Journal articles on the topic 'Woolen goods industry Europe'
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1
Broggi, Carles Brasó. "Workshops, Factories and Subcontractors in the Chinese Woolen Industry, 1880-1937." Revue de Synthèse 140, no. 1-2 (December 10, 2019): 135–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552343-14000006.
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Abstract This article discusses China’s attempts to industrialize from the late nineteenth century until the Japanese occupation of 1937. It focuses on the woollen industry and uses data from industrial investigations, market information and company archives. Several attempts to build a woollen industry from the 1880s to the end of the First World War failed. However, in the 1920s and 1930s some private companies in Tianjin, Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta succeeded in managing profitable woollen workshops and mills. An export-based carpet industry was developed in Tianjin while a network of workshops and integrated mills flourished in Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta to supply woollen goods for civilian clothing in the Chinese urban markets. This article aims to contribute to the debate of China’s late industrialization by looking at the structure of the woollen industry and its alignment with actual consumer demands.
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Strelko, Oleh, and Oksana Pylypchuk. "Characteristics of unpaved roads in the late 18th century – early 19th century, and the design of the first wooden trackway as a forerunner to the Bukovyna railways." History of science and technology 11, no. 2 (December 12, 2021): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-2-437-452.
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In the history of Bukovinian social life in the 1840–1850s, an important role is played by the fierce struggle for the introduction of rail transport. This struggle took place in the deepening crisis of the feudal system and the development of capitalism in the Austrian Empire. Primitive medieval methods of transporting goods and passengers by waterways and unpaved roads, which for centuries met the needs of feudal Bukovyna, became a brake on the economic, social and political progress of the Bukovyna region. The beginning of the transport revolution in England had a huge public response in Austria-Hungary. The rapidly developing relationship between scientists and engineers from Austria, Western Europe and America in this period made a large contribution to the process, as the newest means of transportation were spreading in the early 19th century, first of all, in the industrialized regions of Europe. These regions had enough funds for the construction of roads because they could develop different methods of production. Today we are mostly interested in the projects of construction of typical means of transportation on agricultural lands with practically no industry. In the early 19th century, Bukovyna was one of them. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. The government's attention to Bukovyna's roads was explained by their military, economic and political significance for the Austrian Empire by the end of the 18th – early 19th century. There was a number of state trackways built on the territory of Bukovyna which crossed the region and ensured the military interconnection of two Austrian provinces named – Galicia and Transylvania, as well as approached the borders of the Russian Empire and the Danube principalities. At the same time, they helped to restore the suspended trade flow in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway. It is evident that such an idea played a significant role in shaping the development strategy of the region in the minds of Austrian and Bukovinian officials, and became a forerunner for main and regional railways in Bukovyna.
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Khvalkov, Evgeny. "The Commercial Significance of the Venetian Tana in the 1430s." Eminak, no. 4(28) (December 31, 2019): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2019.4(28).351.
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In the XIII – XV centuries medieval Europe has made progress in trade and transition to market economy, which resulted in the foundation of a number of Venetian and Genoese overseas colonies in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea area. The stability of Pax Mongolica had a positive effect on long-distance trade with the Central and Eastern Asia and India. In the XV century the goods from the Eastern Europe prevailed over those from the Central and Eastern Asia, especially the slaves. In exchange the Venetians and the Genoese imported cotton, woolen, and silk fabrics, raw cotton, rice, soap, glass, ceramics, jewelry and swords. The stabilization in the region and the rise of trade was a trend running through the first half of the fifteenth century. The 1430s were the time of the greatest prosperity of the Venetian trade in the Northern Black Sea during the whole fifteenth century.
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Lestan, Filip, and Sajal Kabiraj. "EMERGING TRENDS IN THE SPORTING GOODS INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE." Acta Prosperitatis 12 (2021): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37804/1691-6077-2021-12-38-58.
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Sporting goods industry is a multibillion industry including apparel, gear and equipment. Beyond that, it is currently under flux of change. Disruptive actions cause emergence of new trends on which stakeholder must stay keen. This study analyses consumers’ economic, and technological trends within the sporting goods industry among different markets and stakeholders. Stakeholders such as businesses, organizations and consumers are shifting towards advanced sporttechniques, hence the sporting goods industry faces tremendous challenges and changes. The empirical part of the research was conducted with quantitative research methodology utilizing descriptive and analytical approaches. Data was collected from credible secondary data sources such as international institutions, governments, and databases. Data analysis was elaborated with help of descriptive methods and statistical tests.
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Čarný, Štefan. "Impact of Steel Industry on Freight Railway Makret in Central Europe." Transport technic and technology 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttt-2020-0002.
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AbstractThe interconnection of Eurasia through logistics chains using rail transport as the main mode of transport brings many opportunities for EU member states with Chinas economic potential. Accelerating the import of goods and semi-finished products into domestic industrial production from China by railway may pose a risk to the economic performance of countries that depend on industrial production and its structures.
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Kyseľová, Viera. "Industry as a Key Factor for Economic Recovery and Competitiveness of the Europe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 613 (August 2014): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.613.441.
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Promotion of an integrated approach for industrial policy at European and national levels is crucial to ensuring the future competitiveness of the European Union and to raise growth potential. Essential for economic success and economic recovery of the European Union is an integrated single market, which creates an attractive environment for business, production of goods and services. Industrial modernization, investing in innovation, new technology, production inputs and skills, increased productivity, efficient use of resources and goods and services with high value added are prerequisites for achieving Europe's comparative advantage in the global economy. The main source of industrial future and competitiveness of the European Union are becoming investments in innovation and key technologies that redefine global value chains, make more efficient use of resources and redesign the international division of labor.
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Ullah, Ibrar, Irshad Hussain, and Madhusudan Singh. "Exploiting Grasshopper and Cuckoo Search Bio-Inspired Optimization Algorithms for Industrial Energy Management System: Smart Industries." Electronics 9, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010105.
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Industries are consuming more than 27% of the total generated energy in the world, out of which 50% is used by different machines for processing, producing, and assembling various goods. Energy shortage is a major issue of this biosphere. To overcome energy scarcity, a challenging task is to have optimal use of existing energy resources. An efficient and effective mechanism is essential to optimally schedule the load units to achieve three objectives: minimization of the consumed energy cost, peak-to-average power ratio, and consumer waiting time due to scheduling of the load. To achieve the aforementioned objectives, two bio-inspired heuristic techniques—Grasshopper-Optimization Algorithm and Cuckoo Search Optimization Algorithm—are analyzed and simulated for efficient energy use in an industry. We considered a woolen mill as a case study, and applied our algorithms on its different load units according to their routine functionality. Then we scheduled these load units by proposing an efficient energy management system (EMS). We assumed automatic operating machines and day-ahead pricing schemes in our EMS.
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Kowalska, Agnieszka. "Key Drivers Behind the Growth of the Polish Packaging Market in 2005-2012 - Macroeconomic Approach." Olsztyn Economic Journal 9, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3186.
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The Polish packaging industry has been developing dynamically in recent years, and it is the largest packaging market in Europe with estimated value of EUR 6 billion, i.e. 2% of Poland's GDP. The key macroeconomic factors responsible for the growth of the Polish packaging market are: socioeconomic situation, international trade in goods, production of packaged goods, demographic and market factors. An analysis of the above factors points to the high potential and prospects of the Polish packaging market.
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Заріцька, Надія М. "АНАЛІЗ ЗОВНІШНЬОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ЛЕГКОЇ ПРОМИСЛОВОСТІ УКРАЇНИ." Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Series: Economic sciences 141, no. 6 (July 14, 2020): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2413-0117.2019.6.3.
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The article presents the results of external analysis of consumer goods sector in Ukraine, one of the largest in Europe which offers a wide range of products: fabrics, garments and knitwear, shoes, hosiery items, natural and artificial fur, leather goods, garment accessories, porcelain, etc. which to a great extent underpins the socioeconomic situation in the society and the state of the national security. However, in recent years the Ukrainian consumer goods industry is facing a large-scale protracted systemic crisis that translates into the ongoing manufacturing decline in major products; the domestic market is almost 90% filled with illegally imported goods and products; at the same time, up to 80% of domestically produced goods are exported onto foreign markets (mainly the European ones). An emphasis is put on critical importance of consumer goods industry in the Ukrainian economy since it contributes to creating new jobs, enhancing the domestic products competitiveness and increasing fiscal inflows to state and local budgets, etc. To assist management entities in their goal setting, the study employs a structured logical framework of a cognitive analysis of the consumer goods market to explore the relationships and interactions within the external and internal environment, as well as identifies the key economic, legal, technological and sociocultural factors of environmental effects on consumer manufacturing performance in Ukraine. Based on the PEST analysis results, weighted estimates to assess the macroeconomic environment factors of consumer goods industry have been provided using a proposed scale with regard to each factor significance indices, since for each of the four groups a different number of these factors have been determined.
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Sokolov, V. "East Asian Machinery-Building Cluster." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2014): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-4-36-44.
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The article considers features of the East Asian machinery-building cluster. It differs from the older machinery-building clusters in West Europe and North America primarily. The share of intermediate goods in the imports of the East Asian countries is higher than the share of such goods in their exports. This results from prevalence of the assembly manufactures in their industry. The international supply chains of the region are described as follows: manufacturing parts and components in the countries of East and South-East Asia – assembly in China – exports to USA, Europe and Japan. The changes in the structure of the international supply chains in 2007–2011 are shown in the case of telecommunications industry. It is established that the structure of the telecommunications imports of the USA has changed in favor of China. The technological level of the telecommunications equipment exported from China enhanced significantly. The share of parts and components in China’s telecommunications exports increased. Imports of telecommunications equipment from Japan to USA diminished whereas its delivery from China to Japan more than doubled. This points to reduction of the role of Japan as the supplier of telecommunications equipment in the world scale.
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Arefyev, P. "Manufacturing industry of European countries. May Europe be considered the assembly shop of Russia?" Siberian Financial School, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/1993-4386-2021-2-37-41.
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The article deals in detail with the problem of determining the place of Russia in the global value chain based on the study of manufacturing industries. The author analyzes in detail the effectiveness of Russia’s integration into the GVC, based on the study of the industry structure and comparison of export volumes. Based on the latter, we can say that the goods of manufacturing industries are in the leading positions in Russia’s total exports for 2019. However, it is necessary to keep in mind the risks associated with the political aspect of economic integration. Another obstacle is the problem of competitiveness, which slows down Russia’s integration into the world market. Despite this, predicting the growth of economic indicators, we can conclude that the Russian manufacturing industry has broad prospects for development.
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Simon, Christian, and Lee Mitzman. "Labour Relations at Manufactures in the Eighteenth Century: The Calico Printers in Europe." International Review of Social History 39, S2 (August 1994): 115–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000112957.
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Many studies on proto-industrialization have followed Franklin Mendels' work, and virtually all concern cottage industries in rural areas. Occasionally, authors are also interested in urban proto-industries, which are correctly considered home industries here. This production method (aside from traditional manual labour) has certainly been decisive, both in supplying expanding markets during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and in raising capital for commercial production of goods. Cottage industries were the prevailing form of industry at the start of the Industrial Revolution (and during the preceding periods) and were consequently a direct prerequisite for it.
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Forge, Simon, and Colin Blackman. "Europe’s 5G field of dreams: if we build it, will they come?" Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 19, no. 5 (August 14, 2017): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-06-2017-0030.
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Purpose Proponents of 5G predict a huge market for 5G goods and services with millions of new jobs being created. The purpose of this paper is to make a realistic assessment of the 5G initiative, with a focus on Europe. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews the technical, economic and policy literature to analyse the case for 5G in Europe. Findings The 5G initiative in Europe, as well as globally, has so far failed to assess objectively the future needs of its customers, whether consumer or business, to articulate a set of sound business cases. Originality/value There is little independent assessment of 5G in the academic literature. The paper makes an original contribution through questioning the dominant supply-driven industry perspective.
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Inklaar, Robert, Marcel P. Timmer, and Bart van Ark. "Mind the Gap! International Comparisons of Productivity in Services and Goods Production." German Economic Review 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 281–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00408.x.
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Abstract In this paper, we make a comparison of industry output, inputs and productivity growth and levels between seven advanced economies (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States). Our industry-level growth accounts make use of input data on labour quantity (hours) and composition (schooling levels), and distinguish between six different types of capital assets (including three information and communication technology (ICT) assets). The comparisons of levels rely on industry-specific purchasing power parities (PPPs) for output and inputs, within a consistent input-output framework for the year 1997. Our results show that differences in productivity growth and levels can be mainly traced to market services, not to goods-producing industries. Part of the strong productivity growth in market services in Anglo-Saxon countries, such as in Australia and Canada, may be related to relatively low productivity levels compared with the United States. In contrast, services productivity levels in continental European countries were on par with the United States in 1997, but growth in Europe was much weaker since then. In terms of factor input use, the United States is very different from all other countries, mostly because of the more intensive use of ICT capital in the United States.
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Wubs, Ben, and Thierry Maillet. "Building Competing Fashion Textile Fairs in Europe, 1970–2010." Journal of Macromarketing 37, no. 1 (July 26, 2016): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146715619010.
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Interstoff (launched in 1959 by Messe Frankfurt) and Première Vision (launched in 1972 in Lyon) became “information dissemination gathering locations” for the fashion and textile industries all over the world. The two events mobilized the fashion prediction methodology as a key tool to impose themselves as the favorite information gatekeeper for the industry. Their goal was to complement the trading of goods with the exchange of adequate and strategic information for companies that were dramatically constrained by immediate global competition and rapidly changing seasonal models. As a result the two trade fairs progressively adopted a new information-centric model and contributed to maintain Western Europe as the central location for the dissemination of fashion trends worldwide. Messe Frankfurt also pursued an alternative geographical strategy. It did this by following the global relocation of textile manufacturing and setting up fairs around the world, particularly in China, before ultimately ending the Interstoff event in Frankfurt in 1999.
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Majer, Marko. "Leaders' Perspective of Millennial Employees in the Central & Eastern European Advertising Industry." Journal of East European Management Studies 25, no. 1 (2020): 142–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2020-1-142.
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This study focuses on leaders’ perception of their Millennial employees in advertising agencies within Central and Eastern Europe. Millennials are popularly associated with laziness, entitlement and narcissism, which can seemingly manifest in undesired attitudes to work. A qualitative research, based on semi-structured interviews with leaders in advertising agencies provided rich data to confront the perceived stereotypes from their perspective. Young individuals in advertising are predominantly well-informed and ambitious, benefiting from their technological savvy as digital natives. In this self-selected group their work informs the lifestyle, and success seems to be manifested through social media rather than the display of material goods. The study challenges simplified stereotypes and contributes to under-researched segments of Millennials in the advertising industry and CEE.
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Lukyanova, A. V. "INFLUENCE OF ELECTRONIC BUSINESS ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANIES OF THE INDUSTRY OF FASHION." Business Strategies, no. 5 (May 25, 2018): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2311-7184-2018-5-50-60.
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Today practice of creation own online of business is widespread in the USA and Europe while in Russia similar practice only gathers gradually a turn. Nevertheless, in Russia start treating a similar kind of activity more seriously. An objective of this research - to determine expediency of maintaining by the luxury fashionable companies of commercial activity online on the example of the largest foreign players. As a result of research it is defined that purchase online of goods of haute couture – a question ambiguous as many do not find in general need for acquisition of similar things owing to economic prerequisites and personal claims. During research it was revealed that the beginning of active sales of luxury goods, in particular clothes subjects, can negatively influence brand representation for perception of the consumer. The following conclusion concerns the main channel of communications between the buyer and the seller. Despite probable negative effects of sales online, nevertheless, the companies should be reoriented and conduct vigorous marketing activity in a network. Physical shops – an important aspect of maintenance of the status, but it is possible to assume that this services industry is developed quite strongly. Other situation is about online marketiny for фэшн the industries, after all in fact, 10 years ago the companies as Chanel, Dior were categorically against similar shift of values towards digital technologies, today it is inevitable.
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Lukyanova, A. V. "Influence of electronic business on development of the companies of the industry of fashion." Business Strategies, no. 6 (July 10, 2018): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2311-7184-2018-6-20-30.
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Today practice of creation own online of business is widespread in the USA and Europe while in Russia similar practice only gathers gradually a turn. Nevertheless, in Russia start treating a similar kind of activity more seriously. An objective of this research - to determine expediency of maintaining by the luxury fashionable companies of commercial activity online on the example of the largest foreign players. As a result of research it is defined that purchase online of goods of haute couture – a question ambiguous as many do not find in general need for acquisition of similar things owing to economic prerequisites and personal claims. During research it was revealed that the beginning of active sales of luxury goods, in particular clothes subjects, can negatively influence brand representation for perception of the consumer. The following conclusion concerns the main channel of communications between the buyer and the seller. Despite probable negative effects of sales online, nevertheless, the companies should be reoriented and conduct vigorous marketing activity in a network. Physical shops – an important aspect of maintenance of the status, but it is possible to assume that this services industry is developed quite strongly. Other situation is about online marketiny for фэшн the industries, after all in fact, 10 years ago the companies as Chanel, Dior were categorically against similar shift of values towards digital technologies, today it is inevitable.
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Bilić, Paško, and Jaka Primorac. "The Digital Advertising Gap and the Online News Industry in Croatia." Medijske studije 9, no. 18 (February 15, 2019): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20901/ms.9.18.4.
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Internet advertising brought about many changes in communication production, distribution, and consumption. By using critical political economy of communication as the mainstay of our approach, we provide supporting evidence of the ambiguous influence of data-driven advertising dynamic on the news industry and audience habits. We look at what we define as the digital advertising gap, or the difference between the size of the internet advertising market and the total income of digital news’ firms. Digital intermediaries such as Google and Facebook are the final destinations for the majority of internet advertising investments in Europe and Croatia. A multi-sided, internet advertising market creates a fertile ground for the production of untrustworthy journalistic content. The digital advertising gap provides an example of a ‘market failure’ in which the market does not efficiently allocate public information goods. We argue that the confidence in the ability of the market to self-regulate the internet should be re-considered in European and national media policies.
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Bacovic, Maja. "Sectoral Approach in Output Growth Decomposition and its Determinants in Europe." Management & Economics Research Journal 3, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48100/merj.2021.159.
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The structural changes in Europe have occurred over the last several decades, reducing output share in the goods sector, while increasing its share in overall services. Applying the growth accounting approach, we decomposed output growth in the economy while following the sectoral approach, in ten individual sectors in twenty-six European countries, from 2000 to 2019. Our analysis shows that total factor productivity has accounted for almost half of the European countries growth in output in the last two decades, with the other half primarily accounted for by increases in fixed asset growth and employment growth, while its variations among sectors are significant. The output growth in the services sector is significantly more driven by employment growth than in the goods sector, leading to overall employment growth in the economy. Applying the panel pooled OLS model, we found that the relevance of expenditures for research and development is high and positive in all sectors, but higher in industry and knowledge-intensive services (information and communication, scientific activities) compared to all sectors average. To the best knowledge of the author, this is the first study presenting output growth decomposition estimates at the sectoral level for a selected group of countries, but also the first study presenting estimates of TFP in the total economy for a selected time periods. In addition, this is the first study that presents the relevance of investment in research and development at the sectoral level in this specific time period and group of countries. Results of the study may be used in defining national policies priorities, as there are varieties among sectors in terms of their impact on employment and economic growth.
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Langer, Erick D. "The Barriers to Proletarianization: Bolivian Mine Labour, 1826–1918." International Review of Social History 41, S4 (December 1996): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000114269.
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Labour history in Latin America has, to a great degree, followed the models set by the rich historiography in Europe and North America. Other than a justifiable concern with the peculiarities in production for export of primary goods, much of the Latin American historiography suggests that the process of labour formation was rather similar to that of the North Atlantic economies, only lagging behind, as did industrialization in this region of the world. However, this was not the case. The export orientation of the mining industry and its peripheral location in the world economy introduced certain modifications not found in the North Atlantic economies. The vagaries of the mining industry, exacerbated by the severe swings in raw material prices, created conditions which hindered proletarianization and modified the consciousness of the mine workers.
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Gross, Stephen. "The German Economy and East-Central Europe: The Development of Intra-Industry Trade from Ostpolitik to the Present." German Politics and Society 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2013.310305.
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Over the past decade Germany has had one of the most successfuleconomies in the developed world. Despite the ongoing Euro crisis unemploymenthas fallen below 7 percent, reaching its lowest levels since Germanreunification in 1990. Germany’s youth unemployment is among thelowest in Europe, far beneath the European average.1 One of the mostimportant engines of the German economy today, and in fact throughoutthe twentieth and twenty-first centuries, has been its export sector. As LudwigErhard, West Germany’s Economics Minister during the Wirtschaftswunderof the 1950s remarked: “foreign trade is quite simply the core andpremise of our economic and social order.”2 According to various estimates,today exports and imports of goods and services account for nearly a half ofGerman GDP—up from only a quarter in 1990. Germany is one of only threeeconomies that do over a trillion dollars worth of exports a year, the othertwo being the United States and China.
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STEWART, CYNTHIA M., MARTIN B. COLE, and DONALD W. SCHAFFNER. "Managing the Risk of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning from Cream-Filled Baked Goods To Meet a Food Safety Objective." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1310–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.7.1310.
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The International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) has recently proposed a scheme for the management of microbial hazards for foods that involves the concept of food safety objectives (FSOs). FSOs are intended to specify the maximum levels of hazardous agents required to meet a given public health goal. This scheme offers flexibility for the food industry in terms of allowing the use of alternative but equivalent means for achieving a given FSO. This paper illustrates the application of the ICMSF model via the analysis of the microbiological hazard of Staphylococcus aureus in cream-filled baked goods. Cream-filled baked goods have a notorious history as vehicles for foodborne illness, particularly staphylococcal food poisoning. Although the numbers of cases reported in the United States and Europe have declined in recent years, staphylococcal food poisoning may be much more common than is recognized, particularly in other countries. The ICMSF principles for setting FSOs and the use of performance criteria, process criteria, and validation in relation to hazard analysis critical control point and good hygiene practice plans for managing S. aureus in cream-filled baked goods are described.
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Kolesnik, Alexander Victorovich. "Flint complex of the Mariupol burial ground." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20162201.
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The Mariupol burial ground is one of the largest Neolithic sites of Eastern Europe. The funeral complex consists of 124 burials many of which include rich grave goods. Flint artifacts, usually single plate-like flint knives, have been found in 40 graves. In burials there also were end and oval scrapers, microlithics, axes, triangular arrowheads with bilateral treatment. The industry has been based on squeezing plates of average size. Flint tools were selected specially for burial. Flint artifacts have only been found in graves with other grave goods. In some graves there were rather numerous congestions of flint tools - from 10 to 25 tools and their workpieces. In these backpack sets plates and tools made of them also prevail. Backpack sets of the Mariupol burial ground are divided into two types. The first type includes mainly unspecialized stone tools. Backpack sets of the second type consist of stone tools and household objects, i.e. jewelry made of bone, shells and stone, ochre. The trapezes and plates were used as arrowheads and their parts. Two flint axes with polished edges are found in one of the burials. The flint industry of the Mariupol burial ground is comparable to the industry of a Neolithic layer of the Kalmius settlement in Mariupol on the opposite right river bank. Probably, the burial ground has been made by residents of the settlement. Flint products are found both in male and in female burials.
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Smorodinskaya, N. V., and D. D. Katukov. "Russia’s opportunities for entering Industry 4.0 markets by improving its position in distributed production." Journal of the New Economic Association 53, no. 1 (2022): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-12.
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The paper attempts to clarify Russia’s possibilities to enter the advanced manufacturing markets (Industry 4.0) through participation in global value chains (GVCs). We analyze transformations in GVCs, generated by the renewal of global business strategies (transition from mass offshoring to smart-sourcing, manufacturing servitization, strengthening of GVCs’ resilience and their digitalization), and how Russia corresponds to them in its accumulated but not yet realized comparative advantages (in the field of science and education, development of digital sectors, transportation of goods between Europe and Asia, etc.). We conclude that in the 2020s, Russia has an objective chance to advance to new export markets by entering into both traditional and new service niches of sophisticated industrial GVCs. But to realize this chance, Russia needs a serious adjustment of its structural policy upon considering not only technological, but also institutional and behavioral shifts in the distributed production.
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Wiszniewska, Anna. "„Pięć milionów dzieci czeka na nowe zabawki…”. O organizacji przemysłu zabawkarskiego i wzornictwie zabawek w Polsce lat 50. i 60. XX wieku." Artium Quaestiones, no. 32 (December 15, 2021): 131–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/aq.2021.32.6.
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In the first years after World War II, the task of setting up a toy industry was undertaken in Poland. According to the declarations from the Polish People’s Republic authorities about providing all children with a carefree childhood, access to education and help in developing individual interests, a well-designed and carefully made toy was to reach the hands of 5 million children. It was also supposed to be aesthetic and accessible to the impoverished society after the war. Therefore, toys were mainly produced from waste materials, such as wood, leather, felt, fabrics, provided by state-owned industrial plants or production cooperatives. Toys made in artists’ studios and in the BNEP Toy Factory under the direction of Jan Kurzątkowski met these criteria. A turning point in the history of the organization of the post-war toy industry was the establishment of The Office for Toy Industry Studies and Projects, a facility included in the structures of Cepelia and unique not only on the national, but also on the Europe scale. The office was established on 5 December 1950 by order of the president of the Central Office of Fine Manufacturing. The specialists employed in this institution (artists, educators, psychologists and material scientists) ensured that children received a good educational toy – carefully made, appropriate for their age, safe and nice at the same time. The designs developed under their professional supervision were handed over to Cepelia’s cooperatives for implementation, while providing appropriate instructions on the material and decorations used. One of the Office’s first initiatives was to produce a specific type of wooden and fabric doll, which was exported to Western Europe and the USA and created what was termed the “Polish Doll”. The office only existed for 4 years. Pursuant to the resolution of the Presidium of the Government dated on 18 December 1954, it was transferred to the Board of the Toy Industry at the Central Union of Work Cooperatives. In practice, this meant its liquidation and the cessation of research and development of new toy designs. This decision resulted in a rapid constriction in the development of Poland’s toy industry. The idea of such a holistic, comprehensive approach to the issue of toys has never been returned to, not only from the point of view of aesthetics, but also toys’ role in children’s upbringing and education. This was changed neither by the Central Design Office of the Toy Industry established in 1956 at the Ministry of Education, nor “Plastuś”, a competition for the best toy for children available on the market, launched in 1961.
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Schnaus, Julia. "Das leise Sterben einer Branche – Der Niedergang der westdeutschen Bekleidungsindustrie in den 1960er/70er Jahren." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 62, no. 1 (March 10, 2017): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2017-0002.
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AbstractUnnoticed Disappearance – The Decline of the West-German Clothing Industry in the 1960s/70sIn the beginning of the 20th century the German clothing industry used to be a considerable producer of consumer goods, manufacturing clothes for both home and export market. In the 1960s and 70s this branch of the German industry began to decline, mainly due to the pay gap between the labor costs in Germany and low-wage-countries located in Eastern Europe and Asia. In response to this development bigger German companies outsourced their production abroad to save labor costs. Smaller companies often lacked the needed financial resources and had to face bankruptcy as result. At the end only services like planning and quality control remained in Germany. In consequence of this development a lot of German seamstresses lost their jobs. The government did not care about these problems; the enterprises did not receive subsidies. The unions in the sector were weak due to a high percentage of working women and the high ratio of small and medium sized regionally dispersed enterprises.
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Huliuk, Ihor. "Not for Sale, but for Own Need”: Trade of the Volhynian Gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Second Half of the 16th — First Half of the 17th Century." Ukrainian Studies, no. 2(79) (August 3, 2021): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(79).2021.235163.
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The article analyzes socioeconomic processes in the early modern Europe, in particular trade in its separate regions. It considers the classical economic model focused on the industry and agriculture, which Eastern and Western Europe followed in their multifaceted development. It studies legislation, namely the Second Lithuanian Statute and the Sejm Constitutions for assessing the involvement of gentry representatives in commerce. It indicates that the activity of the Volhynian gentry in the internal trade of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was due to both external changes in the market, primarily the demand for products from Eastern Europe, and the tendency observed on the continent when running a household became a business that made incomes grow. It analyzes general criticism in the intellectual circles of the trade activity of the gentry as such, which could lead to a certain deterioration of traditions. Man-knight and man-merchant intersections in the society of that time were acceptable if a nobleman traded goods from his own estates and could prove it with an oath.The article also investigates key areas of trade of the Volhynian gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on the basis of documentary material of court books of the 16th–17th-century Volhynia and previously published sources of economic nature. It studies main range of goods sold and bought by the representatives of the elite, observes the participation of the Volhynian gentry in trade operations with the core centers of the Polish-Lithuanian economy, and their involvement in local fairs and tradings. It shows the role of intermediaries, first of all representatives of the Jewish community and peasants from the gentry fоlwarks, in the trade enterprise of the gentry.
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Rumin, Rafał, Kamil Kozioł, and Joanna Polak. "Impact of Creating Evacuate Tube Transportation Technology for Connecting European Union and China." Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/conc-2018-0001.
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Abstract The article presents an economic potential of the trade exchange between China and European Union using the new type of transport – basing on vacuum trains. This technology bases on transporting goods in a capsule. The capsule is moving inside an airtight tube, where the air pressure is decreased to about 100Pa. Owing to the low pressure, an air friction value is very low too, what is enabling to move the capsule inside the tube without meaningful energy loss from the air friction. The transport will provide a very fast and economical shipping of goods between China and Europe. It is expected, that the capsules can reach the speed about 1000 km/h. Taking all these factors into account, there are new opportunities for the trade exchange with China. It applies especially to the transshipment- industrial districts like Sichuan, Yunnan, Kweichow, and the Chongqing city. The potential of these provinces is a population about 200 millions people, a territory which is twice the size of France and quick economic growth – about 10%. In 2016, the train from Chengdu to Łódź have left 463 times, in 2017 there are 1000 trains planned. The economy of Sichuan is basing on: agriculture, hydropower, big resources of natural gas, heavy industry, and electronics. In Chongqing, there are mainly: automotive, heavy industry, electronics, and chemical industry. In Yunnan dominate agricultural processing, natural resources, and heavy industry. From the viewpoint of polish business, the Sichuan province and the Chongqing city are especially noteworthy. These two are firstly making use of developing Chinese economy. They are also contributing to the „New Silk Road” – OBOR project (One Belt and One Road Initiative) and aspiring to become the trade, financial, scientific-technological and telecommunication-transport center.
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Rumin, Rafał, Kamil Kozioł, Joanna Polak, Paweł Hyla, and Jędrzej Blaut. "Analysis of time of intermodal container transport from China to the EU by means of Hyperloop technology." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 20, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2019): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2019.084.
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The article presents the economic potential of trade between China and the European Union using a new means of transport - low-pressure railways. The technology is based on the transport of goods in capsules, moving inside a tightly closed tube, in which the pressure is lowered to about 100Pa. Thanks to the low pressure, the resistance of the air inside the tube is also very low, which allows the capsules to move in it without significant energy losses. In the future, this will make it possible to transport goods very quickly and economically between China and Europe. It is believed that the capsule will be able to reach a speed of about 1000km/h. Based on these assumptions, there are new prospects for Europe's trade with China. This applies in particular to industrial and transhipment districts such as Sinchuan, Yunnan, Kweichow and Chongqing. These regions have a population of 200 million, a territory twice as large as France, and rapid economic growth of around 10%. In 2016, the train from Cheng to Łódź set off 463 times, while in 2017 there were already about 1000 chickens. The economy of Sinchuan is mainly based on: The economy of Sinchuan is mainly based on: agriculture, hydroelectricity, large gas resources, heavy industry and electronics. Chongqing's economy is based on: The Chongqing economy is based on: automotive, heavy industry, electronics and chemical industry. Yunnan is dominated by agricultural processing, natural resources and heavy industry. The Sinchuan and Chongqing districts deserve the most attention from the point of view of Polish interests. They benefit most from the development of the Chinese economy. They also co-create the New Silk Road - the OBOR (One Belt One Road) project and aspire to become a commercial, financial, technological, scientific and telecommunication and transport centre of the world..
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Hashim, Norayati, and Mohd Fahmy Abdullah. "Technical Efficiency (TE) in Malaysia Electric and Electronic Manufacturing Industry: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) Approach." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(98).
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The Electric and Electronic (E&E) manufacturing industry is becoming more important for Malaysia economy that contributes to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provide huge in job creation. Hence, real GDP grew at an average rate of 6.1% per year over 1970 to 2018 period, higher than the average growth of the advanced countries (OECD Economic Surveys: Malaysia 2019, 2019). Furthermore, Malaysia is a major player in the fast-expanding E&E market, of which major export destinations include Singapore, Hong Kong, the USA, PRC, Japan and Europe. In 2019, 37.8% of Malaysia total exports were from E&E industry, which accounted for RM372.67 billion worth of exports or 44.7 per cent of all manufacturing goods exported (MITI, 2019). However, the E&E manufacturing industry is fluctuating and was inconsistent in Malaysia (MITI, 2014). Furthermore, the external environment continued to be affected by global economic uncertainty in 2012, dampening demand for the E&E manufacturing industry exports to decrease by 2.5 percent to RM231.2 billion and had an impact on the labour market with total retrenchments increased by 35.2 percent to 7616, due mainly to higher layoffs in the manufacturing industry (MITI, 2012). This effect is due to the sovereign debt crisis in Europe, the United States (US) economic recovery was modest, dampened by both domestic and external weaknesses and the stagnant economy in Japan had an impact on the export performance. In addition that growing competition from manufacturers in developing economies such as China and ASEAN member countries, particularly in higher value-added assembly (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2012). Hence, Malaysia economic landscape year 2012 became more challenging to uncertainty affected by an increasingly competitive global environment. Keywords: Technical Efficiency, Electric and Electronics, Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), Translog, Panel Data.
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Castellani, Davide, Fabio Lamperti, and Katiuscia Lavoratori. "Measuring adoption of industry 4.0 technologies via international trade data: insights from European countries." Journal of Industrial and Business Economics 49, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 51–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40812-021-00204-y.
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AbstractThe investigation of the adoption of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies and its implications, both at the macro and micro level, has attracted growing interest in the recent literature. Most studies have looked at the production and diffusion of related innovations and knowledge, but what do we know about the adoption of these technologies over time and across countries? In this paper, we look at three I4.0 technologies and present a new empirical perspective able to overcome the limitations of existing attempts at measuring their adoption, generally based on small-scale and country-specific studies. Our study provides a methodology that allows measuring adoption across countries for a relatively long time period. In so doing, we build on the well-established idea in the international economics literature that trade of capital goods captures technology diffusion, and so adoption across countries. We provide preliminary and comprehensive evidence on the adoption of these I4.0 technologies in Europe and set the premise for monitoring its evolution and implications on a large scale and over time.
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Balogh, Jeremiás Maté, and Nuno Carlos Leitão. "A gravity approach of agricultural trade: The nexus of the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 11 (November 20, 2019): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/131/2019-agricecon.
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The European Union (EU) is one of the biggest traders of agricultural products. In 2017, extra-EU agricultural trade accounted for 7.4% of the total EU international trade. Furthermore, Europe is the main destination for agricultural goods arriving from African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) trading partners. The paper analyses the effect of geographical proximity, cultural similarity, free trade agreements on bilateral agricultural trade as well as intra-industry trade between EU member states and its trading partners (intra and extra EU trade), employing gravity model for a period of 1996–2017. Regression results suggest that EU countries export more agricultural products to their common markets. In addition, the export costs of agricultural products are lower if the EU and its external trading partners are culturally similar; have the same religion or both have regional trade agreements. We found a moderate intra-industry trade between the EU and ACP countries at 18%. The results indicate rather inter-industry trade between EU and non-EU members, with a lower index level for ACP countries. A higher positive impact is revealed on the agricultural import between ACP-EU countries than export.
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Pranakusuma Sudhana. "DETERMINING NEW EXPORT GOALS AND COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES FOR THE JEWELRY INDUSTRY IN EAST JAVA IN A GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN PERSPECTIVE." East Java Economic Journal 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53572/ejavec.v2i1.13.
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Global Value Chain (GVC) is a relatively new concept where the process to produce goods or services occurs across countries. Previous research has concluded that integrating in GVC is important for a region to promote its economic growth. One indicator of a region's involvement in GVC is its export value at which in the Province of East Java, the jewelry industry (HS code 71) is the largest export contributor. This study aims to identify new export destinations based on trade data and to analyze internal factors of strength and weakness as well as external factors of opportunity and threat to formulate strategy to improve the competitiveness of jewelry industry with small, medium and large scale in East Java. In this research, the trade balance of jewelry industry between Indonesia and East Java and global importers was analyzed. The results show that some countries in Asia and Oceania, Europe and America are potential markets for the gold industry in East Java to increase the current value of exports. The geographical location of East Java which is close enough to the current export destination countries of jewelry products (Taiwan, Japan and Singapore) as well as potential destinations (India and China) is a competitive advantage. This research also identifies several strategies that can be done by the stakeholders in developing the jewelry industry in East Java.
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Goryunov, I. D. "Trade and Economic Cooperation of Russia and Uzbekistan at the Current Stage Ivanov I. P. The Development of Trade Platforms ETF in Europe." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 4 (July 29, 2018): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2018-4-197-204.
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The article shows the place and role of Uzbekistan in foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation and analyzes the contract-legal foundation regulating trade and economic cooperation between the states. Special attention is paid to the structure and dynamics of goods turn-over and key lines in investment cooperation. The principle problems of trade cooperation according to the author are the low proportion of chemical industry in the structure of foreign trade, though it has a great potential of development and the pricing system of the Uzbek cotton fibre. The article shows features and priorities of Russian investment in economy of the republic, where it is possible to mention joint projects in the field of fuel and energy complex, conducting geological prospecting on the territory of the republic, developing oil-fields of hydrocarbon fuel and its transportation. As a conclusion the article provides the assessment of trade and economic cooperation between the countries, identifies prospects of further collaboration: deepening inter-regional links, broadening the range of mutual delivery of manufactured products, widening lines of Russian investment (coal industry, electric-power engineering, radio-technical and electronic industry). In order to study the impact of different factors on bilateral relations of cooperation the author used the empiric method, which includes analysis of statistic materials, study of documents, first of all multi-sided agreements and contracts and investigation of conceptual approaches of academics, practical experts and specialists in international problems.
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Sayabek Ziyadin, Dimash Yergobek, Aigerim Kazhmuratova, and Aigerim Kuralova. "Kazakhstan’s Transit Potential Development through Transformation of Logistics Processes as a Part of Economic Growth." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2020.4.56-62.
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The rapid development of transport, the widespread introduction of modern transport technologies, close cooperation with Russia, China and other neighboring countries, will allow Kazakhstan to become a serious player in the transportation market between Europe and Asia in the coming years. Such existing transport potential directly affects the economic growth of the country which will lead to high living standard. The global movement towards digitalization is transforming the logistics industry, as well. The "digit" changes the channels of movement of goods, delivery formats and management processes. Development of e - commerce and the increasing supply requirements - multichannel, responsiveness, transparency, accuracy - stimulate retailers and logistics operators to increase efficiency of processes and introduce new technologies. Therefore, the ways of prosperity of Kazakhstani economy, through digitalization of logistics processes is considered in this article.
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YILDIZ, HATICE. "PARALLELS AND CONTRASTS IN GENDERED HISTORIES OF INDUSTRIAL LABOUR IN BURSA AND BOMBAY 1850–1910." Historical Journal 60, no. 2 (November 8, 2016): 443–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x16000340.
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AbstractTextile manufacturing in India and the Ottoman Empire transformed fundamentally in the nineteenth century, when mass-produced goods imported from Europe permeated local markets. Faced with increasing competition from abroad, local producers changed their techniques, materials, designs, and target customers. At the same time, processing industries emerged in places with intense mercantile activity, introducing new meanings, relations, and patterns of work. This article investigates the role played by gender in the shaping of labour markets and class politics in two export-oriented industries that developed simultaneously: the silk-reeling industry in Bursa and the cotton-spinning industry in Bombay. It shows that the secondary economic value attributed to women's work, combined with rural connections of workers, brought down wages and subsidized capitalist profits in both sectors. Within the emerging industrial workforce, ideas about appropriate roles for women and men provided the vocabulary and constituted boundaries of class politics. Bringing gender into the debate of industrial development and class, the article reveals parallels and contrasts in two non-European settings that are rarely compared in the existing historiographies.
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Naqellari, Alqi, Eros Angjeli, and Nexhmi Dumani. "Dynamics, Characteristics and Prospects of Consumer Spending in Albania." Journal of Educational and Social Research 7, no. 2 (May 24, 2017): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2017.v7n2p81.
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Abstract In this paper analyzes the problem of the dynamics of income and expenditure of households in Albania. Analyzing costs in general, spending on food in particular, both connected with a range of other indicators of welfare, with per capita income, expenses for the basket of goods, according to its elements and structure. Survey basket expenditure according to regions of Albania. Analyzed per capita income, expenses basket compared with countries in the region, Europe and the world. The goal is: to extract an accurate conclusion, the place at which ranks Albania in these indicators. What to do in the future, in order to emerge from this negative situation. The conclusions drawn from the analysis are: Albania ranks last places of the world, the indicator of per capita income and expenditure of households. Ranked in first countries in the region and in Europe for the indication of the percentage of expenditure on food and non-alcoholic drinks to the total cost of items in the basket. This situation has come as a result of lower rates of growth of its economy. It recommended changes in the structure of GDP in terms of growth of light industry and food industry extraction and processing, etc. By developing these branches will grow faster GDP and national income, and consequently will increase per capita income. Methods used are: methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of description and comparison, statistical methods etc.
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Thompson, Bob. "Pan‐European industrial property." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 23, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635780510602435.
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PurposeAims to highlights the changes ongoing in the distribution and logistics property sector across Europe and to show that wide differences remain between the sophisticated warehouse properties available in mature property markets and those available in traditional parochial markets found prevalently across the continent and especially in central and eastern Europe.Design/methodology/approachThe briefing is based on empirical and commercial research in all the national industrial property markets within the EU. It addresses changes in the drivers affecting logistics property and the industry responses to them. The changes include outsourcing; a desire for more flexible, responsive supply chains; globalisation of manufacturing; legislative change; and growing IT capability. Industry responses include the development of complex, highly specified warehousing; increased demand for sophisticated telecommunications; and optimization of location.FindingsSub‐optimal locations and poor specification have a direct impact on the cost of the operations using them. As a consequence logistics providers gravitate to newer, more highly specified buildings in locations optimised for their use. In an environment where, traditionally, distribution has a national focus, optimising locations for pan‐European distribution will inevitably render some locations sub‐optimal.Originality/valueAs Europe moves towards a genuine single market, traditional, nationally‐based distribution chains become ever less efficient in the delivery of goods. Concurrently, the complexity and configuration of the warehouse product are changing to accommodate more efficient identification, storage and retrieval technologies along with the need to service new types of market.
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Mykolenko, Dmytro. "Transfer of Knowledge about Football Infrastructure in Kharkiv and Sofia from the End of the 19th Till the Beginning of the 20th Centuries." Istoriya-History 30, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 620–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2022-6-4-tra.
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Infrastructure is one of the main parts of football industry in contemporary time. Pitches, stadiums, sporting goods stores, museums of different teams and clubs are very important now. These facilities began to appear in Central-Eastern Europe at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The aim of this research is the comparison of knowledge transfer process about football infrastructure in Kharkiv and Sofia. This article shows participants and ways to disseminate knowledge about football infrastructure, location of football pitches and stadiums in two non-port cities. It also illustrates the importance of local educational institutions and businesses in disseminating such information. More generally, the comparison provides insight into the influence of the administrative status of the city and the level of its industrialization on the speed and the scale of the implementation of knowledge in practice.
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Sysoeva, Natalia. "Foreign Enterprises in the Siberian Economy." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 33, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.332.9.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the spatial character of foreign investment in Siberia where a considerable part of Russian export goods is produced for the markets of Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. A microeconomic approach was used, and the types and activities of enterprises with foreign capital were analysed. The main features were presented: the predominance of offshore investments, officially identified as foreign investment in the basic industries; increase in the share of investment into the mining industry and increasing dependence on China when moving east; high level of individual’s investment in services with fast capital turnover and minimal capital costs which forms a specific survival environment in the border areas with Mongolia and China. Three patterns of foreign investment in the Siberia are identified – western, central and eastern. The western pattern is characterised by a diversity of donor countries and investment in processing industries, the central one is based on the offshore capital in energy and semi-product industries, and in the eastern pattern investment into mining and logging prevails. The last type of investment is not receptive to innovations and new technologies, conserves and deepens the resource specialisation of industry for Asian markets of raw materials.
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Ngo, Christine Ngoc. "Industrial Development, Liberalisation and Impacts of Vietnam–China Border Trade." European Journal of East Asian Studies 16, no. 1 (2017): 154–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01601008.
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Successful industrial development among third world countries is rare. In the past century, only a handful of countries were able to make the big leap to become industrialised countries more or less equal to the US and Europe. This is because industrialisation requires resources, state planning, coordination, resilience to external shocks and sustained performance of firms. These requirements are extremely difficult to achieve in the context of a weak state, low levels of skilled labour, underdeveloped credit markets and timid economic demand for goods and services. This paper assesses the development of the textile and garment industry in a transitional economy, Vietnam, from the political-economy perspectives of state intervention and trade liberalisation. The paper analyses in depth (1) Vietnam’s industrial policies for the textile and garment industry and (2) Vietnam–China border trade and impacts of China’s economic rise on the industry’s development. It illustrates Vietnam’s multiple failed attempts in implementing industrial policies, the political economy of Sino-Vietnam border trade and the penetration of Chinese industrial surplus in the Vietnamese market. The analysis suggests that the Vietnamese model of liberalisation exposed its industries to excessive competition, making them unable to reach the technological level and production scale needed to be globally competitive.
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Pistelak, Petr. "Selling banks is the same as selling soap: Applying fast-moving consumer goods best marketing practices to the banking industry in Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of Financial Services Marketing 11, no. 1 (August 2006): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fsm.4760008.
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Munck, Ronaldo. "Labour in a Global World. Case Studies from the White Goods Industry in Africa, South America, East Asia and Europe – T. Nichols and S. Cam." British Journal of Sociology 57, no. 2 (June 2006): 329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2006.00111_17.x.
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Salikhova, Olena. "British dependence on German imports. Responses to the challenges of the World War I." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2021, no. 54 (December 1, 2021): 37–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.037.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has become a litmus test for both the resilience of economic systems and the ability of governments to ensure the national economies’ efficiency and security in an emergency. In 2020, EU political leaders recognized the dependency of health care and pharmaceutical production on imports of medicines (drugs), active pharmaceutical ingredients and intermediate goods from China. This is rather a next historical cycle of the situation that occurred 100 years ago – something worthy of attention when looking for answers to modern challenges. In 1914, the UK, as well as some other industrialized countries of Europe and the United States, was shocked to learn about being dangerously dependent on German imports, including synthetic drugs and chemical intermediates. The State, universities and companies joined forces to reduce the vulnerability of the industry and to address external threats. The purpose of the study is to draw on legislation, historical documents and publications in specialized publications to describe the state of the British pharmaceutical industry at the beginning of the World War I; to identify the causes of its dependence on imports; to summarize the policies adopted in response to the new challenges and assess their impact on industry and the economy as a whole. Based on the British experience, a historical and economic rationale was made for the relationship between public assistance mechanisms (in terms of building human resources and intensifying research for industry, providing public financial assistance to industrial enterprises and protecting key industries from imports) and accelerated modernization and development of a self-sustaining pharmaceutical industry. The author systematized policy measures and argued that their implementation had strengthened British companies, reduced dependence on imports, and increased the production of medicines and their components, based on national innovation.
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Ekwall, Daniel, and Björn Lantz. "The moderating role of transport chain location in cargo theft risk." TQM Journal 32, no. 5 (September 5, 2019): 1003–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tqm-01-2019-0025.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore cargo theft risk and security for different product types at different locations along a transport chain. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a system-theoretical approach. The research method is deductive, as the analysis is based on secondary data and results from a questionnaire. The results are analysed based on supply chain risk management (SCRM) theories. Findings Due to substantial interaction effects, the type of product and transport chain location must be considered to determine the correct level of security. Specifically, the product type is more significant, since the general cargo theft risk is higher. Furthermore, the transport industry has three perspectives on security responses to cargo theft, namely, demanded, needed and actual security, which differ depending on the product type and transport chain location. Research limitations/implications This database is structured according to the global Transported Asset Protection Association organisational structure, which implies that there are three main databases: Europe, Middle East and Africa, Americas, and Asia-Pacific. Practical implications This study has both research and practical implications, as it examines security within freight transport from three perspectives, linked to general cargo theft risk and goods owners’ requirements. Originality/value This study addresses the contemporary SCRM problem of cargo theft using actual crime statistics and the industry understanding of required generic security levels.
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Obolenskiy, V. "Foreign Trade of Russia: Barometer Foretells Storm." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 2 (2016): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-15-25.
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The development of Russian foreign trade during the previous five years is analyzed. It is stated that, in terms of value, exports of services and imports of goods and services steadily grew during the first four years of the period under review. Exports of goods also rose during three years, but in 2014 both exports and imports again fell in comparison with the previous year as was the case five years ago. The composition of the Russian exports and imports of goods did not change radically during the previous years. The main items of export are, as always, mineral products, metals and fertilizers. Import is prevailed by foodstuffs, chemicals and heavy engineering equipment. The current situation is featured by the reduction of world oil prices, slump of the domestic economy and war of sanctions with the Western countries. All this substantially impairs the conditions of Russia’s foreign trade activities and inhibits its development in the upcoming years. In the author’s view, the implementation of measures worked out by the government – correction of tariff liabilities before the WTO, redirecting of trade streams from the European to the Asian markets, import substitution and export support – will unlikely improve the situation. Revision of the liabilities before the WTO in the conditions of the decrease of the internal demand and serious devaluation of Ruble is considered as inappropriate and counterproductive. “Asiatic turn” is only capable to compensate to a certain respect the loss of supplies of some food products from Europe, but cannot fully offset the loss of potentialities of the acquisition of modern technologies and equipment from the developed countries. It is doubtful that it will be possible to dramatically cut the import dependence. It is necessary to replace many kinds of foreign goods, but it is impossible to implement a frontal substitution of import in all directions. Excessive stress on the import substitution might lead to the emergence of shortages and poorer availability of some goods at the internal market and, at the worst, to self-isolation and economic autarky. The attempts to build up an effective system of export support might be successful only in the conditions of the establishment of the large-scale production of goods and services which would be comparable with the foreign analogues in respect to the criteria of price and quality. Taking this into consideration the technological renovation of production processes, first of all in the manufacturing industry, and on this basis rising up of the competitiveness of plants and factories are the most important prerequisites for encouraging export activities and formation of the new export specialization of the country.
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Sarsembayev, M. A., S. N. Sarsenova, and B. S. Karazhan. "Electric vehicle and autopilot products of transport and agricultural engineering in the context of Kazakhstani and international law." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Law Series 136, no. 3 (2021): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6844-2021-136-3-21-34.
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The article presents an analysis of electric and autopilot products of transport and agricultural machinery plants. The «Industry 4.0» has been proposed since 2011 as the fourth industrial revolution in Europe, the USA, Japan, and other countries. Thanks to this revolution, the transport and agro-industrial sectors are an important factor contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The article examines the legislative component of the regulation of the concept of «intelligent robot» in the form of a product of transport and agricultural engineering in the context of national and international law. The article also analyzes the export potential of the Republic of Kazakhstan for electric vehicles in the conditions of the country’s membership in the World Trade Organization. The authors addressed the issue of the correlation of WTO law with the law of Kazakhstan on trade in vehicles as goods. The authors formulated proposals for several adoptions of new Kazakhstan laws and new international conventions on problematic issues of production of electric and autopilot products of transport and agricultural engineering at manufacturing plants in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
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Grega, Libor. "Possibilities of valuation of positive agricultural externalities." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 6 (2004): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452060119.
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Agriculture is not any more viewed only as an industry ensuring nutrition of population, but also its non-production benefit has growing importance. This holds especially for the areas with extensive agriculture, where main product of agriculture is landscape preservation and restoration, and other environmental and social benefits, and where agricultural production is neither main objective nor source of income of agricultural producers. Especially in Europe, where agriculture historically played an important role in landscape formation and determined the development of social structures in rural regions, becomes this non-production function of agriculture more and more important. For a possibility to assess multifunctionality of agriculture is necessary to analyse both production relationships between commodity and non-commodity outputs, and also externalities and public goods connected with this production. First part of the paper is devoted to methodological issues in connection with evaluation of multifunctionality of agriculture, with emphasis on theoretical framework of externalities evaluation. In the following part is presented methodological approach for externalities internalisation at the regional level, coming from supply side.
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Zia, Ala, Amber Gul Rashid, and Lalarukh Ejaz. "Haseen Habib: 50 years in fire protection services." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, no. 1 (April 6, 2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-04-2016-0059.
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Subject areaThis case study has been written to illustrate the basic difference between goods and services, the difficulties of customer education in a developing county and the transition from goods to goods-cum-services for a company.Study level/applicabilityThis is an ideal case to be taught in the second class of service marketing at the BBA level and will highlight the differences between goods and services in the same company.Case overviewHaseen Habib is a company selling a combination of products and services in Pakistan. It is involved in the supply of fire protection equipment together with the provision of training and other facilities to enable organizations to take a proactive approach to disasters caused by fire and the appropriate response in case of a fire related disaster. This dimension of business is still in the infancy stage in Pakistan, and few people actually realize the need for fire protection services. Safety, risk management and risk prevention are often matters which take a backseat in the corporate, industrial, residential and commercial spheres. The emphasis is on dealing with the aftermath of events rather than to prepare them in advance. The company has a very clear vision and mindset which aims at taking a proactive approach toward managing and preventing risk. They are the pioneers of the safety industry in Pakistan and hold a strong work ethic. The company imports its equipment from the USA, China and Europe. Their target market mainly includes high risk sectors including oil and gas, chemicals, textiles, paint, nuclear and defense. The product portfolio included firefighting equipment like fire extinguishers, safety items which included head-to-toe safety attire for industrial workers and fire alarm systems including smoke detectors. The company also provides different levels and kinds of training and has experienced staff trained abroad in state-of-the-art techniques. However, in Pakistan, investment in risk management is often considered unnecessary, and in such a situation, imparting knowledge is a considerable challenge. The case can be used to study a number of topics. It can be used in a services marketing class to highlight the ways in which services marketing differs from conventional marketing of goods. It can also be used in disaster management courses or to reflect the status and position of developing countries, such as Pakistan, in dealing with unexpected disasters and catastrophes.Expected learning outcomesFollowing are the expected learning outcomes: to appreciate the difference between goods and services; to understand the issues in moving from a goods-oriented to a service-oriented company; to understand the challenges facing Haseen Habib in the context of customer education, keeping in mind it is functioning in an emerging marketing with a particular socio-cultural context; and to propose a way forward for Haseen Habib.Subject codeCSS 8: Marketing.