari, and Mustafa Jarrar. "Effectiveness of Automatic Translations for Cross-Lingual Ontology Mapping." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 55 (January 25, 2016): 165–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4789.
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Accessing or integrating data lexicalized in different languages is a challenge. Multilingual lexical resources play a fundamental role in reducing the language barriers to map concepts lexicalized in different languages. In this paper we present a large-scale study on the effectiveness of automatic translations to support two key cross-lingual ontology mapping tasks: the retrieval of candidate matches and the selection of the correct matches for inclusion in the final alignment. We conduct our experiments using four different large gold standards, each one consisting of a pair of mapped wordnets, to cover four different families of languages. We categorize concepts based on their lexicalization (type of words, synonym richness, position in a subconcept graph) and analyze their distributions in the gold standards. Leveraging this categorization, we measure several aspects of translation effectiveness, such as word-translation correctness, word sense coverage, synset and synonym coverage. Finally, we thoroughly discuss several findings of our study, which we believe are helpful for the design of more sophisticated cross-lingual mapping algorithms.
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T.S., Santosh Kumar. "Word Sense Disambiguation Using Semantic Web for Tamil to English Statistical Machine Translation." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 5, no. 2 (November 26, 2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.v5.n2.p1.
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<div><p><em> Machine Translation has been an area of linguistic research for almost more than two decades now. But it still remains a very challenging task for devising an automated system which will deliver accurate translations of the natural languages. However, great strides have been made in this field with more success owing to the development of technologies of the web and off late there is a renewed interest in this area of research. </em></p><p><em> Technological advancements in the preceding two decades have influenced Machine Translation in a considerable way. Several MT approaches including Statistical Machine Translation greatly benefitted from these advancements, basically making use of the availability of extensive corpora. Web technology web3.0 uses the semantic web technology which represents any object or resource in the web both syntactically and semantically. This type of representation is very much useful for the computing systems to search any content on the internet similar to lexical search and improve the internet based translations making it more effective and efficient.</em></p><p><em> In this paper we propose a technique to improve existing statistical Machine Translation methods by making use of semantic web technology. Our focus will be on Tamil and Tamil to English MT. The proposed method could successfully integrate a semantic web technique in the process of WSD which forms part of the MT system. The integration is accomplished by using the capabilities of RDFS and OWL into the WSD component of the MT model. The contribution of this work lies in showing that integrating a Semantic web technique in the WSD system significantly improves the performance of a statistical MT system for a translation from Tamil to English.</em></p></div><em> In this paper we assume the availability of large corpora in Tamil language and specific domain based ontologies with Tamil semantic web technology using web3.0. We are positive on the expansion and development of Tamil semantic web and subsequently infer that Tamil to English MT will greatly improve the disambiguation concept apart from other related benefits. This method could enable the enhancement of translation quality by improving on word sense disambiguation process while text is translated from Tamil to English language. This method can also be extended to other languages such as Hindi and Indian Languages.</em>
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Cañizares-Álvarez, Carl, and Virginia C. Mueller Gathercole. "The influence of first language polysemy and first language and second language lexical frequencies on second language learners’ use of false cognates." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 3 (January 10, 2019): 530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918814380.
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Aims and objectives: This study examines second language (L2) bilinguals’ use of words that have the same or similar forms in their two languages but whose meaning extensions differ – that is, false cognates. We examine the conditions under which L2 speakers inappropriately use false cognates in the L2. How do frequency of the relevant words in each language and polysemy of the word in the first language (L1) affect L2 learners’ use of such words? Design: Fifty Spanish L1–English L2 adults translated 80 words in context from Spanish (S) to English (E). The words involved polysemous Spanish words that had several translations in English, one of which was a cognate form. Words were strictly balanced for L1 polysemy (high versus low), frequency of the S word, frequency of the E cognate form, and frequency of the E non-cognate translation. The words were presented in unambiguous contextual frames that pushed for the non-cognate translation in English. Data and analysis: Analyses of variance were used to analyze participants’ translations relative to the variables of Spanish polysemy and the frequencies of the forms in question. Findings: The findings show that the relative transparency or opacity of the mapping between the L1 and L2 influences word choice: the use of a false cognate instead of a competing correct lexical item depends on the complex interaction of L1 polysemy and the lexical frequencies of the L1 and L2 forms in the bilingual’s two languages. Originality: This study strictly controls for several factors crucial to L2 users’ choice of a word in the L2: polysemy in the L1, frequency of the L1 word, and frequencies of the L2 words involved. Significance: When these variables are viewed together, the data reveal a complex interaction showing factors that contribute to the transparency or opacity of the L1–L2 lexical semantic linkages.
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HAEBERLI, ERIC. "Syntactic effects of contact in translations: evidence from object pronoun placement in Middle English." English Language and Linguistics 22, no. 2 (July 2018): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674318000151.
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Whereas object pronouns regularly occurred before the main verb in Old and early Middle English, such word orders were to a large extent lost in Middle English prose by the end of the thirteenth century. Nevertheless, some isolated later texts still show regular preverbal occurrences of object pronouns. Such word orders are most frequent with three texts that are translations of French sources. This article closely examines one of these texts, the Middle English prose Brut, and its source, and argues that contact influence is the most plausible explanation for its distinct behaviour with respect to object pronoun placement. It is also shown that the translator does not slavishly follow his source and that the contact effects are mainly of the statistical type in that word orders occurring very marginally in other texts appear with high frequencies in the Brut while such a contrast is not found for a word order that is unattested elsewhere. These observations are compatible with the equally exceptional but slightly different distribution of object pronouns in another translation from French, the Ayenbite of Inwyt. The findings of this article show that translation-induced contact and, possibly, contact in bilingual language use more generally can have important quantitative effects and that these have to be seriously considered in any syntactic analysis of historical texts based on a foreign source text.
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Lefever, Els, and Véronique Hoste. "Parallel corpora make sense." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 333–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.19.3.02lef.
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We present a multilingual approach to Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), which automatically assigns the contextually appropriate sense to a given word. Instead of using a predefined monolingual sense-inventory, we use a language-independent framework by deriving the senses of a given word from word alignments on a multilingual parallel corpus, which we made available for corpus linguistics research. We built five WSD systems with English as the input language and translations in five supported languages (viz. French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish and German) as senses. The systems incorporate both binary translation features and local context features. The experimental results are very competitive, which confirms our initial hypothesis that each language contributes to the disambiguation of polysemous words. Because our system extracts all information from the parallel corpus, it offers a flexible language-independent approach, which implicitly deals with the sense distinctness issue and allows us to bypass the knowledge acquisition bottleneck for WSD.
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Дударенко, М. А. "Regularization of multilingual topic models." Numerical Methods and Programming (Vychislitel'nye Metody i Programmirovanie), no. 1 (April 2, 2015): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26089/nummet.v16r104.
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Предлагается многоязычная вероятностная тематическая модель, одновременно учитывающая двуязычный словарь и связи между документами параллельной или сравнимой коллекции. Для комбинирования этих двух видов информации применяется аддитивная регуляризация тематических моделей (ARTM). Предлагаются два способа использования двуязычного словаря: первый учитывает только сам факт связи между словами--переводами, во втором настраиваются вероятности переводов в каждой теме. Качество многоязычных моделей измеряется на задаче кросс-язычного поиска, когда запросом является документ на одном языке, а поиск производится среди документов другого языка. Показано, что комбинированный учет слов--переводов из двуязычного словаря и связанных документов улучшает качество кросс-язычного поиска по сравнению с моделями, использующими только один тип информации. Сравнение разных методов включения в модель двуязычных словарей показывает, что оценивание вероятностей переводов не только улучшает качество модели, но и позволяет находить тематический контекст для пар слово--перевод. A multilingual probabilistic topic model based on the additive regularization ARTM allowing to combine both a parallel or comparable corpus and a bilingual translation dictionary is proposed. Two approaches to include information from a bilingual dictionary are discussed: the first one takes into account only the fact of connection between word translations, whereas the second one learns the translation probabilities for each topic. To measure the quality of the proposed multilingual topic model, a cross-language search is performed. For each query document in one language, it is found its translation on another language. It is shown that the combined translation of words from a bilingual dictionary and the corresponding connected documents improves the cross-lingual search compared to the models using only one information source. The use of learning word translation probabilities for bilingual dictionaries improves the quality of the model and allows one to determine a context (a set of topics) for each pair of word translations, where these translations are appropriate.
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Eiselt, Marianne G. "Bühnentexte als Übersetzungsproblem." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 41, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.41.1.05eis.
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Translations for the stage are problematic, because they have to satisfy the demands of theatrical performability and speakability. Mary Snell Hornby's (1984) approach to understanding texts for the theater in a holistic and hermeneutic framework and the consideration of speech criteria have been adopted here. The identified criteria for stage texts are "spoken stage language", multiperspectivity (word play, irony, metapher), rhythm, speakability and audience perception. Applying these aspects, a meaningful translation critique seems possible, because the characteristic features of the play and its demands of performability are considered. This paper discusses multiperspectivity (word play), rhythm, and holistic features in short segments of Georg Büchner's play Woyzeck. These segments are compared with three English translations of Woyzeck in terms of these criteria. The translations chosen are the most recent ones: David G. Richards (1977), John Mackendrick (1979) and Michael Ewans (1989). Even this small selection of texts and stage criteria suggests that a critique of a stage translation should go beyond comparing dictionary equivalents. The criteria of stage language and the holistic focus seem to be a meaningful tool to determine whether the translator has meet the demands for stage effectiveness of the author's original play.