Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wool market

Academic literature on the topic 'Wool market'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Wool market"

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Nansalmaa, Ts, L. Otgonjargal, and D. Altantuya. "Sheep, camel wool market perspectives and government policy." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11, no. 2 (November 25, 2014): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.231.

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Sheep, camel wool, and woolen products are the main livestock products in Mongolia that satisfy population need and contribute certain amount of export revenue from international market. There is loss of possibility to produce ecologically clean safe, warm products [4] as only 10% of total wool is being processed. We tried to convince audience that it is required to support wool processing industry by right policy hence in ordinary weather conditions livestock number/ and wool production/ increases constantly and there are favorable circumstances established to supply products to China, Korea, South Eastern Asia and Russia with the ongoing process of market extension. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.231 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.120-124
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DOROGOV, Nikolay I., and Ivan A. KAPITONOV. "Specific Features of Application of the FAS Order No. 220 in Respect of Determination of Commodity Boundaries of the Merchandise Market (On the Example of the Mineral Wool Market)." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v10.2(40).13.

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Authors of this research analyze specific features of application of the Order of the Federal Anti-Monopoly Service (FAS) No. 220 in respect of determination of commodity boundaries of the market and creation of necessary conditions for competition in the mineral wool market. Preliminary determination of the commodities, which was carried out on the basis of analysis of the All-Russian classifiers of products and kinds of economic activity, has shown that in the course of determination of the merchandise market it is necessary to include glass wool, slag wool, and stone wool into one and the same commodity group. Due to the complexity of performance of the comprehensive and representative expert investigation, it is possible to utilize the data of the RF FAS research, which was carried already. Authors of this article describe specific features of determination of the merchandise market through the example of such commodities as ‘the glass wool goods’: this market was subject to analysis of the RF FAS in 2017. Selection of the investigation methods is to be made on the basis of the investigation periods and accessibility of information (among other factors).
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Mizikovsky, I. E., and D. V. Lidzhi-Goryaev. "THE CONCEPT OF AN ELECTRONIC TRADING PLATFORM FOR MANAGING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WOOL PROCESSING." Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, no. 6 (2020): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2020-6-61.

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The relevance of the research is that in Russia there is a problem of underdevelopment of the system of purchasing wool and its processed products at all levels of the value chain. The purpose of the research is to develop a concept for creating a specialized electronic trading platform that allows organizing inter-industry interaction in the field of wool processing based on the principles of auction trade, excluding unnecessary intermediary links. The paper proposes the creation of a specialized electronic trading platform (exchange), specializing in the purchase and sale of wool and its products by analogy with the world’s leading (Australian, New Zealand and Chinese-countries that are world leaders in the production and processing of wool) wool exchanges. The differences between the author’s recommendations and those that are known and tested in the world practice are that the key participant of the exchange is the state national wool certification body, which creates the main condition for exchange trading — high-quality classification and batch standardization of wool. An electronic exchange that includes trading, settlement (guarantee) and payment systems must be an official trading platform licensed by the state as a professional Institute of the financial market; its main task is to facilitate market transactions between buyers and sellers of wool by overcoming information asymmetry for the parties to transactions. The difference between the proposed concept is that digital technologies and tools are used in exchange trading of wool: QR-coding of wool batches, the use of smart contracts, distributed registries (blockchain). The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time in the Russian market, the concept of organizing electronic exchange trade in wool using innovative digital technologies and tools (QR-coding, smart contracts, blockchain), where, along with buyers-processors of wool and sellers — producers of wool, there is a mandatory participant — the state national certification body, which organizes the certification process of exchange batches of wool. In practical terms, the author’s proposals allow us to: streamline the domestic wool market; organize certified wool trade both in accordance with the best world practices and in accordance with m
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Ville, Simon. "Rent Seeking or Market Strengthening? Industry Associations in New Zealand Wool Broking." Business History Review 81, no. 2 (2007): 297–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500003378.

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This paper builds on recent conceptual work about associations that is drawn from the new institutional economics. It uses evidence from New Zealand wool broking to indicate the circumstances in which industry associations can operate effectively and in the broader public interest. Through their strong associative capacity and effective specialization of function, wool-broking industry associations developed flexible routines for managing wool auctions, mediated disputes, mitigated opportunism, addressed major market disruptions, and served as a communication channel with government. External pressures and monitoring from other business interests, governments, and a competitive wool market constrained rent-seeking behavior, preventing members from benefiting at the expense of others.
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Verikios, George. "Modelling the world wool market: A hybrid approach." Economic Modelling 26, no. 2 (March 2009): 418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2008.08.009.

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Shao, Yongni, Di Zhu, Yutian Wang, Zhi Zhu, Wenchao Tang, Zhengan Tian, Yan Peng, and Yiming Zhu. "Moxa Wool in Different Purities and Different Growing Years Measured by Terahertz Spectroscopy." Plant Phenomics 2022 (May 31, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9815143.

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Moxa wool is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which can warm channels to dispel coldness. At present, there is no unified index to evaluate the purity and growing years of moxa wool in the market. Terpineol is one of the effective substances in the volatile oil of moxa wool. Here, we characterize the purity and growing years of moxa wool by studying terpineol. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are the methods for monitoring terpineol at present, all of which have defects of complicated procedures. We established linear fitting to distinguish the different purities of moxa wool through the intensities (areas) of terpineol, the characteristic peaks, and the consequence presented; the coefficient of determination (R2) was higher than 0.90. Furthermore, based on the characteristic peak position of standard terpineol, the correlation model with the purity and growing year of moxa wool was set up, thereby differentiating the quality of moxa wool. We have built the partial least squares (PLS) model of the growing years of moxa wool with high accuracy, and the determination coefficient is greater than 0.98. In addition, we compare the quantitative accuracy of Raman spectroscopy with terahertz technology. Finally, a new method of terahertz spectroscopy to evaluate quality of moxa wool was found. It provides a new idea for the identification of inferior moxa wool in the market and a new method for identifying the quality of moxa wool in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Wiedemann, Stephen G., Leo Biggs, Simon J. Clarke, and Stephen J. Russell. "Reducing the Environmental Impacts of Garments through Industrially Scalable Closed-Loop Recycling: Life Cycle Assessment of a Recycled Wool Blend Sweater." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031081.

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Wool recycling has been practiced commercially for more than 200 years. This study used data from established, commercial processes with the aim of determining the environmental impacts of a recycled wool blend garment and the contribution of recycling to reducing impacts on the market for wool sweaters, in comparison to other emission reduction approaches relating to garment use. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment showed impacts of 0.05 kg CO2-e, 0.63 MJ, 0.58 L H2O-e and 0.95 L per wear of a recycled wool blend sweater for climate change, fossil energy demand, water stress and freshwater consumption, respectively. Impacts predominantly arose from garment manufacturing and consumer practices (retail and garment care). When a recycled wool blend sweater was maintained with best practice garment use and care, impacts were reduced by 66–90% relative to standard maintenance of a virgin pure wool sweater. Increasing the closed-loop recycling rate to 50% had the potential to reduce impacts for the wool sweater market 7–24%, depending on the impact category. Brands and consumers hold the key to increasing recycling rates and reducing environmental impacts via increased donation of garments for recycling and increased adoption of garments containing recycled wool.
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Fan, Hong Chao, Xin Hua Yi, Xiao Min Cheng, and Ya Fen Zhu. "Automatic Wool Washing Machine Design and Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 109 (October 2011): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.109.377.

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As import and export business of the wool continues to expand in China, it is necessary to carry out constantly random testing of wool for quality control departments, at the same time it is urgent to use special wool washing machine to monitor the cleaning process of the wool. However, wool cleaning machine still has not been developed in market. The object of washing machine is the wool conglomeration-like dust samples with other impurities. This paper presents the design principle and operational performance analysis of wool washing machine, its design parameters and product quality has been verified to be improved by the experiment testing.
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Pahl, L. I. "Adoption of environmental assurance in pastoral industry supply chains - market failure and beyond." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 3 (2007): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06031.

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This paper describes adoption rates of environmental assurance within meat and wool supply chains, and discusses this in terms of market interest and demand for certified ‘environmentally friendly’ products, based on phone surveys and personal interviews with pastoral producers, meat and wool processors, wholesalers and retailers, and domestic consumers. Members of meat and wool supply chains, particularly pastoral producers, are both aware of and interested in implementing various forms of environmental assurance, but significant costs combined with few private benefits have resulted in low adoption rates. The main reason for the lack of benefits is that the end user (the consumer) does not value environmental assurance and is not willing to pay for it. For this reason, global food and fibre supply chains, which compete to supply consumers with safe and quality food at the lowest price, resist public pressure to implement environmental assurance. This market failure is further exacerbated by highly variable environmental and social production standards required of primary producers in different countries, and the disparate levels of government support provided to them. Given that it is the Australian general public and not markets that demand environmental benefits from agriculture, the Australian government has a mandate to use public funds to counter this market failure. A national farm environmental policy should utilise a range of financial incentives to reward farmers for delivering general public good environmental outcomes, with these specified and verified through a national environmental assurance scheme.
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Ville, Simon. "THE RELOCATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET FOR AUSTRALIAN WOOL." Australian Economic History Review 45, no. 1 (March 2005): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2005.00128.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wool market"

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Brearley, Stephen Charles. "The international wool market 1840-1913." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416343.

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Verikios, George. "Understanding the world wool market : trade, productivity and grower incomes." University of Western Australia. School of Economics and Commerce, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0064.

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[Truncated abstract] The core objective of this thesis is summarised by its title: “Understanding the World Wool Market: Trade, Productivity and Grower Incomes”. Thus, we wish to aid understanding of the economic mechanisms by which the world wool market operates. In doing so, we analyse two issues trade and productivity and their effect on, inter alia, grower incomes. To achieve the objective, we develop a novel analytical framework, or model. The model combines two long and rich modelling traditions: the partial-equilibrium commodity-specific approach and the computable-general-equilibrium approach. The result is a model that represents the world wool market in detail, tracking the production of greasy wool through five off-farm production stages ending in the production of wool garments. Capturing the multistage nature of the wool production system is a key pillar in this part of the model . . . The estimated welfare gain for China is 0.1% of real income; this is a significant welfare gain. For three losing regions Italy, Germany and Japan the results are robust and we can be highly confident that these regions are the largest losers from the complete removal of 2005 wool tariffs. In both wool tariff liberalisation scenarios, regions whose exports are skewed towards wool textiles and garments gain the most as it is these wool products that have the highest initial tariff rates. The overall finding of this work is that a sophisticated analytical framework is necessary for analysing productivity and trade issues in the world wool market. Only a model of this kind can appropriately handle the degree of complexity of interactions between members (domestic and foreign) of the multistage wool production system. Further, including the nonwool economy in the analytical framework allows us to capture the indirect effects of changes in the world wool market and also the effects on the nonwool economy itself.
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Teubner, Jonathan. "Research and development expenditure by the Australian Wool Corporation and its effect on the market power of the Australian Wool Industry /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ect351.pdf.

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Aryal, Jagannath. "Optimisation of a buyer’s sourcing strategy in the mixed auction/direct supply of New Zealand wool." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1548.

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The New Zealand Wool Industry (NZWI) contributes over a billion dollars a year to NZ gross output. However, this industry is at a crossroads and the incumbent practitioners are looking for ways to increase the value of the New Zealand wool clip. The value of the industry to the economy is directly related to the price which buyers are prepared to pay for wool, primarily as a result of the marketing approaches used, physical parameters of wool as well as intra and inter-fibre competition. The inflation adjusted price has steadily decreased over recent years and understanding of its dynamics is a fundamental problem for the stakeholders. Among the stakeholders, buyers / exporters, heavily involved in the process of price formation currently face a real time problem of sourcing strong wool from two parallel but different marketing systems operated simultaneously – auction and direct supply. The underlying mathematics which governs the decision making of buyers on the price dynamics in these sourcing options is poorly understood. This study developed system models for price formation in both auction and direct supply sourcing and an associated optimization model for the buyer / exporter of the New Zealand wool clip. All three of these models were original and none appear to have been described previously. It is hoped that these three models will be of quite general utility and also be useful therefore for other agricultural commodities that are traded simultaneously via auction and direct supply. The average price for a given wool type, which is the output from this new modelling exercise is precisely what is required as input data for solving the minimization problem in wool blending models.
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Kallio, A. Maarit I. "Studies on competition in the Finnish wood market /." Helsinki : Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration, 2001. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00051872.pdf.

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Bjurulf, Anders. "Chip geometry : methods to impact the geometry of market chips /." Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00001251/.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006.
Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix reprints four papers and manuscripts, two co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.
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Conrad, Joseph Locke IV. "Anticipated Impact of a Vibrant Wood-to-Energy Market on the U.S. South's Wood Supply Chain." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28738.

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Recent emphasis on producing energy from woody biomass has raised questions about the impact of a vibrant wood-to-energy market on the southern wood supply chain, which consists of forest landowners, forest industry mills, and harvesting contractors. This study utilized two surveys of southern wood supply chain participants and a designed operational study of an energywood harvest to investigate the impact of an expanded wood-to-energy market on each member of the southern wood supply chain. First, a survey of consulting foresters was conducted to examine how harvest tract size, forest ownership, and forest industry structure have changed within the U.S. South and how foresters expect the wood-to-energy market to impact the wood supply chain in the future. Second, this study employed a mail survey of forest landowners, forest industry mills, and wood-to-energy facilities from the thirteen southern states in order to investigate expected competition for resources, wood supply chain profitability, and landowner willingness to sell timber to energy facilities. Third, this study conducted a designed operational study on a southern pine clearcut in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, with three replications of three harvest prescriptions to measure harvesting productivity and costs when harvesting woody biomass for energy. The three treatments were: a Conventional roundwood only harvest (control), an Integrated harvest in which roundwood was delivered to traditional mills and residuals were chipped for energy, and a Chip harvest in which all stems were chipped for energy use. Results from the two surveys suggest that timber markets are inadequate in many areas of the South as a result of expanded timber supply and reduced forest products industry capacity. Only 12% of responding landowners and foresters had sold wood to an energy facility, indicating that wood-to-energy markets are non-existent in many areas of the South. Nonetheless, 98% of consulting foresters and 90% of landowners reported a willingness to sell timber to an energy facility if the right price were offered. Consulting foresters expected wood-to-energy facilities to provide an additional market for wood, and not displace forest products industry capacity. However, two-thirds of consulting foresters, wood-to-energy facilities, and private landowners expected competition between mills and energy facilities while 95% of fibermills (pulp/paper and composite mills) expected competition. Fibermills were much more concerned about competition for resources and increases in wood costs than any other member of the southern wood supply chain. The operational study documented the challenges facing some harvesting contractors in economically producing energywood. Onboard truck roundwood costs increased from $9.35 green t-1 in the Conventional treatment to $10.98 green t-1 in the Integrated treatment as a result of reduced felling and skidding productivity. Energy chips were produced for $19.19 green t-1 onboard truck in the Integrated treatment and $17.93 green t-1 in the Chip treatment. Energywood harvesting costs were higher in this study than in previous research that employed loggers with less expensive, more fuel efficient equipment. This suggests that high capacity, wet-site capable loggers may not be able to economically harvest and transport energywood without a substantial increase in energywood prices. This study suggests that the southern wood supply chain is in position to benefit from a vibrant wood-to-energy market. Landowners should benefit from an additional market for small-diameter stems. This study shows that high production, wet-site capable loggers should not harvest energywood until prices for this material appreciate considerably. Wet-site loggers have very expensive equipment with high hourly fuel consumption rates and this study documented that energywood production was not sufficiently high to offset the high hourly cost of owning and operating this equipment. Nevertheless, a wood-to-energy market should benefit harvesting contractors in general because unless the forest products industry contracts further, loggers can continue to harvest and deliver roundwood to mills as they do at present and those properly equipped for energywood harvesting at low cost may be able to profit from a new market. The forest products industry has the largest potential downside of any member of the southern wood supply chain. This study documents widespread anticipation of competition between the forest products and wood-to-energy industries. However, to date there has been minimal wide-scale competition between the forest products and wood-to-energy industries. It is possible that the wood-to-energy industry will complement, rather than compete with the forest products industry, and thereby benefit each member of the southern wood supply chain.
Ph. D.
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Selby, Jaclyn. "Global-wood Hollywood's foreign market challenge in the digital economy /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3702.

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Gietema, William A., and Eleanor H. Nimick. "Impediments to the market acceptance of prefabricated wood panel systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74336.

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Chow, Chi Ngok. "Modelling the structure of Australian Wool Auction prices." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1225.

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The largest wool exporter in the world is Australia, where wool being a major export is worth over AUD $2 billion per year and constitutes about 17 per cent of all agricultural exports. Most Australian wool is sold by auctions in three regional centres. The prices paid in these auction markets are used by the Australian production and service sectors to identify the quality preferences of the international retail markets and the intermediate processors. One ongoing problem faced by wool growers has been the lack of clear market signals on the relative importance of wool attributes with respect to the price they receive at auction. The goal of our research is to model the structure of Australian wool auction prices. We aim to optimise the information that can be extracted and used by the production and service sectors in producing and distributing the raw wool clip.Most of the previous methods of modelling and predicting wool auction prices employed by the industry have involved multiple-linear regressions. These methods have proven to be inadequate because they have too many assumptions and deficiencies. This has prompted alternative approaches such as neural networks and tree-based regression methods. In this thesis we discuss these alternative approaches. We observe that neural network methods offer good prediction accuracy of price but give minimal understanding of the price driving variables. On the other hand, tree-based regression methods offer good interpretability of the price driving characteristics but do not give good prediction accuracy of price. This motivates a hybrid approach that combines the best of the tree-based methods and neural networks, offering both prediction accuracy and interpretability.Additionally, there also exists a wool specifications problem. Industrial sorting of wool during harvest, and at the start of processing, assembles wool in bins according to the required wool specifications. At present this assembly is done by constraining the range of all specifications in each bin, and having either a very large number of bins, or a large variance of characteristics within each bin. Multiple-linear regression on price does not provide additional useful information that would streamline this process, nor does it assist in delineating the specifications of individual bins.In this thesis we will present a hybrid modular approach combining the interpretability of a regression tree with the prediction accuracy of neural networks. Our procedure was inspired by Breiman and Shang’s idea of a “representer tree” (also known as a “born again tree”) but with two main modifications: 1) we use a much more accurate Neural Network in place of a multiple tree method, and 2) we use our own modified smearing method which involves adding Gaussian noise. Our methodology has not previously been used for wool auction data and the accompanying price prediction problem. The numeric predictions from our method are highly competitive with other methods. Our method also provides an unprecedented level of clarity and interpretability of the price driving variables in the form of tree diagrams, and the tabular form of these trees developed in our research. These are extremely useful for wool growers and other casual observers who may not have a higher level understanding of modelling and mathematics. This method is also highly modular and can be continually extended and improved. We will detail this approach and illustrate it with real data.The more accurate modelling and analysis helps wool growers to better understand the market behaviour. If the important factors are identified, then effective strategies can be developed to maximise return to the growers.In Chapter 1 of this thesis, we present a brief overview of the Australian wool auction market. We then discuss the problems faced by the wool growers and their significance, which motivate our research.In Chapter 2, we define the predictive aspect of the modelling problem and present the data that is available to us for our research. We introduce the assumptions that must be made in order to model the auction data and predict the wool prices.Chapter 3 discusses neural networks and their potential in our wool auction problem. Neural networks are known to give good results in many modern applications resolving industrial problems. As a result of the popularity of such methods and the ongoing development of them, our research partner, the Department of Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia, performed a preliminary investigation into neural networks and found them to give satisfactory predictions of wool auction prices. In our Chapter 3, we perform an analysis and assessment of neural networks, specifically, the generalised regression neural networks (GRNN). We look at the strengths and weaknesses of GRNN, and apply them to the wool auction problem and comment on their relevance and usability in our wool problem. We detail the problems we face, and why neural networks alone may not be the best approach for the wool auction problem, thus laying the foundation for the development of our hybrid modular approach in Chapter 5. We also use the numerical prediction results from GRNN as the benchmark in our comparisons of different modelling methods in the rest of this thesis.Chapter 4 details the tree-based regression methods, as an alternate approach to neural networks. In analysing the tree-based methods with our wool auction data, we illustrate the tree methods’ advantages over neural networks, as well as the trade-offs, with our auction data. We also demonstrate how powerful and useful a tree diagram can be to the wool auction problem. And in this Chapter, we improve a typical tree diagram further by introducing our own tabular form of the tree, which can be of immerse use to wool growers. In particular, we can use our tabular form to solve the wool specification problem mentioned earlier, and we incorporate this tabular form as part of a new hybrid methodology in Chapter 5. In Chapter 4 we also consider the ensemble methods such as bootstrap aggregating (bagging) and random forests, and discuss their results. We demonstrate that, the ensemble methods provide higher prediction accuracies than ordinary regression trees by introducing many trees into the model. But this is at the expense of losing the simplicity and clarity of having only a single tree. However, the study of assemble methods do end up providing an excellent idea for our hybrid approach in Chapter 5.Chapter 5 details the new hybrid approach we developed as a result of our work in Chapters 3 and 4 using neural networks and tree-based regression methods. Our hybrid approach combines the two methods with their respective strengths. We apply our new approach to the data, compare the results with our earlier work in neural networks and tree-based regression methods, then discuss the results.Finally, we conclude our thesis with Chapter 6, discussing the potential of our new hybrid approach and the directions of possible future works.
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Books on the topic "Wool market"

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Senior, Anna. Wool market awareness. [South Perth, Western Australia]: Curtin University, 1994.

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Bell, Adrian R. (Adrian Robert), 1971-. The English wool market, c. 1230-1327. Great Britain: Cambridge U Pr, 2007.

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Sábato, Hilda. Agrarian capitalism and the world market: Buenos Aires in the pastoral age, 1840-1890. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990.

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Great Britain. Embassy (Japan). Commercial Department. Market information report produced for [the] National Wool Textile Export Corporation. Tokyo: The British Embassy, 1998.

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Canada. Dept. of Agriculture. Sheep and Goat Division., ed. Preparing wool for market. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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Bell, Adrian R., Paul R. Dryburgh, and Chris Brooks. The English Wool Market, c. 12301327. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Dryburgh, Paul R., Chris Brooks, and Adrian R. Bell. English Wool Market, C. 1230-1327. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Dryburgh, Paul, Chris Brooks, and Adrian R. Bell. English Wool Market, C. 1230-1327. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Dryburgh, Paul R., Chris Brooks, and Adrian R. Bell. English Wool Market, C. 1230-1327. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Dryburgh, Paul R., Chris Brooks, and Adrian R. Bell. English Wool Market, C. 1230-1327. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wool market"

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Brown, Colin G., Scott A. Waldron, and John W. Longworth. "Drivers and Dynamics of the Chinese Wool Market." In The Political Economy of Agro-Food Markets in China, 210–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137277954_9.

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Adams, Darius M. "Solid Wood—Timber Assessment Market Model (TAMM)." In Resource and Market Projections for Forest Policy Development, 55–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6309-1_3.

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Mickalites, Carey James. "Alienated Vision and the Will to Intimacy, or Virginia Woolf and “the Human Spectacle”." In Modernism and Market Fantasy, 133–69. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230391536_5.

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Pollentier, Caroline. "Virginia Woolf and the Middlebrow Market of the Familiar Essay." In Virginia Woolf and the Literary Marketplace, 137–49. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230114791_9.

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Mantau, Udo, Marian Mayr, Przemko Döring, Ulrike Saal, Sebastian Glasenapp, and Christian Blanke. "World Markets for Wood: Status and Prospects." In Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass), 199–224. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7813-7_990.

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Mantau, Udo, Marian Mayr, Przemko Döring, Ulrike Saal, Sebastian Glasenapp, and Christian Blanke. "World Markets for Wood: Status and Prospects." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 1–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_990-1.

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Haynes, Richard W., Claire A. Montgomery, and Susan J. Alexander. "Wood-Products Markets, Communities, and Regional Economies." In People, Forests, and Change, 47–61. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-768-1_4.

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Spiecker, Heinrich, Pekka Ollonqvist, Andreas Ottitsch, and Marc Palahi. "Changes in Wood Resources in Europe with Emphasis on Germany." In World Forests, Markets and Policies, 425–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0664-4_30.

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Hurmekoski, Elias, Jyri Seppälä, Antti Kilpeläinen, and Janni Kunttu. "Contribution of Wood-Based Products to Climate Change Mitigation." In Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 129–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_7.

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AbstractForest-based products––often referred to as harvested-wood products (HWPs)––can influence the climate through two separate mechanisms. Firstly, when wood is harvested from forests, the carbon contained in the wood is stored in the HWP for months to decades. If the amount of wood entering the market exceeds the amount of wood being discarded annually, this can lead to a HWP sink impact. Secondly, HWPs typically have a lower fossil carbon footprint than alternative products, so, for example, using wood in construction can lower fossil emissions by reducing the production of cement and steel, resulting in a substitution impact. The international greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting conventions and the related Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidance covers the HWP sink impact, but not the substitution impacts. The HWP sink impact is restricted to tracing biogenic carbon flows, whereas the substitution impact typically covers fossil carbon flows exclusively. Importantly, the substitution and HWP sink impacts do not represent the climate- change mitigation impact of wood use, as such. Instead, they are important pieces of the broader puzzle of GHG flows related to the forest sector. This chapter presents the state-of-the-art approaches for determining the HWP sink and substitution impacts, and concludes with the policy and research implications.
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Young, John K. "“Murdering an Aunt or Two”: Textual Practice and Narrative Form in Virginia Woolf’s Metropolitan Market." In Virginia Woolf and the Literary Marketplace, 181–95. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230114791_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wool market"

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Opris, Mircea Constantin, and Dana Corina Deselnicu. "Wool processing outcomes and opportunities." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.iv.16.

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This paper provides an analysis of what happens with the sheep wool in Romania. Unfortunately, I found out that most of this “gold mine” is going to export, being processed, and then imported back for a much bigger price. The processing of sheep wool is not a very complicated process. There are processing lines that can take the sheep wool and by the end of the line, you get lanolin and fibers. Besides the very high margin that can be obtained from this type of business, motivation came from the idea of using our country resources at the maximum and try to have some products made in Romania. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the outcomes of a sheep wool processing line and the market in Romania. Sheep wool is a very precious raw material that can provide profit by processing it, having significant margins.
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Kozłowski, Aleksander, Tomasz W. Siwowski, and Tomasz Kozłowski. "Low-cost affordable single family housing in Poland. Light steel frame as an alternative construction solution." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0228.

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<p>Conventional single family houses in Poland are being built in the improved traditional construction technology with massive load-bearing structure created by masonry walls made of ceramic , silicate or aerated concrete blocks, concrete foundations, concrete rib-and-slab floor and pitched timber or concrete flat roof. Expanded polystyrene and mineral wool are being used as thermal insulation. Such solution is very time- consuming and costly due to more and more expensive manpower. The change in economy from communism to free market caused the beginning of modern thinking about construction technology for family house to be light, eco-friendly, innovative and low-cost. The definition of the term “affordable” in relation to single family housing, as well as the socio-economical background for the low-cost housing in Poland is presented. The paper presents proposal of low-cost family house construction built in light steel frame technology. The supporting structure is composed of steel frame made of cold-formed galvanized C shape profiles. Externally the steel frame is covered with cement bonded particle boards, covered with polystyrene insulation and finishing coat according to ETICS system. From the inside the steel frame is covered with plasterboards. The main thermal insulation of the building is created by mineral wool filling the interior spaces of walls, ceiling and roof panels. Comparison of the total construction costs of a 136 sq m building made in light steel frame technology with buildings of identical dimensions made in other, popular and available traditional technologies showed that a steel technology is approx. 10-20 percent cheaper. The paper presents also the comparison of the low-cost model steel structure houses worked out in Czech Republic, Portugal, Romania and Brazil, including technical parameters, structure type and cost of erection.</p>
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Cataldo, Vincenzo. "Torri, corsari e contrabbandieri in Calabria Ultra durante il Decennio Francese (1806-1815)." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11334.

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Towers, corsairs and smugglers in Calabria Ultra during the French Decade (1806-1815)At the beginning of the nineteenth century, even if the phenomenon of running war had subsided, the watch towers still had an active role in controlling the coasts of Southern Italy. Under the French administration some of them were assigned to customs posts, others continued to report the corsair boats always ready to carry out incursive actions. Merchant ships, fishermen and peasants were still struck by the devastating Turkish-Barbarian cruises, but also by corsairs armed by the British in an eternal struggle against the French. The towers are regularly guarded by sentinels armed with non-military weapons, which are not functional to the increasingly sophisticated assaults of the Corsair marines. The people in charge of the customs had to manage a staff often absent from the guardhouse due to malarial fevers, especially during the summer when the coasts were excessively hot. The customs documentation shows the economy of a Southern Italy still rooted in the classic export products: oil, dried figs, cotton, cheese, wine and coarse wool cloths. Raw silk is absent from the market, one of the most exported products until the second half of the eighteenth century and supplanted by the olive tree.
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Abd Alla, Sara, Vincenzo Bianco, Federico Scarpa, and Luca A. Tagliafico. "Retrofitting for Improving Energy Efficiency: The Embodied Energy Relevance for Buildings’ Thermal Insulation." In ASME 2020 14th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2020-1628.

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Abstract Thermal insulation is a well-known strategy to increase energy efficiency of buildings. This paper considers two archetypes of an apartment block typology largely diffused in the Italian building stock and evaluates the energy savings resulting from the application of three insulation materials: polyurethane foam, rock wool and resin bonded fibre-board. The energy requirements for winter heating and summer cooling are assessed with EnergyPlus and then compared to the embodied energy of the insulation materials. Hence, the energy and carbon paybacks are calculated, and a cost analysis is proposed to provide an insight on the market impact for the retrofit materials’ choice. The apartment block model is analyzed in three main cities (Rome, Milan, Palermo) allowing to assess the climatic conditions impact in terms of minimization of primary energy consumption and environmental emissions. Simulations showed that the thermal insulation has a higher impact on winter heating and slightly affects the summer cooling requirement. In Milan, the refurbishment gains relevance as the energy and carbon payback periods are shorter than those of the city of Palermo characterized by a warmer weather. Considering the embodied energy impact, this method allows to estimate the maximum potential for energy savings in existing buildings and provides an estimation of achievable results in short-medium period.
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Duran, Salvador, Mike Plooy, Ashutosh Dikshit, Amrendra Kumar, Ehab Abo Deeb, Gocha Chochua, Sudhakar Khade, Abhinandan Tripathi, Jose Trevino, and Wesley Atkinson. "Extending ESP Run Life by Reducing Shutdowns and Improving Restarts Using Novel Pump Protection Technology." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207926-ms.

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Abstract Meeting the production demand in today's market without sacrificing performance of the artificial lift method is critical. Aggressive flowback procedures lead to solids production and unplanned electric submersible pump (ESP) shutdowns because of solids overload. A novel pump protection system has been designed, tested, and installed in the field. The system enhances the ESP life, improves restarts, and reduces downhole vibrations and unplanned shutdown by controlling the solids flowback and sending solids-buildup pressure signals. A comparative study on three ESP wells in the Delaware basin (US) demonstrated the efficacy of the system. The system comprises of an intake sand control screen and valve assembly. The novel stainless steel wool screen acts as a three dimensional (3D) filter capable of filtering out particles of 15 to 600 μm, and the valve assembly activated by differential pressure across the screen creates a secondary flow path to allow cyclic cleanup of the screen. Stainless steel wool screen with variable pore sizes is used as the sand control media for its high efficiency in preventing the flow of most of the solid particles. When the solids build up on the screen surface, the valve assembly opens upon reaching a preset differential pressure to enable flow past the screens and into the ESP and allows sands deposited on the screen surface to fall off. The pump protection assembly was tested at surface and installed in three wells along with downhole ESP gauges measuring pressure, temperature and vibrations after pulling out existing ESP completions. Qualification testing confirmed the opening of the valve assembly after solids buildup on the stainless steel wool screen. It also validated that the deposited sand fell-off from the screen surface after flow diverted through the valve assembly and pressure differential across screen dropped. In the field installations, the run life of the ESPs improved by an average of 35%, with comparable production volumes and slow drawdowns. In addition, the number of ESP shutdowns related to sand and solids was reduced by as much as 75%, improving longevity of electrical components. The success rate of ESP startups after planned and unplanned shutdowns also improved by 22%. The increase in inlet pressure captured via the downhole gauges when the valve assembly opened indicated the sand control prevention and mitigation system was bridged, and ESP replacement should be scheduled to minimize deferred production from a solids-induced ESP failure and to minimize surface solids management costs. The vibration signal data obtained from downhole sensors confirmed the reliability of the system. Overall, results demonstrate that the system designed is successful at increasing ESP run life without detriment to well production performance. The new, field-proven pump protection system along with its components and the completion design substantially increase life of ESP by reducing the number of shutdowns related to sand overload, reducing shutdowns, reducing overall vibrations, increasing the probability of successful start after shut-in, and increasing the performance reliability during fracturing of a neighboring well. Consequently, more wells that are looking to increase the ESP life can now benefit from this technology and increase output.
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Alfocea-Roig, Anna, Sergio Huete-Hernandez, Alex Maldonado-Alameda, Jessica Giro-Paloma, Josep Maria Chimenos-Ribera, and Joan Formosa-Mitjans. "Development of Animal Fibres Composites for Construction Applications." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.750.

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Climate change has become one of the world’s leading threats. Currently, the construction industry has a high environmental footprint. For this reason, the scientific and technological sector is looking for new materials to reduce the environmental consequences of this division. It is well known that the valorisation of different by-products can contribute to the reduction of the energy global consumption and CO2 emissions. Magnesium Phosphate Cement (MPC) can be obtained by using Low Grade Magnesium Oxide (LG-MgO) as a by-product from the industrial process of magnesite calcination. In this research, a Sustainable MPC (Sust-MPC) for different construction purposes is developed by using LG-MgO along with monopotassium phosphate KH2PO4 (MKP) as raw materials. The increasing use of synthetic fibres in clothing, as well as China’s competitive prices on Animal Fibres (AF) market, have led to a commercial interest fibre decrease for wool-like AF in Spain. This study aims to formulate a Sust-MPC cement with Animal Fibre (AF) to reduce the cost of the new material (Sust-MPC-AF) and to increase the thermal insulation, allowing the use of Sust-MPC-AF in several potential applications. Besides, it should be emphasized that the final pH of Sust-MPC is neutral, which allows containing natural fibres. To develop Sust-MPC-AF, some properties such as thermal conductivity, density, Modulus of Elasticity (MoE), flexural strength, and economic cost were evaluated using the Design of Experiments (DoE). The DoE studies allowed obtaining a model for further optimization considering minimum thermal conductivity and cost dosages. The formulation 30L-25EW presents the minimum conductivity (λ=0.140 W·m-1·K-1). Therefore, two optimal dosages (36L-25EW and 24L-22EW) are obtained by considering mixing variables such as AF/Cement ratio (AF/C) and AF/Extra Water ratio (AF/EW).
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Kristofel, Christa, Christoph Strasser, Ulrich B. Morawetz, and Erwin Schmid. "Econometric analysis of the wood pellet market in Austria." In 2015 12th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2015.7216696.

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Lestari, Rahayu, Fisko Arya Kamandanu, Hadi Prayitno, Yunia, and Novrianti. "Global Potential Market of Forest Biomass Wood Pellets." In Universitas Lampung International Conference on Social Sciences (ULICoSS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220102.042.

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Safin, R., and R. Fahrutdinov. "WOOD-POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIAL." In Ecological and resource-saving technologies in science and technology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/erstst2021_197-201.

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The PDM Department has developed a layered wood-polymer composite material (DPCM) containing surface layers based on thermomodified wood and a thermoplastic polymer as a filler, and an inner layer of polyurethane foam and wood particles as a binding matrix. The technology of production of the developed material is proposed. The purpose of the work is to create a layered wood-polymer thermal insulation material and technology for its production. The task is to develop a technology for obtaining a wood-polymer thermal insulation material with improved operational properties, high thermophysical indicators and low market value. To date, a layered DPCM has been obtained in laboratory conditions and studies of its operational characteristics have been carried out.
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Beyer, Beatriz, Jutta Geldermann, and Lars-Peter Lauven. "Agent-based model of the German heating market: Simulations concerning the use of wood pellets and the sustainability of the market." In 2017 14th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2017.7982016.

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Reports on the topic "Wool market"

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Roos, Joseph A., and Allen Brackley. The Asian Wood Pellet Markets. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-861.

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McKeever, David B. Domestic market activity in solid wood products in the United States, 1950-1998. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-524.

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Paun, Dorothy, and Gerry Jackson. Potential for expanding small diameter timber market : assessing use of wood posts in highway applications. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-120.

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Gootwine, Elisha, David Thomas, Ruth Braw-Tal, Amir Bor, and P. J. Dziuk. Improvement of Prolificacy of Israeli and U.S. Sheep Breeds through Inclusion of the F Gene of the Booroola Merino-Stage II. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604931.bard.

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The purposes of this project were: 1) to introduce the FecB gene to the Awassi and Assaf breeds in Israel and the Rambouillet breed in the U.S.A. aiming in the long run to establish Awassi, Assaf and Rambouillet nucclei breeding flocks homozygous for the F gene in which the contribution of the Booroola Merino genetic background will be less than 10%; (In the U.S., Booroola crosses with Suffolk and Targhee were also studied. 2) to evaluate the effect of the FecB gene and different proportions of Booroola Merino genetic background on lamb survival, growth, milk production and wool production in Booroola crosses with the native breeds; 3) to reveal the specific effect of the FecB gene on ovarian development, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and inhibin secretion in prepubertal ewe lambs and in adult ewes in order to define physiological criteria for distinguishing carriers of the FecB allele from non-carriers and 4) to identify genetic markers linked to the FecB gene to assist in selection of genotypes within the Booroola crosses. Introgression of the Booroola gene reached the stage of the third backcross in the Awassi, Assaf and the Rambouillet crosses. In all cases the Booroola crosses were superior in prolificacy. However, they were inferior in comparison to the local breeds in production due to Booroola Merino genes other than the FecB. It is expected that the beneficial economic contribution of the Booroola gene will increase along with the upgrading to the local breeds. FSH plasma levels and induced ovulation rate of 5 month old FecB carriers among the crossbreeds. The OarAE101 marker can assist in detecting FecB carriers among Booroola-Awassi crosses. However, this marker is informative only in some of the families.
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Roos, Joseph, and David L. Nicholls. Domestic market opportunities for Alaska lumber-species preferences by secondary wood products manufacturers in the continental United States. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rn-550.

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Tuskan, G. A. Development and Validation of Marker-Aided Selection Methods for Wood Property Traits in Loblolly Pine and Hybrid Poplar. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/814196.

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Kerrigan, Susan, Phillip McIntyre, and Marion McCutcheon. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Geelong and Surf Coast. Queensland University of Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.206969.

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Geelong and the Surf Coast are treated here as one entity although there are marked differences between the two communities. Sitting on the home of the Wathaurong Aboriginal group, this G21 region is geographically diverse. Geelong serviced a wool industry on its western plains, while manufacturing and its seaport past has left it as a post-industrial city. The Surf Coast has benefitted from the sea change phenomenon. Both communities have fast growing populations and have benefitted from their proximity to Melbourne. They are deeply integrated with this major urban centre. The early establishment of digital infrastructure proved an advantage to certain sectors. All creative industries are represented well in Geelong while many creatives in Torquay are embedded in the high profile and economically dominant surfing industry. The Geelong community is serviced well by its own creative industries with well-established advertising firms, architects, bookshops, gaming arcades, movie houses, music venues, newspaper headquarters, brand new and iconic performing and visual arts centres, libraries and museums, television and radio all accessible in its refurbished downtown area. Co-working spaces, collective practices and entrepreneurial activity are evident throughout the region.
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Carus, Michael, Asta Eder, Lara Dammer, Hans Korte, Lena Scholz, Roland Essel, Elke Breitmayer, and Martha Barth. Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC) and Natural Fibre Composites (NFC): European and Global Markets 2012 and Future Trends in Automotive and Construction. Nova-Institut GmbH, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.52548/thsz9515.

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Michelmore, Richard, Eviatar Nevo, Abraham Korol, and Tzion Fahima. Genetic Diversity at Resistance Gene Clusters in Wild Populations of Lactuca. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573075.bard.

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Genetic resistance is often the least expensive, most effective, and ecologically-sound method of disease control. It is becoming apparent that plant genomes contain large numbers of disease resistance genes. However, the numbers of different resistance specificities within a genepool and the genetic mechanisms generating diversity are poorly understood. Our objectives were to characterize diversity in clusters of resistance genes in wild progenitors of cultivated lettuce in Israel and California in comparison to diversity within cultivated lettuce, and to determine the extent of gene flow, recombination, and genetic instability in generating variation within clusters of resistance genes. Genetic diversity of resistance genes was analyzed in wild and cultivated germplasm using molecular markers derived from lettuce resistance gene sequences of the NBS-LRR type that mapped to the major cluster if resistance genes in lettuce (Sicard et al. 1999). Three molecular markers, one microsatellite marker and two SCAR markers that amplified LRR- encoding regions, were developed from sequences of resistance gene homologs at the Dm3 cluster (RGC2s) in lettuce. Variation for these markers was assessed in germplasm including 74 genotypes of cultivated lettuce, L. saliva and 71 accessions of the three wild Lactuca spp., L. serriola, L. saligna and L. virosa that represent the major species in the sexually accessible genepool for lettuce. Diversity was also studied within and between natural populations of L. serriola from Israel and California. Large numbers of haplotypes were detected indicating the presence of numerous resistance genes in wild species. We documented a variety of genetic events occurring at clusters of resistance genes for the second objective (Sicard et al., 1999; Woo el al., in prep; Kuang et al., in prepb). The diversity of resistance genes in haplotypes provided evidence for gene duplication and unequal crossing over during the evolution of this cluster of resistance genes. Comparison of nine resistance genes in cv. Diana identified 22 gene conversion and five intergenic recombinations. We cloned and sequenced a 700 bp region from the middle of RGC2 genes from six genotypes, two each from L. saliva, L. serriola, and L. saligna . We have identified over 60 unique RGC2 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis surprisingly demonstrated much greater similarity between than within genotypes. This led to the realization that resistance genes are evolving much slower than had previously been assumed and to a new model as to how resistance genes are evolving (Michelmore and Meyers, 1998). The genetic structure of L. serriola was studied using 319 AFLP markers (Kuang et al., in prepa). Forty-one populations from Turkey, Armenia, Israel, and California as well as seven European countries were examined. AFLP marker data showed that the Turkish and Armenian populations were the most polymorphic populations and the European populations were the least. The Davis, CA population, a recent post-Columbian colonization, showed medium genetic diversity and was genetically close to the Turkish populations. Our results suggest that Turkey - Armenia may be the center of origin and diversity of L. serriola and may therefore have the greatest diversity of resistance genes. Our characterization of the diversity of resistance genes and the genetic mechanisms generating it will allow informed exploration, in situ and ex situ conservation, and utilization of germplasm resources for disease control. The results of this project provide the basis for our future research work, which will lead to a detailed understanding of the evolution of resistance genes in plants.
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