Academic literature on the topic 'Wooden and earthen constructions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Wooden and earthen constructions":
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Kara, Michał, and Maciej Przybył. "Wczesnośredniowieczne grodzisko wklęsłe w Bninie koło Poznania w świetle dotychczasowych ustaleń dendrochronologicznych." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 10 (November 1, 2018): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2003.10.10.
Abstract:
The article presents results of dendrochronological investigations of wooden constructions of the rampart of early medieval stronghold in Bnin (current location Kómik-Bnin), of which a well preserved stone-wooden-earthen fortifications are among the best recognized in Wielkopolska. The site was excavated in the years 1961-1969. The relicts of two phases of the rampart construction discovered in so-called northern trench were dated to the end of the 12,h - beginning of the 13lh century. Based on results of dendrochronological dates of 25 samples taken in 1994, a discovered part of the rampart was constructed in two phases with a break in the year 939. The older construction was finished in 938, while the younger one in 940.
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Barrera, Natalia, Daniel M. Ruiz, Juan C. Reyes, Yezid A. Alvarado, and Daniela Carrasco-Beltrán. "Seismic Performance of a 1:4 Scale Two-Story Rammed Earth Model Reinforced with Steel Plates Tested on a Bi-Axial Shaking Table." Buildings 13, no. 12 (November 27, 2023): 2950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122950.
Abstract:
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Latin American cities adopted earthen construction techniques from European colonizers. As a result, rammed earth (RE) buildings now occupy an important place in Latin America’s cultural heritage. However, earthquakes around the world have shown that unreinforced earthen constructions are highly vulnerable. For several years, researchers in northern South America have been proposing a technique that consists of installing confining steel plates (or wooden elements) on both sides of the RE walls to form a grid. This system has shown excellent performance in controlling seismic damage and increasing strength and ductility capacity. Although researchers have tested full-scale one- and two-story earthen walls under pseudo-static loading in the laboratory, and one- and two-story earthen walls at 1:1 and 1:2 scales on uniaxial and biaxial shaking tables, the behavior of a complete reinforced module (one- or two-story) on a shaking table has never been assessed. The present study presents the results of shaking table tests performed on two-story RE modules at 1:4 scale. The experimental data indicate that the retrofit system with confining steel plates was effective in reducing the seismic damage of earthen constructions. In addition, the comparison of the results of the 1:4 scale tests with the 1:2 and 1:1 scale tests previously conducted by the researchers shows that the acceleration levels of the equivalent prototypes are in the same order of magnitude for the three scales.
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Kim, Hyun-Bong. "A Study on the Earthen Fortress of Gayari, Haman: Focused on the Construction Techniques and Structures." Central Institute of Cultural Heritage 43 (February 28, 2024): 165–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.20292/jcich.2024.43.165.
Abstract:
The Earthen Fortress of Haman Gayari are the remains of Earthen Fortress representative of Aragaya along with the Malisan Ancient Tombs, which were recently designated as a UNESCO World Heritage sites. The sites are located in the hills of Gayari, which offers an excellent view of most of the Hamancheon Stream basin. Although references to the sites have been confirmed since the Joseon Dynasty, the archaeological investigation began in 2018 and continues until 2022. As a result of the investigation, Earthen Fortress, which was built using formworked earth techniques, was confirmed for the first time in the Gaya area, and the interior space of a Earthen Fortress, one building with an elevated floor, seven buildings with pit-dwelling, four pits, and the pillar hole groups, archaeologically proving it was a living space for the Aragaya ruling class. In particular, Earthen Fortress, which has a total circumference of about 2.4 kilometers, is the largest among the Earthen Fortress of Gaya culture, and is on par with the royal fortresss of the Three Kingdoms, such as Buso Fortress in Buyeo and Wolseong Fortress in Gyeongju. The construction technique of the Fortress shows a difference between the first wall and the repaired, and the expanded wall. The first wall was built using the formworked earth techniques and the construction method, which is different from the formworked earth techniques of Hanseong Baekje. The repaired and expanded wall, embankment techique was used and the defense power was reinforced by installing a wooden fence. The structure of the Earthen Fortress consists of inner fortress and outer fortress, and shows a unique pattern connecting the Gayari Embankment from the northeast of the outer fortress. Also in the south of inner fortressthere is a presumptive embankment sites, which is also observed in Japanese colonial era photographs and intellectual maps. And the structure of the wall changes with time, and it changes from earthen fortress to a wooden fortress. Wooden Fortress is again divided into the slope barrier stage and the top barrier stage, and in the latter case, there is a possibility that the wall was raised once more. The construction techniques and structures of this sites do not simply show Aragaya's civil engineering technology, but it is a clue to understanding exchanges with neighboring countries and an important evidence to gauge Aragaya's national power. And around the Gayari sites, there are many major sites of Aragaya, including Bongsan Fortress, West ridge of the Malisan Ancient Tombs, Seonwang Ancient Tombs, Deokjeon Ancient Tombs, Pildong Ancient Tombs, and Gayari Embankment sites, so it is highly likely that Gayari Earthen Fortress was the royal fortress of Aragaya.
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Jeon, Seh Won, and Young Jae Lim. "Comparative Study on the Foundation Engineering Technology of Pungnap Fortress —Focusing on Chinese cases." Korean Archaeological Society 130 (March 31, 2024): 57–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47439/jkras.2024.1.057.
Abstract:
This paper analyzes the foundational construction techniques of Pungnap Earthen Fortress in Seoul and compares them with examples of Chinese earthen fortresses, exploring their respective characteristics. Elements such as the position and structure of the fortresses, which had previously been overlooked, were examined, and commonalities were derived from components such as foundational planning, stone or gravel bedding, wooden pilings, use of the earthen mound method, and the use of stone facings on walls. Through this, we inferred the process of the introduction of Pungnap Earthen Fortress's foundational techniques and inspected the progression of foundational engineering. A significant number of foundational construction techniques used in the construction of Pungnap Earthen Fortress were identified as techniques commonly used in China at the time for the construction of earthen fortresses, bridges, and harbor facilities. Especially, the discovery of these techniques in the regions of Liaodong and Xuantu provides clues about the origin and transmission routes of the foundational techniques of Pungnap Earthen Fortress. Furthermore, the construction method using the earth mound method is not found frequently in China as a comparable case, leading to the assessment that it evolved as a unique foundational technique within Baekje. In essence, Baekje adopted foreign techniques and combined them with indigenous methods to complete the large-scale structure known as Pungnap Earthen Fortress. The foundational techniques utilized in the construction of Pungnap Earthen Fortress continued to be applied and developed in the outer city wall, Buyeo and the mountain fortresses of the later periods of Baekje, and were eventually transmitted to Japan.
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Wasik, Bogusz. "The Castle in Sztum in the Light of archaeological research in 2019." Castellologica bohemica 20, no. 1 (2023): 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/cb.2023.20.48-72.
Abstract:
The article presents the results of research of the Teutonic castle in Sztum that was carried out in 2019. This was the first large-scale study of this stronghold. It yielded much information, verified past views and supplemented existing knowledge significantly. The presence of a wooden-earthen stronghold in the place of a brick stone castle was not confirmed, and a new chronology of the beginning of its construction was indicated at the end of the 14th century. Elements of the castle’s buildings were discovered and identified, such as the residential building of the Grand Master and the second castle gate. The state of knowledge about the castle construction technique has also been significantly expanded.
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MYKHAYLOVSKY, Denis, and Mykola KOMAR. "REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITE WOODEN STRUCTURES MATERIALS, CONDITION AND PROSPECTS." Building constructions. Theory and Practice, no. 9 (December 28, 2021): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.9.2021.72-80.
Abstract:
Today, there is a growing need in the construction industry for the introduction of ecological urban space and the use of materials from renewable natural resources, one of such building materials from ancient times was wood.Temples, castles, houses, bridges and other structures have been erected all over the world sinceancient times with the help of wooden structures.A large number of buildings and structures made of wood have been operating successfully for 300-400 years and are vivid examples of the durability of these structures. Nowadays, wooden construction is developing rapidly with the development of new technologies. After all, new woodworking technologies allow obtaining a spliced array ofwood, which solves many different issues of wood as a structural material. Recently, the constructionof glued timber (GT), which is often used to cover large spans (more than 100 m) and the constructionof cross-laminated timber (CLT) or CLT (cross laminated timber), which are often from an oddnumber of layers of boards with their mutually perpendicular arrangement in adjacent layers. Panels used in panel and panel-frame construction of buildings of various complexity of architectural form and number of storeys are made of CLT. Inworks [1-3] studies of efficiency and CLT and methods of their calculation are described in moredetail. However, some building requirements, such as the conditions for limiting the building height,when the use of relatively large cross-sections of plywood constructions, calculated in compliance with the requirements of the boundary conditions, is not possible. Therefore, the search and study of modified efficiencies, including reinforced ones, to increase the bearing capacity while reducing their cross section is becoming increasingly important.This publication is devoted to the review of the conducted researches reinforced and reinforcedwith composite materials of various efficiencies.
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Preti, Marco, Malek Neffati, and Valentino Bolis. "Earthen masonry infill walls: Use of wooden boards as sliding joints for seismic resistance." Construction and Building Materials 184 (September 2018): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.184.
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Rybchynskyi, Nestor-Mykolai. "GRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION OF DEFENSE BULWARK OF THE THIRD FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT OF IX - X CENTURIES. IN THE KOROSTEN CITY (ON BASIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA)." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 14, no. 2021 (2021): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.132.
Abstract:
From ancient times, mankind has tried to protect their settlement from predators and enemies. This promoted to creation of comfortable living conditions. This contributed to the emergence of fortified settlements. On the territory that archaeologists associate with the Slavs tribe Drevlyany, settlements began to appear in the IX century. when the Great Migration of the Slavs was finally completed. Bohdan Zvizdetsky, researcher of drevlyan՚s antiquity, provided information about 20 fortified settlements between the Horyn and Teteriv rivers. Such settlements are called in Ukrainian «horodyshche». Unfortunately, researchers rarely turned to archaeological research of the fortifications of drevlyan՚s fortified settlements. They primarily paid attention to the filling of cultural layer and archaeological excavation of ancient cemeteries. Therefore, few fortifications have been studied: Rayky, Secont fortified settlement in Korosten, Malyn and Third fortified settlement in Korosten. In general, it is worth mentioning the researchers who studied and analyzed the fortifications of the settlements of Kyiveian Rus՚ in the IX - XIII centuries. P. Rappaport was one of the first to pay attention to the construction of defensive bulwarks in his opinion, main types of wooden structures were palisade and the pillar structure, when horizontal logs are clamped between two verticals, or in the grooves of one vertical. Another archaeologist who paid attention to the study of fortifications was M. Kuchera. In his opinion, the most used was a framework structure. As a basis of a design, he put three-, or four-walled framework. They could be separate segments of the defense wall, or be structurally combined into a single line. Another option for fortifications, the researcher considered the walls of the pillar structure. Archaeologist Yuri Morgunov is also tried to study of fortifications of Kyievian Rus՚. He singled out separate elements: Escarpments; ditches; wooden-earthen defense constructions. In the middle of XX century. military engineer B. Sperk considered various types of defensive walls of fortified settlements of Ancient Rus՚. He wrote that, the main types of walls were three- or four-walled framework. They could be separate segments of the defense wall, or be structurally combined into a single line. Also, architect Vadym Lukyanchenko was engaged in architectural analysis. He turned his attention to the construction of wooden and earth defense construction. According to him, the earliest type of fortifications was a palisade, and later there were several types of fortifications: three, or four-walled frameworks. Based on the work of other researchers, as well as on analogies from the monuments of Poland (Motych; Naszacowice; Zawada Lanckorońska), Czech Republic (Uherské Hradiště- Rybárny; Breclav-Pohansko; Vlastislav) , Slovakia (Spišske Tomášovce; Pobedim), Germany (Behren-Lübchin; Lenzen; Oldenburg; Berlin-Spandau) and Austria (Gars-Thunau), was created a graphic reconstruction of the south-eastern section of the defensive wall of fortified settlement №3 in Korosten. The main structure was a 4-walled framework. We assume that the diameter of the deck could be 250 mm. In addition, frameworks, as the main structure of the defensive wall, were also found on the early medieval fortified settlement near Olevsk, which is also considered as drevlyan՚s fortress. Hypothetical size of each framework could reach 2x2 m in plan and up to 3 m in height. On the top of framework could be a palisade. It was protection for the defenders of the fortress. It was system of fences. The diameter of the deck of a single pile could be 200 mm and a height of 1.8 m. The difference in the height of individual piles formed loopholes. The piles were located on the inside, near the outer wall of the framework. A similar construction can be traced on the already mentioned settlement of Motych and Gars-Thunau. For construction of wooden and earthen construction was required a wide range of tools. It was partially represented by archaeological finds: wooden shovels with metal shells, axes of various types, saws, etc. Despite the fact that other segments of the defensive line of third fortified settlement in Korosten have not been studied. Based on the plan published by I. Samoilovsky, it is possible to draw a conclusion that such a construction of the defensive wall was not found along the entire defensive perimeter. So, the section on the eastern side adjacent to the steep cliffs on the Uzh river does not have clear protective fortifications. Therefore, Therefore, it was possible that this area was fortified only with a palisade. Also, according to I. Samoilovsky's plan, the western and northern parts of the defensive perimeter are surrounded by a powerful bulwark, which most likely had a more complex structure with larger parameters of fortifications. Unfortunately, the worst studied element of the lines of defense of the settlements of the IX - X centuries is the entrance remains. Therefore, were used analogies from well-researched monuments in Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In all cases, it had pillar structure withn the gate tower. It has an exclusively observation function, because they do not have loopholes. That is why in visualization gate structures is also only as observation and guard points. The outer wall of such a gatehouse could be made of boards. The volume of the watchtower could be covered with a gabled roof. This design required the installation of a roof ridge and the placement of wooden brackets for the stability of the structure. A wooden bridge over the defensive moat could be located in front of the entrance, which would facilitate access to the settlement in peacetime.
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Lukyanchenko, Vadym. "GORODNYA – KYIV DEFENSIVE WALLS IN IX–XIII CENTURIES. PART ONE. RAMPARTS." City History, Culture, Society, no. 1 (June 14, 2017): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2016.01.087.
Abstract:
The article examines the issues of structural and functional features of ground shafts as a component of defensive structures of the city of Kyiv IX – XIII centuries. Based on a detailed analysis of the scientific literature on the problem and the available written sources, materials of archaeological research, scientific and hypothetical reconstruction of urban defensive fortifications of the Slavs of a certain time, as well as the experience of reproduction of the fortifications of medieval Europe in the territory of modern Ukraine, Poland and Denmark, it is suggested to own the evolution of the earthen fortifications of.The author denies the widespread idea about the widespread development in the Ancient Rus in the ninth and thirteenth centuries defence structures, which were a complex timber structure that consisted of a reinforced earth shaft and wooden fortifications of various kinds above it. It is argued that the division of earth shaft structures into "complex" (tree-reinforced) and "simple" (non-reinforced) types are erroneous. According to the author, the reinforcement of earth shafts at the beginning of their erection was never performed. It has been concluded that, first, virtually all earthen shafts and their wooden structures, which functioned for a long time, were not preserved in their original form; second, the fortification builders of that time did not have the proper education to design and construct such structures. In the course of construction, they were guided by their own experience and circumstances; therefore, "complex shaft type structures" are not the product of a single design; they are the result of multiple repairs and remodelling of initially low timber fortifications; thirdly, the complexity of the fortifications was influenced solely by the duration of the active functioning of the monument.The article is accompanied by numerous illustrative material, including the author's reconstructions of the evolution of tree-walled defensive walls and methods of their strengthening at various stages of construction.
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Mainicheva, A. Y., S. G. Skobelev, and D. Y. Berezhenko. "Reconstruction of Wooden and Earthen Buildings in 17th to 18th-Century Russian Forts in Siberia: The Case of the Sayansky Ostrog." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 4 (December 23, 2018): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2018.46.4.100-108.
Abstract:
On the basis of the materials of the Sayansky Ostrog (fort), built in the Northern Sayan in 1718, we reconstruct the type of building that was common during the initial stage of the Russian colonization (1600s and 1700s). This is one of the few well preserved Russian forts. While its buildings, their function, and location are known from written sources and from the findings of a complete archaeological excavation, their construction has been hitherto unknown. To reconstruct their size and appearance, we collated archaeological and ethnographic findings, museum materials, and written evidence about the layout of buildings and construction techniques. Judging from the totality of data, we suggest the reconstructions of buildings, such as powder magazine, supply depot, barn with cellar, forge, and commandant’s house. We describe traditions and innovations in construction techniques, choice of building materials, details and blocks, layout of floors, ceilings, and roofs. The commandant’s house reproduces the architectural standards of that time, set by Domenico Trezzini, who designed buildings in the capital and in provincial Russian towns.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wooden and earthen constructions":
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Péfau, Pierre. "Construire dans les agglomérations gauloises : l'architecture des bâtiments du Second âge du Fer en Gaule interne, approche technique et socio-économique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU20015.
Abstract:
L’étude des bâtiments en terre et bois des agglomérations du Second âge du Fer (IIIe-Ier s. av. n. è.) de Gaule interne (hors littoral méditerranéen) a permis de construire une réflexion autour de deux thématiques de recherche à la fois peu investies et complémentaires. Les nombreux débats concernant la caractérisation de ces habitats agglomérés et leur éventuel statut urbain m’ont amené à développer une approche croisée dans le cadre de ce doctorat. L’objectif a ainsi été de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension du phénomène d’urbanisation et des caractéristiques des agglomérations (oppida et agglomérations ouvertes) à travers une étude fine de l’architecture, permettant de préciser dans quelle mesure les formes architecturales sont révélatrices mais également vectrices de dynamiques socioéconomiques particulières. L’étude technique de 339 bâtiments, provenant de 39 agglomérations, s’est appuyée sur une méthodologie rigoureuse et originale. Celle-ci combine l’analyse des divers types de vestiges architecturaux et des dynamiques taphonomiques intégrant à la fois la documentation archéologique et ethnographique. Si une grande partie de ces constructions est constituée de poteaux plantés, une place privilégiée a été accordée aux architectures en pan de bois et à l’usage de pièces de contreventement obliques. Ces traditions architecturales ont ensuite été intégrées dans une recherche plus globale, considérant à la fois l’organisation spatiale des agglomérations, les usages des bâtiments et les statuts sociaux de leurs occupant·e·s, ainsi que les différences avec l’architecture rurale. Un modèle interprétatif, tenant compte du contexte environnemental et de toute la complexité de ces agglomérations, a ainsi été proposé. Une partie au moins de ces habitats groupés serait caractérisée par la mise en œuvre d’économies et de gestions rationnelles du bois d’œuvre et de la construction, par le développement de réseaux d’artisans ainsi que par des adaptations des modèles architecturaux à l’urbanisme et au degré d’urbanisationThe study of the earthen and wooden buildings of the Late Iron Age agglomerations (3rd-1st century BC) of inner Gaul (except the Mediterranean coast) allows to develop a reflection around two research topics both little invested and complementary. Many debates concerning the characterisation of these grouped settlements and their possible urban status have thus led me to develop an interdisciplinary approach in this PhD. The aim was therefore to contribute to a better understanding of the urbanisation process and of the agglomerations (oppida and open agglomerations) features through a detailed study of architecture, allowing to define how architectural forms reveal and convey particular socio-economic dynamics. The technical study of 339 buildings, from 39 agglomerations, was based on a strict and original methodology: this combines the analysis of various types of architectural remains and taphonomic dynamics integrating both archaeological and ethnographic documentation. While a large part of these constructions is made up of earthfast posts, a significant place was given to timber-framed architecture and the use of diagonal braces. These architectural traditions were then integrated into a more global research, considering at the same time the spatial organisation of agglomerations, the use of buildings and the social status of their inhabitants, as well as the differences between rural architecture and that of grouped settlements. An interpretative model, taking into account the environmental context and all the complexity of Late Iron Age agglomerations, has thus been proposed. At least part of these grouped settlements would be characterised by the development of economies and rational management of timber and construction, craftsmen networks as well as by adaptations of architectural models to urban planning and urbanisation degree
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Shi, Wanqing. "Assessing and modelling impact sound insulation of wooden joist constructions." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1995. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26012.
Abstract:
Impact sound insulation is one of the most important aspects when assessing sound insulation of floor constructions in buildings. For assessing the impact sound insulation of aconstruction, a standard tapping machine is used as a sound source. However, the use of the current standard tapping machine has been criticised, especially with regard to measurement of wooden joist floors since the noise spectrum generated by a tapping machine differs from the spectrum generated by actual footfall. There are insufficient low frequency components in the noise spectrum produced by the tapping machine and it does not, therefore, accurately reflect low frequency noise from the construction.Reduce impact sound level from wooden joist floors are the main object of our study. It is important to be able to predict the sound insulation properties of wooden joist constructions at the design stage. To reduce the noise level in the receiving room, the input power transmitted through the construction must be estimated where the appropriate sound- and vibration-insulation can be designed.This study has investigated the waveform and frequency spectra of human footfall (walking, rum- ingand jumping); of the dropping of sand balls, sand bags and tires; and of the standard tapping machine. The impact sound power radiation from a wooden joist construction while applying different impact sources, such as actual footfall and the standard tapping machine, have also been studied.Research was also carried out regarding the development of a practical impact sound insulation calculation method for wooden joist floor constructions. The characteristics with regard to mechanical properties of floor construction was calculated using the impedance method. The impact sound level inside the sound receiving room was determined. The method developed can predict the basic performance of the wooden floor structure when excited by impact sounds.Godkänd; 1995; 20070108 (biem)
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Tran, Van Huong. "Optimisations mécaniques des constructions en matériaux locaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vaulx-en-Velin, École nationale des travaux publics de l’État, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENTP0014.
Abstract:
Les matériaux locaux utilisés en génie civil se définissent comme présents directement sur les sites de construction ou lieux proches. Parmi ces matériaux, nous avons étudié la terre crue, la limousinerie (maçonnerie de pierre associée au mortier de terre de chaux maigre) et le béton de poudingue (un béton maigre à base de granulat de poudingue). L’objectif général de cette thèse est de faciliter l’utilisation des constructions durables en matériaux locaux. Les études à l’échelle du matériau et à l’échelle de la structure ont été effectuées sur ce type de construction. À l’échelle du matériau, le comportement mécanique des matériaux locaux a été étudié. Une procédure d’optimisation de la composition des matériaux en fonction de leur résistance mécanique a été également proposée. À l’échelle de la structure, le comportement des constructions en matériaux locaux a été étudié par les études de cas. Premièrement, le comportement mécanique d’un pont neuf, voûté en limousinerie, a été étudié en effectuant des mesures in situ du champ de déplacements du pont lors du décintrement. Le pont a également été modélisé par un modèle 2D utilisant la MED. La modélisation du phénomène de contacts partiels dans la zone des voussoirs adjacents du voussoir de clé a permis de retrouver le profil particulier du champ de déplacements mesuré, ce qui ne peut pas être effectué par la MEF. Deuxièmement, l’auscultation dynamique d’un bâtiment en limousinerie a été effectuée par des mesures de bruit de fond. Un modèle 3D utilisant la MEF a été fait et validé en le comparant avec les résultats expérimentaux. Une simulation des actions sismiques conformément à l’EC8 a été effectuée afin d’estimer sa vulnérabilité aux séismes. Troisièmement, le comportement d’une maison en béton de poudingue a été étudié. Une procédure d’optimisation de la forme de voûte a été proposée pour ce type de construction. Puis, les principes de justification de la stabilité par la méthode de calcul aux contraintes admissibles ont également été proposésLocal materials used in civil engineering are directly available on construction site or close places. Among these materials, we studied soil, the rubble stone masonry (stone masonry associated with clay mortar or lime mortar), and the pudding concrete. New constructions using local materials are promising to compete with conventional materials, due to their low embodied energy and reduction of waste. However, until now, these constructions remain limited in the world and particularly in France, due to difficulties of implementation: low strength, lack of design rules and implementation guide. Therefore, the general objective of this thesis is to facilitate the use of local material to build the sustainable constructions. So, study in material and structural scales has been done on this type of construction. At the scale of the material, the mechanical behavior of the local materials has been studied by determining their mechanical properties by laboratory tests. An optimization procedure for the composition of the materials according to their strength has also been proposed for earthen materials (compacted earth, mixed earth and concrete of pudding). At the structural scale, mechanical and dynamical behaviors of constructions using local materials have been studied on some structures. Firstly, the mechanical behavior of a new stone masonry bridge was studied by measuring its displacements at the stage of the formwork removal. The singular profile of the displacements field with a singularity for voussoirs very close to the keystone was found. A 2D numerical analysis of the formwork removal using DEM was proposed to provide better insight on mechanisms that took place on site. The reduction of the extent of the contact zone between the voussoirs enabled finding the peculiar displacement field observed on-site. Secondly, the dynamic behavior of an old rubble stone masonry building was studied by determining its dynamic characteristics using in-situ measurements of background noise. Then, a 3D numerical model using FEM was validated by comparing with experimental results. Seismic vulnerability of the building was also estimated by a simulation of the seismic actions in this model according to EC8. Thirdly, an optimization procedure for the arch shape was proposed in the case of concrete of pudding stone house. The principle of justification of the stability using the yield design analysis was also discussed
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Hladík, Lukáš. "Specifika oceňování staveb na bázi dřeva." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402591.
Abstract:
The diploma thesis deals with the cost valuation of wood-based constructions, whose amount is growing in the Czech Republic. The aim of this work is to elaborate a detailed itemized budget for three wooden family houses. The price shares were calculated from these budgets; next they were compared with the Regulation 441/2013 Statute book and evaluated. The budgets were also used for a calculation of a unit price, which was compared with a technical-economic index, and commented on as well. On the basis of budgets, the unit price was determined, which was compared with the technical-economic indicator and next comments. The utility properties are compared and evaluated for chosen structures. It is a diffusion-open and diffusion-closed structure. These individual variants of the constructional solution are described and compared with each other. The thesis also presents the basic specifics of wooden-based buildings valuation. In conclusion there is an assessment of adequacy of commonly used price shares of buildings and a proposal for their specification.
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黃印武 and Yinwu Huang. "The logic of vernacular materials: the relationship of the vernacular materials of wood, earth, stone andlime in Shaxi's vernacular construction system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42182979.
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Huang, Yinwu. "The logic of vernacular materials the relationship of the vernacular materials of wood, earth, stone and lime in Shaxi's vernacular construction system /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42182979.
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Johansson, Harald. "”Båtnitar” : Analys och konservering av järnnitar från Birkas garnison." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1151.
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to analyse and discuss clinch-nails found at an excavation at terrace II in the Garrison of Birka, on the island of Björkö in Sweden. This type of clinch-nails is common in Viking age Sweden and is usually interpreted as coming from boats. The study will try to show that these types of nails could have been used in several kinds of wooden constructions. It will also show how the nails were made and what kinds of tools were used by the Viking smiths. The study has shown that this type of nails were used in several different types of wooden constructions such as boats, sleds, cart bodies, coffins, Birka's ramparts and buildings. Nothing confirms the use of rivets in Viking age buildings but the material from terrace II probably contains clinch-nails from the other categories. The largest portion of the clinch-nails comes from disused boats and from the ramparts surrounding Birka's hill fort Borg. The tools for making nails have not been found in the Birka Garrison.
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Gandreau, David. "Patrimoines archéologiques en terre et développement local : enjeux interdisciplinaires et perspectives de formation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH024/document.
Abstract:
Très présents sur les sites archéologiques, les vestiges d’architecture de terre suscitent un intérêt grandissant, pour la communauté scientifique, pour les autorités en charge de la protection du patrimoine, pour les populations locales et pour le grand public, amateur de tourisme culturel. De plus en plus de projets d’étude, conservation et mise en valeur des vestiges en terre sur les sites archéologiques voient le jour dans le monde, dans une perspective d’apport du patrimoine au développement local et territorial. Ces projets font appel à des compétences multiples, empruntant notamment aux disciplines de l’archéologie, de l’architecture, de la conservation, et au domaine de la valorisation patrimoniale. Des acteurs aux profils variés sont ainsi amenés à collaborer sur des projets à la fois plus nombreux et plus complexes, intégrant les apports et attentes de parties prenantes très diversifiées, dans une approche holistique et contextualisée de gestion du patrimoine (Agnew et Bridgland 2006).Les modalités de ces nouvelles collaborations sont étudiées en profondeur dans cette thèse, afin d’analyser les enjeux interdisciplinaires et les enjeux de formation qui en résultent. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que les rapprochements entre les différents acteurs concernés par le patrimoine archéologique génèrent des perspectives de formations plus spécifiques, voire l’émergence de nouveaux métiers au carrefour des disciplines, qui seraient en mesure de mieux répondre aux attentes actuelles vis-à-vis de ce patrimoine.La recherche est fondée sur des enquêtes de terrain et des rencontres d’acteurs menées sur le long terme (quinze années d’exercice scientifique et professionnel), sur cinq sites principaux et douze sites de référence, principalement en Asie, mais aussi en Afrique et en Amérique Latine. Une grille d’analyse permet de confronter les pratiques observées sur ces terrains d’étude aux recommandations internationales en termes d’étude, conservation et valorisation du patrimoine archéologique en terre. Ces recommandations sont issues d’un corpus composé de publications de référence, de chartes et déclarations internationales, de conférences sur l’architecture de terre et de programmes internationaux sur cette thématique. Les résultats de l’analyse comparative nous amènent à faire des propositions méthodologiques et à énoncer des lignes directrices de programmes de formations plus spécifiques. Nous souhaitons ainsi contribuer aux dynamiques de recherche et d’enseignement qui se mettent en place autour du patrimoine archéologique en terre et de son apport au développement localVery present on archaeological sites, the vestiges of earthen architecture are arousing a growing interest, for the scientific community, for the authorities in charge of heritage protection, for the local populations and for the general public, fan of cultural tourism. More and more projects for study, conservation and enhancement of earthen architecture in archaeological context are emerging in the world, with a view to contributing to local and territorial development. These projects involve multiple skills, borrowing in particular from the disciplines of archeology, of architecture, of heritage conservation, and from the field of heritage valorisation. Specialists in each field are invited to collaborate on projects that are more numerous and more complex, integrating the inputs and expectations of very diverse stakeholders, in a holistic and contextualized approach to heritage management (Agnew, Bridgland 2006).The conditions governing these new collaborations are studied in depth in this thesis, in order to analyze the interdisciplinary challenges and the resulting training issues. We make the hypothesis that the links between the various actors involved in the archaeological heritage generate more specific training prospects, and even the emergence of new trades at the crossroads and interfaces of the disciplines, which would better meet current expectations with regard to this heritage.The research is based on field surveys and stakeholder meetings realized over the long term (fifteen years of scientific and professional practice), at five main sites and twelve reference sites, mainly in Asia, but also in Africa and in Latin America. An analysis grid allows to compare the practices observed on the field with the international recommendations in terms of study, conservation and valorisation of the archaeological heritage built with earth. These recommendations are based on a corpus of reference publications, international charters and declarations, conferences on earthen architecture and international programs on this theme. The results of the comparative analysis lead us to make methodological proposals and to formulate guidelines for more specific training programs. In this way, we wish to contribute to the new research and training dynamics that are set up around the earthen archaeological heritage and its contribution to local development
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Fochesato, Andrea. "Aux origines de la ville européenne : technologie, typologie et fonction de l'architecture en bois dans l'habitat urbain des oppida celtiques (IIe-IIer s. av. J.-C.) : le cas de Bibracte, mont Beuvray (France)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCH002.
Abstract:
L’objectif de cette thèse est d’éclaircir les connaissances actuelles sur l’architecture des oppida de l'Europe tempérée au cours des deux derniers siècles avant notre ère à partir d’un site, l’oppidum de Bibracte (mont Beuvray, Bourgogne), qui compte parmi les contextes de référence pour la période à l’échelle européenne. La recherche s’est focalisée principalement sur l'étude des techniques de construction impliquant l'utilisation majoritaire du bois, qui constitue le matériau principal dans l’architecture de ces agglomérations issue de la tradition protohistorique européenne.L’analyse a nécessité la prise en compte du processus global du travail du bois, de l’approvisionnement en forêt aux différentes étapes de la mise en œuvre des bâtiments. Les aspects techniques liés à la fondation et à l’élévation des ossatures, au choix et à la mise en forme de leurs éléments constitutifs, en passant par les modes de cloisonnement des parois et d’édification des toitures, ont été appréhendés à travers l’analyse des traces archéologiques – souvent fragmentaires et difficilement lisibles – laissées par ces édifices, ainsi que par l’étude des rares bois d’œuvre conservés sur le site en conditions taphonomiques particulières.Le recoupement de l’abondante documentation disponible issue des 75 ans de recherches menées sur le mont Beuvray au XIXe siècle (1864-1907) et à partir de 1984 jusqu’à nos jours, a permis de reconnaître 151 structures d’habitat aux plans suffisamment complets. Parmi celles-ci, 74 bâtiments en ossature en bois peuvent être considérés comme caractéristiques d’une tradition architecturale indigène, tandis que 77 édifices employant la maçonnerie présentent des influences plus ou moins marquées liées aux nouvelles techniques et modèles architecturaux italiques introduits progressivement dans l’habitat de l’oppidum durant les deux dernières décennies du Ier siècle av. n. è.L’architecture en bois de Bibracte renvoie l’image d’un savoir-faire maitrisé et particulièrement bien adapté aux caractéristiques morphologiques très contraignantes du terrain du mont Beuvray. Le corpus des bâtiments étudiés se compose de 13 catégories architecturales (dont 6 qui concernent les édifices à ossature en bois). Dans les secteurs aux versants plus abrupts, on retrouve des édifices composés d’une ou plusieurs pièces semi-enterrées qui forment un habitat organisé en terrasses. Le volume habitable de ces bâtiments se développe plutôt à la verticale, avec des emprises au sol limitées (les portées excédant rarement 5 m, les structures ne nécessitent aucun système porteur interne), mais dotées d’ossatures massives. Ces dernières sont construites au moyen de poteaux équarris à entraxe serrée, installés dans des tranchées comblées de pierres sèches ou reliés par des poutres sablières de fondation, ce qui donne aux ossatures une portance remarquable, capable de soutenir le poids d’un étage. Dans les secteurs moins pentus, les bâtiments se développent davantage à l’horizontale, avec de plans composés de plusieurs pièces et souvent dotés de caves à ossature en bois ou des édifices publics au caractère monumental.Bien qu’elles présentent des organisations diverses, plusieurs structures affichent une certaine uniformité dans leurs dimensions, ce qui suggère l’emploi de modules de construction constants et d’un véritable système de mesure, au sein d’une activité de construction au caractère standardisé. Comme pour l’habitat, l’existence de paramètres de construction bien définis a pu être également observée pour les remparts à armature en bois (murus gallicus) de l’oppidum, ainsi que pour le bois d’œuvre conservé sur le siteThe aim of this work is to clarify the knowledge on the architectural aspect of the oppida in Temperate Europe during the two last Centuries BC. The study is based on the oppidum of Bibracte (mount Beuvray, Burgundy), one of the reference sites for the Period in Europe. The research focused mainly on the study of timber building techniques derived from the continental protohistoric tradition and commonly used in these settlements.The entire woodworking process, from the forest supply to the different stages of building construction, has been analysed. The technical aspects related to the foundation and elevation of the building’s frames, the choice and shaping of their wooden elements, the patterns of the walls and the roofing techniques has been apprehended through the analysis of the archaeological remains – often fragmentary and difficult to read – as well as through the study of the rare timbers preserved in particular taphonomic conditions on the site.Thanks to the cross-checking of the documentation available from the 75 years of research carried out on mount Beuvray in the 19th century (1864-1907) and from 1984 to the present day, 151 structures with sufficiently complete plans has been identified. Of these, 74 wooden-frame buildings are characteristic of an indigenous architectural tradition, while 77 masonry structures show some influences linked to the new techniques and modules coming from Italy and gradually introduced in the settlement during the last two decades of the 1st century BC.The wooden architecture of Bibracte reflects the image of an expertise particularly well adapted to the very constraining morphological characteristics of the terrain of mount Beuvray. The corpus of studied buildings has been divided in 13 architectural categories, 6 of which concern wooden-frame buildings. In the sectors with steeper slopes, houses are usually composed of one or more semi-buried rooms and organised in terraces. The volume of these buildings develops rather vertically, with limited footprint (spans rarely exceed 5 m, the structures do not require any internal load-bearing system), but with massive wooden frames. The latter are built using closely squared timber posts, installed in dry stone trenches or connected by foundation beams giving to the structure a remarkable load-bearing capacity to support the weight of an upper floor. In the less steeply sloping areas, the buildings develop more horizontally, with multi-room layouts (often with wooden cellars) or with a monumental aspect in public buildings.Although they are organized in different ways, many structures display a certain uniformity in their dimensions, suggesting the use of well-defined building modules and a precise measurement system within a standardized building activity in the site. As in the case of the habitat, the existence of distinct parameters could also be observed in the construction of the wood-framed ramparts (murus gallicus) of the oppidum, as well as for the wooden timbers preserved on the site
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Brun, Adrien. "Amélioration du confort d'été dans des bâtiments à ossature par ventilation de l'enveloppe et stockage thermique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652449.
Abstract:
Depuis quelques années, d'importants efforts ont été réalisés sur l'amélioration de la performance énergétique des bâtiments qui représentent le premier poste de consommation énergétique en France. Les exigences de la nouvelle réglementation thermique 2012 illustrent bien ces évolutions avec une consommation conventionnelle d'énergie primaire comprenant l'ensemble des postes (chauffage, climatisation, éclairage, ventilation, eau chaude sanitaire), déduction faite de l'électricité produite sur place, qui devra être inférieure à 50 kWh.m2.an-1 d'énergie primaire. La réponse à cette nouvelle exigence se fera par l'adoption de technologies constructives conduisant à une consommation pour le chauffage équivalente aux constructions dites " passives " (environ 15 kWh.m2.an-1) et dont le recours à la climatisation est limité voir inexistant. Il s'agit pour cela de limiter toutes les contributions à l'échauffement du bâtiment et éventuellement de lui adjoindre un système de rafraichissement à coefficient de performance élevé. Après avoir montré par l'exemple qu'un bâtiment à ossature à faible inertie en métropole, par sa capacité de stockage thermique limitée, est prédisposé à des problèmes de surchauffe, nous avons construit cette thèse autour de deux axes d'amélioration, dédiés aux constructions à ossature, que sont : - La limitation des charges solaires transmises au travers de l'enveloppe en faisant appel à une spécificité des constructions à ossature qu'est la présence d'un espace naturellement ventilé en sous-face du parement extérieur que nous utiliserons afin d'extraire une partie des charges solaires incidentes; - Le couplage de ces bâtiments " légers " à un échangeur air/masse qui contient l'inertie nécessaire au maintien des conditions de confort estivales lorsque la réduction de température nocturne le permet. Basée sur une approche numérique et expérimentale en vrai grandeur et en conditions réelles, nous proposons d'aborder tour à tour chacune de ces stratégies d'amélioration du confort qui trouvent leurs applications aussi bien en climat chaud et sec qu'en climat tropical.
Books on the topic "Wooden and earthen constructions":
1
Gashumba, Michel. Les constructions en bois. [Kigali]: Le Bureau, 1990.
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Dolby, Carl-Magnus. Rural constructions in timber. Lund, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1988.
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Benedetti, Cristina. Timber buildings: Low-energy constructions. Bozen: Bozen-Bolzano University Press, 2010.
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Harry, Parker. Simplified design of wood structures. 5th ed. New York: Wiley, 1994.
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Heinz, Wirz, Makiol Peter, Wiederkehr Reinhard, and Burkhalter +. Sumi, eds. Konstruktionen Burkhalter Sumi Architekten, Makiol Wiederkehr, Holzbauingenieure =: Constructions Burkhalter Sumi architects, Makiol Wiederkehr, timber construction engineers. Lucerne: Quart Verlag, 2005.
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Butil, Patria. Habiter le bois. Sprimont: Mardaga, 1998.
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bois, Conseil canadien du. Engineering guide for wood frame construction. 2nd ed. Ottawa: Canadian Wood Council = Conseil canadien du bois, 2009.
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Lucchi, Michele De. Costruzioni della terra e dell'acqua: Modelli in legno di Michele De Lucchi = Constructions on earth and water : Michele De Lucchi's wooden models. Busto Arsizio (Va) [i.e. Varese, Italy], Italia: Nomos, 2010.
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James, Terry. Buildings of old Lunenburg. Halifax, N.S: Nimbus Pub., 2011.
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Holan, Jerri. Norwegian wood: A tradition of building. New York: Rizzoli, 1990.
Book chapters on the topic "Wooden and earthen constructions":
1
Švajlenka, Jozef, and Mária Kozlovská. "Analysis of Selected Quality Criteria of Wooden Buildings." In Efficient and Sustainable Wood-based Constructions, 59–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87575-6_5.
2
Švajlenka, Jozef, and Mária Kozlovská. "Perception of the Efficiency and Sustainability of Wooden Buildings in the Use Phase of the Building." In Efficient and Sustainable Wood-based Constructions, 35–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87575-6_4.
3
Macchioni, Elena, and Claudia Cancino. "Guidelines for Seismic Retrofitting of Earthen Historic Buildings in Peru and Latin America." In RILEM Bookseries, 1026–39. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39603-8_82.
Abstract:
AbstractThe development of guidelines for seismic retrofitting of earthen architectural heritage has been part of the intended outputs of the Seismic Retrofitting Project – a partnership between Getty Conservation Institute and the Ministry of Culture of Peru – since its inception. The results of the Seismic Retrofitting Project are currently being reframed to become part of a document written by the Ministry of Culture of Peru, with the support of Getty Conservation Institute staff and consultants, that will guide in the structural analysis, diagnosis, and design of effective structural interventions to conserve earthen constructions and transmit their significance. The document will advise local practitioners, ease their collaboration with the Ministry of Culture of Peru, and possibly become part of the Peruvian regulatory framework, with a broader impact in Latin America. This contribution describes the methodology to collaboratively create the guidelines, ensure their dissemination in the region, and the results obtained to date.
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Passarelli, Rafael Novais. "Decarbonization Possibilities for Affordable Timber Houses. An LCA Comparison of Business as Usual and Circular Strategies." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 513–22. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57800-7_47.
Abstract:
AbstractTo better understand the full impact of building materials and buildings over their lifetime and beyond, Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) studies have been an area of interest and a growing body of knowledge. Moreover, recent studies emphasize the critical importance of the end-of-life (EoL) scenario, particularly for wood-based construction, and highlight its potential for further decarbonization through circular strategies. However, there is a significant knowledge gap in the LCA literature regarding mitigation strategies specific to affordable housing options, despite the urgent and undeniable need for these typologies worldwide. This study contributes to filling this gap by conducting a materials-level, whole-building LCA of a prototype affordable single-family house built in 2020 using a business-as-usual wood-frame construction method. Besides the conventional as-built scenario, this study developed five hypothetical scenarios that evaluated the influence of different EoL options (recycling or energy recovery), enhanced circular strategies (reduce and reuse), and substitution of non-renewable materials with circular materials for insulation (wood fiber) and finishing (clay plaster), with the aim of identifying further opportunities and limitations for decarbonizing such a typology and construction method. The results of this study consistently indicated that the order of priority should be to (1) ensure appropriate end-of-life for metals and wood-based materials. (2) Replace non-renewable materials with renewable wood or earth-based materials. (3) Improve material reuse and construction waste diversion rates. The results of the study could support decision-making processes for the design and construction of low-impact affordable single-family homes and the development and implementation of affordable housing policies and regulations.
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Benhard, Söhngen, and Dianguang Ma. "Best Practice Approach for Layouting Technical-Biological Bank Protections for Inland Waterways – PIANC WG 128." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1069–86. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_94.
Abstract:
AbstractThe worldwide increasing number of national guidelines and growing experience with realized green bank protections (constructions using insofar possible living or at least wooden construction material) in navigable waters, led to install a PIANC INCOM Working Group (WG) to collect and condense expert knowledge in this field of work and prepare it for practitioners for design purposes. The corresponding PIANC report, called “Technical-Biological Bank Protections for Inland Waterways”, is foreseen to be released this year.The report, whose structure, content, key findings and approach will be highlighted briefly in this contribution to the Smart Rivers Conference, tries to overcome the usual problems in design cases, which need knowledge and experience of civil engineers, eco-engineers and ecologists altogether and the way how the success of bank stabilization measures will be noticed and rated. The WG members had to notice that functionality assessment is not that simple, whereby partly huge differences between those who designed, realized and maintained measures and external parties as well as cultural differences occurred.To overcome these problems and thus to objectivize the choice and layout of alternative solutions, which may help to convince people responsible for waterway development and maintenance to use green measures instead of traditional bank protections as riprap, a Best Practice Approach was developed, based on a catalogue of numerous realized measures, which are described e.g. in so-called Fact Files. The content of these descriptions, especially the local boundary conditions (BCs shortly in the following) and the balance between aims and achieved functionality issues, was used to assess the possible suitability of a chosen measure under generally different design conditions than those in the described realizations.This was achieved inter alia by a scoring system, assessing differences between Design- (DC) and Analysis Cases (shortly ACs from the catalogue of measures), which is called Feasibility Check (it answers the question, whether experiences made with the AC-cases can be transferred to the DC) and differences between user-specified aims in the DC and expected performance issues from the ACs, called “Suitability Check” (answers the question, how far expected functionality issues may probably be achievable). This was done both for technical and ecological issues, whereby the scores were chosen and reviewed interdisciplinary and internationally to overcome the aforementioned assessment differences.
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Ibáñez, Q. Angulo. "Wooden Reinforcement for Earth Constructions in the Castile Area of Spain." In Wood in Civil Engineering. InTech, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66646.
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Fabbri, A., and Jean Claude Morel. "Earthen materials and constructions." In Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials, 375–401. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102704-2.00014-7.
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Fabbri, A., and J. C. Morel. "Earthen materials and constructions." In Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials, 273–99. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100038-0.00010-x.
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Juvanec, B. "Stone constructions in corbelling." In Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture, 319–24. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15685-57.
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"The Plot Against the Past: Reuse and Modification of Ancient Mortuary Monuments as Persuasive Efforts of Appropriation." In The Lives of Prehistoric Monuments in Iron Age, Roman, and Medieval Europe, edited by Marta Díaz-Guardamino, Leonardo García Sanjuán, and David Wheatley. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724605.003.0024.
Abstract:
‘The were not for something in human beings in complicity with it’ writes Alexander Kluge (1990, 20) in The Assault of the Present on the Rest of Time. Kluge is concerned with condensed dramatic cinematic time and his present now lies several decades in the past. However, the image of an empowered present plotting against a defenceless past presents itself as an adequate point of departure. Reuse and modification of ancient monuments after extended periods of disuse—monuments herein defined as anything from monoliths and sarcophagi to large earthen mounds and wooden or stone buildings—are frequent phenomena throughout the world. Reuse can range from one-time visits and the placing of human remains and artefacts to the rearrangement of architectural elements and remodelling of entire structures. No cultural continuity is required (Bradley 1993, 117–21) for discontinuous reuse can bridge centuries and even millennia. Reuse of monuments is an ongoing phenomenon. Not only prehistoric monuments but also historic monuments have been affected. I therefore will follow Taylor’s lead (Taylor 2008, 24), overstep the disciplinary thresholds and not pay attention to a prehistory-history distinction. The term prehistory was only born in the early nineteenth century AD (Rowley-Conwy 2006; Taylor 2008, 2) and people who reuse or manipulate monuments do not draw lines between historic and prehistoric monuments. Additionally, the onset of modernity brought along expanded chronological constructions of time. How we from the so-called Western World look upon the past and our expectations of the future not only has made us more time conscious in relation to the present but entirely changed our conceptualization of time (Koselleck 2004). To historians and archaeologists time is stratigraphic and sequential. Archaeologists are concerned with fixing objects and events in their proper place and time. Today most people look at the past with a temporal depth to it (Dodgshon 2008, 6). However, the way we look at time is not how everybody else conceives of it. Different cultural contexts create different concepts of time (e.g. Lévi-Strauss, 1970, 16; Hirsch 2006).
Conference papers on the topic "Wooden and earthen constructions":
1
Felix Andrade, Dayane, Sofia Araújo Lima Bessa, and Marco Antônio Penido de Rezende. "Vernacular architecture in Brazilian semiarid region: survey and memory in the state of Sergipe." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15127.
Abstract:
Buildings with earth in their composition have been common since the beginning of the Brazilian territory’s settlement. Until this day, wattle-and-daub homes are frequent in the Northeast region of the country. This technique uses a structural cage made of the weft of woods whose interlocking voids are covered with thrown wet clay. Due to the current association of these buildings as shelters for insects that may contain Trypanosoma cruzi (which transmits the Chagas disease) numerous public policies guide eradication and replacement of these buildings by others built with masonry. Due to the destruction of these buildings, built with vernacular earthen techniques, this research aims to survey buildings that still resist in the semiarid region of Sergipe state. Therefore, literature review was carried out on architecture in the semiarid region and building investigation techniques using digital tools. Considering Sars-Cov-2 pandemic as a prohibitive condition that caused difficulties in collecting data in the field, it was necessary to seek out methods that could be used for a remote survey. Furthermore, an exploratory analysis was carried out with digitally available tools in which it was possible to observe popular buildings built with earth in the legal semi-arid region. Initially, data was collected from the latest demographic censuses carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), as well as the socioeconomic data of Brazilian families in poverty situations registered with the government. This initial data, however, did not present information on geographic positioning of the dwellings, making it necessary to conduct a survey through Google Street View software, allowing the visualization of images at ground level, being effective on searching for wattle-and-daub residences. From these data, a catalog of the constructions found was generated and, by georeferencing these dwellings, the documentation produced may contribute to the preservation of vernacular constructive memory of this study’s location object.
2
Torres, A., M. Blondet, and S. Cruz. "Seismic Stability Analysis of Inca Earthen Walls." In 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/sahc.2021.233.
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Bernat-Maso, E., E. Teneva, L. Mercedes, and L. Gil. "Non-Destructive Techniques for Characterising Earthen Structures." In 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/sahc.2021.165.
4
Teodosio, Annarita, and Simona Talenti. "At the roots of sustainability: Mediterranean vernacular architecture." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15621.
Abstract:
As numerous examples show, bioclimatic architecture is an historical, ancestral design practice. The whole history of architecture is marked by the search for living comfort resulting from the link with the land and the correct use of natural resources. In vernacular architecture, we also find this ‘holistic’ conception of living in which design choices (compositional, constructive, material, and technological) are deeply connected to climatic and functional issues. However, until now, studies on these typologies have usually focused more on formal aspects, leaving out sustainability ones. The spontaneous constructions of the Mediterranean area – the Sicilian dammusi, the trulli of Val d'Itria, the Sassi of Matera, the Scirocco rooms in Sicily or the houses on the Amalfi coast – are sincere, rational, and logical, and have always sought living comfort through energy and economic efficiency, even without pre-established rules or standards. For example, the absence of wood and clay, the abundance of limestone and sand, led to design the Amalfi Coast dwellings essentially of stone, abandoning tiles, bricks, and wooden floors. The structure without sharp corners results from the limestone which was not tender enough to allow a good squaring. The dammusi were built with the same stones used to reclaim the land to form the terraces on which they stood. Their domed roofs were made of stone covered with a layer of earth and a mixture of volcanic pumice as insulation, and a layer of red tuff and milk of lime as waterproofing. The paper aims to investigate these peculiar vernacular typologies to trace the remote origins of sustainability in their morphological and technological characters. This study could also trigger a reflection on strategies for the contemporary design of sustainable architecture inspired by the tradition of these climatic regions.
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MASROUR, Ilham. "Geopolymers: An Eco-Friendly Approach to Enhancing the Stability of Earthen Constructions." In Mediterranean Architectural Heritage. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903117-24.
Abstract:
Abstract. Earthen constructions, characterized by their historical longevity and adaptability to various environments, constitute an essential part of the global architectural heritage. These structures offer environmental advantages by utilizing local resources, but they also face challenges such as weather sensitivity, vulnerability to earthquakes, and degradation over time. Preserving these constructions while meeting modern sustainability standards poses a crucial challenge. In this context, geopolymers emerge as innovative solutions for stabilizing earthen constructions. A sustainable alternative is provided by geopolymers, which are composed of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag to enhance soil cohesion and strength. This review article aims to provide an insightful perspective on compression tests specific to various types of geopolymers. The objective is to guide the choice of the method for stabilizing earthen constructions based on available resources.
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Tourtelot, Julia, Chloé Fourdrin, Jean Baptiste d'Espinose de Lacaillerie, Ann Bourgès, and Emmanuel Keita. "Starch Reinforcement of Raw Earth Constructions." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.443.
Abstract:
The restoration, the protection, or the creation of earthen buildings require improving the mechanical strength of the material. The first way to do that is to use inorganic additives, but these additives change the structural properties of earth and have a high carbon footprint. In contrast, the other way to consolidate is the use of organic additives such as vegetal derivatives that rearrange the minerals in the earth, with the lowest carbon footprint as they are from waste management. After preliminary tests with ten different organic additives from traditional recipes, we found that wheat starch improves the earth strength up to 50 %. In this study, we related the mechanical strengthening to the physicochemical interactions between clays and starch. We focus on three clays that represent the three main groups of clays: kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. For this study, we mainly focused on compressive test and rheological tests. We showed that the improvement of the mechanical strength with starch is depending on clay nature and their chemistry. Then, we can recommend formulations based on the earth nature for new sustainable buildings. Furthermore, we can understand why it was an interesting way to use starch as a strengthening agent in traditional recipes and how it could be used to repair and protect buildings made of earthen material.
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Ott, S., and P. Aondio. "Observations of Moisture Damages in Historic and Modern Wooden Constructions." In XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. CIMNE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.102.
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Truong-Hong, L., R. Lindenbergh, P. Woudenberg, W. Gard, and J. van de Kuilen. "Monitoring Deformations of a Wooden Church Tower by Laser Scanning." In 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/sahc.2021.157.
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Martini, R., J. Rodríguez-Mariscal, J. Carvalho, M. Solís, and H. Varum. "Towards a Methodology for Use of Sonic and Ultrasonic Tests in Earthen Materials." In 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/sahc.2021.307.
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Yokouchi, H., and Y. Ohashi. "Seismic Performance Evaluation of Box-Shaped Wall Structures Built with Thick Earthen Walls." In 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/sahc.2021.229.
Reports on the topic "Wooden and earthen constructions":
1
Brozovsky, Johannes, Odne Oksavik, and Petra Rüther. Temperature measurements in the air gap of highly insulated wood-frame walls in a Zero Emission Building. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541595903_2.
Abstract:
Especially for wooden wall constructions, ventilated rain-screen walls have been used for many decades to prohibit moisture-induced damage. The air gap behind the façade cladding provides drainage, enhances ventilation, and thus facilitates drying of wetted façade components. The conditions in the air gap behind different cladding materials, however, are still an object of research. In the presented study, the interim findings after more than two years of ongoing measurements in the air gap behind different cladding materials of a zero-emission office building in the high-latitude city of Trondheim, Norway are presented. The results provide valuable insight into the temperature conditions in the air gap of ventilated claddings in order to determine the in-use conditions of building materials and develop improved testing schemes. The results indicate that the air and surface temperature in the air cavity of the walls is strongly influenced by the solar radiation incidence on the facades. Both the highest and lowest values were observed on the roof with 81 °C and -21.9 °C, respectively, at the back side of the building integrated photovoltaic modules, resulting in a total temperature range of almost 103 °C.
2
Brozovsky, Johannes, Odne Oksavik, and Petra Rüther. Temperature measurements in the air gap of highly insulated wood-frame walls in a Zero Emission Building. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541595903.
Abstract:
Especially for wooden wall constructions, ventilated rain-screen walls have been used for many decades to prohibit moisture-induced damage. The air gap behind the façade cladding provides drainage, enhances ventilation, and thus facilitates drying of wetted façade components. The conditions in the air gap behind different cladding materials, however, are still an object of research. In the presented study, the interim findings after more than two years of ongoing measurements in the air gap behind different cladding materials of a zero-emission office building in the high-latitude city of Trondheim, Norway are presented. The results provide valuable insight into the temperature conditions in the air gap of ventilated claddings in order to determine the in-use conditions of building materials and develop improved testing schemes. The results indicate that the air and surface temperature in the air cavity of the walls is strongly influenced by the solar radiation incidence on the facades. Both the highest and lowest values were observed on the roof with 81 °C and -21.9 °C, respectively, at the back side of the building integrated photovoltaic modules, resulting in a total temperature range of almost 103 °C.
3
Willi, Joseph, Keith Stakes, Jack Regan, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of Ventilation-Controlled Fires in L-Shaped Training Props. UL's Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mijj9867.
Abstract:
Investigations of recent firefighter line of duty deaths caused by rapid fire progression have highlighted a deficiency in firefighters’ understanding of how certain tactics affect the fire dynamics of ventilation-controlled fires. Many fires are in a ventilation-limited, decay state by the time firefighters arrive at the scene, meaning that introducing additional ventilation to the environment has the potential to cause rapid and intense fire growth. To more effectively teach firefighters about the potential effects of ventilation on a compartment fire, ventilation-controlled fires should be gener- ated during training. Safely creating such fires while maintaining compliance with NFPA 1403: Standard on Live-Fire Training Evolutions allows instructors to educate students on this important principle of fire dynamics in the training environment. Structures utilized for live-fire training have evolved from typical concrete burn buildings to now include smaller purpose-built props, like those constructed from steel shipping containers or wood and gypsum board. Such props have been embraced by organizations due to their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve fire behavior training. Obtaining a thorough understanding of the capa- bilities and limitations of such props is critical for instructors to convey accurate messages during training and properly prepare firefighters for scenarios they’ll encounter in the field. Experiments were conducted to quantify the fire environment in L-shaped props with different wall constructions. One prop had an interior wall lining of gypsum board over wood studs and fiberglass insulation. The two other props were constructed from metal shipping containers with corrugated steel walls; one had ceilings and walls comprised solely of the corrugated steel, while the other had ceilings and walls comprised of rolled steel sheeting over mineral wool insulation with the corrugated steel wall as its backing. Three fuel packages were compared between the props: one contained furnishings mainly composed of synthetic materials and foam plastics; another contained wooden pallets and straw; and the third contained wooden pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). A stochastic approach was used to compare data between replicate tests and quantify the repeatability of the different props and fuel packages, all of which were deemed sufficiently repeatable. Comparisons of data between the three props revealed that thermal conditions between experiments in the two metal props were indistinguishable, suggesting that the additional layer of insulation did not significantly alter the fire environment. Additionally, thermal conditions in the gypsum-lined prop were more severe than those in the metal props. The effects of ventilation changes on fire conditions were also analyzed across various prop and fuel load combinations. Lastly, the response of the thermal environment in each prop during interior suppression was evaluated, and the results implied that the thermal exposure to the firefighter was more severe in the metal props than the gypsum prop for a brief period following the start of suppression.