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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Woodland'
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Francis, Joanna Lynne. "The introduction of woodland field layer species into secondary woodlands." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8460.
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Xavier, Patricia Anne. "Floodplain woodland hydrodynamics." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54961/.
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Floodplain woodlands are valuable environments, providing a diverse habitat for many riparian and land-based species. It is now recognised that the continual loss of floodplain woodland has impoverished the national biodiversity of riparian environments, and measures have been brought in both nationally and through the European Commission to halt the decline. This has however, highlighted a deficiency that has existed for many years in the field of river hydraulics. The representation of complex riparian vegetation environments within river models remains an area not adequately addressed. This research presents experimental investigations into floodplain woodland vegetation, with a view to improving the representation of these vegetations within numerical models. Floodplain woodland hydrodynamics were explored with scaled-down (1:8) stag gered arrays of single stem and multi-stem model trees at planting densities of 8.8, 19.8 and 80.6 plants per m 2. The planting densities investigated correspond to the recommended planting densities cited by the Forestry Commission UK. Roughness factors, including Manning's n, the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor / and the bulk drag coefficient Ca were computed for the different model tree and planting density combinations. Velocity measurements within the arrays were investigated, and a study to determine the optimum sampling strategy was carried out to obtain representative velocity and turbulent kinetic energy measurements within the model tree arrays. The optimum sampling locations for streamwise velocity appeared to be clustered around 0.3 s and 0.7 s, where s is the lateral or longitudinal spacing between the model trees, while for turbulent kinetic energy the optimum location was 0.5 s. Full scale drag force versus velocity tests of floodplain woodland trees were carried out and a drag area parameter CdA.Uo derived. The trees experienced little to no bending at low velocities, with force varying linearly with the square of velocity, while considerable deflection was observed at higher velocities, with force varying linearly with the velocity. Physical parameters including height, diameter, mass and volume of the wood are compared against the drag area parameter, with mass and volume showing a stronger correlation than height or diameter. The increase in the drag area parameter due to the presence of foliage was also investigated. The numerical incorporation of floodplain woodland vegetation is presented with respect to two-dimensional depth-averaged numerical modelling. A reach of the River Laver in North Yorkshire, England was modelled to assess the hydraulic impact of the conversion of arable land to floodplain woodland.
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Atkinson, Beth. "The restoration of native woodland from plantations on ancient woodland sites." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.649364.
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Restoring plantations on ancient woodland sites (PAWS) IS an important part of British forestry and conservation policy. Guidelines recommend the gradual removal of planted trees over clearfelling. However, this advice has not been thoroughly tested. My first study tests the assumptions that clearfelling is detrimental to woodland and shade tolerant plant species, and favours competitive species. I surveyed the ground flora of native woodlands, PAWS, clearfelled PAWS and PAWS plots where the planted trees are being gradually removed via regular thinning. Although clearfelled plots had a greater competitive-signature and more light demanding species in the ground flora, there were no differences in shade tolerant or woodland species richness between plot types. My second study investigated the leaf-miner communities. It is often assumed during restoration that as plant species richness increases the species richness of invertebrate herbivores will also increase. Whilst this was the case on PAWS plots undergoing gradual removal of planted trees it was not true on clearfelled plots. The two restoration methods therefore have different effects on the leaf-miner community. Finally I sampled Diptera and Coleoptera carrion and dung decomposers. The overall abundance of these decomposers did not differ between plot types. However, clearfelled plots had a smaller biomass of beetles and a lower abundance of the dominant, and functionally unique beetle, Anoplotrupes stercorosus. There may therefore be consequences of clearfelling for the function of decomposition. I conclude that it is essential to test restoration advice and to monitor a range of taxa, not just plants, throughout restoration. It is vital to do this when undertaking ecological restoration in order that informed management decisions can be made.
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Coney, Edward James Alan. "Conserving woodland biodiversity : an evaluation of the Woodland Grant Scheme in Kent." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8431.
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Price, M. A. "Sound propagation in woodland." Thesis, Open University, 1986. http://oro.open.ac.uk/56924/.
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A review of past research into sound propagation in woodland is presented. The attenuation of sound in woodland is small between about 800 and 2000Hz and greater at low and high frequencies. Attenuation measurements made in three contrasting woodlands are presented and compared with theoretical models. Propagation models using simple one- and two-parameter impedance models are used to calculate appropriate ground parameters for the prediction of impedance of the woodland soils. The ground parameters varied on different days in a single stand due to differences in moisture content and compaction. The overall differences between the stands are not significant. The woodland soil has a considerably lower impedance than other outdoor ground surfaces such as grassland or sand. A theoretical model for the attenuation of sound by thermoviscous absorption and scattering within an array of cylinders is assessed by means of a model experiment with wooden rods in an anechoic chamber. An input density 60% lower than the actual density gives a good agreement with measured attenuation. This modified model also predicts the attenuation by the cylinders in the presence of a ground surface. The scattering model is compared with the high frequency attenuation measured in the , woodland, using sampled trunk densities and radius, this underpredicts the observed attenuation, particularly in the stands with a dense branch and foliage structure. Addition of a second. dense, array of non rigid scatterers gives a good agreement with the measured data, thus modelling the scattering and absorbing effects of trunks, branches and leaves, in the high frequencies. Finally, a combined model is presented in which the attenuation caused by ground interference effects. at low frequencies. is added to a prediction of attenuation by the scattering model. across the whole frequency range. This model reproduces the frequency dependence of the attenuation of sound in woodland.
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Gledhill, Thomas Duncan. "A woodland history of North Yorkshire : a multi-disciplinary study of post-glacial woodland history." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3459/.
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The post-glacial history of woodland in North Yorkshire has been studied using a wide variety of sources including existing environmental studies, archaeological data, documentary information, and place-names. A critical approach has been adopted involving comparative studies of the different sources. The environmental and archaeological data available for the prehistoric period are thought to indicate that until the end of the Atlantic climatic period the vegetation of North Yorkshire was primarily environmentally determined, though mesolithic woodland burning may have created-open spaces and encouraged the growth of hazel in the uplands. During the Neolithic and Bronze Age a gradual spread of dense-agrarian settlement and intensive clearance across areas with calcareous soils, and into some drift covered lowlands, is thought to have occurred. This was probably accompanied by pastoral exploitation of the more acidic uplands causing a structural change in some upland woodland reflected by the decline of Tilia. The Iron Age and early Roman period appear to have been a time of widespread clearance, affecting even areas such as the clay lowlands of the Vale of York. Woodland appears to have become restricted to slope and bog refugia at this time. Evidence for a post-Roman woodland recovery is patchy. Secondary woodland appears to have formed principally on steep slopes such as the moorland scarp and gill sides, and around lowland bogs. At the beginning of the medieval period there appears to have been a marked contrast between the largely woodless areas of the Vale of Mowbray and the Wolds, and the remaining areas which were relatively well wooded. With the exception of the eastern fringe of the Pennines, woodpasture appears to have been the dominant form of exploitation in most of the more wooded areas in the early Middle Ages. The expansion of coppice management appears to have been slow, accounting for only a small proportion of documentary references to woodland until the 14th century. After this coppicing appears to have become widespread while many common woodpastures were enclosed or lost their trees. By the mid-nineteenth century common woodpastures were rare, occurring mainly in the Pennine uplands, and plantation accounted for a significant proportion of woodland, particularly in areas with landscape parks. The evidence for distribution and management of woodland over a long time period has facilitated the construction of interpretive models for the influence of environment, economics, and social structure on woodland history. Whilst the interaction between the environment and economic considerations offers a good model for the broad trends in clearance, and woodland distribution, the chronology of the adoption of coppice management requires a more subtle explanation. The expansion of coppice is thought to have been delayed until after the Black Death as a result of a concerted defence of common by the tenantry, which may to a large extent have consisted of freeholders.
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Smith, Karen Y. O'Brien Michael J. "Middle and late woodland period cultural transmission, residential mobility, and aggregation in the deep South." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6839.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 24, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Michael J. O'Brien. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Fraser, Sally Elizabeth Mary. "The ecology of woodland parasitoid assemblages." Thesis, University of York, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428501.
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Fellingham, Kevin (Kevin John) 1966. "To continue (approaching the Woodland Cemetery)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9531.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1998.Portfolio drawings in pocket on p. [3] of cover.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-114).
This thesis examines the Woodland Cemetery in Stockholm, Sweden, designed and executed between 1914 and 1940 by the architects Erik Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz. The study consists of three parts. The first examines the significance of interment, of the return of the body to the realm of nature upon death. The second speculates upon the operation of time in relation to the idea of memory, focussing on the necessity of forgetting in the process of mourning, and in the process of architectural invention. It brings to the fore the impossibility of forgetting that which is most deeply known, and thus suggests a paradoxical relationship between that which is known and that which is new. This paradox informs those things that must be constructed in the mind and in the world in order to continue beyond a point of traumatic change. The final part is a reconstruction through drawing of eight stages in the evolution of the project. It focuses primarily on the large scale planning of the site, but is related to more detailed elements of the design in order to show the continuity of themes throughout the project, bot in its temporal and physical aspects. Although it comes at the end of the text, it is conceptually prior to the other two sections, which were developed upon the basis of the close reading of the existing drawings, and the interplay between continuity and change in the project. The conclusion seeks to bring some of these ideas together in a form that is not closed, which requires continuation.
Kevin Fellingham.
S.M.
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Brouard, Marc. "The dynamics of wild woodland rodents." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c66f4d79-c803-41ad-bbd6-be99bf86ea53.
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This thesis investigates the variation of life history traits within species, how they underpin population dynamics in woodland rodent populations and how they are effected by interactions between species. We ask how do life history traits differ between populations of the same species in similar habitats? We then go on to ask how two different species living in sympatry differ and the possible effects of interactions. We used data collected against three populations of Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus) in Canada and two species of woodland rodents from a site in the UK. Integral Projection Models or IPMs were used to compare the three populations of Columbain ground squirrels and identify differences between them. By using a form of perturbation analysis on the IPMs it was possible to identify the driving demographic and trait transition functions for the differences between the three populations. We then looked at interactions between wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) and the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) in the UK, and the possible effect on trapping bias. As data was limited for the two UK species, we could not construct a full IPM, but instead looked at the differences in growth rates of both species to determine what was the most important factors. Comparing the population level estimates from the IPMs for the Columbian ground squirrels, revealed significant differences between the populations. In particular the populations differed in growth rate (λ), generation length and R0. Perturbation analysis of the three IPMs revealed the adult survival function to be the major contributor to the differences between the three population. The inheritance function also had a large impact on the offspring estimates. For the two UK rodent species we found a large impact on the trapping bias due to interactions between the two species. With a significant increase in the chance of the same species being caught within a trap as previously caught. When analysing growth rates, we found that environmental factors only impacted growth for some groups, and we suggest that this may be due to the mitigation by the woodland of impacts of the environmental conditions. We did find that the density of a third species, the yellow necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis), did have a large negative impact on growth rates on the other two species. In summary species population dynamics can very considerably between populations, even when the populations exist in potentially similar habitats. It is also possible for species living in sympatry to also have an impact on each other's population dynamics. Extreme care should then be taken when making comparisons between species based solely on single population data.
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Dillard, Lester O. "Distribution and habitat of the threatened Cheat Mountain salamander (Plethodon nettingi) at multiple spatial scales in West Virginia forests /." Link to full text, 2007. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2007/dillard.pdf.
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McGregor, JoAnn. "Woodland resources : ecology, policy and ideology : an historical case study of woodland use in Shurugwi communal area, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Online version, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=2&uin=uk.bl.ethos.314522.
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Chan, Chun-Han. "Characterisation of woodland rhizospheric isolates of Burkholderia." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11510.
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Riding, Alison E. "Spatial patterns in woodland plants and soils." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296309.
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Bintley, Michael D. J. "Trees and woodland in Anglo-Saxon culture." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/20204/.
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This thesis presents an interdisciplinary cultural history of the Anglo-Saxon relationship with trees and woodland. Although the paramount importance of woodland to the Anglo-Saxon world is a known and undisputed aspect of early medieval studies, the intricacies of the relationship between the Anglo-Saxons and trees have never been fully appreciated because this subject has not, until now, been the focus of an interdisciplinary study. By exploring the representation of trees and woodland in Old English literary culture in the context of Anglo-Saxon literary-historical sources and the early medieval archaeological record, this thesis seeks to shed new light upon the terms of this complex interaction. I present arguments for the existence of a common Germanic tree creation myth, reaffirm the notion of an Anglo-Saxon world tree analogous to the Norse Yggdrasill that was subsequently replaced by the cross, and re-evaluate the role of trees in Anglo-Saxon heathenism and Christianity. I demonstrate that the paramount importance of woodland in Anglo-Saxon material culture was understood, appreciated, and is well represented in Old English literature. Furthermore, I show that attitudes towards the physical make-up of settlements were strongly defined by an enduring attachment to woodland that had its origins in the forests of first-century Germany.
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Swallow, Kelly A. "Ancient woodland vegetation : distinctiveness and community ecology." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2018. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/5800/.
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The high floristic biodiversity value of ancient woodland is widely acknowledged, as is its status as a fragmented habitat of limited spatial extent. The distinctive vegetation of ancient woodland is an important factor in its conservation. Specifically, Ancient Woodland Indicator (AWI) species have been shown to be poor dispersers and incompatible with a fragmented habitat that is subject to environmental change. In recognition of their ecological importance, both Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland (ASNW) and Ancient Replanted Woodland (ARW) are protected by legislation. This thesis took the novel approach of examining the distinctiveness and community ecology of vegetation communities in all three woodland types of ASNW, ARW, and recent woodland. Importantly, analyses were based on new high-granularity primary vegetation and soil data. To address questions raised in the literature regarding the accuracy of ancient woodland and AWI identification, this research examined the metrics used to distinguish these habitats and species. Increasingly, the literature calls for further understanding of the ecological drivers of ancient woodland vegetation distinctiveness. In response, this research tested for differences in species composition of canopy, shrub, herb layer, AWI, and moss communities across all three woodland types. For AWI species, biotic, abiotic, and biogeographical variables were analysed for their contribution to community distinctiveness. Results highlighted the importance of consistency in metric selection when assessing the distinctiveness of ancient woodland and determining indicator species. In addition to the usual alpha scale measure of distinctiveness, assessing richness and community composition at the beta and gamma scales is recommended to inform conservation. Life traits and dispersal mechanisms were important differentiators for herb layer community composition among the woodland types. AWI richness was equally strongly explained by biogeographical variables as by ASNW, ARW, and recent status. Overall, this thesis supported ecological and biogeographical explanations for the distinctiveness of ancient woodland vegetation.
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Yue, Wu. "The New Columbarium in the Woodland Cemetery." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228499.
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Toomey, James Patrick. "A medieval woodland manor : Hanley Castle, Worcestershire." Thesis, Online version, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.323632.
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Stronen, Astrid Vik. "Habitat selection and calf survival in the Telkwa caribou herd, British Columbia, 1997-2000." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0034/MQ66939.pdf.
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Harbusch, Christine. "Aspects of the ecology of serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus, Schreber 1774) in contrasting landscapes in southwest Germany and Luxembourg." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275089.
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Aspects of the ecology of the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) were studied at colonies in Southwest Germany and Luxembourg. Maternity roosts of serotines were situated in slate-covered roof-spaces of buildings, offering a wide variety of microclimates which allow the bats to remain there throughout the period of pregnancy and lactation. The inferred gestation length was on average 52 days. Gestation length was not directly related to the temperature inside or outside the roost. The average data of birth in the study region is 17th June with a mean birth period of 14 days. The juveniles emerge from the roost for the first time after a mean of 36 days. The dispersal of the colony starts with this event and the last bats were observed to emerge in the first week of October. The number of emerging juveniles never corresponded to the number of emerging females. This fact and the repeated observation of more serotines re-entering the roost during the night than previously emerging, lead to the conclusion that a colony is part of a metapopulation. The mean emergencies time of the bats is closely related to sunset. Emergence time is adjusted to the availability of preferred prey taxa and to light intensity. Mortality of juveniles is increased by lasting inclement weather. Although habitat availability differed markedly between the study areas, habitat use by the two colonies was very similar. The most important habitat type used was woodland and its edges adjacent to grassland, followed by permanent grassland, then settlement areas. Calculation of habitat selection by means of compositional analysis revealed a preference for settlement areas over woodland and over grassland. Arable land was always significantly avoided. Radio-tracked serotine bats of both colonies flew similar maximum distances to foraging sites (4.5 km) and had similar average home range sizes (4.6 km2).
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Moss, Jonathan M. S. "The regeneration dynamics of arid Acacia tortilis woodland formations, Northern Kenya : dry woodland vegetation and nomadic pastoral society in transition." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320627.
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Sharp, Cathy. "Macrofungi in a miombo woodland in Central Zimbabwe." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25501.
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Rettie, William James. "The ecology of woodland caribou in central Saskatchewan." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27426.pdf.
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Ode, Åsa. "Visual aspects in urban woodland management and planning /." Alnarp : Dept. of Landscape Planning, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a380.pdf.
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Pryor, S. N. "An evaluation of silvicultural options for broadleaved woodland." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354863.
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Thomas, Alun Lloyd. "Farm woodland design and landscape evaluation in Wales." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297717.
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Leung, Yau-keung Kelvin, and 梁有強. "Our disappearing heritage: Hong Kong's fung shui woodland." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50716219.
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This dissertation is about an important area in the discipline of architectural conservation, and it is cultural Landscape, defined as the combination of built and natural heritage resources. The understanding of the concept of “cultural landscape” is relatively new to Hong Kong, having been formally introduced by Dr. Ken Nicolson in 2002 as part of the syllabus of the postgraduate curriculum of HKU’s Architectural Conservation Programmes (ACP). Today, the people of Hong Kong are more aware of cultural landscape, and the term now appears in government documents. However, the concept has been with Hong Kong for a long time, expressed in the principles of fung shui. Many of Hong Kong’s cultural landscapes are influenced by fung shui and a common feature is fung shui woodland, which will be the focus of this dissertation.
Fung shui is a belief system and a traditional form of landscape planning, and villages in Hong Kong and their woodlands are sited according to the principles of fung shui. The purpose of fung shui is clearly described in Yoon (1980). He stated that the aim of Fung Shui, is to maximize the wellbeing of human by maintaining the harmony between human and the nature. It is believed that all matter on the earth; both living and non-living things carry Qi or cosmic breath, which are responsible for ensuring posterity and vitality. Either insufficient or excessive Qi would result in decline and misfortune.
In “Venturing Fung Shui Woods (2004)”, it is mentioned that some of the oldest fung shui woodlands in Hong Kong date back to more than 300 years. Fung shui woodland is an important element of rural Hong Kong cultural landscapes representing our traditional belief system and high cultural significance. The author also describes fung shui woodlands as like a living herbarium or plant museum, offering valuable resources for both academic research and nature conservation. A review of the recent literature on fung shui woodland, in Fung Shui View (2012), the authors explain the value of the fung shui woodland is not only in terms of ecological, but also social. From the above publication, it is clear that the fung shui woodland is one of the important cultural landscape elements in Hong Kong, which illustrates our tradition cultural beliefs and the important value of original village settlements.published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation
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Waring, Paul. "Abundance and diversity of moths in woodland habitats." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277095.
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The abundance and diversity of moths and their larvae are compared in various woodland habitats within Bernwood Forest in lowland England to assess the impact of large-scale planting of introduced conifers and of conservation measures including coppicing and ride-side management. Light trap catches of moths in conifer plantations and in a recently coppiced site contained significantly fewer individuals and fewer species over the year compared with sites in adjacent overgrown coppice, but species diversity, measured by Fisher's index 0<. , was higher because cat ches in the latter were dominated by some very abundant species. Only 14 of the 431 species of macro-moths recorded from Bernwood Forest have larvae which feed on conifers but 138 species were found breeding on native weed species in the conifer plantations. Densities of larvae on individual native shrubs in conifer plantations were not significantly different from those in broadleaved stands. Mark and recapture of adult moths demonstrated considerable movement between habitats. More moths of more species were caught in rides than in adj acent woodland stands using Robinson traps. Heath traps in rides frequently did not catch more species or more moths than within woodland stands. Catches in Heath traps were generally largest in overgrown coppice. Catches at all sites were related to the abundance of larval host-plants but were also influenced by the distance over which the trap was visible and the amount of canopy shade. Three methods of cornpensat ing for differences in shade between trap-sites are explored. Heath traps at ride intersects captured on average 55% of the species at a Robinson trap per night; in woodland stands catches averaged 68% of the species. At least thirteen nationally rare species have disappeared from Bernwood since timber clearance prior to conifer planting. The implications for biological survey work and for nature conservation are discussed,
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Turner, Anthony. "Woodland soundscapes : investigating new methods for monitoring landscapes." Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/67421/.
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Biodiversity is an important provider of ecosystem services. There is a sense of urgency running through the scientific community regarding its protection and conservation. This urgency is fuelled by a wealth of research into the effects of habitat destruction, intensive agriculture, destructive industries (such as mining and oil exploration) and the insidious threat of climate change. It might reasonably be suggested that the biodiversity crisis we are facing today is in large part due to a lack of regulation around human-activities with regard to biodiversity impacts. In order to impose regulations, protecting biodiversity has been incentivised through various governmental and non-profit private-sector certification initiatives that aim to minimise the negative impacts that industry can have on the environment. Agri-environment schemes are largely governmental initiatives that aim to enhance the biodiversity and societal values of farmland. Timber certification initiatives, such as the Forest Stewardship Council, promote woodland management that takes into account the economic, environmental and social aspects of forestry with equal measure. Protection and enhancement of biodiversity is integral to achieving the environmental aims of certification. However, several studies have highlighted that many schemes (notably agri-environment schemes and some timber certification schemes) ultimately fall short of their projected targets, which is often due to a lack of suitable monitoring with regard to biodiversity. This is unsurprising since biodiversity monitoring is not a straightforward process. Many considerations need to be made when choosing suitable indicators of ecosystem health such as whether to measure species diversity or functional diversity. But perhaps one of the biggest issues is the ability of landowners and managers to contribute to efficient, objective, standardised data collection. Acoustic monitoring offers a means of producing unbiased data that can be analysed objectively and stored indefinitely. With significant advances in hardware and software technologies, the proliferation of acoustic monitoring is evident in the scientific literature. The field of soundscape ecology was in many respects borne out of these technological advances. It has since been usurped by the newer field of ecoacoustics (I use these two terms interchangeably throughout this thesis). Ecoacoustics offers a range of soundscape analytical techniques that aim to understand the spectral and temporal composition of the soundscape. As such a number of acoustic indices can be used to measure different facets of acoustic diversity. This study offers an overview of the current literature in bioacoustics and ecoacoustics. It applies several of these indices to studying the soundscape of Forest Stewardship Council certified plantation forests in the UK. Specifically it investigates the soundscape in relation to habitat and landscape metrics and explores temporal variation in acoustic activity. It offers insights into the relationship between man-made/machine noise (technophony) and biological sounds (biophony) and suggests future directions for research and large-scale monitoring of habitats. Finally it provides a set of instructions on how to build an automated recording unit using readily available parts and provides links to necessary software and guidance on types of hardware available. The key findings indicate that the use of acoustic indices for monitoring landscapes could be a useful tool. Clear relationships were observed between forest structure and stand age, and vegetation structure, with acoustic diversity in Thetford forest over two consecutive years. Although these relationships were not clear in Bedgebury forest, the effects of landscape structure were statistically significant, particularly when using automated recording units. Road proximity had a strong influence on the soundscape in all study sites. And the use of ecoacoustic methods to explore this offers an insight into a new means of investigating the impact of roads on acoustic biodiversity. The development of a low-cost automated recording unit is a significant contribution to the field of soundscape ecology in terms of encouraging participation by the non-governmental organisation (NGO) sector. Likewise, the use of a handheld recording unit and the application of traditional ecological survey methods provide evidence that soundscape/ecoacoustic studies that yield interesting, informative and biologically meaningful results can be done on a relatively low budget. As such this thesis offers a significant contribution to the field of soundscape ecology in terms of both data and logistics. It may be particularly relevant to researchers on a limited budget and/or the NGO and citizen science sector.
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Ramsey, Melissa. "Manufacturing Ceramics: Ceramic Ecology and Technological Choice in the Upper Cumberland River Valley." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/10.
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Ceramic material culture recovered from archaeological sites has more to offer the researcher than placing the site or strata into a cultural historic timeline. By examining the characteristics of ceramics manufactured during the Woodland Period in southern Kentucky, this thesis answers questions related to the behavior of the potters who lived and worked there. Using the theoretical basis of ceramic ecology and technological choice, this thesis examines the choices made by the potters of two sites, the Long (15Ru17) and Rowena (15Ru10) sites, located along the Cumberland River in Russell County, Kentucky. The two sites are also compared to one another and similar assemblages in the Upper Cumberland River Valley, in terms of temporal occupation and utilization of tempering resources. Ultimately, the potters who occupied the Long and Rowena sites during the Woodland Period used locally available materials to temper their clay, even as they emulated other ceramic types. In terms of the two sites themselves, it appears that while they were not occupied by the same population of potters, they did employ similar tempering agents and stylistic types. Examining the behavior of potters who occupied these two sites informs the researcher about the behavior of the larger region of the Upper Cumberland Valley.
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Pederson, Weinberger Jennifer. "Ohio Hopewell Earthworks: an examination of site use from non-mound space at the Hopewell Site." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1141810673.
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Everard, David Alexander. "Composition, structure and processes along woodland gradients in the Weald." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385319.
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Morfitt, D. R. "The historical ecology of the Woods of Binley, Warwickshire." Thesis, Coventry University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311076.
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Baker, Helen. "Habitat use by the crested tit Parus cristatus in Scottish pinewoods." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306964.
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Hietalhati, Marja Kaarina. "Habitat transfer : ideological implications of re-locating ancient woodland." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8294.
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Dueck, Gregory S. "Genetic relations and phylogeography of woodland and barrenground caribou." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ34355.pdf.
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Holt, Charles Anthony. "Avian responses to modification of woodland vegetation by deer." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.554302.
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Increasing deer populations across the northern hemisphere have been cited as one of the factors potentially contributing to declines in the populations of some woodland bird species, particularly species that are dependent on the shrub layer. This thesis examines the effects of browsing by deer on the use by birds of a regenerating deciduous woodland system eastern England, and investigates the mechanisms by which impacts operate. Using a replicated experiment, over the course of four years, habitat use by birds in exclosures without deer was compared with that in paired control plots. The latter plots were browsed by roe deer and Reeves's muntjac throughout the year (and fallow deer in winter). A range of ornithological survey methods were used to compare the habitat types, including point-counts, standardised mist-netting and radio-tracking. During the breeding season, the most marked negative responses to deer were shown by birds that are dependent on dense understorey vegetation, such as dunnock Prunella modularis, nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos and garden warbler Sylvia borin. Pertinently, browsing by deer has the potential to reduce habitat quality for woodland birds. Territories of nightingale became confined to vegetation where deer were absent and male blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla established territories earlier and were in better body condition there. Unbrowsed young re-growth (prior to canopy-closure) was particularly important during the post-breeding period for a range of species, presumably in response to foraging resources and protection afforded. Similarly, the first ever examination of responses of woodland birds to deer in winter, showed that several common resident ground-foragers, such as robin Erithacus rubecula, were negatively affected in winter having shown no effect in the breeding season.
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Wager, Sarah Joy. "Woods, wolds and groves: the woodland of medieval Warwickshire." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497236.
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Almond, Simon John. "Remote sensing within GIS for woodland inventory and monitoring." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386832.
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Thomas, Margaret Anne. "Trees and woodland in the Suffolk landscape, 1660-1870." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399802.
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Elliott, M. M. "Some effects of invertebrate herbivores on deciduous woodland regeneration." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355345.
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Bown, Kevin. "Studies on the macro- and microparasites of woodland rodents." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366964.
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Dixon, William Edward. "Studies of patch dynamics and vegetative recovery in woodland." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262813.
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Whittaker, Peter. "Modelling the hydrodynamic drag force of flexible riparian woodland." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/62503/.
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In this thesis, two practical models for predicting the drag force exerted on flexible riparian vegetation under hydrodynamic loading have been developed. The models were formulated based on the results of a unique experimental data set that consisted of high resolution force-velocity and physical property measurements for twenty-one full-scale riparian trees, in both foliated and defoliated conditions. One of the models has then been used to numerically simulate the impact of riparian woodland on the flooding characteristics of a mid-catchment river site. Analysis of photographs and video footage of the trees from the experimental study during drag force testing allowed the frontal projected area to be determined, both in still air and as a function of flow velocity. The observed reductions in projected area and drag coe�cient with velocity were normalized using the projected area in still air to provide an empirical relationship between the ‘rigid’ drag coe�cient and area Reynolds number. The resulting drag force predictions were found to be accurate when properly calibrated against the vegetation under consideration. A second, more physically based model to predict the reconfiguration of flexible vegetation has been developed based on dimensional analysis of the relevant parameters, including flexural rigidity. The model utilizes a novel vegetative Cauchy number to determine the extent of the reconfiguration and has been shown to be more accurate than two existing drag force models. The model has also been validated against independent drag force data, demonstrating that it is applicable to vegetation of di�ering scale, morphology and flexibility. Serial and parallel optimizations of an existing two-dimensional hydrodynamic modelling code have enabled detailed numerical simulations of extreme flood events to be undertaken for a mid-catchment river site in Somerset, UK. The results indicated that riparian vegetation has a minimal impact on the downstream flooding characteristics, at least for the small site investigated herein. Significant reductions in key flow properties, namely velocity and bed shear stress, were however observed within the vegetated areas.
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McAuley, Robert William. "Ghost town : social exclusion, 'youth' and crime in Woodland." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272326.
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Walsh, Ryan Patrick. "Examining Cypripedium (Orchidaceae)Hybridization in a Prairie/Woodland Ecotone." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1214180742.
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Caldwell, Rohm Mackenzie Smyth. "A terminal Middle Woodland ceramic complex from southern Illinois /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594497441&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Henry, Joseph Douglas. "Evapotranspiration in a catchment dominated by eucalypt forest and woodland." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12283.
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There is on-going need for reliable estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) at catchment scales to support objective decision-making for managing water supplies, and enhancing understanding of processes and modelling. Without reliable estimates of ET, water supply and catchment management agencies are exposed to significant economic, social and even environmental risks. This thesis focuses on identifying possible methodologies for estimating ET in a catchment dominated by eucalypt forest and woodland. More specifically, this thesis tests the hypothesis that different methods of deriving daily, catchment ET for a headwater in Australia meet underlying assumptions and yield similar results. The hypothesis was tested by using three approaches to estimate catchment ET: soil moisture changes (point scale), satellite imagery of leaf area index (MODIS, hillslope scale), and discharge (streamflow) and the storage-discharge relationship (catchment scale). Data from Corin Catchment, an unregulated catchment vital to the Australian Capital Territory and the surrounding region, is the basis of this study. After the General Introduction (Chapter 1), methods for estimating ET in eucalypt communities throughout Australia at various temporal and spatial scales are systematically reviewed (Chapter 2). Of the 1614 original research papers investigated, 52 were included for further investigation. A clear outcome is that transpiration by the overstorey, measured using sap flow, is the most frequently measured component of ET, and that physiological studies dominate estimates of ET. Very few studies were conducted at the catchment scale. Further, scaling ET from tree to catchment scales was rarely attempted, and the effect of scaling for water resource management is mostly unquantified and requires attention. The first method used to calculate catchment ET is based on up-scaling of soil moisture changes on the basis of a digital soil map (Chapter 4). The data presented here rejects the hypothesis that ET (derived from soil moisture) and overstorey transpiration (derived from sap flow) are well correlated. Instead, the data suggest that soil moisture-derived ET and overstorey transpiration obtained water from different sources. The key findings of this chapter are that this approach is not suitable for estimating ET at catchment scales because it is restricted to drier periods, and because trees did not solely rely on the defined root-zone for water supply. The second method to calculate catchment scale ET (Chapter 5) tests if hillslope-scale satellite imagery (MODIS leaf area index) can be up-scaled to estimate catchment ET. An outcome of this work is that caution is needed when using MODIS leaf area index for water resource planning in evergreen forests across the globe, particularly for forests with significant understorey and a relatively open overstorey canopy at some periods of the year. This method is deemed not suitable for estimating ET over the study area. The third method to calculate catchment scale ET (Chapter 6) is based on integrating discharge using a single non-linear equation to characterise the study area. This method yielded catchment ET far greater (18 times larger) than the largest observed measure of potential ET. As with the method based on soil moisture changes, it was restricted to drier periods. This method was clearly unsuitable for estimating ET over the study area due to relatively quick recession, large range in hourly discharge and significant scattered recession at low discharge. Overall, this thesis rejects the hypothesis that different methods of deriving daily, catchment ET for a headwater in Australia meet underlying assumptions and yield similar results. An important limitation identified through this research is the ability to determine a ‘correct’ estimate of catchment ET. Further research should focus on enhancing understanding of scaling ET within and beyond Australia, generating more daily catchment ET from up-scaled soil moisture changes, further evaluating ET from up-scaled satellite imagery, and identifying catchment characteristics to allow ET to be derived from discharge. Water resource managers must be diligent when selecting and applying a method to estimate catchment ET.
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Zink, Justin Parker. "Form and Function: Interpreting the Woodland Architecture at the McCammon Circle in Central Ohio." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1243355874.
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Syampungani, Stephen. "Vegetation change analysis and ecological recovery of the copperbelt Miombo woodland of Zambia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4833.
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Thesis (PhD (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study aimed at developing a new understanding of the Miombo woodland recovery dynamics when exposed to single tree selection, slash & burn agriculture and charcoal production. Five specific studies were conducted to examine different parts of this overall study: Miombo woodland utilization, management and conflict resolution among stakeholders; speciesstem curves as a tool in sampling the development of Miombo woodland species richness in charcoal and slash & burn regrowth stands over time; the impact of human disturbance on the floristic composition of Miombo woodland; regeneration and recruitment potentials of key Miombo woodland species after disturbance; and age and growth rate determination using selected Miombo woodland species. Different methods were developed for each specific study. The study of woodland utilization and management employed semi-structured and key informant interviews. STATISTICA statistical package version 6.0 was used for data collation and analysis. Chi-square tests were used to show levels of significance in differences that existed between different user groups. Species-stem curves were used to determine the sample size to assess Miombo woodland dynamics in regrowth stands after slash & burn and charcoal production, and a fixed-area method was used for the mature woodland stands. The study sites in each of three study areas were selected to represent ages ranging from 2 to 15+ years since each disturbance was terminated. The undisturbed woodland was chosen to act as a control. Various analyses using the STATISTICA statistical package and CANOCO version 4.0 were conducted to understand responses of Miombo woodland to these different disturbances. The research revealed that single tree selection, slash & burn agriculture and charcoal production are the main forms of Copperbelt Miombo woodland utilization which will always be there. Additionally, the the Miombo woodland stands were characterized based on the size class profile they exhibit on exposure to human disturbance factors through forest utilization. The characterization has revealed that the woodland is dominated by light demanding species. As such single tree selection harvesting does not support the regeneration and establishment of the timber species which are canopy species under shade conditions. This implies that selection harvesting of timber species, although it appears to be a non event in terms of disturbance at stand level may be a disaster at population level. The study also revealed that clearing of the woodland for either slash & burn agriculture or charcoal production results in enhanced regeneration and establishment of the dominant Miombo woodland species. The study concludes that charcoal production and slash & burn agriculture are important components to which the woodland ecosystem is adapted. As such these disturbance factors may be considered as incorporated disturbances. It is recommended from the study that woodland utilization and management should integrate charcoal production and slash & burn agriculture into forest management. Cutting cycles should be based on growth rate of the selected species. Timber species harvesting should go side by side with these disturbance factors so as to open up the canopy in order that maximum sunlight can reach the regeneration stock. The study also brings out the other management and utilization opportunities (such as managing for Uapaca kirkiana and Anisophyllea boehmii fruits) that arise from different development stages of the woodland. Lastly, it is recommended to ascertain the optimum gap sizes for both charcoal production or slash & burn agriculture which would still support the Miombo woodland recovery.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is gedoen om ‘n nuwe begrip te ontwikkel vir die hersteldinamika van Miombo boomveld na onderwerping aan enkelboomseleksie, kap & brand lanbou en houtskoolproduksie. Vyf spesifieke studies is gedoen om verskillende komponente van die total studie te ondersoek: benutting, bestuur en konflikresolusie tussen gebruikers van Miombo boomveld; species-stam kurwes as ‘n instrument in die bemonstering van die ontwikkeling van Miombo boomveld species-rykdom oor tyd na afloop van houtskoolproduksie en kap & brand landbou; die impak van menslike versteuring op die floristiese samestelling van Miombo boomveld; verjongingspotensiaal van sleutelsoorte in Miombo boomveld na versteuring; en bepaling van ouderdom en groeitempo in ge-selekteerde Miombo boomveldsoorte. Verskillende metodes is ontwikkel vir elke spesifieke studie. In die studie van boomveldgebruik en –bestuur is semigestruktureerde en sleutel-informant onderhoude gebruik. Die STATISTICA statistiese packet weergawe 6.0 is gebruik vir dataverwerking en -ontleding. Chi-kwadraat toetse is gebruik om vlakke van betekenisvolheid te toon wat bestaan tussen verskillende gebruikersgroepe. Speciesstamkruwes is gebruik om monstergrootte te bepaal vir die evaluering van Miombo boomvelddinamika in hergroeiopstande na kap & brand en houtskoolproduksie, terwyl vastegrootte persele gebruik is vir volwasse boomveldopstande. Die studieplekke in elk van drie studiegebiede is geselekteer om verskillende ouderdomme tussen 2 en 15+ jaar na be-eindiging van die versteuring te verteenwoordig. Onversteurde boomveld is gebruik as kontrole. Verskeie ontledings, met die STATISTICA statistiese pakket en CANOCO weergawe 4.0 is gedoen om die reaksie van Miombo boomveld op die verskillende versteurings te verstaan. Die navorsing het getoon dat enkelboomseleksie, kap & brand landbou en houtskoolproduksie is die hoof vorme van Copperbelt Miombo boomveld benutting wat altyd daar sal wees. Verder is die Miombo boomveldopstande gekarakteriseer gebaseer op die grootteklasprofiel wat hulle vertoon na menslike versteuringsfaktore in die vorm van boomveldbenutting. Die karakterisering het getoon dat die boomveld gedomineer word deur ligeisende soorte. Daarom ondersteun enkelboomseleksie nie die verjonging en vestiging van die dominante houtsoorte wat kroonsoorte is onder skadutoestande. Dit impliseer dat selektiewe inoesting van houtsoorte, alhoewel dit voorkom as ‘n onbelangrike gebeurtenis in terme van versteuring op opstandsvlak, ‘n ramp is op populasievlak. Die studie het ook getoon dat skoonmaak van die boomveld vir of kap & brand landbou of houtskoolproduksie, lei tot verbeterde verjonging en vestiging van die dominante Miombo boomveldsoorte. Die studie lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat houtskoolproduksie en kap & brand landbou belangrike komponente is waarby die boomveldsisteem aangepas is. Daarom kan hierdie versteuringsfaktore beskou word as ingeslote versteurings. Vanuit die studie word daarom aanbeveel dat boomveldbenutting en –bestuur houtskoolproduksie en kap & brand landbou binne die bosbestuur integreerd moet word. Kapsiklusse moet gebaseer word op die groeitempos van geselekteerde soorte. Inoesting van houtsoorte moet saamloop met hierdie versteuringsfaktore sodat die kroondak oopgemaak kan word sodat maksimum sonlig die verjonging bereik. Die studie bring ook na vore die bestuur en benuttingsgeleenthede (soos bestuur vir die vrugte van Uapaca kirkiana en Anisophyllea boehmii) wat voorkom in verskillende ontwikkelingstadiums van die boomveld. Laastens word aanbeveel dat die optimum openinggroottes vir beide kap & brand en houtskoolbereiding wat herstel van Miombo boomveld ondersteun, bepaal.