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1
V. VOSTRIKOVA, Tatiana, Vladislav N. KALAEV, Svetlana M. MEDVEDEVA, Irina V. LEDENEVA, and Khidmet S. SHIKHALIEV. "QUINOLINE DERIVATIVES AS GROWTH REGULATORS FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS." SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 28, no. 28 (June 20, 2020): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.v28.n28.2020.02_vostrikova_pgs_10_16.pdf.
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It is investigated the effect of synthesized organic compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2- dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs. These compounds affected the height of seedlings when they were used for pre-sowing seed treatment of the following ornamental plants: annual ornamental grass – scarlet sage (Salvia splendens) and woody plant – yellow rhododendron (Rhododendron luteum). Prior to the sprouting process, the seeds of Rh. luteum and S. splendens were soaked in water solutions of compounds with concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% for 18 hours. Dihydro- and tetrahydroquinolines with a concentration of 0.05% proved to be the most effective for both plants. For Rhododendron luteum, the compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs with a concentration of 0.1% proved to be the most effective. Dihydroquinolines at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1% proved to have the strongest effect when applied to the studied perennial woody plant (Rhododendron luteum). Dihydroquinoline at the concentration of 0.05% also proved to be effective when applied to the annual grass (Salvia splendens). For annual S. splendens, tetrahydroquinoline at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05% appeared to be the most effective. The pre-sowing seed treatment of grass Salvia splendens and woody plant Rhododendron luteum with the studied compounds demonstrated that their effect on the height of the seedlings is species-specific. The pre-sowing seed treatment of Rh. luteum and S. splendens allows increasing the height of the seedlings by 3-61 % and 17-25 %, respectively. It is suggested using the compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4- trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs as effective growth stimulators for ornamental grasses and woody plants.
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Vostrikova, Tatiana, Vladislav Kalaev, Svetlana Medvedeva, Irina Ledeneva, and Khidmet Shikhaliev. "Quinoline Derivatives as Growth Regulators for Ornamental Plants." Southern Brazilian Journal of Chemistry 28, no. 28 (June 20, 2020): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37633/sbjc.28(28)2020.10-16.
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It is investigated the effect of synthesized organic compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2- dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs. These compounds affected the height of seedlings when they were used for pre-sowing seed treatment of the following ornamental plants: annual ornamental grass – scarlet sage (Salvia splendens) and woody plant – yellow rhododendron (Rhododendron luteum). Prior to the sprouting process, the seeds of Rh. luteum and S. splendens were soaked in water solutions of compounds with concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% for 18 hours. Dihydro- and tetrahydroquinolines with a concentration of 0.05% proved to be the most effective for both plants. For Rhododendron luteum, the compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs with a concentration of 0.1% proved to be the most effective. Dihydroquinolines at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1% proved to have the strongest effect when applied to the studied perennial woody plant (Rhododendron luteum). Dihydroquinoline at the concentration of 0.05% also proved to be effective when applied to the annual grass (Salvia splendens). For annual S. splendens, tetrahydroquinoline at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05% appeared to be the most effective. The pre-sowing seed treatment of grass Salvia splendens and woody plant Rhododendron luteum with the studied compounds demonstrated that their effect on the height of the seedlings is species-specific. The pre-sowing seed treatment of Rh. luteum and S. splendens allows increasing the height of the seedlings by 3-61 % and 17-25 %, respectively. It is suggested using the compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4- trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs as effective growth stimulators for ornamental grasses and woody plants
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Boer, RFde, GR Steed, BJ Macauley, and Boer RF De. "Effects of stubble and sowing treatments on take-all of wheat in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 5 (1992): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920641.
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The effects of stubble management treatments on take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) of wheat were examined in 2 field experiments in north-eastern Victoria. Wheat stubble from a preceding crop was left standing, mulched, burnt or incorporated into soil prior to sowing wheat. At Rutherglen in 1984, neither the incidence nor the severity of take-all was affected by these treatments. Although the severity of root symptoms on take-all affected plants at anthesis and the incidence of white heads were very low, sowing with a zero till, triple disc drill resulted in a small but significant (P<0.05) increase in both disease severity and white head incidence (2% tillers with white heads), compared with sowing with a conventional tine drill (0.6% tillers with white heads), regardless of the stubble treatment. At Wilby in 1985, the incidence and severity of take-all in wheat at early tillering was higher in plots in which wheat stubble was incorporated into soil prior to sowing (16% plants affected), than in plots where stubble was left standing, mulched or burnt (2, 3 and 4% plants affected, respectively). At anthesis, however, there were no significant differences in the incidence of affected plants between the 4 stubble treatments (average of 81 % plants affected).
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Henri, Kouassi Kouadio, Kouassi Roland Hervé, and Amon Ano Denis-Esdras. "DYNAMICS OF GROWTH OF ALBIZIA ADIANTHIFOLIA AND ALBIZIA ZYGIA (TWO LOCAL LEGUMINOUS PLANTS WITH RAPID GROWTH) DURING THE REGENERATION OF THE POST-FARMING FALLOW AND DEGRADED SPACES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i9.2018.1249.
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The threat which is on the forests and wooded spaces of Africa and particularly those of Côte d'Ivoire is accentuated over the years. The quoted leading causes are the land pressure related to demography, the anarchistic exploitation of the forest woody plants and itinerant agriculture. In many cases, the afforestation is the recommended palliative measure. But with which woody plants does one retimber in Côte d'Ivoire? Which assessment are previous initiatives made? On several occasions the exotic woody plants with rapid growth were used without success. The main objective of this study is to identify local woody plants with rapid growths of which the use will contribute to a significant degree to fast regeneration of our forests, degraded spaces and the post-farming fallow. Floristic inventories and measurements were carried out on the stems of Albizia adianthifolia and Albizia zygia in elementary plots of 400 m ² (20m X 20m). Two local arborescent Leguminous plants with rapid growth were identified for this purpose. They were: Albizia adianthifolia and Albizia zygia. The experiments showed that these species reach the maximas of their growth in height and thickness as from nine (9) years. The sowing of the fallow and/or spaces degraded by these woody species supports the fast regeneration of these degraded spaces.
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VOSTRIKOVA, Tatiana V., Vladislav N. KALAEV, Svetlana M. MEDVEDEVA, Nadezhda P. NOVICHIKHINA, and Khidmet S. SHIKHALIEV. "SYNTHESIZED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS GROWTH STIMULATORS FOR WOODY PLANTS." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 35 (July 20, 2020): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.29_vostrikova_pgs_327_337.pdf.
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The effect of synthesized organic compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs on the height of seedlings of ornamental woody plants was studied. The height of seedlings as a morphometric parameter was measured 7 months after the start of the experiment. The pre-sowing seed treatment of Rhododendron ledebourii and Rhododendron smirnowii, with the studied compounds, demonstrated that dihydro- and tetrahydroquinoline with the concentration of 0.1% proved to be the most efficient. Dihydroquinolines at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1% proved to have the strongest effect. Dihydroquinolines for perennial woody plants are more effective, then tetrahydroquinolines. The most efficient synthesized chemical compounds for Rhododendron contain benzoyl substitute. For Rh. ledebourii and Rh. smirnowii the most effective are the same synthesized chemical compounds: 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, and 1-benzoyl-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2- dihydroquinoline with concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1%. These compounds, when applied with the presowing seed treatment of Rh. ledebourii and Rh. smirnowii, result in an increase in the height of the seedlings by 3.6-89.3% and 14.3-57.1%, respectively. The effect of synthesized chemical compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline and its hydrogenated analog on woody plants of the same genus is not speciesspecific. It is suggested using the compounds of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, its derivatives, and hydrogenated analogs as growth stimulators for Rhododendron. The compounds of the quinoline series were tested for genotoxicity by the cytological method in the model object (Betula pendula) and recognized as environmentally friendly. The cytogenetic responses for Betula pendula and Rhododendron are identical, so positive compounds influence for Betula pendula cells because of increased metabolic activity means the same for Rhododendron. Therefore, synthesized organic compounds can be recommended as effective growth stimulators.
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Akhmedova, A., E. Iskender, T. Mammadov, G. Askerova, and Sh Bagirova. "The Steps Analysis of Some Tree Plants Introduction in ex situ Conditions (Azerbaijan)." Bulletin of Science and Practice 8, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/75/04.
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The article analyzes the degree of introduction of phanerophytes, which form the cultural dendroflora of the northeastern part of the Greater Caucasus (Azerbaijan). The research showed that out of 115 species studied, 11 were naturalized (CH1), 71 species had good viability (CH2), 25 species had medium viability (CH3), 8 species had poor viability (CH4), resistant species (CH5 group) were not found. As a result of the research, it was concluded that woody plants that form the cultural dendroflora of the study area had a different degree of introduction in accordance with environmental requirements. The results of the study showed that for the successful introduction of the studied woody plants, planting and sowing must be carried out from different geographically productive individuals with different geno- and phenotypic characteristics in the natural habitat, taking into account the bioecological characteristics of the species and their historical past, i. e. phylogenesis. It is more expedient to collect and mobilize material.
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Code, GR, and TW Donaldson. "Effect of cultivation, sowing methods and herbicides on wild radish populations in wheat crops." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 4 (1996): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960437.
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The effect of different cultivation and sowing methods on wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) density in 4 successive wheat crops was measured in an experiment in north-eastern Victoria. The number of seasons taken for populations to decline below an estimated threshold for economic spraying of wild radish (5-10 plants/m2) was examined. Two herbicide applications in each crop in all but one treatment prevented or significantly reduced wild radish seed production during the experiment. Wheat sown after mouldboard ploughing (MBP) in the first season contained wild radish at 42 plants/m2, before spraying. Densities were significantly higher (P<0.05) when wheat was direct drilled (96 plants/m2), or sown after cultivation to 80 mm (116 plants/m2) or to 50 mm (202 plants/m2). MBP in the first season followed by cultivation to 80 mm or direct drilling in subsequent seasons resulted in wild radish populations below the threshold for economic spraying in the second crop. Cultivation to 80 mm before sowing in the first 2 years, followed by direct drilling in subsequent years resulted in a wild radish population of 6.9 plants/m2 in the third crop. This density was within the range estimated as the threshold for economic spraying. Wild radish densities on treatments cultivated to 50 or 80 mm before sowing, or direct drilled each year, had declined to within or below the threshold for economic spraying by the fourth crop.
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Semkina, L. A., and E. A. Tishkina. "Influence of climate warming on the state of woody plants of the family Oleaceae Hoff. et Link. in the collections of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1010, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012066.
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Abstract The created collections of woody plants made it possible to evaluate the life cycle of forsythia Forsythia ovata Nakai, privet Ligustrum vulgare L., and high ash Fraxinus excelsior L. of the Oleaceae Hoff family. et Link. and their response to changing climatic conditions. Tall ash, common privet froze every year to the level of snow cover. The flower buds of the forsythia froze, and it did not bloom. Due to the increase in the average annual temperature from 1.7 °C to 2.69 °C since 1990, forsythia and privet began to bloom and bear fruit. Introductory populations were created and the most frost-resistant and abundantly flowering individuals were selected. But as a result of abnormal weather conditions and climate cyclicality, all young and old privet plants died in 1998. Common privet plants began to bloom profusely only in 2021 (sowing in 2018). High ash plants fully recovered and reached a height of 10-12 m.
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Semple, WS, and TB Koen. "Effect of Seedbed on Emergence and Establishment From Surface Sown and Direct Drilled Seed of Eucalyptus Spp. And Dodonaea Viscosa." Rangeland Journal 19, no. 1 (1997): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9970080.
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In some areas the increase of woody plants is a problem whereas in others, the lack of regeneration is viewed with a similar degree of concern. The experiments described in this paper were an attempt to further understand factors affecting regeneration of woody plants. The effect of seedbed on the emergence and survival of hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima) and on several species of Eucalyptus was evaluated at two sites in the Central West of New South Wales. Seed was sown in two springs, two summers and two autumns from 1990 to 1992 and seedlings monitored for 12 months after sowing. Seedbeds compared were prepared by cultivation, scalping, burning, applying herbicide (glyphosate) and mowinglgrazing (control). Following failure of surface sowing in spring 1990 and summer 1990191 due to poor seasonal conditions, all subsequent experiments included direct drilled controls. Emergents were recorded in most treatments in the four succeeding seasons but hopbush and eucalypts responded differently to treatments. Numbers of hopbush emergents and seedlings after 12 months were consistently higher following direct drilling into scalped seedbeds. In contrast, the maximum number of eucalypt emergents was not consistently associated with any seedbed type, though emergence was generally higher following direct drilling. However, higher numbers of eucalypt seedlings were present in scalped plots after 12 months. It was concluded that weed control following emergence was the main effect of seedbed preparation on the number of eucalypt seedlings present after 12 months. Though this also applied to hopbush. seedbeds which provided the opportunity of seed burial enhanced emergence. This was believed to be due to the breaking of seed dormancy.
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Bretag, T. W., P. J. Keane, and T. V. Price. "Effect of sowing date on the severity of ascochyta blight in field peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown in the Wimmera region of Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 8 (2000): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00097.
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Field experiments were established at Horsham, in the Wimmera region ofVictoria, in 1987, 1988 and 1989 to compare the severity of ascochyta blightand grain yield of field peas sown in May, June and July. In each year, theseverity of ascochyta blight on all the pea cultivars studied was greatest onthe May-sown plots and least severe on the July-sown plots. The level of seedinfestation by ascochyta blight fungi was also highest in grain harvested fromthe plots sown earliest. In 1987, the average length of lesions girdling themain stem was 28.7 cm in the May-sown plots and 1.0 cm in the July-sown plots.In 1988, the average percentage of stem area affected by ascochyta ranged from 60.2% in the May-sown plots to 13.1% in the July-sown plots,while in 1989 the range was from 38.3% in the May-sown plots to5.8% in the July-sown plots. In 1988, delaying sowing until Julyresulted in a significant reduction in disease with only a small reduction inyield. However, in 1989 while July sowing reduced the severity of disease by 17%, compared to a June sowing, the later sowing also reduced grainyields by 40%.In a separate trial at Horsham in 1988, using cv. Buckley, disease progresswas most rapid on the April-sown plots and slowest on the August-sown plots.The final disease levels ranged from 100% of stem area affected (Aprilsowing) to 2% of stem area affected (August sowing). The yield lossescaused by the disease were greater the earlier the plots were sown.These studies suggest that the severity of disease in commercial crops may bereduced by delaying sowing until after mid-June, thus avoiding exposure ofyoung plants to high levels of primary inoculum.
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Blagorodova, E. N., N. I. Varfolomeyeva, A. S. Zvyagina, and T. S. Nepshekueva. "The effect of the humic preparation BioHumus Grand Flora Victoria on the lettuce productivity." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1010, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012023.
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Abstract The article presents the research results on the effect of the humic preparation BioHumus Grand Flora Victoria on the formation of lettuce crop in a winter glazed heated greenhouse. The sowing qualities of seeds (germination, germination energy) were analyzed when treated with the preparation in solution of different concentrations, while laboratory germination increased by 10-20%. Productivity indicators (the aboveground mass and root system, the number of leaves and their area) were studied when using leaf and root feeding of plants. It was found that the largest plant mass (82.5 g), leaf mass (53.1 g) and their area (806.5 cm2) were obtained by growing lettuce using leaf and root feeding with the 10% preparation solution. The use of leaf dressing alone 1.4-2.2 times increased the lettuce leaves area compared to the control. The biochemical composition of lettuce leaves during the harvesting period showed differences in the dry matter, total sugar, ascorbic acid content. The largest amount of dry matter (10.3%) and vitamin C was the variant with leaf feeding of plants with the 5% preparation solution. The 20% preparation solution, the highest in the experiment, restrained the rate of dry matter, fructose and ascorbic acid accumulation in the production.
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Porter, IJ, PR Merriman, and PJ Keane. "Integrated control of pink root (Pyrenochaeta terrestris) of onions by dazomet and soil solarization." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 4 (1989): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890861.
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At Frankston in southern Victoria in 1984-85, dazomet applied at 750 kg/ha either alone or in combination with solarization, reduced disease incidence and severity of pink root, increased yields by at least 100% and improved storage quality of onions. Solarization for 6 weeks delayed the development of pink root, but had no effect on either the disease incidence or severity at harvest. Solarization, however, did increase yields by 23% at harvest compared to untreated soils.A bioassay of 0-10 and 10-20 cm layer of soil after treatment showed that dazomet applied alone or in combination with solarization reduced the number of plants infected by P. terrestris to less than 5% in both layers. Untreated and solarized plots had more than 86% of the plants affected. A similar bioassay taken 3 months later just before sowing showed that the number of plants infected with pink root had increased in the 0-10 cm layer of plots treated with dazomet, indicating that some reinfestation had occurred. There was no reinfestation in the combined treatment.Fusurium spp. were isolated from almost 100% of roots sampled, and although more than 70% were pathogenic under controlled conditions in the glasshouse, they did not appear to cause disease in the field or significantly affect yields.Cultivation of soils after harvest in 1985 and remoulding seedbeds prior to sowing the next crop apparently caused reinfestation of soils, and there was no residual benefit from treatments applied in 1984.
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Yulin, Han, and Wan Jingli. "RESOURCE OF WILD ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN THREE-RIVER PLAIN." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 632d—632. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.632d.
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Three-river Plain, the key agriculture and animal husbandry developing region of China is located in the northeast part of Heilongjiang province. There were rich resources of wild ornamental plants in Three-river Plain. 134 species of those were investigated belonging to 54 families. 35 were woody plants and 99 herbaceous. The domestication and cultivation of several plants with high decorative value were studied and briefed as follows: (1) Vibrunnum sargenti Koehne propagates by seeds beginning to blossom in 3 years and by rhizome. The plants grown in the plain are subject to insect pests: (2) Sambucus buergeriana Blume propagates by seeds after sand cultivation for 4-6 months and begins to blossom in the next year; (3) Acanthopanax Senticocus (tupr. et (maxim) harmes propagates by seeds, shoot layering and root cutting. The germination of seeds is lower and the shoot layering is best. It grows slowly in the white clay soil, (4) Hemerocallis midendorffii Tranty. et Mey, propagates by seeds and suckers and blossoms in the next year, growing well in the plain; (5) Ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro) propagates by spore. The spore grows to sporophyte in 70-90 days after sowing and the sporophyte grows to sporophyll in 4 years.
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Jacobs, J. L., G. N. Ward, A. M. McDowell, and G. A. Kearney. "A survey on the effect of establishment techniques, crop management, moisture availability and soil type on turnip dry matter yields and nutritive characteristics in western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 6 (2001): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01009.
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Factors associated with turnip dry matter yield, metabolisable energy and crude protein were investigated in 266 turnip forage crops on 142 dairy farms in south-western Victoria during spring 1999 and summer 2000. Factors measured were primary cultivation method, secondary cultivation method, soil texture, soil temperature and moisture at sowing, seedbed preparation, turnip variety, sowing method, sowing rate, rolling post-sowing, harrowing post-sowing, seedling establishment, insect damage, water received, phosphorus and nitrogen application. The average date for the commencement of seedbed preparation was early October, although the range was from mid-March until mid-December. Sowing dates ranged from mid-September to mid-December, with an average of mid-October. The most common turnip variety sown was Barkant, followed by Mammoth Purple Top, Vollenda and Rondo. Growing periods ranged from 8 to 23 weeks, with the majority of crops grazed from 8 to 15 weeks. The average dry matter yield was about 5 t DM/ha, with values ranging from 0.4 to 19.2 t DM/ha. The average metabolisable energy content of turnips was 13.7 MJ/kg DM with values ranging from 11.3 to 14.6 MJ/kg DM. The metabolisable energy of roots was on average higher than the leaf component of the plants (14 v. 13.5 MJ/kg DM). Conversely, crude protein content of leaves (15.4%) was higher than in the root fraction (13.9%). The average neutral detergent fibre content of turnips was 22.5% with values ranging from 16.9 to 30.5%. The water-soluble carbohydrate content of the leaf component ranged from 1.1 to 26.8% with an average of 14.7%, while starch content of the root component ranged from 0.3 to 38.8% with an average content of 16.9%. The average cost of growing a turnip crop was $485/ha or $133 t DM. Total, leaf and root dry matter yield as well as metabolisable energy and crude protein were analysed by a mixed effects model (with factors fixed and farms and paddocks random). Factors that were associated with total dry matter yield were total water received, soil temperature and moisture at sowing, seedling density, method of secondary cultivation, soil type and insect damage. The application of nitrogen fertiliser had the greatest association with turnip crude protein content. In conclusion the findings of this study indicate potential ways to increase the dry matter yield of turnips grown in south-western Victoria. Given the current average dry matter yields and cost of growing turnips, purchasing cereal grain may be a viable alternative. An increase in average dry matter yield would make the choice of growing turnips as a feed for lactating dairy cows a more profitable option.
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Hu, Guojun, Yafeng Dong, Zunping Zhang, Xudong Fan, and Fang Ren. "Effect of In Vitro Culture of Long Shoot Tip on Variant Structure and Titer of Grapevine Viruses." Plants 11, no. 15 (July 23, 2022): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11151907.
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Shoot tip culture is a very effective approach for studying plant viruses. In this study, we evaluated the numbers, diversity, and titer of grapevine viruses in in vitro grapevine plants after long shoot tip culture. Six virus-infected grapevine cultivars (Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Gernischt, Cabernet Sauvignon, Wink, Victoria, and Merlot) collected from six regions of China were used as the research materials. Approximately 1.5 cm long shoot tips were used for meristem culture. The average survival rate of the six grapevine cultivars was 45.7%. Merlot collected from Beijing showed the highest survival rate (80.0%). Regeneration was not achieved in Cabernet Gernischt collected from Liaoning province and Cabernet Sauvignon from Tianjin due to bacterial and fungal contamination. Virus detection conducted in the surviving regenerated plants showed that the virus infection status, including the viral numbers and the species present in plants grown in vitro, was the same as that in corresponding in vivo plants. Moreover, the analysis of sequence diversity and the mutation frequency in grapevine viruses in vitro indicated that the structure of grapevine viruses was stable in long shoot tip culture after four sub-culture passages. Further, the relative viral titer of in vitro grapevine plants was much higher than that of in vivo plants. These results aid in the investigation of viruses in woody plants.
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Price, Jodi N., and John W. Morgan. "Multi-decadal increases in shrub abundance in non-riverine red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) woodlands occur during a period of complex land-use history." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 3 (2009): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07079.
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The history of land-use was examined in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. woodland in the Victoria Valley of the Grampians National Park, south-eastern Australia, to help interpret changes in vegetation there during the last 50 years. We used aerial photography and dendrochronological data to quantify the amount of, and the rate of change in, the woody-vegetation cover between 1948 and 1997, and historical data to document land-use changes during this time. Aerial photographs indicated that in 1948, 56% of study area had <50% cover of woody plants. By 1997, 90% of the study area had >50% woody-plant cover. The native shrub Leptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst & G. Forst (Myrtaceae) was predominantly responsible for the increases in cover. Demographic analyses indicated that recruitment has been ongoing rather than episodic; large numbers of shrubs, however, have recruited since 1994. We hypothesise that the vegetation changes observed are likely a response to changes in land-use that have occurred since European occupation. Increased woody-plant cover followed the removal of sheep grazing in the long-term absence of fire. It is very likely that the long history of stock grazing, coupled with selective logging and associated soil disturbance, initiated a change in understorey vegetation by reducing competitive native tussock grasses and fuel loads to carry fires and this reduction was initially responsible for the encroachment of shrubs into the woodland. Recruitment has been ongoing in the absence of any recent land-use changes (most utilisation ceasing after the declaration of National Park status in 1984) and hence, this transformation from species-rich herbaceous woodland to shrubby woodland is expected to continue in the future.
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Thompson, Jimmie D., Deborah Q. Lewis, and *William R. Norris. "The Role of an Urban Tallgrass Prairie Remnant in Conservation: A Case Study in Central Iowa (USA)." Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 121, no. 1-4 (January 1, 2014): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17833/0896-8381-121.1.27.
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Although more than 85% of Iowa (USA) was covered by tallgrass prairie at the time of settlement by Europeans in the early 19th century, less than 0.1% remains. The Richard W. Pohl State Preserve at Ames (IA) High School, surrounded on three sides by structures, roads, and other development, protects 4 ha of tallgrass prairie. The preserve, commonly referred to as Ames High Prairie (AHP), was grazed but never plowed under private ownership until its acquisition by the Ames School District in 1959. Although considered for development as a parking lot or football field in the 1960s, the residents of Ames voted in 1970 to award The Nature Conservancy (TNC) a 49-year lease to the property (until 2019). This preserve, almost completely open in the 1930s, has been subject to numerous threats, including encroachment by woody plants, entry of non-native and invasive plant species associated with human activity, and erosion associated with storm water runoff, sewer line repair, foot and bike traffic, and major flood events. Recent management activities at AHP, conducted by volunteer land stewards, high school and college students, TNC summer interns, and private contractors, has consisted of controlled burns, cutting and herbicide treatment of encroaching woody plants, manual removal and herbicide treatment of invasive herbaceous plants, and sowing of seeds (collected on site) into reopened areas. Three vascular plant inventories of the 8.9 ha preserve (1966, 1995, current study) have documented the occurrence of 465 taxa (329 native) at AHP, including 5 Iowa special concern species. This flora includes 147 native prairie plant taxa, which ranks 8th in comparison with the 26 other (and mostly larger) prairies protected as state preserves in Iowa. As a vegetation remnant, AHP protects tallgrass prairie taxa and their gene pools, maintains an example of historically abundant (but now scarce) tallgrass prairie vegetation, and provides citizens an opportunity to experience prairie.
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Anthony, J., C. B. McLean, and A. C. Lawrie. "In vitro propagation of Epacris impressa (Epacridaceae) and the effects of clonal material." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 2 (2000): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98026.
Full textAbstract:
A system of micropropagation has been developed for Epacris impressa Labill. (pink heath) (Epacridaceae), the floral emblem of Victoria, Australia. Only explants from glasshouse-grown plants treated with 1.2 g L–1 mancozeb were established successfully in vitro. Shoot material was very sensitive to surface-sterilisation, with 0.5% NaOCl for 5 min being optimal. Multiple shooting was induced optimally on Woody Plant Medium (WPM, Lloyd and McCown 1980) with 12–25 µM of the cytokinin 2iP (6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino) purine). Inclusion of the auxin IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) induced callus and reduced shooting. Rooting in vitro was greatest (up to 40%) with half-strength WPM and 16 µM IBA. Clones from individual plants varied in multiple shooting response to 2iP (0–49 µM) and root induction response to auxins (IBA and NAA (α-naphthaleneacetic acid), 0–43 µM). These results suggest that explant materials are the main determinant of success in in vitro propagation and that they require individual optimisation of treatments to maximise shoot and root formation.
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Roberts, Cathryn, Martin Westbrooke, Singarayer Florentine, and Simon Cook. "Winter diet of introduced red deer (Cervus elaphus) in woodland vegetation in Grampians National Park, western Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 37, no. 1 (2015): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am14013.
Full textAbstract:
Although red deer (Cervus elaphus) have the potential to play a major role in influencing the structure and composition of vegetation, little is known about the dietary preferences of red deer in Australia. In the Grampians National Park, Victoria, where there is a large, established red deer population, there has been concern over the condition of woodlands, with lack of perennial seedling recruitment observed. We estimated the diets of 12 red deer using macroscopic sorting techniques. We examined rumen contents of seven male and five female red deer from four woodland Ecological Vegetation Classes, which indicate that they act as intermediate feeders. A wide variety of plants were ingested, with evergreen tree species, small trees and woody shrubs making up a large proportion of the diet, along with grasses. This study found that red deer show significantly different dietary intake due to sex, with females consuming a diet much higher in grasses, while males consume more trees and shrubs. These findings have implications for the management of red deer populations within the park and broader implications for their effects on Australian ecosystems.
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Birch, C. J., G. McLean, and A. Sawers. "Analysis of high yielding maize production - a study based on a commercial crop." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06103.
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This paper reports on the use of APSIM – Maize for retrospective analysis of performance of a high input, high yielding maize crop and analysis of predicted performance of maize grown with high inputs over the long-term (>100 years) for specified scenarios of environmental conditions (temperature and radiation) and agronomic inputs (sowing date, plant population, nitrogen fertiliser and irrigation) at Boort, Victoria, Australia. It uses a high yielding (17 400 kg/ha dry grain, 20 500 kg/ha at 15% water) commercial crop grown in 2004–05 as the basis of the study. Yield for the agronomic and environmental conditions of 2004–05 was predicted accurately, giving confidence that the model could be used for the detailed analyses undertaken. The analysis showed that the yield achieved was close to that possible with the conditions and agronomic inputs of 2004–05. Sowing dates during 21 September to 26 October had little effect on predicted yield, except when combined with reduced temperature. Single year and long-term analyses concluded that a higher plant population (11 plants/m2) is needed to optimise yield, but that slightly lower N and irrigation inputs are appropriate for the plant population used commercially (8.4 plants/m2). Also, compared with changes in agronomic inputs increases in temperature and/or radiation had relatively minor effects, except that reduced temperature reduces predicted yield substantially. This study provides an approach for the use of models for both retrospective analysis of crop performance and assessment of long-term variability of crop yield under a wide range of agronomic and environmental conditions.
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Stetsenko, S. K., E. M. Andreeva, G. G. Terekhov, T. V. Hurshkainen, and A. V. Kuchin. "On the Regulation of the Joint Use of Growth Stimulants and Pesticides in Forest Growing." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-1-66-71.
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The results of studying the effect of the growth stimulants Verva and Verva-El on the growth qualities of pine ordinary seedlings grown under the pre-sowing soil preparation using the roundup (glyphosate) herbicide are presented. The necessity of the presented experiments is connected with the establishment of the impact of the joint effect of new growth-promoting drugs and pesticides traditionally used in forestry on woody plants. It was shown that under laboratory conditions, the simultaneous presence of the roundup herbicide in the growth medium (agaragar) and seed treatment with the growth stimulants Verva and Verva-El leads to an inhibition of the growth of two-week-old pine seedlings, due to a decrease in the size of the roots. In the small-plot field experiment, an increase in the stem height was found in the variants using stimulants relative to this indicator in the variant where the pine was grown only with the use of roundup.
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Lilley, Julianne M., Lindsay W. Bell, and John A. Kirkegaard. "Optimising grain yield and grazing potential of crops across Australia’s high-rainfall zone: a simulation analysis. 2. Canola." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 4 (2015): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14240.
Full textAbstract:
Recent expansion of cropping into Australia’s high-rainfall zone (HRZ) has involved dual-purpose crops suited to long growing seasons that produce both forage and grain. Early adoption of dual-purpose cropping involved cereals; however, dual-purpose canola (Brassica napus) can provide grazing and grain and a break crop for cereals and grass-based pastures. Grain yield and grazing potential of canola (up until bud-visible stage) were simulated, using APSIM, for four canola cultivars at 13 locations across Australia’s HRZ over 50 years. The influence of sowing date (2-weekly sowing dates from early March to late June), nitrogen (N) availability at sowing (50, 150 and 250 kg N/ha), and crop density (20, 40, 60, 80 plants/m2) on forage and grain production was explored in a factorial combination with the four canola cultivars. The cultivars represented winter, winter × spring intermediate, slow spring, and fast spring cultivars, which differed in response to vernalisation and photoperiod. Overall, there was significant potential for dual-purpose use of winter and winter × spring cultivars in all regions across Australia’s HRZ. Mean simulated potential yields exceeded 4.0 t/ha at most locations, with highest mean simulated grain yields (4.5–5.0 t/ha) in southern Victoria and lower yields (3.3–4.0 t/ha) in central and northern New South Wales. Winter cultivars sown early (March–mid-April) provided most forage (>2000 dry sheep equivalent (DSE) grazing days/ha) at most locations because of the extended vegetative stage linked to the high vernalisation requirement. At locations with Mediterranean climates, the low frequency (<30% of years) of early sowing opportunities before mid-April limited the utility of winter cultivars. Winter × spring cultivars (not yet commercially available), which have an intermediate phenology, had a longer, more reliable sowing window, high grazing potential (up to 1800 DSE-days/ha) and high grain-yield potential. Spring cultivars provided less, but had commercially useful grazing opportunities (300–700 DSE-days/ha) and similar yields to early-sown cultivars. Significant unrealised potential for dual-purpose canola crops of winter × spring and slow spring cultivars was suggested in the south-west of Western Australia, on the Northern Tablelands and Slopes of New South Wales and in southern Queensland. The simulations emphasised the importance of early sowing, adequate N supply and sowing density to maximise grazing potential from dual-purpose crops.
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Walter, DE. "Leaf Surface-Structure and the Distribution of Phytoseius Mites (Acarina, Phytoseiidae) in South-Eastern Australian Forests." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 6 (1992): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920593.
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Habitat structure, at a scale at which we do not normally perceive it, can be an important determinant of species diversity and distribution in arboreal mites. Phytoseiid mites (1552 individuals) collected from the leaves of 75 species of woody plants from 55 forest sites between Noosa Head, Queensland and the Hartz Mountains, Tasmania were found to represent 28 species in four genera: Phytoseius, Typhlodromus, Amblyseius and Iphiseius. About half (38) of the plant species from which phytoseiid mites were collected had leaves with well-developed coverings of hairs on their abaxial surfaces, especially along the veins. Species in the genus Phytoseius were the most abundant mites (46.4% of total), and they were almost entirely restricted to leaves with well-developed tomenta (714 of 720 Phytoseius mites collected from 34 of 38 plant species with hairy leaves). In a test of these observations at three sites in Victoria, phytoseiid mites in general were more abundant on leaves with well-developed tomenta, but only Phytoseius mites were restricted to hairy leaves.
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Figueroa, J. A., and J. J. Armesto. "Community-wide germination strategies in a temperate rainforest of Southern Chile: ecological and evolutionary correlates." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 4 (2001): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00013.
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Delayed seed germination (‘dispersal in time’), as a component of a plant’s germination strategy, was studied in dicotyledoneous species of a temperate rainforest flora in Chiloé Island (42°30′S), southern Chile. The objective of this investigation was to assess, for this temperate rainforest flora, what proportion of interspecific variation in the time of seed germination—measured in days since the onset of seed dispersal in space—could be attributed to the plants’ historical and phylogenetic background and what proportion was associated with life history and ecological attributes such as seed mass, life form, dispersal syndromes and dispersal periods. To characterise germination times for 44 species from Chiloé forests (n = 150 seeds sowed per species in laboratory assays), we computed the mean germination time (GT), in days since sowing, for all seeds germinated of each species. Seeds were taken from the plants at the onset of dispersal and germinated in Petri dishes at 10/20°C. Considering all species, GTs varied between 3 and 385 days and presented an L-shaped frequency distribution. One-way ANOVAs measured the effects of each factor across all other variables. Two-way ANOVAs were used to assess significant interactions between factors. Multifactorial ANOVAs were used to evaluate the independent effects of each of six historical, phylogenetic and ecological factors on GT and to detect associations between factors. In one-way ANOVAs, phylogenetic grouping (at or above order) explained 12% of the variance in GT; dispersal period (summer v. mainly autumn dissemination of ripe seeds), biogeographic element (endemic, austral, neotropical or cosmopolitan) and dispersal syndrome (fleshy v. dry propagules) explained 7, 6 and 5% of the variance in GT, respectively. The factors life form (trees, shrub and woody vines combined, herbs and non-woody epiphytes) and seed mass (light v. heavy) explained the 4 and 2% of the variance in GT, respectively. Taxa related to Ranunculales presented the longest mean GT (148 days). Endozoochorous species had a more delayed germination than species with other dispersal syndromes. Herbs and non-woody epiphyte species showed mean GT (41 days) significantly shorter than trees and shrubs plus woody vines combined (86 and 85 days, respectively). All interactions in two-way ANOVAs were significant. Multifactorial ANOVAs revealed that the three major factors contributing to differences in GT in this temperate rainforest flora were phylogenetic relatedness, dispersal syndromes and life form (7, 6 and 6% of the interspecific variation, respectively). In this analysis, biogeographic element, dispersal period and seed mass were not significantly related to GT. For the factors examined, failure-time analysis, which takes into account all viable seeds not germinating in laboratory assays, confirmed results from multifactorial ANOVAs.
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McDonald, G. K., K. L. Hollaway, and L. McMurray. "Increasing plant density improves weed competition in lentil (Lens culinaris)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 1 (2007): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05168.
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Lentil (Lens culinaris) is an important pulse crop in the southern and western cropping zones. Weed management can be difficult in lentil because of its poor early growth and the limited range of safe selective post-emergent herbicides available. Experiments were conducted at Minlaton, South Australia, and Horsham, Victoria, to examine the effects of early vigour on the ability of lentil to compete against a broadleaf weed. Early growth in lentil was manipulated by selecting genotypes with different levels of early vigour and by using a range of sowing rates. Canola (Brassica napus cv. Beacon) was used to mimic the growth of a cruciferous weed and it was sown at 0, 0.25 (Minlaton only), 0.5, 1 or 2 kg/ha. Lentil genotypes were selected that represented the range in early vigour currently available within the breeding program. Another experiment examined the effect of plant density of lentils with different degrees of early vigour on the yield of canola. Grain yield of lentil declined as the density of canola increased. The initial reduction in canola yield over sites was about 4%/plant.m2, but was as high as 12%/plant.m2 in one treatment. This yield loss is similar to that reported for other grain legume crops, but is much higher than the initial yield loss reported for wheat. The differences in early vigour between genotypes were insufficient to affect the competitive ability of lentil. In contrast, increasing the sowing rate of lentil significantly reduced canola grain yield and increased lentil grain yield. When the density of canola was low (10 plants/m2), doubling the lentil plant density to 200 plants/m2 limited the yield loss to 10%. The results suggest the level of variation in early vigour among the present genotypes is insufficient to increase the competitive ability of the crop. Increasing the plant population of lentil is a more effective means of suppressing weed growth and increasing grain yield.
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Hoskins, Tyler C., Jason D. Lattier, and Ryan N. Contreras. "Sowing Green Seed Without Stratification Does Not Shorten Juvenility or Increase Plant Size in Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris)." HortScience 55, no. 11 (November 2020): 1781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15328-20.
Full textAbstract:
Common lilac is an important flowering shrub that accounts for ≈$20 million of sales in the U.S. nursery industry. Cultivar improvement in common lilac has been ongoing for centuries, yet little research has focused on shortening the multiple-year juvenility period for lilacs and the subsequent time required between breeding cycles. The practice of direct-sowing of immature “green” seed has been shown to reduce juvenility in some woody plants, but it has not been reported for common lilac. This study investigated the effects of seed maturity [weeks after pollination (WAP)], pregermination seed treatment (direct-sown vs. cold-stratified), and postgermination seedling chilling on the germination percentage, subsequent plant growth, and time to flower on lilac seedlings. All seedlings were derived from the female parent ‘Ludwig Spaeth’ and the male parent ‘Angel White’. Seeds harvested at 15 and 20 WAP resulted in 58% (sd ± 9.9%) and 80% (sd ± 9.0%) germination, respectively, which were similar to that of dry seed collected at 20 WAP with stratification (62% ± 4.2%). Seedlings from the green seed collected at 15 and 20 WAP were also approximately three-times taller than those of dry seed groups DS1, DS2, and DS3 after the first growing season. Over the next two growing seasons, there were no differences in seedling height across all treatments. Flowering occurred at the beginning of the fourth season and without differences among treatments. These results indicate that the collection and direct sowing of immature, green seed can be used to successfully grow lilac seedlings, but that they do not reduce the juvenility period. However, this method can provide more vegetative growth in year one to observe early vegetative traits such as leaf color, and it can provide more material for DNA extraction to support molecular research.
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СЕМЕНЮТИНА, А. В., И. П. СВИНЦОВ, А. Ш. ХУЖАХМЕТОВА, and В. А. СЕМЕНЮТИНА. "Regulation of increase of biodiversity of woody plants in protective forest plantings of the Volga region." World Ecology Journal, no. 2() (October 2, 2018): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/nm.2018.2.2.005.
Full textAbstract:
Защитное лесоразведение в засушливых условиях Поволжья связано с использованием интродуцированных древесных растений. Несмотря на большой опыт защитного лесоразведения, состояние всех видов насаждений в регионе нельзя считать удовлетворительным. Причины: ошибки в подборе деревьев и кустарников, в оценке генофонда, в разработке ассортимента. Отсутствие научно обоснованного регламента повышения биоразнообразия древесных растений в защитных лесных насаждениях Поволжья приводит к инвазиям. На примере коллекционных дендрологических участков (Волгоградская, Самарская области) приведены материалы по выявлению потенциальных рисков последствий интродукции для повышения биоразнообразия защитных лесных насаждений. Цель – научное обоснование регламента подбора интродуцированных деревьев и кустарников для повышения биоразнообразия защитных лесных насаждений в засушливых условиях. Разработанный регламент обогащения дендрофлоры включает алгоритм количественного и качественного улучшения ассортимента и выбор лучшего варианта из возможных с использованием кластерного подхода, системы методов и критериев. Для выполнения поставленных задач научно-исследовательские работы были сконцентрированы на биоресурсах деревьев и кустарников объектов Федерального научного центра агроэкологии, комплексных мелиораций и защитного лесоразведения Российской академии наук (ранее ВНИАЛМИ) и его филиалов. Генофонд деревьев и кустарников представлен 700 таксонами. В статье обосновано использование в защитных лесных насаждениях Поволжья интродуцентов многоцелевого назначения (родовые комплексы семейств Rosaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Oleaceae, Fabaceae). Представлен реестр родов экономически важных семейств коллекционного фонда. Они обладают адаптивностью, включают экономически важные группы. Расширение биоразнообразия древесной растительности защитных лесных насаждений посредством введения кустарников различных форм роста (высоких, средних, низких) способствуют улучшению экологических условий и сохранению биологического разнообразия ландшафтов. Представлены материалы мониторинга дендрологических коллекций и экспериментальных популяций, образующих самосев. Установлено, что при конструировании защитных лесных насаждений различного целевого назначения необходимо использовать разнообразие перспективных и экономически важных деревьев и кустарников (лесомелиоративных, декоративных, плодово-ягодных, медоносных, лекарственных). Для лесомелиоративного обустройства деградированных экосистем рекомендовано 168 видов деревьев и кустарников. Для создания насаждений на малопродуктивных землях внедряется 90 видов интродуцированных кустарников многоцелевого назначения. Прогноз перспективности генофонда древесных растений для защитного лесоразведения базируется на многолетнем агроэкологическом мониторинге родовых комплексов дендрологических коллекций Федерального научного центра агроэкологии, комплексных мелиораций и защитного лесоразведения Российской академии наук и включает создание фонда посадочного материала древесных видов с учетом экологичности, хозяйственной пригодности и инновационной привлекательности. Protective afforestation in the arid conditions of the Volga region is associated with the use of introduced woody plants. Despite the great experience of protective afforestation, the condition of all types of plantings in the region cannot be considered satisfactory. Reasons: errors in the selection of trees and shrubs, in the evaluation of the gene pool, in the development of the assortment. The lack of scientifically sound regulations for increasing the biodiversity of woody plants in the protective forest plantations of the Volga region leads to invasions. On the example of collections dendrology plots (Volgograd and Samara regions), materials are provided to identify potential risks of the consequences of introductions to enhance the biodiversity of protective forest plantings. The goal is the scientific substantiation of the regulations for the selection of introduced trees and shrubs to enhance the biodiversity of protective forest plantations in arid conditions. The developed procedure for enriching dendroflora includes an algorithm for quantitative and qualitative improvement of the assortment and the choice of the best option possible with the use of a cluster approach, a system of methods and criteria. To carry out the tasks set, the research work was concentrated on the bioresources of trees and shrubs of the facilities of the Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly VNIALMI) and its branches. The genefond of trees and shrubs is represented by 700 taxa. The article substantiates the use of multi-purpose plants in protective forest plantations (Rosaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Oleaceae, Fabaceae) of the Volga region. The register of genera of economically important families of the collections fund is presented. They have adaptability, they include economically important groups. Expanding the biodiversity of tree vegetation of protective forest plantations through the introduction of shrubs of various forms of growth (high, medium, low) contribute to improving environmental conditions and preserving the biodiversity of landscapes. Materials of monitoring dendrological collections and experimental populations that form sowing of young plants are present. It is established that when designing protective forest plantings for various special purposes, it is necessary to use a variety of perspective and economically important trees and shrubs (forest meliorative, ornamental, fruit and berry, honey, medicinal). For forest reclamation of degraded ecosystems, 168 species of trees and shrubs are recommended. For the creation of plantings on unproductive land, 90 species of introduced shrubs of multi-purpose use are being introduced. The forecast of the perspective of the gene pool of woody plants for protective afforestation is based on long-term agroecological monitoring of the generic complexes of dendrological collections of the Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of Russian Academy of Sciences, and includes the creation of a stock of planting material for tree species, taking into account environmental friendliness, economic suitability and innovative attractiveness.
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Evans, P. M., S. Walton, P. A. Riffkin, and G. A. Kearney. "Effect of plant density on the winter production of annual clovers grown in monocultures." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 2 (2002): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01003.
Full textAbstract:
The small-seeded annual clovers, balansa and Persian, are often assumed to be poor winter producers. Their small seed size, of about 1 mg or less, and poor regeneration, possibly due to inappropriate grazing management in many instances, contributes to this perception. To test the hypothesis that early growth of these clovers is determined by the weight of germinating seed, as it is in subterranean clover, an experiment with 2 cultivars of subterranean clover, Leura and Trikkala, 2 cultivars of balansa clover, Paradana and Bolta, and 1 of Persian clover, Nitro Plus, was established in the field at Hamilton, western Victoria, at 6 sowing densities. The winter production at 2 additional sites, Lake Bolac and Streatham, in their third and second and third seasons, respectively, was also examined. Plant density varied from 30 to 37000 plants/m2 across sites and species. With equal weight of germinating seed per unit area at sowing, balansa and Persian clovers produced more herbage in winter than did the 2 subterranean clover cultivars Leura and Trikkala (P<0.05). Even though there was high correlation between seed weight and seedling weight across all species shortly after emergence (r2 = 0.99), by harvest time no differences in plant weight existed between any treatments growing at the same plant density. From this we conclude the following: (i) for the same weight of germinable seed per unit area, balansa and Persian clovers produced more dry weight per hectare than subterranean clover, because they had higher plant densities; (ii) there were no differences in dry matter production per hectare between species growing at similar plant densities by harvest time at the end of winter; (iii) it appeared that in winter the small-seeded species exhibited a higher relative growth rate than the 2 subterranean clovers.
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Nuttall, J. G., S. L. Davies, R. A. Armstrong, and M. B. Peoples. "Testing the primer-plant concept: wheat yields can be increased on alkaline sodic soils when an effective primer phase is used." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 4 (2008): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07287.
Full textAbstract:
The primer-plant concept was tested for wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown on an alkaline sodic soil taken from the southern Mallee of Victoria. This concept relates to use of species of plants with high natural adaptation to hostile subsoils, being able to modify the soil environment and leave biopores for the benefit of subsequent annual crops. For the experiment reported here, wheat was sown into large (0.3 m diam. by 1.0 m length) intact soil cores (collected from a cropping paddock near Birchip in the southern Mallee region of Victoria, Australia) following either birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), canola (Brassica napus), chicory (Cichorium intybus), lucerne (Medicago sativa), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium), or tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum). At the conclusion of the priming phase [270 days after sowing (DAS)], all the different crops extracted c. 145 mm of stored water, the exception being canola (120 mm). Lucerne and birdsfoot trefoil produced the least above-ground biomass (26 g/pot), and safflower the most (115 g/pot). Greater early vigour and water extraction (49 mm) occurred for subsequent wheat crops after birdsfoot trefoil than with wheat after all other species (39 mm). This translated to a 15% yield advantage for wheat after birdsfoot trefoil compared with lucerne. Wheat after sulla yielded 12% more due to increased grain number and kernel size compared with wheat after lucerne. It was proposed that the difference in yield related to the root systems of species tested. Birdsfoot trefoil and sulla were characterised by intensive branching, which potentially produced a fine mosaic of residual biopores. Lucerne, in contrast, which was assumed to have similar break-crop effects, had a large taproot with fewer branches leaving fewer, larger residual root channels than either of the other legumes. It is believed that the fine biopores allowed more rapid and thorough exploration of the bulk soil by the crop roots.
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Paridaen, Annieka, and John A. Kirkegaard. "Forage canola (Brassica napus): spring-sown winter canola for biennial dual-purpose use in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 4 (2015): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14119.
Full textAbstract:
European winter canola (Brassica napus L.) varieties adapted to the long, cool seasons in high-rainfall areas of southern Australia have recently been adopted as autumn-sown, grain-only and dual-purpose crops. A spring-sown winter canola could be used as a biennial dual-purpose crop, to provide additional forage for summer and autumn grazing before recovery to produce an oilseed crop. We report a series of field experiments demonstrating that European winter canola types have suitable phenological characteristics to allow for their use as biennial, spring-sown crops, providing significant forage (2.5–4 t ha–1) for grazing while remaining vegetative through summer and autumn, and recovering following vernalisation in winter to produce high seed yield (2.5–5.0 t ha–1). Sowing too early (September) in colder inland areas risked exposure of the crop to vernalising temperatures, causing the crop to bolt to flower in summer, whereas all crops sown from mid-October remained vegetative through summer. Crop stands thinned by 20–30% during summer, and this was exacerbated by grazing, but surviving stands of ~30 plants m–2 were sufficient to support high yields. Grazing had no effect on grain yield at one site, but reduced yield by 0.5 t ha–1 at a second site, although this was more than offset by the value of the grazed forage. The spring-sowing approach has potential to replace the existing forage rape–spring cereal sequence, or to add a further option to the existing autumn-sown winter canola in areas such as southern Victoria, where early autumn establishment can be problematic and spring-sown crops can better withstand pests and winter waterlogging, which limit yield of autumn-sown crops. Because these are the first known studies in Australia to investigate the use of spring-sown winter canola, further work is warranted to refine further the crop and grazing strategies to maximise productivity and profitability from this option.
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Sergeeva, V. A., I. S. Muravyova, A. V. Ignatova, S. Yu Penskoy, and M. N. Myrmyr. "The reaction of soybean varieties to the use of a biological product." Agrarian science, no. 9 (November 2, 2021): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2021-352-9-93-96.
Full textAbstract:
Relevance. In the conditions of the Central Black Earth region in the farm “Yaroslav the Wise” of the Starooskolsky district of the Belgorod region, five soybean varieties (Belgorodskaya 48, Bara, Victoria, Opus and Kassidi) were studied on nutritional backgrounds — without seed inoculation and without biological treatment (control), using only inoculation and with the use of a biological product against the background of seed inoculation.Methods. The experimental conditions differed in rainfall patterns and the amount of heat, their distribution was especially uneven in 2020, that had a significant negative effect on the yield of all studied soybean varieties. The soil of the experimental plot is typical medium-thick chernozem, medium-humus, heavy loamy texture. The advantages of the soybean variety Opus, the plants of which formed a large height, air-dry mass, leaf area, a greater number and mass of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots, were revealed. Plants of this variety provided a higher yield level in all studied agro-backgrounds.Results. The yield varied from 32,5 centners per hectare (control) to 36,2 centners per hectare (when using the biological product Biogor, Zh). The content and collection of protein were also higher in the Opus cultivar in all the studied agrophones. In comparison with the control, the protein content was higher by 4% (background — control), by 4,9% — with inoculation of seeds and by 6,1% — when using a biological product. The same pattern is observed when assessing the oil content in seeds and collecting protein and oil per hectare of soybean sowing. Inoculation of seeds with soybean inoculant Nitragin, KM improved plant development and increased productivity, as well as the profitability of cultivation of the studied soybean varieties, which was higher when using a biological product against the background of seed inoculation by an average of 27%, while with only inoculation — by only 15,1%.
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Peiró, Rosa, Najet Gammoudi, Alberto Yuste, Antonio Olmos, and Carmina Gisbert. "Mature seeds for in vitro sanitation of the Grapevine leafroll associated virus (GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3) from grape (Vitis vinifera L.)." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 2 (May 29, 2015): e1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015132-7094.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The conservation of old grapevine varieties is important since they are adapted to specific climate conditions and may carry genes interesting to breeders. As virus infection is common in grapevine varieties, the use of virus free materials is of great importance. In this work, we used somatic embryogenesis for the sanitation of GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3 viruses that were found after analyzing the putative presence of the five most common, economically important grape viruses by real-time multiplex RT-PCR in the old cultivar “Grumet Negre”. Unopened and opened inflorescences, fecundated ovaries, and, also, mature seeds were used as starting explants. Explants were<em> </em>cultured on plates with two embryogenesis induction media (Nitsch & McCown Woody plant medium) that contained the growth regulator thidiazuron and differed in their salt and vitamin compositions. One half of each kind of explant was cut prior to being cultured. After five months of culture, embryos had only developed from seeds that were cut previous to sowing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that mature seeds have been used for inducing embryogenesis in grape. A total of 42% of the embryos transferred to tubes for germination regenerated into normal plantlets. The absence of both the GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3 viruses in all regenerated plants was confirmed by real-time uniplex RT-PCR. So, this protocol can be used for sanitation and also for micropropagation.</p>
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Alon, Gila, and Ronen Kadmon. "EFFECT OF SUCCESSIONAL STAGES ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF QUERCUS CALLIPRINOS IN AN EAST MEDITERRANEAN MAQUIS." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 44, no. 4 (April 12, 1996): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1996.10676655.
Full textAbstract:
A sowing experiment was conducted to investigate whether and how secondary succession affects the establishment success of Quercus calliprinos, a leading species of East Mediterranean maquis. Acorns of Q. calliprinos were sown at equivalent densities in experimental plots representing three different stages of the succession: open patches (gaps) dominated by annual plants, patches of low woody vegetation dominated by the early-successional dwarf shrub Sarcopoterium spinosum, and patches of mature Q. calliprinos trees. These patch types represent early, middle, and late stages of the succession. Seedlings that emerged in the experimental plots were monitored for survival and growth during two successive years. Seedling emergence was lowest beneath the canopy of Q. calliprinos trees (2%), intermediate in patches of S. spinosum (54%), and highest in gaps (85%). Seedling survivorship exhibited an opposite pattern: 67% beneath the canopy of Q. calliprinos trees. 43% in patches of S. spinosum, and only 4% in gaps. The combined probability of pre-emergence and post-emergence survival was 23% in patches of S. spinosum, 3% in closed-canopy patches, and 1% in gaps. These results indicate that (I) secondary succession may have considerable effects on the establishment success of Q. calliprinos in Mediterranean maquis, and (2) post-emergence death of Q. calliprinos seedlings may modify patterns of establishment generated by earlier germination and emergence responses. The significance of these results for the natural dynamics and management of maquis dominated by Q. calliprinos is discussed with respect to the concepts of “regeneration niche” and “succession models”.
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Evans, P. M., and G. A. Kearney. "Melilotus albus (Medik.) is productive and regenerates well on saline soils of neutral to alkaline reaction in the high rainfall zone of south-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 4 (2003): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02079.
Full textAbstract:
Dryland salinity is a serious problem in Australia. While some introduced perennial grasses such as tall wheat grass (TWG) Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp. Z.W. Liu & R.R.C. Wang) are adapted to saline soils, there are few pasture legumes that are productive and persistent under saline conditions. Melilotus albus (Medik.) has the potential to be 1 such legume in southern Australia. To test the potential of this species, we conducted 2 experiments over a 3-year period on saline soils at Woorndoo and Glenthompson in south-western Victoria. The soil electrical conductivities (1 : 5 water) of the sites, in autumn before sowing, were 1–3 dS/m at Woorndoo and 3–5 dS/m at Glenthompson (0–10 cm depth).At both sites the herbage yields of 2 Melilotus lines were greater than 10 t/ha of dry matter for the whole season between autumn and late summer. The best commercial control species at Woorndoo, white clover cv. Haifa, produced less than 1/6 of the yield of the best Melilotus line during the summer months. At Glenthompson, during the whole second season the herbage yield of the best Melilotus was 40% greater than that of the best commercial control, Persian clover cv. Nitro plus. In the second season, regeneration of Melilotus at both sites was excellent, averaging 3500 seedlings/m2 at Woorndoo, and 1100 and 3400 seedlings/m2 in mixtures with TWG and in monoculture, respectively at Glenthompson. In the third season, however, regeneration averaged only 400 plants/m2 at Woorndoo and 640 plants/m2 at Glenthompson, both with and without grass. It appears that, when there is limited competition, Melilotus albus dominates in the first 2 years. However, as fertility and water use increase, other pasture species, which initially have a low rate of survival and are unproductive, begin to increase their presence in the sward at the expense of M. albus. These annual species germinate after the autumn rains dilute the salt on the surface of the soil and senesce in early summer as soil water deficits and/or evaporation increase the electrical conductivity again. We suggest that Melilotus albus is an excellent pasture legume to revegetate saline soils in southern Australia and represents an opportunity to obtain high levels of out-of-season pasture production from areas that are currently unproductive.
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Baubekova, Aizhan Kenzhebekkyzy, Sardarbek Abiyevich Abiуev, and Roza Zakirovna Аsilкhanova. "Obtaining a pure strain of bacterial cancer pathogen and studying its infectious activity in tree species under in vitro conditions." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 106, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022bmg2/46-54.
Full textAbstract:
Dense and diverse primary forests, which nourish the soil, emit a large amount of oxygen, are the dream of every state. Therefore, the first President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev ordered to make a large green zone around Nur-Sultan, which is being improved and refined every year. This project is designed to turn the capital of Kazakhstan, the city of Nur-Sultan, into a green belt, completely sowing forests around the city, the area of which is 100 thousand hectares. Properly grafted woody plants in the green belt, in addition to enriching the air with oxygen, decorating landscapes, should contribute to the ventilation of zones, the removal of polluted air from residential and industrial zones, the formation of vertical air flows and the dispersion of polluted air in higher layers of the atmosphere, as well as air purification from various aerosols, dust, soot, and heat. Nevertheless, all these natural resources are under great threat due to the prevalence of a little-studied disease-bacterial cancer of tree species. Currently, such a disease is observed in ashkortostan, the Baltic States, Tatarstan, the Republic of Adygea, the European part of Russia, as well as in Bryansk and adjacent regions. In these countries, the coverage of tree species with this disease is increasing, which creates a real threat of the tree trunks drying. Bacterial cancer of tree species is also found in Kazakhstan. In this regard, the study of this disease is relevant, since due to the characteristics of the lesion of trees, the diagnosis of the disease, forest-taxational and landscape conditions, its spread has not been fully studied. The purpose of our work is to take core samples from birch (Betula rendula Roth.), which grows in the forests of the Green Belt surrounded by the city of Nur-Sultan, with signs of bacterial cancer (dropsy); obtain core samples from the trunk, to cultivate isolated bacterial cultures on nutrient media; to obtain pure strains of the causative agent of the disease, molecular identification of the nucleotide chain of ribosomal RNA 16S. In addition, the determination of the molecular characteristics of the obtained bacterial strains in accordance with the typical type of Dickeya dadantii on the international basis of Gene Bank. In the course of the study, the infectious activity of this strain of bacteria on other woody analogues was studied in vitro. Inoculation of birch leaves and catkins that have not undergone bacterial cancer with Dickeya dadantii strains isolated by us in vitro showed complete virulence of the pathogen to the experimental birch population, i.e. infectious activity.
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Tjelele, T. J., D. Ward, and L. E. Dziba. "The effects of passage through the gut of goats and cattle, and the application of dung as a fertiliser on seedling establishment of Dichrostachys cinerea and Acacia nilotica." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 2 (2015): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14066.
Full textAbstract:
Seed pods of Dichrostachys cinerea and Acacia nilotica have higher nutritive value than grasses and other browse plants during the dry season and form an important part of the diet of livestock. Seeds of Acacia may be destroyed during passage through the digestive tract of herbivores whereas seeds of other browse species can remain viable even after mechanical (chewing) and chemical (digestive) scarification. The seedling emergence, seedling establishment and recruitment of D. cinerea and A. nilotica seeds, dispersed by cattle and goats, were measured under natural conditions in the wet and dry seasons following sowing in the dry season. Seeds retrieved from goats and cattle, during the first 3 days and the last 4 days of the recovery period, and control seeds were subjected to the following planting methods: (1) seeds placed on top of the soil with no dung, (2) seeds buried to a depth of 2 cm in the soil with no dung, and (3) seeds buried to a depth of 2 cm in the soil with dung, in the wet and dry seasons. Significantly more A. nilotica and D. cinerea seeds were retrieved from cattle (40.0 ± 3.6% and 25.7 ± 3.9%, respectively), than goats (11.7 ± 3.1% and 13.2 ± 3.8%, respectively). There were significant interactions among animal species, seed-recovery day, planting and season for percentage seedling recruitment. Seedlings from seeds retrieved from goats (12.0 ± 0.06%) had a significantly higher recruitment rate than from seeds retrieved from cattle (7.6 ± 0.05%) and control seeds (i.e. no passage through the gut) (4.1 ± 0.02%). Seedling recruitment rate was higher from seeds recovered from animals in the last 4 days of the recovery period and from D. cinerea than A. nilotica. The planting method of seeds buried to a depth of 2 cm in the soil with no dung had the highest seedling recruitment rate. We conclude that both goats and cattle may facilitate woody plant encroachment by enhancing seedling emergence.
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Tharmaraj, J., D. F. Chapman, Z. N. Nie, and A. P. Lane. "Herbage accumulation, botanical composition, and nutritive value of five pasture types for dairy production in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 2 (2008): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07083.
Full textAbstract:
Four pasture treatments were compared with a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) mixture, the commonly sown pasture type, at 3 sites in south-western Victoria, to determine the extent to which total annual herbage accumulation and seasonal growth pattern could be manipulated in non-irrigated dairy systems. The pasture treatments were: (1) short-term winter-active (STW), based on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum); (2) long-term winter-active (LTW), based on Mediterranean tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) or cool-season active perennial ryegrass; (3) long-term summer-active (LTS), based on Continental tall fescue; and (4) perennial ryegrass pasture receiving moderately high nitrogen (N) inputs in winter and spring (total of 210 kg N/ha.year) to increase herbage accumulation during the ryegrass growing season (RHN). The perennial ryegrass and white clover mixture served as the control treatment. The 3 sites were Heytesbury (heavy clay soil), Terang (duplex soil), and Naringal (light soil). All pasture treatments were grazed by dairy cows. Herbage accumulation rate, botanical composition, and nutritive value of all pasture treatments were measured for 3 years. The winter-active pasture types had little effect on the overall seasonal distribution of forage supply or total annual yield compared with the control treatment. By contrast, the long-term summer-active pasture type significantly increased herbage accumulation during summer compared with all other pasture types (mean of an additional 1.3 t DM/ha during summer compared with the control treatment across all sites and years). However, this came at the cost of lower winter production (mean 0.8 t DM/ha). The LTS pasture also produced less dry matter than all other treatments in the first year after sowing at 2 of the 3 sites, reflecting the slower establishment of tall fescue. Ryegrass receiving high N inputs grew more total herbage on an annual basis than LTS. Mean total annual herbage accumulation (kg DM/ha.year) over the 3 years and 3 sites was in the order: RHN (14400) > LTS (13760) = Control (13170) > STW (12450) = LTW (12170) (P < 0.01). The results demonstrated that improvements over the industry ‘standard’ perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture management system in total herbage accumulation and the seasonal pattern of pasture growth are possible using existing pasture technology (mixtures of different species and cultivars, and N fertiliser inputs). However, significant interactions among sites, years and pasture treatments for several variables reinforced the need to understand limitations to plant growth on a site-by-site basis, to select plants that match the environmental conditions, and to then manage them appropriately to reach their growth potential.
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Latham, L. J., and R. A. C. Jones. "Incidence of virus infection in experimental plots, commercial crops, and seed stocks of cool season crop legumes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 3 (2001): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00079.
Full textAbstract:
Experimental plots of cool season crop legumes growing at diverse locations in Western Australia were inspected for plants with suspect virus symptoms over 4 growing seasons (1994, 1997, 1998, 1999), and plant samples were tested for infection with alfalfa mosaic (AMV), bean yellow mosaic (BYMV), cucumber mosaic (CMV), and pea seed-borne mosaic (PSbMV) viruses. All 4 viruses were detected in faba bean (Vicia faba); BYMV, CMV, and PSbMV in field pea (Pisum sativum); AMV, CMV, and PSbMV in lentil (Lens culinaris); and AMV and CMV in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Among minor crop species, AMV, BYMV, and CMV were found in narbon bean (V. narbonensis) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus); BYMV and CMV in dwarf chickling (L. cicera); BYMV in bitter vetch (V. e r v i l i a ) and L. clymenum; and AMV in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Incidences of individual viruses varied widely from site to site but plot infection sometimes reached 100%. Symptom severity varied widely with virus–crop combination. In large-scale surveys of commercial crops of field pea and faba bean over 2 (1998, 1999) and 3 (1994, 1998, 1999) growing seasons, respectively, randomly collected samples from each crop were tested for presence of AMV, BYMV, CMV, and PSbMV. In 1999 they were also tested for beet western yellows virus (BWYV). All 5 viruses were detected in both species. BWYV was found in 35% of faba bean and 56% of the field pea crops sampled in 1999, with incidences of infection in individual crops up to 40% and 49%, respectively. PSbMV was found in 42% and BYMV in 18% of field pea crops in 1999. In individual crops, highest infection incidences of BYMV and PSbMV detected were 31% for BYMV in faba bean in 1998 and 9% for PSbMV in field pea in 1999. CMV and AMV incidences in both species never exceeded 7% of crops or 4% of plants within individual crops. Infection by 2 different viruses within individual crops was common, even 3 were sometimes found. Cultivars infected with most viruses were Fiesta and Fiord for faba bean, and Dundale, Laura, and Magnet for field pea. BYMV was detected in the crop tested of dwarf chickling. In tests on seed samples from Western Australia of 30 commercial seed stocks of field pea, 11 of faba bean, and 50 of chickpea, PSbMV was detected in 11, 1, and 1, respectively; CMV in 1, 1, and 3; BYMV in 3, 1, and 0; and AMV in 0, 0, and 1. This appears to be the first record of seed transmission of CMV in pea and faba bean. Seed samples from Victoria were also found to contain viruses: PSbMV in pea and AMV in lentil. Widespread infection with viruses in evaluation plots and commercial crops of cool season crop legumes is a cause for concern, especially where individual crop incidences are high and 2 or more viruses are present. Sowing of infected seed stocks leads to introduction of randomly dispersed sources of virus infection within the crop sown, resulting in spread of infection and yield losses. Appropriate control measures are discussed.
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КОЖЕВНИКОВ, А. П., and С. Ю. ИСАКОВ. "PECULIARITIES OF SEA BUCKTHORN NATURALIZATION (HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES L.) IN THE URALS." Леса России и хозяйство в них, no. 3(74) (January 2, 2021): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51318/fret.2021.74.3.004.
Full textAbstract:
Успешная интродукция древесных растений сопровождается их натурализацией – внедрением видов инорайонного происхождения в природные фитоценозы. Примером натурализации древесных интроду- центов на Урале может быть образование популяций Hippophae rhamnoides L. на берегах озера Чебаркуль Челябинской области и в зольных отвалах Рефтинской ГРЭС Свердловской области. Высокая изменчивость однотипных признаков определяет приспособленность вида к меняющимся условиям среды и указывает на ослабление жесткости генотипического контроля, слабую стабилизацию фенотипа и увеличение роли внешних факторов в формировании фенотипического признака.Цель исследований – установление изменчивости плодов и листьев облепихи крушиновидной при на- турализации ценопопуляций облепихи на Южном и Среднем Урале в начале экспансии в 1999 г. и через 20 лет. Методикой работы предусмотрены маршрутное обследование интродукционных популяций облепихи на берегах озера Чебаркуль, золоотвалах Рефтинской ГРЭС и определение уровня изменчивости плодов и листьев форм, образованных при спонтанной гибридизации с начала натурализации облепихи и в на- стоящее время. Уровень изменчивости морфологических признаков оценивался по эмпирической шкале уровней изменчивости С. А. Мамаева. В чебаркульской и рефтинской популяциях преобладают плоды облепихи с овальной, шаровидной и конусовидной формой с желтой, светло-оранжевой, оранжевой, красно-оранжевой окраской. По массе 100 шт. плодов наибольшее хозяйственное значение имеют формы чебаркульской популяции, отобранные в начале расселения облепихи на берегах обмелевшего озера Чебаркуль. Посевом семян от свободного опыления нами получен ряд перспективных форм с массой 100 шт. плодов от 40,9 до 70,2 г. Некоторые чебаркульские формы облепихи не уступают по данному признаку сортам этой культуры. Отбор крупноплодных форм облепихи стал возможен в начале плодоношения чебаркульской облепихи. Натурализация данной культуры происходит за счет микроэволюционных процессов в интродукционных популяциях и формообразования за пределами естественного ареала. The successful introduction of woody plants is accompanied by their naturalization – the introduction of species of foreign origin into natural phytocenoses. The population’s formation of Hippophae rhamnoides L. on the shores of Lake Chebarkul in the Chelyabinsk region and ash dumps of the Reftinskaya SDPP in the Sverdlovsk region can be an example of the naturalization of tree introduced species in the Urals.The high variability of the same type of traits determines the species adaptability to changing environmental conditions and indicates a weakening of the genotypic control rigidity, weak stabilization of the phenotype and an increase in the external factors’ role in the formation of the phenotypic trait.The purpose of the research is to establish the variability of fruits and leaves of sea buckthorn during naturalization of sea buckthorn cenopopulations in the South and Middle Urals at the beginning of expansion in 1999 and 20 years later.The methodology of the work provides for a route survey of the introduction populations of sea buckthorn on the shores of Lake Chebarkul, ash dumps of Reftinskaya SDPP and determination of the level of variability of fruits and leaves of forms formed during spontaneous hybridization from the beginning of naturalization of sea buckthorn and at present time. The level of morphological traits’ variability was assessed using an empirical scale of levels of variability by S.A. Mamaev. In the Chebarkul and Reftinskaya populations sea buckthorn fruits with an oval, spherical and conical shape, with a yellow, light orange, orange, red-orange color prevail. By the mass of 100 pieces of fruits, the forms of the Chebarkul population, selected at the beginning of the resettlement of sea buckthorn on the shores of the shallow lake Chebarkul, are of the greatest economic importance. By sowing seeds from free pollination, we obtained a number of perspective forms with a mass of 100 fruits from 40.9 g to 70.2 g. Some Chebarkul forms of sea buckthorn are not inferior to the varieties of this crop in this respect. Selection of large-fruited forms of sea buckthorn became possible at the beginning of fruiting of the Chebarkul sea buckthorn. Naturalization of this culture occurs due to microevolutionary processes in introduction populations and morphogenesis outside the natural area.
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"Neofusicoccum australe. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (July 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20163142764.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Neofusicoccum australe (Slippers, Crous and Wingf.) Crous, Slippers and Phillips. Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae. Hosts: many woody plants including Citrus spp., Eucalyptus spp., grapes and olives. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Italy, Sicily, Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain), Asia (China, Fujian, Japan), Africa (Algeria, South Africa and Tunisia), North America (USA, California), South America (Chile and Uruguay) and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia and New Zealand).
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Cannon, P. F. "Phialophora americana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 228 (October 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20210407801.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Phialophora americana (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales) found on decayed wood. Some information on its morphology, habitats, dispersal and transmission, conservation status and economic impacts is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Antarctica, China (Changbai Mountains), Iran, Taiwan, Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia), Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, UK, Canada (New Brunswick, Northwest Territories), Mexico, USA (Minnesota, New York, Virginia, Wisconsin), Chile, Brazil (Parana, Pernambuco, Sao Paulo) and Uruguay) and associated organisms (man, woody plants and other wood-inhabiting fungi).
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Lucien, Tchuenteu Tatchum, Mounkine Zacharie, and Megueni Clautilde. "Compost Derived from Sugar Cane Processing Waste Better Improves Baillonella toxisperma P. Growth in Nkoteng-Cameroon Locality." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, May 26, 2020, 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2020/v32i530281.
Full textAbstract:
Aims: Baillonella toxisperma P. (moabi) is a woody which belongs to Sapotaceae family. It is endemic to the forests of Congo Basin, and therefore to Cameroonian forests. In Cameroon, B. toxiperma undergoes anthropogenic pressure which may lead to its complete disappearance. In this respect, the establishment of an appropriate technical route for regeneration of this species, which becomes rare because of overexploitation, is a necessity. This study aimed to improve the regeneration of moabi while contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Study Design: A random device design with 5 treatments (control, compost derived sugar cane processing waste, bagasse, molasses and bagasse-molasses mixture) was used.
Place and Duration of Study: Under Bimodal Forest climate in the Central Cameroon region, between September, 2018 and April 2019.
Methodology: The breaking of moabi seeds dormancy, physico-chemical properties of soil and produced compost, and growth parameters (plant height, foliar production, diameter of stem, and dry biomass of plant) were evaluated to determine the development of the seedlings.
Results: Moabi seeds stored cold at 4°C for 48 hours before sowing germinated better. Compost significantly (p˂0.001) increased moabi plants growth compared to bagasse, molasses, bagasse-molasses mixture. Dry biomass of treated moabi plants by compost, bagasse, bagasse-molasses mixture and molasses were 1.80; 1.13; 1.78; 1.40 fold greater than those of unfertilized plants respectively.
Conclusion: The use of sugar cane compounds works as a double benefit because in addition to using compounds previously discarded, we are adding potent fertilizers that act strongly on moabi growth.
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"Botryosphaeria dothidea. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, October (July 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20210038256.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & de Not. Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae. Hosts: Confirmed on more than 24 host genera, including woody plants, such as Acacia (= Vachellia), Eucalyptus, Vitis and pistachio. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Algeria, Ethiopia, Malawi, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Asia (China, Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Hong Kong, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Iran, Japan, Hokkaido, Pakistan, Philippines, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Sicily, Lithuania, Montenegro, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Canary Islands, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, England), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin), Oceania (American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand) and South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Parana, Pernambuco, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela).
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Balahura, O. V., V. M. Balan, V. A. Doronin, and M. P. Volokha. "Advanced technology of growing fodder beet seeds in the Central Forest Steppe of Ukraine." Bioenergy, no. 1 (April 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.47414/be.1.2021.243937.
Full textAbstract:
Goal. To improve the technology of growing fodder beets in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine based on the study of agro-climatic indicators, patterns of plant growth and development.
Methods. Laboratory and field, analytical, statistical.
Results. The article is devoted to the theoretical and experimental substantiation of the parameters of the advanced technology of growing fodder beet seeds by spring sowing under the cover of corn. With this technology, seed bearing plants acquire new biological characteristics: before the onset of stable cooling, slightly larger woody roots with a high content of dry matter (20–22%) and sugar (16–17%) are formed with a well-developed leaf apparatus; due to the remaining stubble after harvesting cover crops (corn) increases the safety of plants in winter, which over the years of research was 89–96%, which provided a plant stand density at harvest of 177–180 thousand/ha, seed yield of 1.6–2.2 t/ha with a germination of 90–94%. Production testing of advanced technology has fully confirmed the field research. On average for two years the seed yield was 1.9 t/ha (control 1.5 t/ha), its cost decreased by 2.3 times compared to the control, the profit from the sale of seeds amounted to 7963 UAH/ha (control 2337 UAH/ha). The total profit on advanced technology, including due to the profit from the green mass of corn, amounted to 9133 UAH/ha, which is 3.9 times higher than in the control.
Conclusions. In the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, it is expedient to grow fodder beet seeds according to an advanced technology, which stipulates row spacing of 60 cm, seeding rate of beet seeds per 1 m of a row 50–60 and corn 8–12; 2) harvesting corn before wintering at the time recommended for this area and depending on the purpose of use; 3) at the onset of stable cooling — hilling plants with simultaneous feeding (N40–50 P60–90 K30–50 kg/ha etc.) with paws-hillers of row cultivators (УСМК‑5.4Б, КОЗР‑5.4, etc.); 4) after overwintering — local application of nitrogen fertilizers (N80–120 kg/ha, etc.) + harrowing with heavy or medium harrows across the rows or diagonally; 5) in the stage of a well-developed rosette — application of inter-row (local) nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers (N20–30, P40–60 kg/ha, etc.) using МТЗ‑1025+УСМК‑5.4Б (КРН 56–02); 6) in the stage of mass stalking — removing of top foliage using МТЗ‑1025+КС‑2,1; 7) during flowering — two or three additional pollination.
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Minter, D. W. "Laetiporus sulphureus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 231 (January 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20220008172.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Laetiporus sulphureus growing on a wide range of woody plants. Some information on its taxonomy, morphology, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China (Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang Autonomous Region), Republic of Georgia, India (Assam, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan (Aktobe, Almaty, East Kazakhstan, South Kazakhstan, West Kazakhstan), Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia (Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Amur Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Khakassia, Sakha Republic, Sakhalin Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), Korea Republic, Taiwan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Bermuda, Spain (Canary Islands), Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Zealand, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Irish Republic, Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Astrakhan Oblast, Belgorod Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Chuvash Republic, Ivanovo Oblast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Kirov Oblast, Krasnodar Krai, Kursk Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Novgorod Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Penza Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Republic of Adygea, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of Tatarstan, Samara Oblast, Saratov Oblast, Stavropol Krai, Tambov Oblast, Tula Oblast, Tver Oblast, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Vladimir Oblast, Volgograd Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Yaroslavl Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Mauritius, Réunion, Canada (British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Hawaii), Argentina, Brazil (Amazonas, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Venezuela) and hosts (Quercus, Salix, Prunus, Fagus and Populus spp.).