Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wooden track

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Wooden track'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wooden track"

1

Zougari, A., and J. MartÍnez. "The experimental validation of a numerical model for the receptance prediction." MATEC Web of Conferences 286 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928601007.

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The traditional ballasted track with wooden sleepers covers today most railway lines constructions, including the tracks of tram and metro or the industrial railway branching. In this work, we present an experimental methodology to validate a numerical model based on finite element method, the model was previously well defined using the ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) and adapted to represent a classical ballasted track. The obtained result of the analysis is expressed as a frequency response of the track and it is compared to the experimental result from measurements made on the metropolitan classical railway track of Barcelona.
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Modaboyina, Sujeeth, Sahil Agrawal, Ragib Khan, and Anju Bhari. "Intraorbital wooden foreign body, legacy of a notorious scrap: a case report." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 4 (2021): e242885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-242885.

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Wooden foreign bodies are notorious to be fragile and get retained as bits and bobs in the orbit. A 50-year-old woman presented to casualty with complaints of loss of vision and pain in the right eye associated with discharge from a wound in right eye upper lid. On imaging, a wooden foreign body was seen as continuous track of air. Meticulous dissection and search were done to remove bits and bobs of the wood. Patient, however, after 15 days of primary surgery reported with pus collection over wound site. Keeping suspicion of remnant wooden body piece(s), imaging and further exploration were carried out, removal of a 1 cm residual wooden piece was done. Retained wooden foreign body should always be suspected in postoperative cases of intraorbital wooden foreign body with infection. A close follow-up and knowledge of the same stay useful to remove any needless apprehension both of patient and surgeon.
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Darenskiy, Oleksandr, Eduard Bielikov, Olexii Dudin, Alina Zvierieva, and Anatolii Oleshchenko. "Results of theoretical and experimental studies on determining the coefficient of subgrade reaction of sleepers for the conditions of main railways with axial loads of 30-35 tons per axle." MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823001003.

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The article considers obtaining numerical values of the coefficient of subgrade reaction of wooden and reinforced concrete sleepers with axial loads up to 30-35 tons per axle. It has been concluded that using the rolling stock with axial loads of up to 35 tons per axle is necessary in order to ensure sustainable development of the railway complex. The performance of the railway track thus should be investigated in order to predict its operation in such conditions. Generally, such studies are performed using numerical methods. One of the parameters that are required for such calculations is the parameter which is commonly called the coefficient of subgrade reaction. Empirical dependencies of the coefficient of subgrade reaction of wooden and reinforced concrete sleepers on the axial load and on the operating conditions of the track have been obtained. The obtained results can be used in studies of the interaction dynamics of the track of main railways with rolling stock with axial loads of 30-35 tons per axle, which will give an opportunity to provide well-grounded recommendations on the rules for the arrangement and maintenance of the track in such conditions.
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Ren-liang, Shan, Zhang Xiao-nan, Lu Man, and Zhao Hong-yu. "The Complex Monolithic Movement for the Brick-wooden Building in Deformation Analysis and Reinforcement." Open Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (2016): 884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501610010884.

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This paper first analyzes the reasons of complex monolithic movement of a brick-wooden building in Henan province in China. The building foundation integral underpinning technique and curved-track moving technique which combine the track sharing-monolithic movement method and efficient long distance movement method were put forward. These methods use the anchor static pile, in order to guarantee the safety of the building for complex monolithic movement. The analysis of the internal force and deformation of underpinning structure was calculated by finite element software SAP2000. A practice case showed that the internal force of the underpinning structure is less than the bearing capacity, which proved the efficiency of the proposed method.
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Khvostik, M. Yu, and M. A. Starodubtseva. "Studies of the constructed rail seat supports." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 76, no. 6 (2017): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2017-76-6-371-376.

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In recent decades, the use of constructed sleepers on the world's railways has been increasing: the United States, the EU countries, Japan and China. Such sleepers, having positive performance qualities of wooden sleepers (good elasticity and dielectric properties, manufacturability during laying and during repair work), do not have negative qualities of wood. The article reviews the US and EU standards for testing sleepers made of constructed materials. The classification of such sleepers is given. Examples of testing of such sleepers by specialists of JSC “VNIIZhT” for the period from 1999 to 2016 are given, including sleepers from modified wood, wooden sleepers with elastomeric coating, composite sleepers from recycled high-density polyethylene with glass-filled polymer. Features of the Russian requirements to the constructed sleepers are considered. Composite rail seat supports are promising in application. Possessing the advantages of wooden sleepers (bars), they have higher wear resistance, lower life cycle costs (recyclable), are more homogeneous and do not rot. Damping properties of composite sleepers contribute to solving the problem of reducing noise and vibration from rolling stock. In addition, their use is one of the ways to reduce the negative impact of rail transport on the environment. With a feasibility study, such sleepers will successfully replace other types of rail seat supports. Spheres of rational application of composite rail seat supports are heaving sections of the railway track, areas with weak soils, turnouts, tracks on bridges, railway tunnels, and underground tracks. Taking into account the tendency to expand the polygon for laying composite sleepers, including railway tracks, metro routes and land transport in the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and other CIS countries, it is advisable to develop a single interstate standard containing safety requirements and test methods for constructed rail seat supports.
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Brunning, Richard, David Hogan, Julie Jones, et al. "Saving the Sweet Track: Thein situpreservation of a Neolithic wooden trackway, Somerset, UK." Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 4, no. 1 (2000): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/135050300793138417.

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Kukulski, Jacek, Piotr Gołębiowski, Jacek Makowski, Ilona Jacyna-Gołda, and Jolanta Żak. "Effective Method for Diagnosing Continuous Welded Track Condition Based on Experimental Research." Energies 14, no. 10 (2021): 2889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102889.

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The correct operation of the continuous welded track requires diagnosing its condition and preparation of track metrics requiring measurements of displacements of rail under operation. This is required as there are additional thermal stresses in the rails with values depending on the temperature changes of the rails. Therefore, the climatic conditions are important. This paper presents the original effective analytical method for diagnosing the condition of continuous welded track based on experimental research. The method allows for an appropriate repair or maintenance recommendation. In the experimental research, the authors considered track diagnostic conditions for two conditions: track under load and track without load. This paper presents empirical formulas for calculating rail temperature and longitudinal force based on ambient temperature, developed from long-term measurements. The formulas were developed for a track located on a straight section—both for a rail loaded and unloaded with a passing train under the following conditions: 60E1 rail, not on an engineering structure, conventional surface, wooden sleepers and very high train traffic load. The obtained results in the value of the correlation coefficient R2 ≥ 0.995 attest to very high accuracy of the calculations performed with the method proposed by the authors.
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Tuley, Yusef, Natalia Bugaets, and Alina Malishevskaya. "Research into parameters of energy loss when trains influence the track with wooden sleepers." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 1 (84) (2016): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.85851.

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Amin, MN, MA Hossain, MS Miah, MS Hassan, and MA Hoque. "Development of suitable package for transportation of guava (Psidium guajava L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 2 (2014): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i2.20437.

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Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a perishable and climacteric fruit. The peel surface of guava is soft. During transportation, guava surface is rupture lack of proper packaging. Two types of corrugated fibre board (CFB) cartons of 7 and 5 ply and one type of wooden box were designed and fabricated for transportation of guava in Farm Machinery and Postharvest Process Engineering (FMPE) Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur in 2013. The dimensions of the cartons were 513 x 300 x 240 mm and 400 x 300 x 300 mm. The 7 ply cartons of both the size were found better than those of 5 ply cartons in terms of static load bearing capacity. The carton of 513 x 300 x 240 mm was better than that of second one. The holding capacities of these cartons were about 18-20 kg of guava. The static load bearing capacities of both the cartons of 7 and 5 ply cartons were 90 and 70 kg, respectively. Green matured guava was harvested, sorted and packed in different packages, such as bamboo basket, wooden box, plastic crate, and CFB cartons. They were transported from Sharupkhati of Barisal to Gazipur by a track. Then the guava packages were opened in FMPE Division, BARI, Gazipur and stored at ambient temperature (28.8 ± 2°C) and humidity (87± 2%) for 8 days. The highest shelf-life of guava was found in wooden box without wrapping and the lowest shelf-life was in CFB cartons with polyethylene (0.05 mm) having 2% perforation. Wooden box was found suitable as packaging material for transportation of guava in terms of freshness, shelf-life, and packaging cost. Packaging cost of CFB cartons was higher followed by that of plastic crate, wooden box, and bamboo basket. Packaging costs of plastic crate and wooden box were cheaper than those of CFB cartons and bamboo basket. Plastic crate and wooden box should be used for local market to transport the fruits. CFB carton may be used for export market or supper market. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i2.20437 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(2): 337-350, June 2014
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Bojarczak, Piotr, and Waldemar Nowakowski. "Application of Deep Learning Networks to Segmentation of Surface of Railway Tracks." Sensors 21, no. 12 (2021): 4065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124065.

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The article presents a vision system for detecting elements of railway track. Four types of fasteners, wooden and concrete sleepers, rails, and turnouts can be recognized by our system. In addition, it is possible to determine the degree of sleeper ballast coverage. Our system is also able to work when the track is moderately covered by snow. We used a Fully Convolutional Neural Network with 8 times upsampling (FCN-8) to detect railway track elements. In order to speed up training and improve performance of the model, a pre-trained deep convolutional neural network developed by Oxford’s Visual Geometry Group (VGG16) was used as a framework for our system. We also verified the invariance of our system to changes in brightness. To do this, we artificially varied the brightness of images. We performed two types of tests. In the first test, we changed the brightness by a constant value for the whole analyzed image. In the second test, we changed the brightness according to a predefined distribution corresponding to Gaussian function.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wooden track"

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Maddela, Naveen. "Finite Element Analysis of Railway Track Wooden Sleeper." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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Railway sleepers have important roles within the complex railroad. Dynamic interaction among Rail, sleeper and ballast supports are vital for the construction of dynamic model track capable of predicting its responses to impact loads due to wheel flats, wheel burns, irregularities of the rail. Railway track deteriorates over time due to the dynamic loading of passing wheeled vehicle. to ensure the secure passing of trains, the track must well design and managed.The objective of this thesis is to determine the stress in wooden rail sleeper by the considering Ballast, Sub ballast, and soil with the help of well-known FEM Tool Ansys Workbench. Material models for wooden sleeper and subgrade are anisotropic elasticity and elasto plastic (Drucker Prager), respectively. To validate FEM results with analytical Zimmermann method, perform the 2D linear static analysis and 3D nonlinear static analysis. The numerical analysis results in Ansys Work bench are presented and discussed the model validation with analytical results. Even though simulation converged it does not mean this model could give results similar to reality. But in my opinion these results are not sufficient to study the behavior of wooden sleeper because limitations in soil mechanics (Soil Models in Ansys Workbench).
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Slunečková, Magdaléna. "Favorit Brno / cyklistický stadion - bikrosová dráha / architektonická studie - design / druhá etapa." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443701.

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The topic of this diploma thesis is the architectural study of the cycling arena – velodrome – as a part of The Hněvkovský sports ground in Brno-Komárov. The new velodrome is situated next to the existing bicycle motocross ground and serves as a facility for the track cycling, indoor cycling and BMX. The core of the velodrome consists of the 250-meter wooden steeply banked track, which, together with other sports ground’s parameters fits the requirements of International Cyling Uninon for hosting international competitions. Cycling arena includes premises for athletes, spectators (stands are designed for 2700 spectators) and Favorit Brno administration and also bicycle storage and service areas. Facility includes also gym, fitness room, wellness and physiotherapy, athletes‘ accomodation. The velodrome is roofed with the arch-formed membrane anchored to a robust bond beam, that is brought to the ground in the front part of the building. This V-shaped bond beam together with the arched membrane geometry defines the building dynamic expression.
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Mann, Elizabeth Lowell 1966. "Trace metals and the ecology of marine cyanobacteria." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9385.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology; and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>The marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are important primary producers in oligotrophic oceans. The abundance and cell division rates of these cyanobacteria can be influenced by trace metals such as iron and copper. Iron is an essential trace metal that is present in the high nutrient, low chlorophyll waters of the equatorial Pacific in extremely low concentrations. When these waters were enriched with iron, Prochlorococcus chlorophyll fluorescence per cell and cell size increased. Cell division rates doubled inside the iron enriched patch and reached two divisions per day in bottle incubations with additional iron, indicating that Prochlorococcus were iron limited. However, cell numbers remained constant because mortality rates nearly doubled after the addition of iron and essentially matched the increases in cell division rate. Trace metals can also be present in toxic, rather than limiting concentrations. Copper is an essential trace element that is toxic to cyanobacteria in pM quantities. In stratified water columns in the Sargasso Sea, free Cu2+ concentrations are high in the mixed layer (up to 6pM) and most of the Prochlorococcus population is located below the thermocline where free Cu2+ concentrations are lower. The distribution of Synechococcus is more uniform with depth. Prochlorococcus isolates were more sensitive to copper than Synechococcus, but members of the low chi BIA (high light adapted) ecotype were less sensitive than strains with high chi BIA ratios (low light adapted). In the field, the in situ concentration of free Cu2+ had a strong effect on the copper sensitivity of Prochlorococcus. Net growth rates were substantially reduced when Prochlorococcus from environments where the in situ free Cu2+ was low (deep mixed layers and below the thermocline in stratified water) were exposed to copper. Prochlorococcus in shallow mixed layers where in situ Cu2 + was high were less sensitive to copper and may have been members of the copper resistant low chi B/ A ecotype. Synechococcus were relatively copper resistant across a range of environments. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ambient copper levels may influence the relative abundance of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus in the Sargasso Sea.<br>by Elizabeth Lowell Mann.<br>Ph.D.
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Kawatsura, Asako. "ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BACKGROUND CONCENTRATION IN ARABLE SOILS, WOOD COUNTY, OHIO." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1292989076.

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Ohnemus, Daniel Chester. "The biogeochemistry of marine particulate trace metals." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87512.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Chemical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Marine particles include all living and non-living solid components of seawater, representing an extremely dynamic and chemically diverse mixture of phases. The distributions of these phases are poorly constrained and undersampled in the oceans, despite interactions between living organisms and non-living minerals having central roles within many globally relevant biogeochemical processes. Through a combination of method development, basin-scale particulate collection and analyses, modeling, and field experiments, this thesis examines both the distributions of marine particulate trace metals and the underlying processes-inputs, scavenging, vertical and horizontal transport, and biotic uptake-in which marine particles participate. I first present the results of an intercalibration exercise among several US laboratories that analyzed filtered particles on shared polyethersulfone filters. We use inter-lab and intra-lab total elemental recoveries of these particles to determine our state of our intercalibration (</= 21% one-sigma inter-lab uncertainty for most elements; 9% intra-lab) and to identify means of future improvement. We also present a new chemical method for complete dissolution of polyethersulfone filters and compare it to other total particle digestion procedures. I then present the marine particulate distributions of the lithogenic elements Al, Fe, and Ti in the North Atlantic GEOTRACES section. Inputs of lithogenic particles from African dust sources, hydrothermal systems, benthic nepheloid layers and laterally-sourced margin influences are observed and discussed. Lithogenic particle residence times, size-fractionation patterns, Ti-mineral speciation, and relationships to biological aggregation processes are calculated and described. A one-dimensional, size-fractionated, multi-box model that describes lithogenic particle distributions is also proposed and its parameter sensitivities and potential implications are discussed. The thesis concludes with the presentation of results from a series of bottle incubations in naturally iron-limited waters using isotopically labeled Fe-minerals. We demonstrate both biotic and abiotic solubilization of the minerals ferrihydrite and fayalite via transfer of isotopic label into suspended particles. These results are the first of their kind to demonstrate that minerals can be a source of bioavailable iron to euphotic communities and that spatial and ecological variations in mineral Fe-bioavailability may exist.<br>by Daniel Chester Ohnemus.<br>Ph. D.
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Armstrong, Stephanye Dawn. "Microwave-Assisted Extraction for the Isolation of Trace Systemic Fungicides from Woody Plant Material." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27997.

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The extraction and recovery of trace organic material from semi-solid and solid matrices is often the slowest and most error-prone step of an analytical method. The conventional liquid extraction techniques for solids and semi-solids materials (Soxhlet) have two main disadvantages. The first, large volumes of organic solvent are required, which can lead to sample contamination and "losses" due to volatilization during concentration steps. The second, to achieve an exhaustive extraction can require several hours to days. With the development of sophisticated instrumentation with detection limits in the picogram and femtogram levels, pressure is finally felt within the analytical community to develop and validate sample preparation procedures which can be used to rapidly isolate trace level organics from complex matrices.Because of its applicability to solid, semi-solid, and liquid matrices microwave-assisted (MAE) extraction has emerged as a powerful sample preparation technique. The objective of this research was to evaluate directly focused microwave energy for the isolation of systemic fungicide residues from woody plant tissues.The hallmark of microwave extraction (MAE) is accelerated dissolution kinetics as a consequence of the rapid heating processes that occur when a microwave field is applied to a sample. The current popularity of MAE resides mainly on its applicability to a wide range of sample types because the selectivity can be easily manipulated by altering solvent polarities.Propiconazole is a systemic fungicide, used to combat the fungal pathogen Ophiostoma ulmi, the casual agent of Dutch elm disease (DED). It was successfully extracted from treated Ulmus americana (elm tree) using MAE with a percent recovery of 395% in 15 minutes. Until now, techniques for rapid and efficient extraction of polar material from wood were non-existent. This work produces results much quicker than Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). The influence of pH, microwave power, and time on extraction efficiency was also investigated. The extraction methodology was optimized and statistically validated.This MAE method combined with GC-MS was used to study the diffusion patterns and degradation of propiconazole in tree bark over extended time periods. Because of the complex nature of woody plant systems, it was realized that a more theoretical means must be used to determine the degradation rate of propiconazole in water systems. As a result, propiconazole was reacted with water under controlled temperature and pH conditions; to measure the degradation rate of propiconazole.The internal pH of elm sap is about 6.0; the slightly acidic environment and natural enzymes within the xylem vessels are known to catalyze the degradation of propiconazole (1). Novartis Inc. has marketed propiconazole as having fungicidal effects in injected elms for nearly two years. Our degradation studies have indicated much shorter lifetimes. To confirm our fate studies, the activation energy for the degradation reaction of propiconazole was calculated. This information provided valuable insight into revising dosage and treatment frequency for maximum protection of the elm against Dutch elm disease. Anti-fungal activity among metabolites was also explored. This is the first reported use of MAE to monitor the degradation of systemic pesticides in woody plant material.<br>Ph. D.
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Nadimi, Fattane. "Truck routing and scheduling for wood chip transportation to a pulp mill using Simulated Annealing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52025.

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Optimization and improvement techniques have been employed to improve truck transportation in the forest industry. Most studies in this area focus on log transportation and there is not much literature available on wood chip transportation which is distinct from log transportation in several ways : chip-truck transportation usually considers a longer planning period, requires a more complex driver scheduling, involves strict limitations on truck unloading capacity, and considers service priorities for major suppliers. The objective of this thesis is to model and improve truck transportation of wood chips to a pulp mill. To achieve this, a network that transports wood chips from a number of sawmills to a pulp mill with limited truck unloading capacity was studied and an optimization model was developed to consider wood chip production plan at supplier sawmills, transportation of wood chips and unloading at the pulp mill. A simulated annealing metaheuristic was adapted to solve the model and the results for a case study in British Columbia are presented. The results of the metaheuristic showed that the total penalties for truck waiting times could be reduced by 7 percent ($31,000) compared to solutions obtained through simulation. The results also suggested that the fleet size could be reduced by one-third of the actual fleet size used by the pulp mill. In order to explore the impact of various structural parameters on the transportation network, sensitivity and scenario analyses were used to study the impacts of fleet size, an additional truck dumper, truck types, and switch point locations for truck drivers. The results indicated that the pulp mill could reduce its fleet size and an additional truck dumper could reduce transportation costs. The study also suggested that half of the fleet should be replaced by self-unloading trucks and the investigation of the switch point locations for drivers indicated that the existing switch points were the best available options. The simulated annealing model could assist the pulp mill truck dispatchers to achieve better transportation plans. The scenario and sensitivity analysis could help the pulp mill manager to adapt the most profitable changes in the structure of the transportation network.<br>Forestry, Faculty of<br>Graduate
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Lindeberg, Johan. "X-ray based tree ring analyses /." Umeå : Dept. of Silviculture, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/s299.pdf.

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Kash, Aaron Elliott. "The use of roll-off bins and a hook-lift equipped harwarder and truck for forest biomass utilization." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-10132009-080722.

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Evans, Guy Nathaniel. "Trace element proxies and mineral indicators of hydrothermal fluid composition and seafloor massive sulfide deposit formation processes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111731.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Marine Geology, Joint Program in Marine Geology and Geophysics (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>This thesis analyzes compositions of seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits and related hydrothermal vent fluids to identify proxies of reaction zone conditions (host-rock lithology, hydrothermal fluid temperature and chemistry). Chapter 2 investigates the morphology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of SMS deposits from six vent fields along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC), demonstrating that ELSC SMS deposits record differences in hydrothermal fluid temperature, pH, sulfur fugacity and host-rock lithology related to proximity to the nearby Tonga Subduction Zone. Chapters 3 and 4 focus on partitioning of Co, Ni, Ga, Ag, and In between hydrothermal vent fluids and chalcopyrite lining fluid conduits in black smoker chimneys. Chapter 3 develops secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) as a technique to measure Co, Ni, Ga, Ag, and In in chalcopyrite and identifies a correlation between Ga and In in chalcopyrite and hydrothermal fluid pH. Chapter 4 presents new data on these elements in ELSC hydrothermal fluids that, combined with SIMS analyses of chalcopyrite chimney linings and previously published data on vent fluids from the Manus Basin, provide evidence that supports partitioning of Ag a lattice substitution for Cu. Together, concentrations of Ga, In, and Ag in chalcopyrite provide proxies of hydrothermal fluid pH and metal (i.e., Ag and Cu) contents.<br>by Guy Nathaniel Evans.<br>Ph. D. in Marine Geology
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Books on the topic "Wooden track"

1

Martin, Reg. Making wood truck & construction vehicles. Sterling Pub. Co., 2006.

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Woodle, John. The companion book for the sound recording John Woodle, the copyright tracks, volume 1. Small Potatoes Multimedia, 1998.

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Kroesa, Renate. On the fast track to closed loop: Reports to environmentalists from pulp and paper conferences. Reach for Unbleached Foundation, 1996.

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Office, General Accounting. International trade: Improvements needed to track and archive trade agreements : report to the chairman, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. The Office, 1999.

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Office, General Accounting. International trade: Improvements needed to track and archive trade agreements : report to the Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. The Office, 1999.

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Ticket to Ride: The Essential Guide to the World's Greatest Roller Coasters and Thrill Rides. Chartwell Books, 2019.

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Tom, Badgett, ed. Official Sega Genesis and Game Gear strategies, 2ND Edition. Bantam Books, 1991.

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Sandler, Corey. Official Sega Genesis and Game Gear strategies, 3RD Edition. Bantam Books, 1992.

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Univers Design UNIVERS DESIGN CO. Address Book with Tabs: Address Book Small 4 X 6 , a-Z Alphabetical Tabs, Perfect for Keeping Track of Addresses, Email, Mobile, Work and Home Phone Numbers and Other, Wooden Cover Design. Independently Published, 2020.

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Marciniak-Kajzer, Anna. Archaeology on Medieval Knights’ Manor Houses in Poland. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/8088-002-3.

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The relicts of medieval knights’ manor houses in Poland today are so called “grodziska stożkowate” (motte) - the anonymous hills having in themselves remnants of wooden buildings, exceptionally made of stone or brick and numerous tiny artifacts being the trace of the past household equipment. Unlike to the castles they are not so often visited but more often destroyed. The book presents the image of medieval knights’ manor houses, which we know due to archaeological excavations carried on for half a century. Description of buildings household equipment and movables used by the people of the past was completed by transfers from written sources which allows for better understanding the live of medieval knights’ family.
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Book chapters on the topic "Wooden track"

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Avanzini, Marco, Isabella Salvador, Elisabetta Starnini, et al. "Following the Father Steps in the Bowels of the Earth: The Ichnological Record from the Bàsura Cave (Upper Palaeolithic, Italy)." In Reading Prehistoric Human Tracks. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60406-6_14.

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AbstractThe chapter summarizes the new results of the Bàsura Revisited Interdisciplinary Research Project. The integrated interpretation of recent archaeological data and palaeosurface laser scans, along with geoarchaeological, sedimentological, geochemical and archaeobotanical analyses, geometric morphometrics and digital photogrammetry, enabled us to reconstruct some activities that an Upper Palaeolithic human group led inside a deep cave in northern Italy within a single exploration event about 14 ka calBP. A complex and diverse track records of humans and other animals shed light on individual- and group-level behaviour, social relationship and mode of exploration of the uneven terrain. Five individuals, composed of two adults, an adolescent and two children, entered the cave barefoot lightening the way with a bunch of wooden sticks (Pinus t. sylvestris/mugo bundles). While proceeding, humans were forced to move on all fours, and the traces they left represent the first report of crawling locomotion in the global human ichnological record. Anatomical details recognizable in the crawling traces show that no clothing was present between limbs and the trampled sediments. Our study demonstrates that very young children (the youngest about 3 years old) were active members of the human groups, even in apparently dangerous and social activities, shedding light on behavioural habits of Upper Palaeolithic populations.
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York, T. W., M. R. Bedford, and C. L. Walk. "Chapter 17 Trace minerals – what role should they play in today’s poultry industry with respect to fast growth rate and woody breast?" In Phytate destruction - consequences for precision animal nutrition. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-836-0_17.

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Raitz, Karl. "Distillery Configurations." In Bourbon's Backroads. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178424.003.0004.

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Early-nineteenth-century farmers and millers were often craft distillers, mashing and fermenting grain meal in wooden barrels before distilling the liquid in small copper pot stills. Waterwheels powered the first-generation creek-side mills and distilleries. Wood fueled early steam engines; the use of coal required access to better transportation. Second-generation distilleries, operating from the 1830s to the 1880s, used traditional pot stills,although some adopted new column stills, perfected in Scotland, when they began to mechanize. Old still buildings were often modified to accommodate new machinery. Distillers stored whiskey-filled wooden barrels in stack warehouses to age. Industrialization required a larger labor force. By 1880, businesses in Louisville and other river cities were producing steam engines, boilers, and related equipment. Third-generation distilleries operated from the 1880s to 1920; their high-capacity output required more grain and fuel, mandating locations near railroad tracks or navigable rivers. Complementary industries such as cooperages, metal fabricators, slaughterhouses, and tanneries were attracted to urban, rail-side distilleries.
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Leopold, Estella B. "Winter." In Stories From the Leopold Shack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190463229.003.0007.

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Winter at the Shack was always a great time, and some weekends it was a big challenge just to get in. After a good snowfall we would park near Mr. Lewis’s farmhouse and ski in the mile and a half, carrying our grub. We have a picture I especially love of Mother skiing through the woods, wearing her denim skirt and winter coat. What a great sport she was! And she would holler “Whoopeee!” while sliding down a short terrace in the woods. We were proud of her. Skis were not much in those days—just two waxed boards with a leather strap. But they were better than walking, and fun too. Passing through the snowy winter landscape was always, in Dad’s words, a “search for scats, tracks, feathers, dens, roostings, rubbings, dustings, diggings, feedings, fightings, or preyings collectively known to woodsmen as ‘reading sign.’ ” We could often see many of these signs on the snow. I can remember skiing through the woods with Nina one morning after a heavy snowfall and seeing little “bursts,” places where a partridge or two had spent the night in a snowbank and then burst out in the morning to feed. If one wonders how our songbirds survive a cold snowy winter, the answers are revealed on a fresh snow surface: the prairie plants hold their seed pods up away from the snow, and the songbirds land on these dark stalks and remove the seeds. Their dear little tracks show where they were picking up seeds. A way to make a living in winter. For our wood-gathering efforts, our tools were the two-man saw, a double-bit ax with an extra-long handle, two regular axes, a heavy sledgehammer, and two iron wedges. Some of the logs we cut in the woods, though of fireplace length, were too big to carry, so we would split them right there before loading them on the sled. Our favorite place for the cutting operation was west of the Shack, down the slough and bearing south at what we called the “branch slough” and “the fallen bee tree.” Our dog (then Flicky) was always running along with us.
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Raitz, Karl. "Distillery Configurations." In Making Bourbon. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178752.003.0006.

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Early-nineteenth-century farmers and millers were often craft distillers, mashing and fermenting grain meal in wooden barrels before distilling the liquid beer in small, portable copper pot stills. Waterwheels powered the first generation of creek-side mills and distilleries. Wood fueled early steam engines; coal could not be used until road, river, and rail transport improved. Second-generation distilleries, operating from the 1830s to the 1880s, used traditional pot stills, although some adopted new column stills, perfected in Scotland, when they began to mechanize. Old still buildings were often modified with built-on additions to accommodate new machinery. Distillers stored whiskey-filled wooden barrels in stack warehouses to age, placing the barrels on their sides and stacking them in tiers. Industrialization required a larger labor force, often drawn from family members, local residents, or farm youths if the distillery operated in the countryside. By 1880, businesses in Louisville and other river cities were producing steam engines, boilers, and related equipment. Third-generation distilleries operated from the 1880s to 1920; many were high-capacity operations, and their grain and fuel requirements mandated locations near railroad tracks or navigable rivers. Complementary industries such as cooperages, metal fabricators, slaughterhouses, and tanneries were attracted to urban rail-side distilleries. Overproduction by third-generation distillers glutted the market, and the Whiskey Trust was formed to purchase and close distilleries to reduce overall production and increase prices.
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Newman, John Henry. "To Mrs Wootten." In The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, Vol. 8: Tract 90 and the Jerusalem Bishopric: January 1841 to April 1842, edited by Gerard Tracey. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00140053.

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Elizondo Griest, Stephanie. "The Woman in the Woods." In All the Agents and Saints. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631592.003.0010.

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In this chapter, the author reconstructs the dead immigrant woman’s probable journey upon crossing the U.S. borderline, starting with a stash house that recently got busted for holding 115 immigrants hostage in Edinburg, Texas. Next, she visits a ranch where immigrants congregate after evading the Falfurrias checkpoint, the Guatemalan Consulate, an offshoot of the Minuteman Project called the Texas Border Volunteers, and the funeral home that received so many of Brooks County’s corpses in 2012, they had to buy another freezer to store them all. Her investigation concludes at Sacred Heart Burial Park in Falfurrias, where she tries in vain to find a trace of the woman in the woods.
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Offat, Manyanhaire Itai. "Land Reform, Tobacco Production, and Wood Resources in Zimbabwe." In Handbook of Research on In-Country Determinants and Implications of Foreign Land Acquisitions. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7405-9.ch020.

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This chapter explores the land reform-tobacco production-wood resources nexus using a political ecology theoretical framework. It uses secondary data sources, literature review, and onsite expert verification to estimate the quantity of wood resources used by farmers to cure tobacco. The area of forest woodland cleared to cure one hectare of tobacco increased across tobacco farming regions in Zimbabwe. Despite the fact that the country has environmental agencies and departments, farmers continue to use wood to cure tobacco in a typical clientilistic and informalisation of state institutions. The use of firewood to cure tobacco is a long-term threat to ecological sustainability. The Fast Track Land Reform Programme should incorporate sound environmental plans and avoid informalisation of state institutions.
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"The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers." In The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers, edited by PETER A. BISSON, STEVEN M. WONDZELL, GORDON H. REEVES, and STAN V. GREGORY. American Fisheries Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569568.ch21.

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&lt;em&gt;Abstract.&lt;/em&gt;—Advances in understanding wood dynamics in rivers of western North America have led to several important management trends. First, there is a trend away from using “hard” engineering approaches to anchoring wood in streams toward using “soft” placement techniques that allow some wood movement. Second, wood is being placed in locations where channel form and hydraulics favor stability and where wood is likely to accumulate. Third, there is an increased emphasis on passive recruitment of wood from natural source areas (instead of active placement) where the likelihood that it will enter streams through channel migration, windthrow, and landslides is high. Fourth, restoration targets for wood loads are incorporating landscape-scale objectives; thus, managing wood to emulate the spatial and temporal variability produced by natural disturbances is replacing fixed prescriptions for wood in individual reaches. Predicting the effects of wood restoration on individual fish populations in western North America is problematic because local biophysical conditions generate so much experimental noise that it is rarely possible to partition the effects of wood restoration from other sources of variation. Development of appropriate monitoring techniques, combined with a regional network of experimental catchments that include restored and unrestored streams, would help track changes in population status and gauge the effectiveness of wood restoration efforts.
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Hope, Anthony. "Chapter XII: I Receive a Visitor and Bait a Hook." In The Prisoner of Zenda. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198841098.003.0013.

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About five miles from Zenda—on the opposite side from that on which the Castle is situated, there lies a large tract of wood. It is rising ground, and in the centre of the demesne,* on the top of the hill, stands a...
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Conference papers on the topic "Wooden track"

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Weller, A., A. Fettig, A. Bauerochse, and M. Eidner. "Using Ground Penetrating Radar and Induced Polarisation to Detect a Wooden Track Way." In Near Surface 2010 - 16th EAGE European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20144879.

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Weaks, H. "Forecasting “Wooden Round” Reliability During Preliminary Design." In ASME 1987 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/87-gt-41.

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The USAF’s R&amp;M 2000 policy emphasizes the integration of reliability and maintainability considerations into a system’s preliminary design phase. This emphasis leads to unique requirements for turbine engines, including those of “wooden rounds” such as a HARPOON type missiles. In particular, it requires the development of tools for assessing the impact of design iterations on the reliability of “wooden round” weapon systems. Such tools must account for design iterations impact on storage, captive carry and launch reliability. A Markov approach is described in this paper, which provides an ability to track the reliability of a fleet of missiles/engines on a period by period basis, allowing one to assess when scheduled maintenance is appropriate and what components require such maintenance. Thus, inputs for Life Cycle Costing are generated, as well as the ability to determine tradeoffs between R&amp;M and performance.
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Pan, Yu, Lei Zuo, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Design and Bench Tests of a Smart Railroad Tie for Energy Harvesting." In 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8133.

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Abstract This paper presents the design, modeling and bench testing of a smart railroad tie for energy harvesting from the motion of railway track. The system is intended for applications that require trackside power in remote locations, such as wayside electrical devices and safety equipment, signal lights, crossing gates, wireless communication, as well as rail health monitoring systems. The smart tie, which is designed to have similar dimensions to a conventional railroad tie, is installed in the same manner as a standard tie on the track. In particular, the mechanical energy harvesting module and its corresponding power management unit can be both embedded inside a composite, concrete or wooden tie, in order to shield the components from the harsh environment and protect the system against any potential theft or vandalism. Different from other railway track harvesters that typically harvest energy from bidirectional track deflections, the proposed smart tie only harvests the kinetic energy of the track when the wheels push it downwards, which resolves the preload and installation challenges of bidirectional harvesting and increases the overall system reliability. A nonlinear analytical model is developed to analyze the dynamic characteristic of the system and the simulation is conducted to predict the performance. Bench tests are subsequently carried out under both harmonic and recorded tie displacement inputs to validate the model and assess the harvesting performance. During the bench tests, the generator shaft was observed to start rotation at 0.1 mm vibration amplitude, indicating that the overall prototype has a relatively small backlash. In-lab test results indicate that an average power of 26.1–42.2W on 4 Ohms and 2 Ohms external loads were achieved under simulated tie movement recorded from a service track.
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Nomoto, Kensaku, Yutaka Masuyama, and Akira Sakurai. "Sailing Performance of "Naniwa-maru" - A Full Scale Reconstruction of a Sailing Trader of Japanese Heritage." In SNAME 15th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium. SNAME, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/csys-2001-012.

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"Naniwa-maru" is a reconstruction of a sailing trader that used to ply between Osaka and Edo, today's Tokyo, in the 18th to the mid-19th century. The rig was simple; single mast with a huge square sail. It was of totally wooden construction in a genuine Japanese manner. The present paper relates to her sailing sea-trial results compared with performance prediction based upon tank tests and wind tunnel studies. According to the trial the ship could reach as high as 70° to weather on her track and the speed then was some 30% of the true wind velocity in a fair sailing breeze. She was swiftest on a broad reach, achieving more than 40% of the wind speed. The said prediction proved to explain the test results fairly well.
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Strauss, M. G., J. V. Carnahan, and L. V. Inendino. "Factors Affecting the Friction Coefficients Between Wooden Pallets and the Wooden Floor of a Van -Type Semi-Trailer." In International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exhibition. SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-2755.

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Strauss, Mark G., James V. Carnahan, Louis V. Inendino, Rashmi Jayswal, C. Adam Senalik, and Ericka J. Southcombe. "Factors Affecting the Friction Coefficients Between Wooden and Plastic Pallets and the Wooden Floor of a Van-Type Semi-Trailer." In International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exhibition. SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-3104.

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Gao, Yin, and Mike McHenry. "Simulation of the Thermal Effects on Engineered Polymer Composite Ties." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1299.

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Engineered polymer composite (EPC) ties offer a potential alternative to solid sawn timber ties. These materials are especially attractive for use in regions where wood is susceptible to degradation by moisture and decay organisms. However, recent research at the Transportation Technology Center’s (TTC) Facility for Accelerated Service Testing (FAST) in Pueblo, CO, found that track supported by EPC ties experienced more gage widening variation due to temperature changes than track supported by wood ties. Specifically, the track gage was about 0.2-in. wider in the afternoon than that in the morning on the EPC tie tracks. It is believed that the direct sunlight in the afternoon makes the top surface of the tie expand more than the other parts of the tie, thereby causing the EPC ties to bend and widen track gage. Another observation related to the EPC thermal bending effect is changes to the ballast support condition. When temperatures are cooler, EPC ties tend to experience a center-bound ballast support condition, therefore generating more bending stress on the ties. This paper presents results from computer simulations of the thermal behavior of EPC ties. Future study will focus on field testing to further understand the thermal effects in support of recommendations on the use of EPC ties.
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Nurmikolu, Antti, Olli Kerokoski, Tommi Rantala, and Tuomo Viitala. "Cyclic Loading Tests of Concrete Sleepers With Varying Ballast Condition." In 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36147.

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The experiences on the use of concrete sleepers in Finnish railways are mainly very good when the supporting layer, ballast, consists of coarse-grained crushed rock aggregate. Nowadays in Finland there are still wooden sleepers on many lines carrying little traffic. On these lines the ballast often consists of gravel providing essentially weaker support for the sleepers. One question in future renovations is whether concrete sleepers remain undamaged with gravel ballast. To test the bending behaviour of four different sleeper models resting on three different ballast beds, a cyclic loading test arrangement was built up in the laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering at TUT in co-operation with Finnish Transport Agency. The ballast material was varied between typical coarse-grained crushed rock aggregate, natural gravel and the gravel partially reinforced with coarse-grained crushed rock. Correspondingly, three of four different sleeper types were prototypes that were chamfered in varying scale from the central section of their bottom surface the fourth being a standard Finnish concrete sleeper BP89. Depending on the test series, cyclic load corresponding to 20 tonnes axle load was repeated until the accumulated loading corresponded to 10–20 MGT. The objective of tests was to estimate the effect of the ballast material on the bending stresses met by the sleeper and, additionally, the effect of simple sleeper model modifications on bending stresses. The strains and vertical displacement of the railway sleeper and strains of the subballast were measured dynamically throughout the test. Based on all the measurements together it was possible to estimate the interaction of the railway sleeper and support layer quite comprehensively. The strain of the top surface of a sleeper was found to be largely determined by the difference between the recoverable displacements measured next to and in the middle of the track. Typically the deflection (bending flexure) of 0.5 mm caused about 150 μm/m strain to the upper surface of the sleeper. Sleeper which had the highest and longest chamfer in the middle section of its bottom surface behaved promisingly considering the weaker support from gravel ballast. Maximum strains in the sleeper increased as the support from ballast decreased.
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Fukano, Kenta, Hiroshi Masuda, Ataru Kobayashi, and Kazuki Ikeda. "Point-Based Shape Monitoring of Plate Bending for Large-Scale Storage Tanks." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68105.

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Storage tanks are constructed using thousands of large curved steel plates, which are manufactured from flat plates. In conventional manufacturing of curved plates, operators fit wooden templates to specific positions on steel plates and measure differences between the current shape and the template. However, it is costly to create many wooden templates for a variety of plates. In addition, it is time-consuming and requires skills to precisely place wooden templates on specific positions to measure differences. In this paper, we discuss methods to automatically calculate differences of shapes during bending processes without wooden templates. We capture dense points on steel plates using a terrestrial laser scanner, and analyze shapes of curved plates using point-clouds. In our method, the system extracts only the points on curved plates, and tracks the amount of deformation on reference lines defined on the plates. Corresponding positions between intermediate curved plates and the original flat shape are calculated using mesh flattening techniques. In our experiments, our method could calculate the amount of differences of steel plates in reasonable performance and precision.
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Rose, Jerry G., Timothy D. Stark, Stephen T. Wilk, and Macy Purcell. "Design and Monitoring of Well-Performing Bridge Transitions." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5645.

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This paper presents a review of railroad track transition designs that have performed well, e.g., ballasted bridge decks, hot-mixed asphalt (HMA) sublayer, and concrete wing walls parallel to the track, to guide future design and maintenance of bridge transitions instead of installing a concept and monitoring its performance. Using non-invasive monitoring techniques, e.g., miniature accelerometers, the performance of the two railroad track transitions has been measured and evaluated. The results show well-performing track exhibits tie accelerations of 5g or less with little difference between: (1) the bridge deck, approach embankment, and open track, (2) concrete and wood ties, and (3) clayey or silty subgrades. The measured transient vertical tie displacements are negligible, which verifies the observed good track support. The results from these two sites are being used as a control for comparison with poorly-performing bridge transitions, track defects, e.g. broken ties, rail-fastener gaps, fouled ballast, broken rail, and to verify the success of remedial measures.
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