Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Word and sentence bisection'
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1
VERONELLI, LAURA. "Spatial and linguistic encoding of orthographic material. Evidence from neglect patients in line bisection tasks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/43292.
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In line bisection tasks, right-brain damaged patients with unilateral spatial neglect (USN) exhibit a rightward deviation with respect to the objective midpoint of the stimulus, while in neurologically unimpaired participants a reversed bias (“pseudoneglect”) has been consistently reported. In a study with healthy subjects, Arduino et al. (2010) suggested the existence of partially independent mechanisms involved in word and line bisection, not only linguistic but also visuo-perceptual. Furthermore, both lexical and syntactic factors are shown to modulate the reading performance in patients with neglect dyslexia (Rusconi et al., 2004; Cubelli & Beschin, 2005; Friedmann et al., 2011).
A series of studies involving USN patients were conducted in order to investigate the spatial and linguistic encoding of orthographic material through a bisection task. In Study I, right-brain damaged patients with USN, right-brain damaged patients without USN, and matched controls were asked to manually bisect words (5-10-13 letters) and lines of comparable length (Exp. 1), and words with final sequences differing on the prediction made concerning how the word should have been read (stressed on the penultimate or antepenultimate syllable; Exp. 2). Study II required the bisection of words and lines of different lengths, radially oriented. In Study III, patients were asked to bisect affirmative and interrogative sentences varying on the syntactic structure, compared to letter strings and lines (Exp. 1), and sentences in which lexical and syntactic alterations were introduced (Exp.2).
Data from Study I demonstrated that most USN patients show a rightward deviation similar for words and lines, with the bias increasing with stimulus length. However, in individual patients USN can affect the bisection of lines and orthographic material with various degrees of severity, demonstrating that at least partially independent mechanisms interact during bisection (Arduino et al., 2010). Furthermore, the ortho-phonological information contained in the final part of a word could act as a cue, modulating the bisection error in patients and healthy subjects. In Study II, radial words are re-oriented during bisection, reaching their canonical orientation. Finally, the linguistic nature of the stimulus induces facilitation in USN patients, who show a reduced error deviation in case of sentences with respect to letter strings and lines (Study III), even when lexical and syntactic alterations were introduced.
In conclusion, visuo-perceptual and linguistic information (both lexical and possibly syntactic) modulates the allocation of attention in word and sentence bisection.
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Zaki, Souhail. "Exploring word and sentence similarity in corpus." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26821.
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This research addresses the problem of deriving semantic similarity between words of language using corpora and contextual distributions comparison methods. It aims to capture, in a comprehensive way, the similar behavior of words and henceforth properly estimates the semantic similarity between words of the language. The framework proposed for this purpose is incremental and iterative. The system combines the Edit distance and the incremental results as a way for accurate similarity measure. Moreover, a sentence similarity system is developed on top of the word similarity model. Naturally, the proposed model rests on observing the words behavior in large amount of natural text.
As for the strategy followed in this thesis, we first examine existing similarity measures, their hypotheses and show how these measures unfortunately fail to account for some linguistic features for estimating words similarity when they come under fine scrutiny. Furthermore, we present a model to enhance these measures to take into account linguistic characteristics.
Indeed, the suggested model takes large amount of raw data as input, extracts distributions of contexts and infers accordingly similarity between words using these distributions and Normalized Edit distance (NED). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Tallo, Philip T. "Using Sentence Embeddings for Word Sense Induction." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613748873435158.
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Boberg, Per. "Word by word, phrase by phrase, sentence by sentence : A corpus-based study of the N1 by N1 construction." Thesis, Växjö universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5771.
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The present paper examines the N1 by N1 construction using corpus linguistic methodology.The distribution of types of the construction that occur more than once either unhyphenated or hyphenated in any subcorpus of the British National Corpus accessed through the BrighamYoung University interface is examined. Written and spoken language as well as variousgenres are compared. Hyphenation is also investigated. A collocation analysis of some typesof the construction is further carried out and it is concluded that the N1 by N1 construction canbe part of the on a N1 by N1 basis construction. Results from the quantitative analysis as wellas the qualitative discussion suggest that the N P N construction may be undergoinglexicalisation starting as an adverbial and moving to functioning as a premodifier. Thissuggestion is indicated through complementary diachronic searches in the Oxford EnglishDictionary. It is also indicated that the construction may follow a development pattern similarto that of N1 to N1. The notion of construction is discussed in relation to the N1 by N1 construction, and a hierarchical view of constructions is proposed as a solution to some of theproblems with the term.
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Piao, Scott. "Sentence and word alignment between Chinese and English." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/52143/.
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Aldarmaki, Hanan. "Cross-Lingual Alignment of Word & Sentence Embeddings." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13812118.
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One of the notable developments in current natural language processing is the practical efficacy of probabilistic word representations, where words are embedded in high-dimensional continuous vector spaces that are optimized to reflect their distributional relationships. For sequences of words, such as phrases and sentences, distributional representations can be estimated by combining word embeddings using arithmetic operations like vector averaging or by estimating composition parameters from data using various objective functions. The quality of these compositional representations is typically estimated by their performance as features in extrinsic supervised classification benchmarks. Word and compositional embeddings for a single language can be induced without supervision using a large training corpus of raw text. To handle multiple languages and dialects, bilingual dictionaries and parallel corpora are often used for learning cross-lingual embeddings directly or to align pre-trained monolingual embeddings. In this work, we explore and develop various cross-lingual alignment techniques, compare the performance of the resulting cross-lingual embeddings, and study their characteristics. We pay particular attention to the bilingual data requirements of each approach since lower requirements facilitate wider language expansion. To begin with, we analyze various monolingual general-purpose sentence embedding models to better understand their qualities. By comparing their performance on extrinsic evaluation benchmarks and unsupervised clustering, we infer the characteristics of the most dominant features in their respective vector spaces. We then look into various cross-lingual alignment frameworks with different degrees of supervision. We begin with unsupervised word alignment, for which we propose an approach for inducing cross-lingual word mappings with no prior bilingual resources. We rely on assumptions about the consistency and structural similarities between the monolingual vector spaces of different languages. Using comparable monolingual news corpora, our approach resulted in highly accurate word mappings for two language pairs: French to English, and Arabic to English. With various refinement heuristics, the performance of the unsupervised alignment methods approached the performance of supervised dictionary mapping. Finally, we develop and evaluate different alignment approaches based on parallel text. We show that incorporating context in the alignment process often leads to significant improvements in performance. At the word level, we explore the alignment of contextualized word embeddings that are dynamically generated for each sentence. At the sentence level, we develop and investigate three alignment frameworks: joint modeling, representation transfer, and sentence mapping, applied to different sentence embedding models. We experiment with a matrix factorization model based on word-sentence co-occurrence statistics, and two general-purpose neural sentence embedding models. We report the performance of the various cross-lingual models with different sizes of parallel corpora to assess the minimal degree of supervision required by each alignment framework.
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Miller, Katherine. "Nonnative-Accented Word Recognition: Children’s Use of Sentence Context." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1523361813502827.
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Friel, Brian Michael. "Sentence context and orthographic neighborhood effects in word recognition /." Search for this dissertation online, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
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Morbiato, Anna. "Word order and sentence structure in Mandarin Chinese: new perspectives." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20464.
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Word order (WO) is one of the most fascinating and investigated topics in Mandarin Chinese (MC) linguistics: topic-comment structures, argument alternations, and available WO patterns and variations in general have received considerable critical attention in the past decades. However, despite the large amount of research, several WO-related issues remain rather controversial. Crucially, no unified consensus exists on the relationship between WO and the different dimensions of the language (i.e. semantics, syntax and pragmatics), and on how these levels interact with each other. The present thesis’s aim is twofold: (1) identify the categories that are useful to account for WO patterns and variations in MC; (2) examine in greater depth the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors that influence word order in MC, as well as how they interact and impose constraints on possible WO variations. The novelty of the approach lies on three aspects: (i) a typological, comparative perspective that benefits from cross-linguistic investigation of WO phenomena in other languages; (ii) a bottom up approach that employs cross-linguistically validated typological tools (e.g., GR tests, or constituenthood tests) aimed at conducting the analysis on a language-internal basis, and (iii) an empirical approach: the analysis avails itself of natural linguistic data, mainly drawn from corpora, and relies on acceptability checks with native speakers. Overall, the thesis highlights that WO patterns and constructions are determined by the interplay of different factors and constraints. It also highlights that, for the sake of clarity and ambiguity avoidance, WO constraints are hierarchically organised, and WO freezing phenomena occur to allow disambiguation of participants in the described event.
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Morbiato, Anna. "Word order and sentence structure in Mandarin Chinese: new perspectives." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10278/3716543.
Full textAbstract:
Word order (WO) is one of the most fascinating and investigated topics in Mandarin Chinese (MC) linguistics, and many accounts have been proposed on different WO patterns and constructions. However, despite the large amount of research, several WO related issues remain rather controversial. Crucially, no unified consensus exists on the relationship between WO and the different dimensions of the language (i.e. semantics, syntax and pragmatics), and on how these levels interact with each other. The present thesis’s aim is twofold: (1) identify the categories that are useful to account for WO patterns and variations in MC; (2) examine in greater depth the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors that influence word order in MC, as well as how they interact and impose constraints on possible WO variations. The novelty of the approach lies on three aspects: (i) a typological, comparative perspective that benefits from cross-linguistic investigation of WO phenomena in other languages; (ii) a bottom up approach that employs cross-linguistically validated typological tools (e.g., GR tests, or constituenthood tests) aimed at conducting the analysis on a language-internal basis, and (iii) an empirical approach: the analysis avails itself of natural linguistic data, mainly drawn from corpora, and relies on acceptability checks with native speakers. Overall, the thesis highlights that WO patterns and constructions are determined by the interplay of different factors and constraints. It also highlights that, for the sake of clarity and ambiguity avoidance, WO constraints are hierarchically organized, and WO freezing phenomena occur to allow disambiguation of participants in the described event.
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Morbiato, Anna <1985>. "Word order and sentence structure in Mandarin Chinese: new perspectives." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12871.
Full textAbstract:
Word order (WO) is one of the most fascinating and investigated topics in Mandarin Chinese (MC) linguistics, and many accounts have been proposed on different WO patterns and constructions. However, despite the large amount of research, a number of WO related issues remain rather controversial. Crucially, no unified consensus exists on the relationship between WO and the different dimensions of the language (i.e. semantics, syntax and pragmatics), and on how these levels interact with each other. The present thesis’s aim is twofold: (1) identify the categories that are useful to account for WO patterns and variations in MC; (2) examine in greater depth the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors that influence word order in MC, as well as how they interact and impose constraints on possible WO variations. The novelty of the approach lies on three aspects: (i) a typological, comparative perspective that benefits from cross-linguistic investigation of WO phenomena in other languages; (ii) a bottom up approach that avails itself of cross-linguistically validated typological tools (e.g. GR tests, or constituenthood tests) aimed at conducting the analysis on a language-internal basis, and (iii) an empirical approach: the analysis avails itself natural linguistic data, mainly drawn from corpora, and relies on acceptability checks with native speakers. Overall, the thesis highlights that WO encodes information at all levels of linguistic analysis, and that WO patterns and constructions are determined by the interplay of the restrictions at different levels. It also highlights how, for the sake of clarity and ambiguity avoidance, constraints are hierarchically organized, and WO freezing phenomena occur.
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Boberg, Per. "Word by word, phrase by phrase, sentence by sentence : A corpus-based study of the N1 by N1 construction." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5771.
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The present paper examines the N1 by N1 construction using corpus linguistic methodology.The distribution of types of the construction that occur more than once either unhyphenated or hyphenated in any subcorpus of the British National Corpus accessed through the BrighamYoung University interface is examined. Written and spoken language as well as variousgenres are compared. Hyphenation is also investigated. A collocation analysis of some typesof the construction is further carried out and it is concluded that the N1 by N1 construction canbe part of the on a N1 by N1 basis construction. Results from the quantitative analysis as wellas the qualitative discussion suggest that the N P N construction may be undergoinglexicalisation starting as an adverbial and moving to functioning as a premodifier. Thissuggestion is indicated through complementary diachronic searches in the Oxford EnglishDictionary. It is also indicated that the construction may follow a development pattern similarto that of N1 to N1. The notion of construction is discussed in relation to the N1 by N1 construction, and a hierarchical view of constructions is proposed as a solution to some of theproblems with the term.
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Whitworth, Anne B. "Thematic role assignment in word retrieval deficits in aphasia." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238814.
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Wheeler, Ryan. "BlindCanSeeQL: Improved Blind SQL Injection For DB Schema Discovery Using A Predictive Dictionary From Web Scraped Word Based Lists." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6050.
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SQL Injections are still a prominent threat on the web. Using a custom built tool, BlindCanSeeQL (BCSQL), we will explore how to automate Blind SQL attacks to discover database schema using fewer requests than the standard methods, thus helping avoid detection from overloading a server with hits. This tool uses a web crawler to discover keywords that assist with autocompleting schema object names, along with improvements in ASCII bisection to lower the number of requests sent to the server. Along with this tool, we will discuss ways to prevent and protect against such attacks.
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Henstra, Judith-Ann. "On the parsing of syntactically ambiguous sentences : coordination and relative clause attachment." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321467.
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Kuperman, Victor, Michael Dambacher, Antje Nuthmann, and Reinhold Kliegl. "The effect of word position on eye-movements in sentence and paragraph reading." Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_verlag/2011/5682/.
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The present study explores the role of the word position-in-text in sentence and
paragraph reading. Three eye-movement data sets based on the reading of Dutch and German unrelated sentences reveal a sizeable, replicable increase in reading times over several words in the beginning and the end of sentences. The data from the paragraphbased English-language Dundee corpus replicate the pattern and also indicate that the increase in inspection times is driven by the visual boundaries of the text organized in lines, rather than by syntactic sentence boundaries. We argue that this effect is independent of several established lexical, contextual and oculomotor predictors of eye-movement behavior. We also provide evidence that the effect of word position-intext
has two independent components: a start-up effect arguably caused by a strategic
oculomotor program of saccade planning over the line of text, and a wrap-up effect originating in cognitive processes of comprehension and semantic integration.
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Hermena, Ehab. "Aspects of word and sentence processing during reading Arabic : evidence from eye movements." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/402689/.
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Arabic is a Semitic language that remains relatively understudied compared to Indo-European languages. In a number of experiments, we investigated aspects of reading in Arabic by tracking readers’ eye movements during reading. Eye tracking is a sensitive and non-invasive methodology to study reading that provides a highly detailed account of the time course of processing linguistic stimuli. Indeed, a huge body of evidence supports the suggestion that readers’ eye movements are tightly linked to the mental processes they engage in during reading. Arabic features a number of unique linguistic and typographical characteristics. These include the potential use of diacritical marks to indicate how a word is pronounced, and also the clear preference of readers for using font types that preserve a natural variability in printed letter sizes. In our research we documented for the first time in Arabic the influence on eye movements of word-level variables such as number of letters, spatial extent, initial bigram characteristics, and the presence or absence of Arabic diacritical marks. Our results replicated and expanded upon the existing literature that uses eye movements to study linguistic processing. Specifically, our findings further clarified how each of these word aspects influence the eye guidance system, as well as the extent, and time course of this influence. We also investigated aspects of Arabic sentence processing where we documented the influences on specific words and on global sentence processing of readers’ grammatical parsing preferences, expectations for certain diacritization patterns, as well as sentence structure and diacritization mode. We consider the investigations presented here to be a step towards widening the evidence base on which our understanding of reading, in universal terms, is founded.
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Lin, Yowyu. "Word order, animacy, and agreement cues in sentence processing by Li Mandarin EFL learners." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7109.
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Research within the Competition Model has shown that different language speakers use different strategies to interpret sentences. Despite the fact that crosslinguistic studies have incorporated a variety of cues in the experiments, studies investigating Mandarin used mostly word order and animacy cues only. Modifying experiment designs of the previous studies and adding agreement cues in the research, the present study presented subjects a series of both grammatical and ungrammatical English sentences and asked them to identify the "actor" of these sentences. One group of English native speakers and two groups of Taiwanese English learners with different English proficiency were recruited. Three research questions were investigated in the present study: (1) Which cues, word order, agreement and animacy, would be used most for the three different groups of subjects? (2) What kind of language transfer would be found in nonnative learners of English, especially Taiwanese high school students? (3) Would learners of English with different levels of proficiency differ in their use of cues in sentence processing? Findings of the present research indicated that English native speakers used word order as the primary cues, while intermediate and advanced Taiwanese English learners used mainly animacy and word order cues respectively, which demonstrated that a different length of exposure to a foreign language did influence learners' strategies in sentence processing. In addition, results of the present study also revealed a pattern of forward transfer in sentence processing by intermediate nonnative subjects, while the advanced group of subjects did not show this transfer. Interestingly, after modifying previous research designs, the effect of animacy cues in the group of English native speakers did not reach significance in the present study. This may shed light on the influence of real world bias in the previous studies.xv, 133 leaves
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Warrington, Kayleigh Louise. "Adult age differences in early word processing : evidence from eye movements during sentence reading." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42849.
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This thesis reports seven experiments which examine whether young and older adult readers differ in aspects of early word processing during reading. Further, this thesis explores whether the mechanisms underlying these processes differ between young and older adult readers. Despite age-related reading difficulties being well documented, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these difficulties. Many aspects of older adults’ processing have not previously been examined in detail. Accordingly, the current experiments provide a novel examination of various aspects of older adults’ early word recognition processing. Findings from Experiment 1 indicate that young and older adults make similar use of parafoveal orthographic information and have a perceptual span which is similar in size and symmetry. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that older adults experience greater difficulty when reading low-contrast text than young adults. Further, Experiment 2 provided an initial indication that middle-aged readers do not yet experience the reading difficulty typically associated with older age. Experiments 4 and 5 suggest that young and older adults process letter position similarly (e.g. similar coding of “problem” and “rpoblem”). Experiments 4 and 5 also highlighted the potential for effects to be inflated in measures sensitive to rereading for groups that are more likely to reread. These groups may experience a “double-whammy” due to a greater likelihood of words being processed multiple times. Finally, Experiments 6 and 7 indicate that older adults may make more word misperception errors during reading when two words are both visually and orthographically similar and when the alternative reading of the word is higher frequency (e.g. mistaking “spice” for “space”). Overall, these experiments have advanced our understanding of adult age differences in early word recognition processes. These findings highlight key areas for development for future studies, models of eye movement control during reading and models of visual word recognition.
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Fu, Xinyu. "Context-aware sentence categorisation : word mover's distance and character-level convolutional recurrent neural network." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52054/.
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Supervised k nearest neighbour and unsupervised hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithm can be enhanced through word mover’s distance-based sentence distance metric to offer superior context-aware sentence categorisation performance. Advanced neural network-oriented classifier is able to achieve competing result on the benchmark streams via an aggregated recurrent unit incorporated with sophis- ticated convolving layer. The continually increasing number of textual snippets produced each year ne- cessitates ever improving information processing methods for searching, retrieving, and organising text. Central to these information processing methods are sentence classification and clustering, which have become an important application for nat- ural language processing and information retrieval. This present work proposes three novel sentence categorisation frameworks, namely hierarchical agglomerative clustering-word mover’s distance, k nearest neighbour-word mover’s distance, and convolutional recurrent neural network. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering-word mover’s distance employs word mover’s distance distortion function to effectively cluster unlabelled sentences into nearby centroid. K nearest neighbour-word mover’s distance classifies testing textual snippets through word mover’s distance-based sen- tence similarity. Both models are from the spectrum of count-based framework since they apply term frequency statistics when building the vector space matrix. Experimental evaluation on the two unsupervised learning data-sets show better per- formance of hierarchical agglomerative clustering-word mover’s distance over other competitors on mean squared error, completeness score, homogeneity score, and v-measure value. For k nearest neighbour-word mover’s distance, two benchmark textual streams are experimented to verify its superior classification performance against comparison algorithms on precision rate, recall ratio, and F1 score. Per- formance comparison is statistically validated via Mann-Whitney-U test. Through extensive experiments and results analysis, each research hypothesis is successfully verified to be yes. Unlike traditional singleton neural network, convolutional recurrent neural net- work model incorporates character-level convolutional network with character-aware recurrent neural network to form a combined framework. The proposed model ben- efits from character-aware convolutional neural network in that only salient features are selected and fed into the integrated character-aware recurrent neural network. Character-aware recurrent neural network effectively learns long sequence semantics via sophisticated update mechanism. The experiment presented in current thesis compares convolutional recurrent neural network framework against the state-of- the-art text classification algorithms on four popular benchmarking corpus. The present work also analyses three different recurrent neural network hidden recurrent cells’ impact on performance and their runtime efficiency. It is observed that min- imal gated unit achieves the optimal runtime and comparable performance against gated recurrent unit and long short-term memory. For term frequency-inverse docu- ment frequency-based algorithms, the current experiment examines word2vec, global vectors for word representation, and sent2vec embeddings and reports their perfor- mance differences. Performance comparison is statistically validated through Mann- Whitney-U test and the corresponding hypotheses are tested to be yes through the reported statistical analysis.
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au, B. Gouldthorp@murdoch edu, and Bethanie Gouldthorp. "Hemispheric Contributions to Language Comprehension: Word and Message-level Processing Mechanisms of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere." Murdoch University, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100325.85313.
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Recent research into hemispheric differences in sentence comprehension has produced a puzzling disparity between the results from behavioral studies on neurologically normal individuals and studies utilizing other methods such as electrophysiology, neuroimaging and the investigation of neuropsychological patients. The former approach tends to produce results that indicate a restriction of the right hemisphere (RH) to lower-level processing mechanisms that are comparatively less sensitive to context than the left hemisphere (LH), while the combined findings of the latter approaches suggest that not only is the RH capable of processing language at a higher level, it is particularly sensitive to contextual information and, furthermore, this may form part of the special role of the RH in language tasks. Accordingly, the present series of studies employed a normal-behavioral approach to further investigate the underlying processing mechanisms of the RH during sentence comprehension tasks. In each of the four experiments, right-handed adult participants completed a computer-based lexical decision task where reaction time and error rates were recorded. Stimuli were always centrally-presented, followed by a laterally-presented target word or non-word. In the first experiment, the sensitivity of the RH to message-level meaning was investigated by assessing whether it benefits from additional contextual information in sentences that was not the result of simple word-level associations. The remaining experiments aimed to examine several current models of RH language processing; specifically, they examined the applicability of the coarse-coding hypothesis (Beeman, 1993) and the integrative processing model (Federmeier, 2007) to RH sentence processing. The combined results of the four experiments lead to several conclusions. Firstly, this series of investigation consistently demonstrated that the RH does display a sensitivity to message-level processing that appears to be at least equivalent to that of the LH. This conclusion is uncommon in the normal-behavioral literature, but is consistent with evidence produced by other methodologies. Secondly, the coarse-coding hypothesis is insufficient in explaining RH language processing at the sentential level. Although there is considerable evidence in support of the coarse-coding model of RH processing of individual words, the findings of the present investigations do not support its applicability beyond this level. Thirdly, the integrative/predictive distinction between RH/LH language processing also appears to have limited applicability beyond sentence fragments and may instead be reflective of higher-level processing differences (e.g., wherein the RH may utilize a para-linguistic situation-model processing method whereas the LH may rely purely on a linguistic mechanism). Based on these conclusions, the present series of investigations appears to have resolved the inconsistent finding previously prominent in normal-behavioral literature and goes some way in determining the applicability of current models of RH language processing.
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Chen, Selma Shu-Mei. "The effects of L1 word order and English proficiency on non-English speakers' sentence processing." Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720150.
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This study is a partial replication of Davison & Lutz's (1984) experiment. It was designed to test if L1 word order and English proficiency are involved in non-native speakers' sentence processing. This study concentrates on the roles of syntax and pragmatics/semantics in sentence processing. By comparing two corresponding syntactic structures with similar meanings but different forms in context, we can detect the different degrees of the salient property of a certain NP. The perception of the salient NP is related to the definition of the sentence topic, which functions as the link between the sentence and the discourse. The salient NP can be identified by applying our linguistic knowledge, syntactic rules, and our real world knowledge, pragmatic principles,. The choice of syntactic structure is conditioned heavily by pragmatic principles. It is believed that response times correspond to the degrees of salience.Sixty international students participated in the experiment. Stimulus sentences were presented with a computer program and response times were recorded in seconds by the computer automatically. A cloze test was given for the measuring of English proficiency.The data collected were analyzed with SPSS-X. The MANOVA was carried out to compare the differences between VO/OV language types, target sentences (transformed and untransformed ones), five types of syntactic constructions, and the interactions ofword order by target sentences, target sentences by syntactic constructions, and L1 word order by target sentences by syntactic constructions. The response times for English proficiency were used as a post hoc variable. Significance was set at .05.The results revealed that there was a significant difference across five syntactic constructions (p < .05). The other tests were not significant. Two important limitations on this study are problems arising out of randomization parameters in the experiment, and the lack of lower level English proficiency subjects.Department of English
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Hinduja, Archana. "An investigation of German word order for the purposes of a CALL sentence composition tool." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.681491.
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Milajevs, Dmitrijs. "A study of model parameters for scaling up word to sentence similarity tasks in distributional semantics." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/36225.
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Representation of sentences that captures semantics is an essential part of natural language processing systems, such as information retrieval or machine translation. The representation of a sentence is commonly built by combining the representations of the words that the sentence consists of. Similarity between words is widely used as a proxy to evaluate semantic representations. Word similarity models are well-studied and are shown to positively correlate with human similarity judgements. Current evaluation of models of sentential similarity builds on the results obtained in lexical experiments. The main focus is how the lexical representations are used, rather than what they should be. It is often assumed that the optimal representations for word similarity are also optimal for sentence similarity. This work discards this assumption and systematically looks for lexical representations that are optimal for similarity measurement between sentences. We find that the best representation for word similarity is not always the best for sentence similarity and vice versa. The best models in word similarity tasks perform best with additive composition. However, the best result on compositional tasks is achieved with Kroneckerbased composition. There are representations that are equally good in both tasks when used with multiplicative composition. The systematic study of the parameters of similarity models reveals that the more information lexical representations contain, the more attention should be paid to noise. In particular, the word vectors in models with the feature size at the magnitude of the vocabulary size should be sparse, but if a small number of context features is used then the vectors should be dense. Given the right lexical representations, compositional operators achieve state-of-the-art performance, improving over models that use neural-word embeddings. To avoid overfitting, either several test datasets should be used or parameter selection should be based on parameters' average behaviours.
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Tsukuma, Y. "The interaction between word and sentence prosody : acoustic and perceptual studies in Chinese, Japanese and English." Thesis, University of Essex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333096.
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Gulseker, Solak Hilal. "Animacy Effect On Sentence Structure Choice:a Study On Turkish Learners Of L2 English." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608908/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims to find out how animacy affects sentence structure choice in Turkish learners of L2 English. The study compares three different L2 English proficiency levels with each other as well to L1 English and L1 Turkish. In this way the effect of English, a rigid word order language, and Turkish, a free word order language on sentence structure choice have been compared.
A picture description task was applied on 94 participants. The pictures depicted a transitive action taking place between an inanimate agent and an animate patient (animate condition) or between an inanimate agent and an inanimate patient. The subjects were given handouts with the pictures and were asked to write down what is happening in each picture. There were 60 Turkish learners of L2 English and 14 English participants in the study. Turkish learners of English belonged to level-1 (16 students), level-2 (25 students) and level-3 (19 students). In addition, 20 Turkish speakers were consulted for their knowledge of Turkish.
It was hypothesized that in L2 English, animate entities would be accessed first and this will directly affect sentence structure choice through grammatical subject assignment or through word order. Thus, it was expected that when the learners are shown a picture depicting a transitive action taking place between an animate patinet and an inanimate agent, they would tend to use the passive in English, which assigns both a sentence-initial position and a subjecthood role to the animate entity. L2 proficiency level and native language were expected to play a role in determining the role of animacy on sentence structure choice.
Chi-square analysis and odds ratio calculations were made. The results showed that animacy of the patinet affected sentence structure choice in L2 English by triggering the passivce usage in only level-3 (the most advanced group). Animacy of the patient affected native speakers of English in the same way, i.e. native English speakers tended to use the passive voice in the animate condition. No such effect was found in lower level learners of L2 English (i.e. level-1 and level-2) and Turkish native speakers. It was found that in the animate condition, Turkish native speakers tended to use the OSV word order more frequently than they did in the inanimate condition. This result suggested that in Turkish, animacy of the patient triggers the use of the OSV (Object, Subject, Verb) order rather than the passive voice. In short, the research results suggested that L2 proficency level and native language could play a role in determining how animacy affects sentence structure choice in L2.
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Kantzola, Evangelia. "Extractive Text Summarization of Greek News Articles Based on Sentence-Clusters." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-420291.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis introduces an extractive summarization system for Greek news articles based on sentence clustering. The main purpose of the paper is to evaluate the impact of three different types of text representation, Word2Vec embeddings, TF-IDF and LASER embeddings, on the summarization task. By taking these techniques into account, we build three different versions of the initial summarizer. Moreover, we create a new corpus of gold standard summaries to evaluate them against the system summaries. The new collection of reference summaries is merged with a part of the MultiLing Pilot 2011 in order to constitute our main dataset. We perform both automatic and human evaluation. Our automatic ROUGE results suggest that System A which employs Average Word2Vec vectors to create sentence embeddings, outperforms the other two systems by yielding higher ROUGE-L F-scores. Contrary to our initial hypotheses, System C using LASER embeddings fails to surpass even the Word2Vec embeddings method, showing sometimes a weak sentence representation. With regard to the scores obtained by the manual evaluation task, we observe that System A using Average Word2Vec vectors and System C with LASER embeddings tend to produce more coherent and adequate summaries than System B employing TF-IDF. Furthermore, the majority of system summaries are rated very high with respect to non-redundancy. Overall, System A utilizing Average Word2Vec embeddings performs quite successfully according to both evaluations.
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Balzar, Ekenbäck Nils. "Evaluation of Sentence Representations in Semantic Text Similarity Tasks." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291334.
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This thesis explores the methods of representing sentence representations for semantic text similarity using word embeddings and benchmarks them against sentence based evaluation test sets. Two methods were used to evaluate the representations: STS Benchmark and STS Benchmark converted to a binary similarity task. Results showed that preprocessing of the word vectors could significantly boost performance in both tasks and conclude that word embed-dings still provide an acceptable solution for specific applications. The study also concluded that the dataset used might not be ideal for this type of evalua-tion, as the sentence pairs in general had a high lexical overlap. To tackle this, the study suggests that a paraphrasing dataset could act as a complement but that further investigation would be needed.Denna avhandling undersöker metoder för att representera meningar i vektor-form för semantisk textlikhet och jämför dem med meningsbaserade testmäng-der. För att utvärdera representationerna användes två metoder: STS Bench-mark, en vedertagen metod för att utvärdera språkmodellers förmåga att ut-värdera semantisk likhet, och STS Benchmark konverterad till en binär lik-hetsuppgift. Resultaten visade att förbehandling av texten och ordvektorerna kunde ge en signifikant ökning i resultatet för dessa uppgifter. Studien konklu-derade även att datamängden som användes kanske inte är ideal för denna typ av utvärdering, då meningsparen i stort hade ett högt lexikalt överlapp. Som komplement föreslår studien en parafrasdatamängd, något som skulle kräva ytterligare studier.
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Rau, Anne Katrin [Verfasser], and Karin [Akademischer Betreuer] Landerl. "The Influence of Orthographic Consistency on Eye Movement Behaviour in Word and Sentence Processing / Anne Katrin Rau ; Betreuer: Karin Landerl." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1197057625/34.
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Rau, Anne Katrin Verfasser], and Karin [Akademischer Betreuer] [Landerl. "The Influence of Orthographic Consistency on Eye Movement Behaviour in Word and Sentence Processing / Anne Katrin Rau ; Betreuer: Karin Landerl." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1197057625/34.
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Snyder, Emily Katherine. "A Comparison of Single Word Identification, Connected Speech Samples, and Imitated Sentence Tasks for Assessment of Children with a SSD." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/362.
Full textAbstract:
Speech-language pathologists are constantly trying to use the most efficient and effective assessments to obtain information about the phonetic inventory, speech sound errors, and phonological error patterns of children who are suspected of having a speech sound disorder. These assessments may involve a standardized measure of single words and/or sentences and a non standardized measure, such as a spontaneous speech sample. While research has shown both of these types of assessments to give clinicians information about a child's speech production abilities, the use of delayed imitation tasks, either words or sentences, has not been a widely studied topic and has produced conflicting results when researched. The purpose of the present study was to examine speech sound production abilities in children with a speech sound disorder in a single-word task, an imitated sentence task, and spontaneous speech sample to compare their results of speech sound errors, phonological error patterns, and time administration. The study used the Phonological and Articulatory Bilingual Assessment - English version (PABA-E, Gildersleeve-Neumann , 2008), a formal assessment for identifying children who may have a speech sound disorder. Three male children, between the ages of 4;0 and 5;4 (years;months), participated in this study. All participants were being treated by a speech-language pathologist for a diagnosed speech sound disorder and had hearing within normal limits. The results of the study showed that the majority of participants produced the highest number of speech sounds targeted within the imitated sentence task. Participants attempted and produced the least amount of speech sounds on their spontaneous speech sample. The assessment with the highest percentage of accurately produced consonants was the imitated sentence task. The majority of participants produced a higher number of error patterns in their single-word and imitated sentence task. In terms of efficiency and effectiveness, the imitated sentence task took the least amount of time to administer and transcribe.
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Šimkienė, Ina. "A functional analysis of noncanonical word order patterns in CARSON McCULLERS‘ short stories." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140724_101113-92224.
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In communication, a language user is naturally disposed to proceed from what is known to, or shared by, both the speaker/writer and hearer/reader and end with the information that is the most important. Such a disposition complies with the requirements of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP), but it also makes a language user “transform” the basic word order. The present work took a functional approach to language study to explore the syntactic potential of English to produce various sentence patterns by carrying out a communicative (functional) analysis of Carson McCullers’ short stories. The analysis showed that one of the main causes of noncanonical ordering of sentence elements is thematization by means of Preposing. The preposed elements were semantically diverse, though the frequency of occurrence of different process type sentences varied. The results of the analysis led to the conclusion that syntactic movement is determined by the semantic, syntactic and contextual restrictions. Syntactically, the peripheral elements of the sentence exhibited a higher flexibility than the core sentence elements. Semantic and syntactic unity of the sentence elements were interfered when the preposed sentence elements expressed information recoverable from a very short retrievability span, which revealed the significant role of the context in syntactical movements. Preposing and the resulting sentence patterns seem to be used for particular discourse functions: to enhance the... [to full text]Pagal sakinio aktualiosios skaidos (AS) teoriją konkrečiame kontekste vieni sakinio elementai komunikaciniu požiūriu yra svarbesni negu kiti. Kalbos vartotojas yra natūraliai linkęs sakinį pradėti nuo to, kas žinoma jam kaip kalbėtojui ar rašytojui ir jo klausytojui ar skaitytojui ir baigti sakinį informacija, kuri yra svarbiausia. Tokia nuostata verčia kalbos vartotoją transformuoti vadinamą gramatinį sakinio modelį Veiksnys+Tarinys+Papildinys. Kitaip tariant, komunikacijos procese sintaksinio lygmens uždavinys yra „rasti“ tinkamą sakinio modelį ir jį aktualizuoti. Šiame darbe yra tiriamos anglų kalbos sintaksinės galios sudaryti įvairias sintaksines struktūras, kurios geriausiai gali atspindėti sakinio turinį ir komunikacinį tikslą. Tiriamajai medžiagai pasirinkti amerikiečių rašytojos Carson McCaullers apsakymai. Tyrimas parodė, kad tiriamų sakinių žodžių tvarką dažniausiai lėmė teminami semantiniai elementai, iškeliant juos į sakinio pradžią, arba kitaip tariant, atliekant temos preposiciją (angl. Preposing). Į sakinio pradžią keliami elementai yra semantiškai skirtingi, priklausomai nuo proceso tipo. Žodžių tvarkos įvairavimą lemia semantiniai, sintaksiniai ir konteksto apribojimai. Dažniausiai į sakinio pradžią keliami pagrindiniai ir periferiniai elementai reiškė žinomą informaciją. Tiriant žodžių tvarkos įvairavimo atvejus, buvo siekiama įvertinti ir diskursinį žodžių tvarkos modelių vaidmenį. Tyrimas parodė, kad įprasta žodžių tvarka yra keičiama, siekiant ne tik... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Puttkammer, Martin Johannes. "Outomatiese Afrikaanse tekseenheididentifisering / deur Martin J. Puttkammer." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/872.
Full textAbstract:
An important core technology in the development of human language technology
applications is an automatic morphological analyser. Such a morphological analyser
consists of various modules, one of which is a tokeniser. At present no tokeniser
exists for Afrikaans and it has therefore been impossible to develop a morphological
analyser for Afrikaans. Thus, in this research project such a tokeniser is being developed,
and the project therefore has two objectives: i)to postulate a tag set for integrated
tokenisation, and ii) to develop an algorithm for integrated tokenisation.
In order to achieve the first object, a tag set for the tagging of sentences, named-entities,
words, abbreviations and punctuation is proposed specifically for the annotation
of Afrikaans texts. It consists of 51 tags, which can be expanded in future in order to
establish a larger, more specific tag set. The postulated tag set can also be simplified
according to the level of specificity required by the user.
It is subsequently shown that an effective tokeniser cannot be developed using only
linguistic, or only statistical methods. This is due to the complexity of the task: rule-based
modules should be used for certain processes (for example sentence recognition),
while other processes (for example named-entity recognition) can only be executed
successfully by means of a machine-learning module. It is argued that a hybrid
system (a system where rule-based and statistical components are integrated) would
achieve the best results on Afrikaans tokenisation.
Various rule-based and statistical techniques, including a TiMBL-based classifier, are
then employed to develop such a hybrid tokeniser for Afrikaans. The final tokeniser
achieves an ∫-score of 97.25% when the complete set of tags is used. For sentence
recognition an ∫-score of 100% is achieved. The tokeniser also recognises 81.39% of
named entities. When a simplified tag set (consisting of only 12 tags) is used to annotate
named entities, the ∫-score rises to 94.74%.
The conclusion of the study is that a hybrid approach is indeed suitable for Afrikaans
sentencisation, named-entity recognition and tokenisation. The tokeniser will improve
if it is trained with more data, while the expansion of gazetteers as well as the
tag set will also lead to a more accurate systemThesis (M.A. (Applied Language and Literary Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Larsson, Christensen Emma. "Translating sentence openers : An analysis of the potential risk of syntactic interference in a translation from English to Swedish." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53556.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper the changes that occur in the translation of initial sentence elements regarding clause element function as well as thematic structure are analyzed. The first part of the aim is to investigate how these functions and structures change in translation. The second part of the aim is to analyze the potential risk of syntactic interference from using thematic or word order solutions that are too close to the SL or too uncommon in the TL. To answer this the source text and translated text were divided by individual sentences and categorized by word order, thematic structure and differences between ST and TT. The results were compared to previous research by mainly Altenberg (1998) and Hasselgård (1998), with additional use of primarily Bohnacker (2010), Munday (2012) and Tirkkonen-Condit (2014) for further definitions of syntactical interference. The quantitative results suggested that there may be syntactical interference. This can be found mainly in the lack of ASV→SV word order structures, possibly due to a fear of deviating too far from the ST structure, and by an abundant use of formal subject (det), due to overcompensating by using TL specific structures that are perceived as common. However, it is not easy to find examples of translationese in syntax from only a cursory glance and the in-depth qualitative analysis was necessary for this conclusion.
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Freyberg, Rachel M. "INFLUENCE OF HIGH NOISE EXPOSURE BACKGROUND ON ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERCEPTUAL MEASURES." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1556285455260392.
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Carter, Marina. "Computer based writing support for dyslexic adults using language constraints." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6892.
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Computers have been used effectively to provide support for people with a variety of special needs. One such group is adults with dyslexia. Dyslexia is commonly recognised as a learning disorder characterised by reading, writing and spelling difficulties. It inhibits recognition and processing of graphic symbols, particularly those pertaining to language. Computers are a useful aid for dyslexic adults, especially word processors and their associated spelling tools. However, there are still areas where improvements are needed. Creating an environment, which minimises visual discomfort associated with proof reading and making selections from lists would be of benefit. Furthermore providing the correct type and level of support for spelling, grammar and sentence construction may result in higher standards being achieved. A survey of 250 dyslexic adults established their requirements and enabled the development of a specialist word processing system and associated spelling support tools. The hypothesis, that using a language with enforced structure and rigid constraints has a positive affect for dyslexic adults, was also tested. A support tool, which provided a controlled environment, to assist with sentence construction for dyslexic adults was developed from this. Three environments were created using the word processing system: environment 1 used the basic system with no support, environment 2 provided spelling support suggested by the survey subjects and environment 3 used the sentence constructing tool providing support and control. Using these environments in controlled experiments indicated that although environment 2 achieved high academic standards, environment 3 produced written work to an even higher standard and at the same time, the subjects derived greater satisfaction in using it. This research proves that working in a controlled, rigid environment, where structure is enforced, substantially benefits dyslexic adults performing computer-based writing tasks.
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Kebboua, Chaker Nadia. "Integrating Information Technology in theTeaching/Learning of English Pronunciation in the Classroom: Designing and Implementing an Online Course to Teach Word and Sentence Stress to Tertiary Level Students." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668789.
Full textAbstract:
Este estudio investiga el potencial del uso de la tecnologia en la ensenanza y el aprendizaje de la pronunciacion. El
estudio explora el progreso de los estudiantes en la pronunciacion en ingles con respecto a la acentuacion de
palabras y oraciones. El curso de pronunciacion era original, se creo especialmente para los participantes de este
estudio, teniendo en cuenta los errores tipicos que cometen los hablantes de espanol / catalan como resultado de la
interferencia del idioma materno. El estudio se llevo a cabo con dos grupos de 24 estudiantes universitarios de primer
ano que actuaron como control y experimental. El grupo control recibio instruccion sobre la acentuacion de ingles por
medios convencionales, mientras que el grupo experimental utilizo un entorno virtual para el aprendizaje de la
pronunciacion. El estudio utilizo un diseno de prueba previa, intervencion y prueba posterior.
Para evaluar los datos, se adoptaron tres enfoques diferentes. Las tareas de lectura fueron evaluadas mediante
analisis acustico.
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Yu, Liu. "Vocabulary Recognition and Memorization: A Comparison of Two Methods." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för Lärarutbildning, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-8356.
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The present study investigates which of two vocabulary learning methods best promotes long-term retention of the meaning and spelling of words. The first method is rote learning, i.e. learning by word lists, which requires pupils to memorize the meaning of new words by L1 translation. The second method is learning by sentence writing, which requires pupils to memorize new words by making up their own sentences in order to establish links between old and new knowledge. 16 pupils took part in the experiment; all were approximately 11 years old. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups. All the participants were given one receptive and one productive recall test, both in the immediate and delayed post-tests. The result demonstrates that pupils who learn words using word lists only remember words in the short-term retention, while the sentence writing method results in greater long-term retention.
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Premont, David Willett. "Picture Books as Mentor Texts for 10th-Grade Struggling Writers." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6368.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to fill gaps in the research to determine if picture books in the high school classroom can enhance student writing especially with word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions. Previous research has not fully considered employing picture books as mentor texts to examine writing traits in the high school Language Arts classroom. The population was 12 participants from two low track English 10 Reading classes. Six participants were identified from each class as low, medium, or high-performing students based on an informal narrative writing activity. This study employed an action research methodology (Sagor, 2000). Students were taught from an inquiry-based approach as the teacher read aloud each book, and asked students what they noticed. Students reviewed the picture books to guide them as they were challenged to improve their writing. Findings from the study illustrate that picture books as mentor texts can help secondary students of all ability levels improve their word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions in narrative writing as measured by a writing trait rubric created by Vicki Spandel and adapted by Jim Burke. Picture books were tools that helped students think and act like writers. Conclusions also highlighted the lack of word choice and sentence fluency instruction in the students' formative years. This study shed light on the abstract nature of sentence fluency, and an effective way to mitigate this problem. This study provided a new angle with which to teach the writing traits through narrative composition instruction, and teacher modeling. Further, this study adds to the literature of effective high school instruction as picture books as mentor texts are less common in the high school English Language Arts classroom.
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Harris, Shannon K. "The Effects of Teaching Prefix Meaning and a Strategy to Derive Word Meaning on a Prefix Vocabulary Test and Sentence Comprehension Test for Middle School Students with Learning Disabilities." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/825.
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Previous researchers have concluded that there is a need for determining how vocabulary instruction effects vocabulary comprehension and reading comprehension for young learners. Researchers have implemented morphemic strategies in various studies to identify effective methods for vocabulary instruction. In the present study, four prefixes were taught to students with disabilities to extend vocabulary research by using a morphological approach with a focus on prefix instruction. In addition students were taught how to combine the meaning of a prefix to the meaning of a root word. Data patterns indicate an increase in students' ability to provide definitions for prefixed words while the transfer to reading comprehension was minimal. The results of this study provide direction for future research in implementing a morphemic approach for vocabulary instruction.
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Нгуен, Т. Т. Х., and T. T. H. Nguyen. "Проблемы эквивалентного машинного перевода фразеологизмов (на материале вьетнамского и русского языков) : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/74342.
Full textAbstract:
В работе рассматриваются проблемы, связанные с достижением эквивалентности при переводе фразеологизмов в языковой паре вьетнамский-русский. Любой человек использует фразеологизмы, как в своей речи, так и на письме. Необходимо, чтобы системы машинного перевода корректно и понятно переводили фразеологизмы, если это возможно, подбирая соответствующие эквиваленты. В работе представлены инструменты машинного перевода фразеологизмов, проанализировано прошлое, настоящее и будущее машинного перевода, а также очерчены перспективы перевода фразеологизмов при помощи машины.The paper deals with the problems associated with the achievement of equivalence when translating phraseological units in the Vietnamese-Russian language pair. Any person uses phraseological units, both in his speech and in writing. It is necessary that machine translation systems correctly and clearly translate phraseological units, if possible, by selecting appropriate equivalents. The paper presents the tools of machine translation of phraseological units, analyzes the past, present and future of machine translation, and outlines the prospects for the translation of phraseological units using a machine.
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Olsson, Dan. "„Davon sagen die Herren kein Wort“ : Zum pädagogischen, grammatischen und dialektologischen Schaffen Max Wilhelm Götzingers (1799–1856)." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-20547.
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The aim of this thesis is to comprehensively describe and evaluate the linguistic work of the German grammarian and teacher Max Wilhelm Götzinger (1799–1856). Götzinger‘s work has been little considered in linguistics and historiography of linguistics apart from some articles mainly on his grammatical theory. The first editions of Anfangsgründe (1825) and Die Deutsche Sprachlehre für Schulen (1827), which up to now have been considered to be lost, could be retrieved and used for this study. Aspects of Götzinger‘s didactics and grammar can still today be re-garded as modern. In many respects his didactic ideas were opposed to the methods of teaching inspired by rationalist grammar and prevailing in the schools of his time. His own method is inductive and the aim of teach-ing was mainly to make pupils familiar with the structure of the German language. Götzinger‘s grammatical system was inspired by his experience as a teacher. The logical judgement and the subject-predicate concepts were replaced by a verb centred concept of syntax and Götzinger‘s system of word classes began with the verb instead of the noun. He did not regard correct thinking, which was the main purpose of rationalist grammar, but communication as the basic aim of the teaching of grammar. His notion of the verb as the centre of the clause has basic features in common with modern dependency theories introduced by Lucien Tesnière. Götzinger performed pioneering work in the field of dialectology and he is understood be the first to include a comprehensive description of the dialects of the German speaking countries Even if there also are good reasons to criticise many aspects of his work, e.g. indistinct terminology, inconsistency in sticking to his theory, and subjectivity in the description of the dialects, Götzinger‘s achieve-ment as to the state of the art of his time and also with regard to modern linguistics must be considered remarkable.
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Andersson, Stina. "Verbal contents of repetitions in Swedish child-directed speech." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131442.
Full textAbstract:
Repetitions in child-directed speech (CDS) have been shown to vary over time, and are suggested to affect first language acquisition. Correlations between verbal contents of repetitions in CDS and children’s language development have been suggested. The verbal contents of repetitions in Swedish CDS have not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the verbal contents of repetitions in Swedish CDS during the child’s first 2 years and possible changes in proportions of repetitions during the same time span. Verbal contents of repetitions in parents’ speech in 10 parent-child dyads as the children were 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months old were investigated focusing on word classes, sentence types and whole-constituent change. The results were compared to the children’s productive vocabularies at the age of 30 months. Possible occurrences of item-based constructions and frequent frames in the repetitions were also examined. The overall results revealed patterns concerning change in verbal contents in repetitions over time and correlations between verbal contents in repetitions and child language development. Two proposals were made: parents adjust the complexity of their speech to linguistic developmental stages of their children, and linguistic variation in the input increases as the child grows older.Repetitioner i barnriktat tal (BRT) har visat sig variera över tid, och har föreslagits påverka förstaspåksinlärning. Även ett samband mellan det verbala innehållet i repetitioner i BRT och barns språkutveckling har föreslagits. Det verbala innehållet i repetitioner i svenskt BRT har inte undersökts tidigare. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka det verbala innehållet i repetitioner i svenskt BRT under barnets två första år och möjliga förändringar gällande andelen repetitioner under samma tidsperiod. Det verbala innehållet i repetitioner i föräldrars tal hos tio förälder-barn-dyader då barnen var 3, 6, 9, 12 och 24 månader gamla undersöktes med fokus på ordklasser, satstyper och förändringar gällande konstituenter. Resultaten jämfördes med barnens produktiva ordförråd vid 30 månaders ålder. Även den möjliga förekomsten av typbaserade konstruktioner (item-based constructions) och frekventa ramar (frequent frames) undersöktes. De övergripande resultaten uppvisade mönster gällande förändringar inom det verbala innehållet i repetitioner över tid samt ett samband mellan det verbala innehållet i repetitioner och barns språkutveckling. Två antaganden gjordes: föräldrar justerar komplexiteten i sitt tal efter språkliga utvecklingsfaser hos sina barn, och den språkliga variationen i inputen ökar med barnets ålder.
MINT: Modelling infant language acquisition from parent-child interaction (MAW 2011.007)
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Ben, Achour Riadh. "De la sémantique textuelle en arabe : cohésion discursive et sens lexical." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20014.
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Le travail présenté ici se situe dans le cadre général d’élaborer une méthodologie de traitement du sens lexical dans une dimension textuelle – textes arabes et énoncés (types et occurrences) plus courts – à la lumière de la sémantique interprétative de F. Rastier. Pour ce faire, cette étude cherche tout d’abord à déterminer le statut du texte en linguistique moderne et dans la pensée traditionnelle arabe. Il s’agit de revenir sur les facteurs-clés qui ont donné lieu à la prise en compte du palier textuel dans les études linguistiques modernes et dans la tradition grammaticale, rhétorique et exégétique arabe.S’inspirant des travaux en sémantique interprétative de F. Rastier, le présent travail entend rendre compte par le biais d’une application pratique (analyse des textes arabes) du rôle essentiel que jouent l’analyse sémique, l’isotopie sémantique, le contexte et la pratique sociale en cours, dans l’assignation du sens aux unités lexicales. Après avoir présenté les limites des modèles textuels issus de deux approches sémantiques formelles (véri-conditionnelle) et cognitives, l’objectif de cette recherche est de montrer la pertinence de l’application du modèle Rastérien – issu d’une approche sémantique structurale – à des textes arabesThis work falls within the general framework of developing a working methodology for processing lexical meaning within a text. It seeks to apply François Rastier’s theory of interpretive semantics to Arabic texts and utterances. The thesis starts with a survey of the state of the text in both traditional Arabic thinking and modern linguistics. Such a survey reveals the key factors that have brought the textual level to the fore, in modern linguistics on the one hand, and Arabic traditional grammar, rhetoric and exegetics on the other hand. This study seeks to apply Rastier’s notion of interpretive semantics to texts and examples in Arabic. The overall objective of this close textual approach is to highlight the fundamental role of semantic analysis, semantic isotopy, context and the current social practices in assigning lexical meaning. The thesis attempts also to show the shortcomings of textual models offered by two semantic approaches, namely the formal (truth-conditional) and the cognitive approaches; in order to highlight the pertinence of Rastier’s model within a structural semantic approach to Arabic texts
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Denis-Noël, Ambre. "Interactions entre langage oral et langage écrit lors du traitement de mots isolés et de phrases : comparaison d'adultes dyslexiques et normo-lecteurs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0397.
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L’objectif de ce travail est d’examiner les interactions entre représentations orthographiques et phonologiques chez les individus dyslexiques et normo-lecteurs de niveau universitaire. Ces interactions ont été examinées en modalité orale et en modalité écrite, en traitement de mots isolés et de phrases. L’influence des représentations orthographiques sur le traitement de la parole a été examinée via la manipulation de la consistance orthographique et l’enregistrement de l’activité EEG, celle des représentations phonologiques lors de la lecture via la manipulation de la consistance phonologique et l’enregistrement des mouvements oculaires. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent l’existence de connexions bidirectionnelles entre orthographe et phonologie qui influenceraient le traitement du langage à l’oral comme à l’écrit, chez les deux populations. En traitement de mots isolés, ces influences sont plus tardives chez les adultes dyslexiques que chez les normo-lecteurs, dans les deux modalités. En lecture de phrases, les deux populations montrent une influence précoce des représentations phonologiques suggérant l’usage de mécanismes de compensation chez les individus dyslexiques. En compréhension de phrases auditives, les représentations orthographiques semblent influencer différents stades de traitement selon la population : les normo-lecteurs semblent s’appuyer sur ces représentations lors de la désambigüisation des représentations phonologiques ; les individus dyslexiques uniquement lorsque le contexte phrastique permet la pré-activation des diverses représentations associées aux mots. Ces résultats sont notamment discutés dans le cadre du modèle connexionniste en triangleThe aim of the present thesis is to examine the interactions between the orthographic and phonological representations in university students with and without dyslexia. These interactions were examined in the spoken and written modalities, both in isolated word and sentence processing. The influence of the orthographic representations on speech processing was examined through the manipulation of the orthographic consistency and by recording the EEG activity, those of the phonological representations during reading was examined through the manipulation of the phonological consistency and by recording eye-movements. The obtained results suggest the existence of bidirectional connections between orthography and phonology influencing language processing in both modalities and in both populations. During isolated word processing, these influences are delayed in adults with dyslexia compared to skilled readers in both modalities. During sentence reading, both populations showed an early influence of phonological representations suggesting the use of compensatory mechanisms in adults with dyslexia. During spoken sentence comprehension, the orthographic representations seem to influence different processing stages in each population: skilled readers seem to rely on these representations when they need to disambiguate the phonological representations; individuals with dyslexia seem to rely on it only when the different representations associated to the target word could be pre-activated by the sentence context. These results are discussed in light of the triangle connectionist model (Harm & Seidenberg, 2004)
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Xu, Yong. "Confidence Measures for Alignment and for Machine Translation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS270/document.
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En linguistique informatique, la relation entre langues différentes est souventétudiée via des techniques d'alignement automatique. De tels alignements peuvent êtreétablis à plusieurs niveaux structurels. En particulier, les alignements debi-textes aux niveaux phrastiques et sous-phrastiques constituent des sources importantesd'information dans pour diverses applications du Traitement Automatique du Language Naturel (TALN)moderne, la Traduction Automatique étant un exemple proéminent.Cependant, le calcul effectif des alignements de bi-textes peut êtreune tâche compliquée. Les divergences entre les langues sont multiples,de la structure de discours aux constructions morphologiques.Les alignements automatiques contiennent, majoritairement, des erreurs nuisantaux performances des applications.Dans cette situation, deux pistes de recherche émergent. La première est de continuerà améliorer les techniques d'alignement.La deuxième vise à développer des mesures de confiance fiables qui permettent aux applicationsde sélectionner les alignements selon leurs besoins.Les techniques d'alignement et l'estimation de confiance peuvent tous les deuxbénéficier d'alignements manuels.Des alignements manuels peuventjouer un rôle de supervision pour entraîner des modèles, et celuides données d'évaluation. Pourtant, la création des telles données est elle-mêmeune question importante, en particulier au niveau sous-phrastique, où les correspondancesmultilingues peuvent être implicites et difficiles à capturer.Cette thèse étudie des moyens pour acquérir des alignements de bi-textes utiles, aux niveauxphrastiques et sous-phrastiques. Le chapitre 1 fournit une description de nos motivations,la portée et l'organisation du travail, et introduit quelques repères terminologiques et lesprincipales notations.L'état-de-l'art des techniques d'alignement est revu dans la Partie I. Les chapitres 2 et3 décriventles méthodes respectivement pour l'alignement des phrases et des mots.Le chapitre 4 présente les bases de données d'alignement manuel,et discute de la création d'alignements de référence. Le reste de la thèse, la Partie II,présente nos contributions à l'alignement de bi-textes, en étudiant trois aspects.Le chapitre 5 présente notre contribution à la collection d'alignements de référence. Pourl'alignement des phrases, nous collectons les annotations d'un genre spécifiquede textes: les bi-textes littéraires. Nous proposons aussi un schéma d'annotation deconfiance. Pour l'alignement sous-phrastique,nous annotons les liens entre mots isolés avec une nouvelle catégorisation, et concevonsune approche innovante de segmentation itérative pour faciliter l'annotation des liens entre groupes de mots.Toutes les données collectées sont disponibles en ligne.L'amélioration des méthodes d'alignement reste un sujet important de la recherche. Nousprêtons une attention particulière à l'alignement phrastique, qui est souvent le point dedépart de l'alignement de bi-textes. Le chapitre 6 présente notre contribution. En commençantpar évaluer les outils d'alignement d'état-de-l'art et par analyser leurs modèles et résultats,nous proposons deux nouvelles méthodes pour l'alignement phrastique, qui obtiennent desperformances d'état-de-l'art sur un jeu de données difficile.L'autre sujet important d'étude est l'estimation de confiance. Dans le chapitre 7, nousproposons des mesures de confiance pour les alignements phrastique et sous-phrastique.Les expériences montrent que l'estimation de confiance des liens d'alignement reste undéfi remarquable. Il sera très utile de poursuivre cette étude pour renforcer les mesuresde confiance pour l'alignement de bi-textes.Enfin, notons que les contributions apportées dans cette thèse sont employées dans uneapplication réelle: le développement d'une liseuse qui vise à faciliter la lecturedes livres électroniques multilinguesIn computational linguistics, the relation between different languages is often studied through automatic alignment techniques. Such alignments can be established at various structural levels. In particular, sentential and sub-sentential bitext alignments constitute an important source of information in various modern Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, a prominent one being Machine Translation (MT).Effectively computing bitext alignments, however, can be a challenging task. Discrepancies between languages appear in various ways, from discourse structures to morphological constructions. Automatic alignments would, at least in most cases, contain noise harmful for the performance of application systems which use the alignments. To deal with this situation, two research directions emerge: the first is to keep improving alignment techniques; the second is to develop reliable confidence measures which enable application systems to selectively employ the alignments according to their needs.Both alignment techniques and confidence estimation can benefit from manual alignments. Manual alignments can be used as both supervision examples to train scoring models and as evaluation materials. The creation of such data is, however, an important question in itself, particularly at sub-sentential levels, where cross-lingual correspondences can be only implicit and difficult to capture.This thesis focuses on means to acquire useful sentential and sub-sentential bitext alignments. Chapter 1 provides a non-technical description of the research motivation, scope, organization, and introduces terminologies and notation. State-of-the-art alignment techniques are reviewed in Part I. Chapter 2 and 3 describe state-of-the-art methods for respectively sentence and word alignment. Chapter 4 summarizes existing manual alignments, and discusses issues related to the creation of gold alignment data. The remainder of this thesis, Part II, presents our contributions to bitext alignment, which are concentrated on three sub-tasks.Chapter 5 presents our contribution to gold alignment data collection. For sentence- level alignment, we collect manual annotations for an interesting text genre: literary bitexts, which are very useful for evaluating sentence aligners. We also propose a scheme for sentence alignment confidence annotation. For sub-sentential alignment, we annotate one-to-one word links with a novel 4-way labelling scheme, and design a new approachfor facilitating the collection of many-to-many links. All the collected data is released on-line.Improving alignment methods remains an important research subject. We pay special attention to sentence alignment, which often lies at the beginning of the bitext alignment pipeline. Chapter 6 presents our contributions to this task. Starting by evaluating state-of-the-art aligners and analyzing their models and results, we propose two new sentence alignment methods, which achieve state-of-the-art performance on a difficult dataset.The other important subject that we study is confidence estimation. In Chapter 7, we propose confidence measures for sentential and sub-sentential alignments. Experiments show that confidence estimation of alignment links is a challenging problem, and more works on enhancing the confidence measures will be useful.Finally, note that these contributions have been employed in a real world application: the development of a bilingual reading tool aimed at facilitating the reading in a foreign language
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Meyer, Dennis Scott. "A Comparative Analysis of Text Usage and Composition in Goscinny's Le petit Nicolas, Goscinny's Astérix, and Albert Uderzo's Astérix." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2976.
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The goal of this thesis is to analyze the textual composition of René Goscinny’s Astérix and Le petit Nicolas, demonstrating how they differ and why. Taking a statistical look at the comparative qualities of each series of works, the structural differences and similarities in language use in these two series and their respective media are highlighted and compared. Though one might expect more complicated language use in traditional text by virtue of its format, analysis of average word length, average sentence length, lexical diversity, the prevalence of specific forms (the passé composé, possessive pronouns, etc.), and preferred collocations (ils sont fous, ces romains !) shows interesting results. Though Le petit Nicolas has longer sentences and more relative pronouns (and hence more clauses per sentence on average), Astérix has longer words and more lexical diversity. A similar comparison of the albums of Astérix written by Goscinny to those of Uderzo, paying additional attention to the structural elements of each album (usage of narration and sound effects, for example) shows that Goscinny's love of reusing phrases is far greater than Uderzo's, and that the two have very different ideas of timing as expressed in narration boxes.
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Faghiri, Pegah. "La variation de l'ordre des constituants dans le domaine préverbal en persan : approche empirique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA161.
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Cette thèse propose une étude quantitative de la variation de l'ordre des constituants en persan avec un intérêt particulier pour l'ordre relatif entre le COD et le COI étant donné son rôle crucial dans les analyses de la structure du SV. Afin de remédier à une lacune empirique dont souffre l’étude de la syntaxe du persan, notre premier objectif est d’évaluer, à partir de données empiriques robustes, l’hypothèse largement admise selon laquelle il existe un ordre relatif canonique dichotomique entre les compléments verbaux, dépendant du marquage différentiel de l'objet (MDO). Notre second objectif, relatif à la linguistique générale et à la typologie, est de contribuer aux débats controversés sur les préférences translinguistiques de l'ordre des mots en étudiant, dans une langue SOV à structure mixte, les effets des facteurs tels que le poids (ou la longueur relative). Les résultats de nos études de corpus et de nos expériences montrent l’inadéquation du critère MDO pour expliquer l’ordre relatif entre le COD et le COI. Cette conclusion nous conduit à réfuter également l’hypothèse de la position syntaxique double de l’objet au profit d’une structure plate pour le SV. De plus, nos données révèlent une préférence « long-avant-court » subordonnée aux facteurs contribuant à la saillance, tels que la définitude, l'animéité et le rôle grammatical. Nous arguons que cette préférence échappe, en partie ou totalement, aux modèles du traitement se fondant sur la distance entre la tête et ses dépendants, alors qu’elle est compatible avec l'hypothèse selon laquelle dans les langues SOV l'accessibilité conceptuelle des constituants longs favorise leur production plus en amont dans la phraseThis thesis proposes a quantitative study of word order variations in Persian, focusing on the relative order between the direct object (DO) and the indirect object (IO). The latter plays a crucial role in the theoretical analyses of the VP, which in the absence of quantitative studies lack solid empirical underpinning. My first goal is to contribute to the study of Persian syntax by providing reliable data in order to evaluate the prevailing hypothesis according to which there exists a dual canonical relative order between the two objects triggered by the Differential Object marking (DOM). My second goal is to contribute to the ongoing debates on word order preferences in general linguistics and typology by bringing in data on an SOV language with mixed head-direction. To this end, I study the effect of factors such as grammatical weight (or relative length), which are claimed to influence the linear order across languages. First, the results of our corpus and experimental studies show that the DOM account of the relative order between the DO and the IO is flawed. Based on this conclusion, I also reject the two object positions hypothesis and plead for a flat structure view of the VP. Second, our data reveal a “long-before-short” preference, which is shown to depend on the effect of salience-enhancing factors such as definiteness, animacy and the grammatical role. I argue that while this preference is, either totally or partially, incompatible with the predictions of processing-oriented dependency-based models, it can be accounted for by production models assuming that the greater conceptual accessibility of longer constituents favors their early position in SOV languages
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Ylitalo, R. (Riikka). "The Realisation of Prominence in Three Varieties of Standard Spoken Finnish." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514291142.
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Abstract The central goal of this study was to study how contrastive accent is realised phonetically in three regional varieties of Standard Spoken Finnish. Speakers from the Oulu, Turku and Tampere regions produced unaccented and contrastively accented versions of the target words. Fundamental frequencies and segment durations were measured in all the target words, and in the contrastively accented versions also the temporal distance of the F0 peak from word onset. In the unaccented words, F0 fluctuations were very small, indicating once more that in Finnish, too, mere word stress is not realised tonally. In the words with CV.CV(X) structure, the lengthening of segment durations due to stress was restricted to the initial syllable in Tampere, whereas in Oulu and Turku the lengthening extended to the second syllable. The width of the fall-rise F0 pattern realising contrastive accent was in all word structures widest in the Oulu variety, and the narrowest in the Tampere variety. In the Turku variety CV.CV(X) words, the F0 peak occurred further away from word onset than in any other words investigated. The differences in segment durations among the varieties were similar in the unaccented words and in the contrastively accented ones, with one exception: the duration of V1 in the unaccented CV.CV(X) words was the same across the varieties, but in the contrastively accented CV.CV(X) words the duration of V1 was shorter in the Turku variety than in the other varieties. The durational ratio of V1 and V2 in the Turku variety – as in the Oulu variety – was different from the durational ratio in the Tampere variety: in Turku and Oulu V2 had a longer duration than V1, whereas in Tampere V1 had a longer duration than V2. This confirms earlier observations that Turku and Oulu belong to regions in which the V2 of CV.CV(X) words is half-long (longer than V1), but Tampere does not. However, the present study shows that the relative half-long duration of the V2 of CV.CV(X) words is achieved differently in Turku and Oulu: in Turku through the short duration of V1, but in Oulu through the long duration of V2Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen keskeisin tavoite oli selvittää, miten kontrastiivinen aksentti toteutuu foneettisesti kolmelta eri suomen murrealueelta kotoisin olevien yleiskielisessä puheessa. Oulun, Turun ja Tampereen seuduilta kotoisin olevat koehenkilöt tuottivat tutkimuksen jokaisesta kohdesanasta sekä aksentoimattoman että kontrastiivisesti aksentoidun esiintymän. Tuotetuista kohdesanoista mitattiin perustaajuuksia, äännesegmenttien kestot sekä kontrastiivisesti aksentoituiduista sanoista F0:n huipun etäisyys sanan alusta. Aksentoimattomissa sanoissa F0:n muutokset olivat kaikissa tutkituissa suomen varieteeteissa erittäin vähäisiä, mikä taas kerran todisti, ettei suomessakaan pelkkä sanapaino toteudu tonaalisesti. Sanapainon toteutumisessa kestojen avulla oli varieteettien välisiä eroja CV.CV(X)-rakenteisissa sanoissa: Tampereen varieteetissa sanapainon toteutumisala rajoittui ensimmäiseen tavuun, mutta Turun ja Oulun varieteeteissa se ulottui myös toiseen tavuun. Kontrastiivista aksenttia toteuttavan F0:n nousu–lasku-kuvion laajuus oli kaiken rakenteisissa kohdesanoissa suurin Oulun varieteetissa, pienempi Turun varieteetissa ja kaikkein pienin Tampereen varieteetissa. Muutoin kontrastiivisen aksentin toteutumisessa F0:n avulla oli huomattavia varieteettien välisiä eroja vain CV.CV(X)-rakenteisissa sanoissa: Turun varieteetin CV.CV(X)-sanoissa F0:n huippukohta sijaitsi kauempana sanan alusta kuin kaikissa muissa tutkituissa sanoissa, eli kauempana kuin muun rakenteisissa Turun varieteetin sanoissa ja kaiken rakenteisissa Oulun ja Tampereen varieteettien sanoissa. Varieteettien väliset segmenttien kestoerot olivat samat aksentoimattomissa ja kontrastiivisesti aksentoiduissa sanoissa, lukuun ottamatta sitä, että CV.CV(X)-rakenteisten sanojen V1:n kestossa ei aksentoimattomissa sanoissa ollut varieteettien välisiä eroja, mutta kontrastiivisesti aksentoiduissa sanoissa kyseisen segmentin kesto oli lyhempi Turun varieteetissa kuin muissa varieteeteissa. Tällä tavoin Turun varieteetin kontrastiivisesti aksentoiduissa CV.CV(X)-sanoissa toteutui V1:n ja V2:n kestosuhde, joka – samoin kuin Oulun varieteetin vastaava kestosuhde – poikkeaa Tampereen varieteetin vastaavasta kestosuhteesta: Turussa ja Oulussa V2 on V1:tä pitempikestoinen, Tampereella päinvastoin V1:n kesto on V2:n kestoa suurempi. Tämä vahvistaa ne aiempien tutkimusten tulokset, että Turku ja Oulu ovat ns. puolipidennysmurteiden aluetta, mutta Tampere ei. Kuitenkin tämä tutkimus osoitti, että kontrastiivisesti aksentoitujen sanojen puolipidennys saadaan Turun varieteetissa aikaan pikemminkin lyhytkestoisen V1:n kuin pitkäkestoisen V2:n avulla, kun taas Oulun varieteetissa puolipidennys syntyy nimenomaan pitkäkestoisen V2:n avulla. Kaiken kaikkiaan suurin osa tutkimuksessa todetuista varieteettien välisistä selvistä perustaajuus- ja kestoeroista koski CV.CV(X)-rakenteisia sanoja, jotka ovatkin erikoinen suomen sanatyyppi yksimoraisen ensi tavunsa vuoksi
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Atar, Sharghi Navid. "Analyse syntaxique comparée du persan et du français : vers un modèle de traduction non ambigüe et une langue controlée." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01011496.
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Cette étude consiste en une analyse comparée des unités syntaxiques (les syntagmes) et des constructions fondamentales du fiançais et du persan, en ayant un regard sur les Langues Contrôlées (LC) et les cas problématiques et ambigus pour la traduction.Après un passage sur l'histoire de ces langues et une brève présentation du système d 'écriture et phonétique du persan ,les classes de mots et leurs classifications traditionnelle et moderne sont comparées. Ensuite, les structures des syntagmes déterminant, nominal, adjectival, prépositionnel , adverbial et verbal et la nature de leurs composants, ainsi que les constructions fondamentales de la phrase de base dans ces deux langues sont analysées. Tout au long du parcours, en faisant quelques tests de traduction avec des étudiants persanophones, certains cas problématiques pour la traduction sont repérés et traités pour une langue contrôlée français-persan éventuelle. Dans la synthèse finale, sont rassemblées, les structures syntagmatiques et certaines instructions pour élaborer une LC concernant les langues française et persane