Academic literature on the topic 'Wool South Australia Grading'
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Journal articles on the topic "Wool South Australia Grading"
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Doran-Browne, Natalie A., John Ive, Phillip Graham, and Richard J. Eckard. "Carbon-neutral wool farming in south-eastern Australia." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15541.
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Ruminant livestock production generates higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) compared with other types of farming. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce or offset those emissions where possible. Although mitigation options exist that reduce ruminant GHGE through the use of feed management, flock structure or breeding management, these options only reduce the existing emissions by up to 30% whereas planting trees and subsequent carbon sequestration in trees and soil has the potential for livestock emissions to be offset in their entirety. Trees can introduce additional co-benefits that may increase production such as reduced salinity and therefore increased pasture production, shelter for animals or reduced erosion. Trees will also use more water and compete with pastures for water and light. Therefore, careful planning is required to locate trees where the co-benefits can be maximised instead of any negative trade-offs. This study analysed the carbon balance of a wool case study farm, Talaheni, in south-eastern Australia to determine if the farm was carbon neutral. The Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory was used to calculate GHGE and carbon stocks, with national emissions factors used where available, and otherwise figures from the IPCC methodology being used. Sources of GHGE were from livestock, energy and fuel, and carbon stocks were present in the trees and soil. The results showed that from when the farm was purchased in 1980–2012 the farm had sequestered 11 times more carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) in trees and soil than was produced by livestock and energy. Between 1980 and 2012 a total of 31 100 t CO2e were sequestered with 19 300 and 11 800 t CO2e in trees and soil, respectively, whereas farm emissions totalled 2800 t CO2e. There was a sufficient increase in soil carbon stocks alone to offset all GHGE at the study site. This study demonstrated that there are substantial gains to be made in soil carbon stocks where initial soils are eroded and degraded and there is the opportunity to increase soil carbon either through planting trees or introducing perennial pastures to store more carbon under pastures. Further research would be beneficial on the carbon-neutral potential of farms in more fertile, high-rainfall areas. These areas typically have higher stocking rates than the present study and would require higher levels of carbon stocks for the farm to be carbon neutral.
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Littleton, Judith. "Dental wear and age grading at Roonka, South Australia." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 163, no. 3 (April 4, 2017): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23226.
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Doyle, PT, RA Love, and TW Plaisted. "Mineral supplementation and wool production of young Merino sheep on the south coast of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (1995): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950437.
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Wool-free liveweight change (LWC), wool growth rate, annual wool production, and wool characteristics of young Merino wethers fed supplements of lupins with gypsum or a multi-element mineral lick were examined in 12 experiments at 5 farms between 1989 and 1992. The source of sheep varied between experiments; age was 4.5-6.5 months and liveweight 28-37 kg at the beginning of supplementation. Sheep were fed lupins, lupins coated with gypsum (15-20 g/kg lupins), or lupins along with access to the mineral lick (offered at 140 g/sheep.week). The amount of lupins offered in all treatments within any experiment was the same. Supplementary feeding varied between experiments from 150 to 240 days. The sheep grazed annual pastures at stocking rates of 8-1 6.7ha. Average lick intake was 12-18 g/sheep. day. During supplementary feeding, there was considerable variation in LWC (-80 to +110 g/day) and clean wool growth rates (3.8-15.1 g/day) within and between experiments. However, there was no significant positive effect of gypsum or mineral lick supplementation on LWC or clean wool growth rates during or after supplementary feeding in any experiment. There were positive (P<0.01) relationships between LWC and clean wool growth rates during supplementation. Also, for some spring-shorn sheep types, staple strength of wool was linearly related (P<0.01) to LWC in the period before the position of break in the wool staple. Annual wool production, average fibre diameter, and staple strength of midside wool were not significantly increased by supplements of gypsum or mineral lick in any experiment.
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Vere, D. T., P. M. Dowling, R. E. Jones, and D. R. Kemp. "Economic impact of Vulpia in temperate pasture systems in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 4 (2002): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01100.
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An increasing incidence of annual grasses is considered to be a primary cause of decline in the productivity of Australia's temperate pasture systems. In particular, Vulpia (silver grass) comprises a significant proportion of the biomass of many temperate pastures and can seriously affect livestock productivity. The main economic effects of Vulpia include reducing pasture carrying capacities, contaminating produce and competing with more desirable pasture species. This paper presents the results of an economic evaluation of the costs of Vulpia and the long-term benefits of improving Vulpia management in the high-rainfall areas of south-eastern Australia. The evaluation used an integrated economic modelling system that determined the grazing system and livestock industry impacts of Vulpia and translated these into measures of economic welfare change that enabled the benefit-cost analysis of various levels of Vulpia management to be undertaken. With a focus on wool, the analysis established the high annual costs of Vulpia to wool producers and consumers, together with substantial long-term economic benefits that could potentially result from reducing the incidence of Vulpia in pastures. Total annual costs to the wool industry in the temperate pasture zone of New South Wales and Victoria ranged between A$7 and $30 million, while the potential discounted net benefits to the Australian and international wool industries were between $32 and $287�million over a 15-year period at a real discount rate of 5%. These estimates provide a strong economic basis for promoting improved management strategies for reducing Vulpia incidence in pastures.
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Campbell, A. J. D., J. W. A. Larsen, and A. L. Vizard. "The effect of annual shearing time on wool production by a spring-lambing Merino flock in south-eastern Australia." Animal Production Science 51, no. 10 (2011): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10270.
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Time of shearing affects many aspects of wool production and sheep health but no study has examined these factors concurrently in a spring-lambing, self-replacing Merino flock in southern Australia. A 5-year field experiment compared wool production in spring-lambing Merino ewes and their progeny shorn at different times and managed under commercial conditions in south-eastern Australia. Groups of 200 adult ewes were shorn in December, March or May, and their progeny were shorn in December or October, March or June, or May or July, respectively. There was no consistent association between time of shearing and the staple strength of wool (P = 0.73). December-shorn ewes produced significantly lighter and finer fleeces (average 19.1 μm, 3.0 kg clean weight) than did March-shorn ewes (19.4 μm, 3.1 kg). Fleeces from ewes shorn in May were of similar weight to those from March-shorn ewes (3.1 kg), but they were of significantly broader diameter (19.7 μm). In young sheep, desirable changes in some wool characteristics for each shearing group were offset by undesirable changes in others. On the basis of median historical (1991–2006) wool prices, shearing ewes in March and their progeny first in June produced the greatest total value of wool over a sheep’s lifetime ($161/head). The wool values per head for other shearing times were as follows: March (weaners)–March (ewes): $158; October–December: $157; December–December: $153; July–May: $151; and May–May: $148. Thus, December and March shearing were appropriate alternatives for maximising wool value produced from a self-replacing Merino flock in south-eastern Australia, whereas May was a less preferable shearing time because it always produced wool of lesser value.
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Albertsen, TO, RH Casey, and KP Croker. "Accumulation and dissipation of dieldrin in mature wethers in the south-west of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 3 (1995): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950331.
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The concentrations of dieldrin in body and wool fats of wethers grazed on 6 dieldrin-contaminated sites in the south-west of Western Australia were monitored over 2.5 years. Soil and pasture concentrations of dieldrin, a legacy of previous horticultural activities at these sites, were also measured. The concentrations of dieldrin in the soils varied from about 0.2 to 1.7 m a g . The production of the pastures at all sites showed a typical Mediterranean pattern with peak production in spring. The quantity of dry matter available ranged from <1000 kg/ha during summer-autumn to 10000 kg/ha in spring. In some samples the concentration of dieldrin in the dried plant material was above the accepted limit of 0.01 m a g for fresh material, but there were decreases over spring because of the substantial increase in the amount of dry matter available. The concentrations of dieldrin in the body and wool fats of the wethers increased during the winter and peaked at the start of spring, with the highest mean concentrations (mg/kg) in 1989 of 0.09-1.10 in body fats and 0.07-0.63 in wool fats. During spring the concentrations decreased and were at relatively low levels at the start of summer, with mean concentrations (mg/kg) of 0.02-0.72 in body fats and 0.01-0.18 in wool fats. Detailed results from 2 sites are discussed: Carbunup, with poorly structured loam soil; and Donnybrook, with good loam soil. On paddocks contaminated with dieldrin, production of wool with low concentrations of dieldrin is possible. If sheep grazed on contaminated paddocks are to be slaughtered, they should be sold in late spring, when concentrations of organochlorines in body fat should be low, or they should be run on uncontaminated land for about 2 months before their sale for slaughter.
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Bird, PR, PR Bird, JD Kellas, JD Kellas, GA Kearney, GA Kearney, KN Cumming, and KN Cumming. "Animal production under a series of Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry systems in South-West Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 6 (1995): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9951299.
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Liveweight and greasy wool production data from young wethers were collected for the period autumn to early summer for the years 1986 to 1994 from an on-going Pinus radiata-pasture project at Carngham, Victoria. A plantation established in 1981 on a grazing property was thinned in 1983 to give trees spaced at: (i) no trees (a grazing control), (ii) 8 mx 12 m, (iii) 4 mx9 m, (iv) 4 mx3 m in a 5-row belt then a 10-row pasture gap, and (v) 2 mx3 m (original spacing). By 1989 the density of trees in these systems was slightly reduced by windthrow, animal damage and thinning to (ii) 60 trees/ha, (iii) 200 trees/ha wide-spaced, (iv) 200 trees/ha 5-row belt and (v) 1360 trees/ha. All trees in systems (ii), (iii) and (iv) had been pruned to 6 m by late 1992. The sheep stocking policy was initially based on a set 10 sheep ha-1. Since 1991 the stocking rate has been varied yearly in an attempt to maintain similar production per sheep. The pastures were re-sown in 1989 with perennial rye-grass and subterranean clover cultivars. Since 1991, wool production per ha from the 200 trees/ha wide-spaced system has been consistently less than in systems (i), (ii) and (iv). Wool production among systems differed significantly since 1992. Expressed as a percentage of wool production achieved on open pasture, the relative values for the agroforestry systems from 1990 to 1994 as follows.
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Henry, B. K., D. Butler, and S. G. Wiedemann. "Quantifying carbon sequestration on sheep grazing land in Australia for life cycle assessment studies." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 4 (2015): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14109.
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The sheep industry has played an important role in Australia’s development and economy over the 220 years since European settlement and remains an important land use in Australia, occupying an estimated 85 million ha of continental land mass. Historically, deforestation was carried out in many sheep-rearing regions to promote pasture growth but this has not occurred within recent decades and many wool producers have invested in planting trees as well as preserving patches of remnant vegetation. Although the limitations of single environmental impact studies are recognised, this paper focuses on the contribution of carbon sequestration in trees and shrubs on sheep farms to the global warming potential impact category in life cycle assessment of wool. The analysis represents three major wool-producing zones of Australia. Based on default regional yields as applied in Australia’s National Inventory model, FullCAM, CO2 removals in planted exotic pines and mixed native species were estimated to be 5.0 and 3.0 t CO2 ha–1 year–1, respectively, for the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales in the ‘high-rainfall zone’ and 1.4 t CO2 ha–1 year–1 for mixed native species in the ‘sheep-wheat zone’ of Western Australia. Applying modified factors allowing for the higher measured growth rates in regions with rainfall >300 mm, gave values for native species reforestation of 4.4 and 2.0 t CO2 ha–1 year–1 for New South Wales and Western Australia, respectively. Sequestration was estimated to be 0.07 t CO2 ha–1 year–1 over 100 years for chenopod shrublands of the ‘pastoral zone’ of South Australia but this low rate is significant because of the extent of regeneration. Sequestration of soil organic carbon in improved permanent pastures in the New South Wales Northern Tablelands was evaluated to be highly uncertain but potentially significant over large areas of management. Improved data and consistent methodologies are needed for quantification of these benefits in life cycle assessment studies for wool and sheep meat, and additional impact categories, such as biodiversity, need to be included if the public and private benefits provided by good management of vegetation resources on farms are to be more fully recognised.
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McGilchrist, P., J. L. Perovic, G. E. Gardner, D. W. Pethick, and C. G. Jose. "The incidence of dark cutting in southern Australian beef production systems fluctuates between months." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14356.
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Dark cutting is detrimental to meat quality and therefore is the major cause of carcass downgrades under the Meat Standards Australia grading system. This study quantified the variation between months in the incidence of dark cutting, in southern Australia. Four years of Meat Standards Australia grading data, from nine individual beef processors in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania, was utilised for the analysis. The dataset contained 42 162 slaughter groups, of 10 or more grass-fed cattle, which allowed for the percentage of dark cutters per slaughter group to be analysed. The interaction between month, year and state was significant (P < 0.001). The lowest risk of dark cutting for South Australia and Western Australia was in October (1.53% ± 0.75 and 6.96% ± 0.76) and November in Tasmania and Victoria (7.34% ± 0.9 and 5.27% ± 0.81) potentially when feed availability and quality is highest. The incidence of dark cutting was highest for all states during the period from February to June. Lower pasture availability and quality in combination with higher levels of stress due to extreme high or low temperatures during this time could all contribute to the higher incidences. The findings of this study show that procurement and management decisions made by cattle buyers, producers and processors need to change throughout the year to help mitigate the incidence of dark cutting carcasses and reduce financial loss.
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Craig, AD. "The performance of Merino ewes and lambs grazing two cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum at Kybybolite, South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 5 (1992): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920605.
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Two cultivars of subterranean clover, Trikkala and Mt Barker, were continuously grazed by Merino ewes and lambs at 3 stocking rates (8, 13, 18 ewes/ha) from 1976 to 1981. The sheep were assessed for liveweight, fleeceweight, fibre diameter, staple length, wool yield and lambing performance including lambing, marking and weaning percentage. From September 1978 onward, ewes grazing Trikkala pastures were consistently heavier than those grazing Mt Barker pastures, and they produced heavier fleeces in 1978 and 1980, with a 3 and 9% greater total wool production. The heavier fleeces of 1980 were associated with a larger fibre diameter. There were no cultivar differences in lambing performance. Cultivar treatment had no effect on lamb birthweight, but in 1980 the Trikkala lambs were, on average, 3.5 kg heavier at weaning. These lambs also produced heavier fleeces than lambs on the Mt Barker pastures. Higher stocking rates produced decreases in all of the animal performance variables measured. The results of this study suggest that improved livestock performance may only occur if animals are grazed on higher performing cultivars for at least 3 years.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wool South Australia Grading"
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Trethewey, Lynne. "A history of age grading in South Australian primary schools, 1875-1990 /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht817.pdf.
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Hill, Jane Adair. "Phenotypic and genetic parameters for the S.A. Strongwool merino strain with an emphasis on skin characters as early indicators of wool productivity." 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh6463.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 325-341. Skin and fleece measurements were recorded at different ages for both male and female sheep from the Turretfield Merino Resource Flock and used to estimate the heritability of each trait and the phenotypic and genetic correlations among and between the skin and fleece traits. Generally, the heritability of each trait was high, which indicates that both the fleece and skin traits should respond well to selection.
Books on the topic "Wool South Australia Grading"
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Grattan, Michelle. Back on the wool track. Milsons Point, N.S.W: Vintage, 2004.
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Grattan, Michelle. Back on the Wool Track : Tracing the Footsteps of C.E.W. Bean. Vintage, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Wool South Australia Grading"
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Beinart, William, and Lotte Hughes. "Sheep, Pastures, and Demography in Australia." In Environment and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199260317.003.0011.
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Succeeding phases of British economic growth prompted strikingly different imperatives for expansion, for natural resource exploitation, and for the social organization of extra-European production. In the eighteenth century, sugar, African slaves, and shipping in the Atlantic world provided one major dynamic of empire. But in the nineteenth century, antipodean settlement and trade, especially that resulting from expanding settler pastoral frontiers, was responsible for some of the most dramatic social and environmental transformations. Plantations occupied relatively little space in the new social geography of world production. By contrast, commercial pastoralism, which took root most energetically in the temperate and semi-arid regions of the newly conquered world, was land-hungry but relatively light in its demands for labour. The Spanish Empire based in Mexico can be considered a forerunner. By the 1580s, within fifty years of their introduction, there were an estimated 4.5 million merino sheep in the Mexican highlands. The livestock economy, incorporating cattle as well as sheep, spread northwards through Mexico to what became California by the eighteenth century. Settler intrusions followed in the vast landmasses of southern Latin America, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Australia was one of the last-invaded of these territories, and, in respect of the issues that we are exploring, was in some senses distinctive. Unlike Canada and South Africa, there was no long, slow period of trade and interaction with the indigenous population; like the Caribbean, the Aboriginal people were quickly displaced by disease and conquest. The relative scale of the pastoral economy was greater than in any other British colony. Supply of meat and dairy products to rapidly growing ports and urban centres was one priority for livestock farmers. Cattle ranching remained a major feature of livestock production in Australia. Bullock-carts, not dissimilar to South African ox-wagons, were essential for Australian transport up to the 1870s. But for well over a century, from the 1820s to the 1950s and beyond, sheep flooded the southern lands. Although mutton became a significant export from New Zealand and South America, wool was probably the major product of these pastoral hinterlands—and a key focus of production in Australia and South Africa. The growth in antipodean sheep numbers was staggering.