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Journal articles on the topic 'Woodchips'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Ghane, Ehsan, Gary W. Feyereisen, Carl J. Rosen, and Ulrike W. Tschirner. "Carbon Quality of Four-Year-Old Woodchips in a Denitrification Bed Treating Agricultural Drainage Water." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 3 (2018): 995–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12642.

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Abstract. A denitrification bed is a system that can reduce the nitrate concentration in subsurface drainage water. There is a need to investigate the carbon quality of old woodchips to gain a better understanding of the effect of age on woodchip properties. The objectives of this study were to characterize the carbon quality and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of aged woodchips and to examine the suitability of a denitrification bed for a replicated experiment. To achieve these goals, we excavated four-year-old woodchips along the length of a 106.4 m long denitrification bed near Willmar, Minnesota, and analyzed them for particle size, C/N ratio, and carbon quality. Particle size analysis showed similarities from 12.5 to 106.4 m along the bed. We found a mean C/N ratio ranging from 58.4 ±3.17 to 153.4 ±9.57 (smallest at the inlet). The mean lignocellulose index (LCI, a measure of carbon quality) of the four-year-old woodchips ranged from 0.47 to 0.57 (highest at the inlet). The woodchip particle sizes, C/N ratios, and LCI from 25.9 to 106.4 m along the bed length were similar. In conclusion, the C/N ratio and LCI of the four-year-old woodchips showed effects of decomposition and increased woodchip carbon recalcitrance over time, respectively. Keywords: Denitrifying bioreactor, Tile drainage, Water quality, Woodchip bioreactor.

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2

Yu, Liu, Yong Dong He, and Yu Feng Du. "Research on the Mechanism and Microstructure of an Al-Ti-C Parent Alloy Prepared Using the Villiaumite–Woodchip Method." Materials Science Forum 960 (June 2019): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.960.30.

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X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to study the microstructure and properties of an Al-Ti-C parent alloy prepared using the villiaumite–woodchip method. The synthesis process of the Al-Ti-C parent alloy prepared using the villiaumite–woodchip method and aluminum liquid had the following stages: The first stage was the formation of titanium aluminum by titanium being displaced from the reaction between aluminum and villiaumite. The second stage was the dehydration and carbonization reactions of the woodchips at high temperatures. The third stage involved titanium aluminum, carbon aluminum, and titanium carbon compounds constitute the Al-Ti-C parent alloy with a refined effect water and carbon dioxide, which were the cracking products of the woodchips, reacted with aluminum to produce alumina and hydrogen, which accumulated in the grain boundary in the form of slag-gas pockets.

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3

Uusi-Kämppä, Jaana, Aaro Närvänen, Janne Kaseva, and Håkan Jansson. "Phosphorus and faecal bacteria in runoff from horse paddocks and their mitigation by the addition of P-sorbing materials." Agricultural and Food Science 21, no. 3 (September 28, 2012): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.6510.

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The growing popularity of horse keeping is accompanied by an increase of phosphorus (P) and faecal micro-organisms from outdoor paddocks. We used an indoor rainfall simulation to monitor concentrations of dissolved reactive P (DRP) and faecal coliforms in runoff and percolation water from different paddock footings. Drainage water was also monitored from two paddocks constructed of woodchips. Sand retained more DRP (p<0.0001) and coliforms from percolation water than woodchips. Some of the footings were amended with P-sorbing materials, such as [Ca(OH)2], [Fe2(SO4)3], or Fe-gypsum, to retain DRP. High DRP concentrations (17–18 mg l-1) were observed in runoff from a woodchip footing amended earlier with Ca(OH)2 and in sand footing amended with CaCO3. However, application of Fe-gypsum to woodchips decreased the DRP load in percolation water by 83% compared to the footing without Fe-gypsum. Fe compounds were better than Ca compounds. The decrease in coliforms was usually small due to the modest pH changes in the water.

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4

de Ramos, Rocky Marius, Michael Lochinvar S. Abundo, and Evelyn B. Taboada. "Life Cycle Assessment of Secondary Mangrove Forest in Bintuni Bay,West Papua, Indonesia." Current World Environment 12, no. 3 (December 25, 2017): 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.3.13.

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The life cycle assessment is conducted in order to assess the impact of mangrove woodchip production in Bintuni bay, West Papua Indonesia on the environment. Study includes the analysis of non-renewable energy use (MJ), global warming potential or carbon footprint (kg CO2), acidification potential (kg SO2) and ozone creation potential (kg O3) of mangrove logging, processing and shipment. Mangrove woodchip production consumes 960 MJ of non-renewable energy and gives out 59.59 kg CO2, .383 kg SO2 and 30.39 kg O3, which is the lowest in comparison with other wood products. Mangrove processing incur less fuel because it is delivered in bulk to the processing area via barges in comparison to other wood products The current shipping of mangrove woodchips to customers has the greatest environmental impact because of the use of bunker fuel. The processing of mangrove woodchips used diesel exclusively for fuel in its power sources. Forest residues from logging can be a source of renewable fuel and may also be another source of new products.

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5

Souček, J. "Moulds occurrence in woodchips." Research in Agricultural Engineering 60, No. 4 (November 27, 2014): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/50/2013-rae.

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The research, whose results are presented, is aimed at determination of development of moulds number in wood chips under different storage temperatures. The experiments were carried out with the moisture of samples 65%, 22% and 1%. During the long-term storage the effect of water content in material on development of moulds can be recorded. The risks linked to mould occurrence can be considerably eliminated by reduction of water content.  

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6

Povilaitis, Arvydas, Aurelija Rudzianskaite, Stefanija Miseviciene, Valerijus Gasiunas, Otilija Miseckaite, and Ina Živatkauskiene. "Efficiency of Drainage Practices for Improving Water Quality in Lithuania." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 1 (2018): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12271.

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Abstract. Artificial drainage is a common agricultural practice in Lithuania. In this country, the total drained land area occupies 47% of the total land area and 87% of the agricultural land area. Therefore, this article presents recent research findings on agricultural drainage in Lithuania related to the practices designed to reduce nutrient, i.e., nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), losses from the soil via tile drainage and transport in open drains. Temporal changes in tile drainage flow over the last four decades are also discussed in this article. The results from experiments with controlled drainage practices in Lithuania showed promise. Compared to conventional drainage, controlled drainage reduced inorganic N by 42% to 77% and reduced total P by 34% to 72%. The reduced loads were the result of reduced drainage outflow. Moreover, research on the effects of additives in drainage trench backfills showed that woodchips, chopped straw, and lime additives mixed in the drainage trench backfill led to reductions in NO3-N concentrations of 78%, 69%, and 52%, respectively, in the drainage water. The addition of lime to drainage trench backfill reduced PO4-P concentrations in the drainage water by 39%, while woodchips and chopped straw increased the concentrations by 11% and 22%, respectively. It was determined that NO3-N in the drainage water was removed most effectively by woodchips and that PO4-P was removed most effectively by the addition of lime. The experiments with reactive filter materials used as in-ditch measures to remove phosphorus showed that the filter materials can be ranked as follows based on their P removal efficiencies: Polonite > slag > Filtralite-P > dolomite chips. Polonite had an advantage over the other tested materials due to its higher porosity, low sensitivity to clogging, and greater permeability. Laboratory-scale experiments using denitrification bioreactors filled with three types of woodchips (deciduous, coniferous, and mixed) showed no significant differences in NO3-N removal efficiency among the three materials. However, the tests showed that woodchip media are capable of achieving higher NO3-N removal rates due to higher flow rates. Therefore, better optimization and proper evaluation of the effects of hydraulic retention time are needed to improve the design of denitrifying woodchip bioreactors. Keywords: Agricultural drainage, Controlled drainage, Denitrifying bioreactors, Drainage trench backfills, In-ditch filters.

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7

Omori, Natsuki. "Global Woodchips Supply/Demand." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 73, no. 8 (2019): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.73.705.

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8

von Ahnen, Mathis, Per Bovbjerg Pedersen, and Johanne Dalsgaard. "Nitrate removal from aquaculture effluents using woodchip bioreactors improved by adding sulfur granules and crushed seashells." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 9 (April 3, 2018): 2301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.148.

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Abstract This study examined the effects on nitrate removal when adding sulfur granules and crushed seashells to a woodchip bioreactor treating aquaculture effluents. Using a central composite design, the two components were added at three levels (0.000, 0.125 and 0.250 m3/m3 bioreactor volume) to 13 laboratory-scale woodchip bioreactors, and a response surface method was applied to find and model the optimal mixture ratios with respect to reactor performance. Adding 0.125 m3/m3 sulfur granules improved the total N removal rate from 3.27 ± 0.38 to 8.12 ± 0.49 g N/m3/d compared to pure woodchips. Furthermore, the inclusion of crushed seashells together with sulfur granules helped to maintain the pH above 7.4 and prevent a production (i.e., release) of nitrite. According to the modeled response surfaces, a sulfur granule:crushed seashell:woodchip mixture ratio containing about 0.2 m3 sulfur granules and 0.1 m3 crushed seashells per m3 reactor volume would give the best results with respect to high N removal and minimal nitrite release. In conclusion, the study showed that N removal in woodchip bioreactors may be improved by adding sulfur granules and seashells, contributing to the optimization of woodchip performance in treating aquaculture effluents.

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9

Hansen, N. E., D. M. Vietor, C. L. Munster, R. H. White, and T. L. Provin. "Runoff and Nutrient Losses from Constructed Soils Amended with Compost." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/542873.

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Composted organic materials used to stabilize roadside embankments in Texas promote rapid revegetation of soils disturbed by construction activities. Yet, adding compost to soil may increase total and soluble plant nutrients available for loss in runoff water. Composted municipal biosolids and dairy manure products were applied to soils in Texas according to prescribed Texas Department of Transportation specifications for stabilizing roadside soils. The specifications included a method for incorporating compost into soils prior to seeding or applying a compost and woodchip mix over a disturbed soil and then seeding. Applying compost and woodchips over the soil surface limited sediment losses (14 to 32 fold decrease) compared to incorporating compost into the soil. Yet, the greatest total phosphorus and nitrogen losses in runoff water occurred from soils where the compost and woodchip mix was applied. The greatest losses of soluble phosphorus also occurred when the compost and woodchip mix was applied. In contrast, nitrate-nitrogen losses in runoff were similar when compost was incorporated in the soil or applied in the woodchip mix. Compost source affected the nutrient losses in runoff. While the composted municipal biosolids added greater nutrient loads to the soil, less nutrient loss in runoff occurred.

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10

Wickramarathne, Niranga M., Richard A. Cooke, Ruth Book, and Laura E. Christianson. "Denitrifying Woodchip Bioreactor Leachate Tannic Acid and True Color: Lab and Field Studies." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 1747–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14020.

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HighlightsOak leached more tannic acid, true color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) than ash and mixed hardwood chips.The factors became similar (tannic acid, COD) or below stream levels (true color) after flushing.Eleven site-years of field bioreactor data showed decreasing tannic acid and true color over time.Post-startup tannic acid was lower in bioreactor outflow than in area streams.True color did not appear to be a reliable indicator of leachate tannic acid at low concentrations.Abstract. Woodchips have been a preferred denitrifying bioreactor medium to date, but concerns about potential harmful effects of tannins in the leachate have precluded the use of oak chips in many installations. A study was conducted to compare the suitability of oak (genus Quercus) woodchips as a denitrifying bioreactor medium relative to other types of woodchips, both in lab leachate tests and in the context of observed bioreactor leaching in the field. Assessment measures included the content of tannic acid and other compounds in the leachate, as well as leachate color, which can often be high during startup. An 84-day leaching test using rectangular bioreactor cells filled with either oak (Quercus rubra), ash (Fraxinus spp. L.), or a generic hardwood blend showed that oak initially leached higher concentrations of tannic acid, true color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) than the other two media. The significant differences in leached concentrations among the three wood types were eliminated after a finite leaching period. Tannic acid and true color in 11 site-years of field bioreactor outflow data generally decreased over time, except following a dry period when one of the bioreactors received no drainage inflow for more than two months. The lab and field results indicated the capability of woodchip bioreactors to flush at least these two analytes to ambient stream levels. True color did not appear to be the best parameter for estimating the tannin content of woodchip leachate due to discrepancies at low concentrations. Mass normalized tannic acid leaching ranged from 0.03 to approximately 40 mg tannic acid g-1 woodchip across the lab and field assessments. Oak initially leached more tannic acid, color, and COD than the other wood types, but the eventual similarity among the wood types after flushing with a sufficient number of pore volumes meant that any potentially negative environmental impacts would likely be limited to the startup period or possibly after dry periods. Oak initially eluted higher mean total nitrogen (TN) concentrations than the other wood types, but the treatments were not significantly different by day 3, indicating that biological N removal was not significantly inhibited, even with high concentrations of tannic acid. Keywords: Chemical oxygen demand, Oak, Tannin, Water quality, Wood leachate.

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11

Feyereisen, Gary W., Christopher Hay, Ulrike W. Tschirner, Keegan Kult, Niranga M. Wickramarathne, Natasha Hoover, and Michelle L. Soupir. "Denitrifying Bioreactor Woodchip Recharge: Media Properties after Nine Years." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 2 (2020): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13709.

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HighlightsWood media harvested from a nine-year-old denitrifying bioreactor were evaluated.Media physical changes had multiple causes and effects.Impacts of the physical changes may have been exacerbated by development of preferential flow.LCIs > 0.6 showed C quality declined but media still supported N removal.Abstract. There is a lack of information on denitrifying bioreactors treating subsurface drainage water at the end of their initial design life due to the relative newness of the technology and the relatively long estimated life. A denitrifying bioreactor (15 m L × 7.6 m W × 1.1 m D) installed in August 2008 in Greene County, Iowa, was recharged with new woodchips in November 2017 (age 9.25 years), providing the opportunity to evaluate the properties of the wood media at the end of design life. The objective was to pair a battery of physical, chemical, and nitrate-N removal tests on the wood media harvested from the bioreactor with field observations to assess likely reasons why denitrifying bioreactors treating tile drainage may need to be recharged. The two types of wood media harvested from the bioreactor (termed woodchips and mixed shreds) had median particle sizes (D50) of 12.1 and 7.7 mm, respectively, and saturated hydraulic conductivities of 4.2 ±3.0 and 3.1 ±1.0 cm s-1 (mean ± standard deviation), which were within the range of reported values for woodchips, albeit at the low end. The wood media carbon content and quality had degraded (e.g., lignocellulose indices of 0.63 to 0.74, nearing the range of decomposition stabilization), although batch tests suggested the robustness of wood as a carbon source to support nitrate removal (e.g., 65% nitrate concentration reduction in drainage water). Woodchip degradation along with sedimentation from the drainage system likely reduced conductivities over time. Development of preferential flow paths through the bioreactor was indicated by low bioreactor outflow rates (i.e., reduced permeability) and reduced hydraulic efficiency based on conservative tracer testing. These changes in media properties and linked impacts resulted in the need to recharge this bioreactor after nine years. Keywords: Denitrifying bioreactor, Hydraulic conductivity, Nitrate, Water quality.

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12

Weiss, Hannah S., Paul R. Bierman, Yves Dubief, and Scott D. Hamshaw. "Optimization of over-summer snow storage at midlatitudes and low elevation." Cryosphere 13, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 3367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3367-2019.

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Abstract. Climate change, including warmer winter temperatures, a shortened snowfall season, and more rain-on-snow events, threatens nordic skiing as a sport. In response, over-summer snow storage, attempted primarily using woodchips as a cover material, has been successfully employed as a climate change adaptation strategy by high-elevation and/or high-latitude ski centers in Europe and Canada. Such storage has never been attempted at a site that is both low elevation and midlatitude, and few studies have quantified storage losses repeatedly through the summer. Such data, along with tests of different cover strategies, are prerequisites to optimizing snow storage strategies. Here, we assess the rate at which the volume of two woodchip-covered snow piles (each ∼200 m3), emplaced during spring 2018 in Craftsbury, Vermont (45∘ N and 360 m a.s.l.), changed. We used these data to develop an optimized snow storage strategy. In 2019, we tested that strategy on a much larger, 9300 m3 pile. In 2018, we continually logged air-to-snow temperature gradients under different cover layers including rigid foam, open-cell foam, and woodchips both with and without an underlying insulating blanket and an overlying reflective cover. We also measured ground temperatures to a meter depth adjacent to the snow piles and used a snow tube to measure snow density. During both years, we monitored volume change over the melt season using terrestrial laser scanning every 10–14 d from spring to fall. In 2018, snow volume loss ranged from 0.29 to 2.81 m3 d−1, with the highest rates in midsummer and lowest rates in the fall; mean rates of volumetric change were 1.24 and 1.50 m3 d−1, 0.55 % to 0.72 % of initial pile volume per day. Snow density did increase over time, but most volume loss was the result of melting. Wet woodchips underlain by an insulating blanket and covered with a reflective sheet were the most effective cover combination for minimizing melt, likely because the aluminized surface reflected incoming short-wave radiation while the wet woodchips provided significant thermal mass, allowing much of the energy absorbed during the day to be lost by long-wave emission at night. The importance of the pile surface-area-to-volume ratio is demonstrated by 4-fold lower rates of volumetric change for the 9300 m3 pile emplaced in 2019; it lost <0.16 % of its initial volume per day between April and October, retaining ∼60 % of the initial snow volume over summer. Together, these data demonstrate the feasibility of over-summer snow storage at midlatitudes and low elevations and suggest efficient cover strategies.

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13

Gokcekus, Samin, Rahel K. Brügger, and Judith M. Burkart. "Active sharing of a novel, arbitrary innovation in captive cotton-top tamarins?" Behaviour 158, no. 1 (December 14, 2020): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10049.

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Abstract Most cultural behaviours in primates stem from innovations that are beneficial since they provide access to food or comfort. Innovations that are seemingly purposeless and arbitrary, and nevertheless spread through a social group, are rarer but particularly relevant to understanding the evolutionary origin of culture. Here, we provide an anecdotal report of a series of non-instrumental woodchip manipulation and modification events in captive cotton-top tamarins. Intriguingly, woodchips were preferentially manipulated in a position that was readily visible to a partner in a different enclosure, and the innovation apparently spread to other individuals. Together, this suggests that the arbitrary innovation was actively shared with a conspecific, which is consistent with the pattern of transmission of another arbitrary innovation in cotton-top tamarins, namely stick-weaving.

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14

Aerts, Purnomo D. J., and K. W. Ragland. "Pressurized downdraft combustion of woodchips." Symposium (International) on Combustion 23, no. 1 (January 1991): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80360-7.

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15

Liu, Shijie, Gangesh Mishra, Thomas E. Amidon, and Kathryn Gratien. "Effect of Hot-Water Extraction of Woodchips on the Kraft Pulping of Eucalyptus Woodchips." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2009.1054.

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16

Ramírez-Godínez, Juan, Icela Beltrán-Hernández, Alejandro Álvarez-Hernández, Claudia Coronel-Olivares, Elizabeth Contreras-López, Maribel Quezada-Cruz, and Gabriela Vázquez-Rodríguez. "Evaluation of Natural Materials as Exogenous Carbon Sources for Biological Treatment of Low Carbon-to-Nitrogen Wastewater." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/754785.

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In the bacterial processes involved in the mitigation of nitrogen pollution, an adequately high carbon-to-nitrogen (C : N) ratio is key to sustain denitrification. We evaluated three natural materials (woodchips, barley grains, and peanut shells) as carbon sources for low C : N wastewater. The amount of organic matter released from these materials to aqueous media was evaluated, as well as their pollution swapping potential by measuring the release of total Kjeldahl nitrogen, N-NH4+,NO2-, andNO3-, and total phosphorous. Barley grains yielded the highest amount of organic matter, which also showed to be the most easily biodegradable. Woodchips and peanut shells released carbon rather steadily and so they would not require frequent replenishment from biological reactors. These materials produced eluates with lower concentrations of nutrients than the leachates from barley grains. However, as woodchips yielded lower amounts of suspended solids, they constitute an adequate exogenous source for the biological treatment of carbon-deficient effluents.

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17

SHAW, PETER J. A., JOSEPH BUTLIN, and GEOFFREY KIBBY. "Fungi of ornamental woodchips in Surrey." Mycologist 18, no. 1 (February 2004): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269915x0400103x.

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18

Stasiak, Mateusz, Marek Molenda, Maciej Bańda, and Ewa Gondek. "Mechanical properties of sawdust and woodchips." Fuel 159 (November 2015): 900–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.07.044.

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19

Manzone, Marco. "Storage of woodchips in pressed bales." Fuel Processing Technology 157 (March 2017): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.11.010.

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20

Dzurenda, Ladislav, and Ľubomir Pňakovič. "Analysis of the Inorganic Matter in Wood and Bark Proceeding from the Energetic Woodchips of the Plantation Grown Tree Species Robinia pseudoacacia via the AES-ICP." Key Engineering Materials 688 (April 2016): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.688.218.

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The paper presents the results of a quantitative analysis of the proportion of the following chemical elements: Ca, Mg, K, P, Mn, Zn and Fe in wood, bark and energetic woodchips produced from woody biomass of plantation grown clones: Ambiqua, Gori, Nyírségi, Rozaszin of the tree species Robinia pseudoacacia, which were cultivated by midi-rotation. Experimental works determined the average density of black locust wood ρ0W = 680.8 kg m-3 and of its bark ρ0B = 764.4 kg m-3. The AES-ICP technique determined the proportion of individual inorganic elements in dry wood and dry bark. The analyses show that the proportion of the analyzed inorganic elements in bark is 3.49 times higher than the proportion of these elements in wood. The largest proportion in the woody bark belongs to calcium, which proportion in wood is Ca = 3 965 mg.kg-1 and in bark is Ca = 18 698 mg.kg -1. Potassium shows also a higher proportion in bark than in wood with a value of K = 4 796 mg.kg-1, which is 1.73 times higher than in wood, Mg = 1 284 mg.kg-1, which is 2.81 times higher, phosphorus with the value P = 2 403 mg.kg-1, which is 4.04 times higher and iron Fe = 574 mg.kg-1 which is 4.86 times higher than in wood. Proportion of the analyses in energy woodchips is comparable to the proportion of these elements in the energy woodchips made of woody biomass produced from plantation grown clones of willow and alder. Woodchips made of black locust contain a higher proportion of calcium, it is by 25% higher than the upper limit of calcium in woody biomass from plantation grown poplar trees.

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Kinoshita, Hiroyuki, Koichi Kaizu, Miki Fukuda, Tokunaga Hitoo, Keisuke Koga, and Kiyohiko Ikeda. "Development of the Green Composite Consists of Woodchips, Bamboo Fibers and Biodegradable." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.322.

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From the viewpoint of the effective utilization of natural resources, the green composite which is produced by solidifying woodchips has been developed[1][2][3]. However, since this composite was solidified by the compressive load without the binder, the composite was very brittle and had no water resistance [4]. In this study, to improve these defects, the biodegradable resin is used as an adhesive and bamboo fibers are used as reinforced fibers. By using woodchips with two kinds of the particle size, bamboo fibers with three kinds of the length and a biodegradable adhesive, several kinds of specimens changed those mixing ratio were produced. The composite consists of the ingredients which are friendly to the environment. By the four-point bending test and Charpy impact test, the bending strength and impact strength of the composites were examined. From the experimental results, it was found that the high bending strength and high energy absorption were obtained in case where woodchips with the small particle size and long bamboo fibers were used. The proposed composite has the high strength, and the practical application is also possible.

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Kon, Okan, and İsmail Caner. "Evaluation of the use of lignite of Turkeys’ with biomass as Agricultural waste as fuel in terms of emissions." E3S Web of Conferences 294 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129401006.

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Agricultural wastes as Biomass contains low carbon, high hydrogen, high oxygen and a lower amount of sulfur. Coals contain higher amounts of carbon, lower amounts of hydrogen, lower oxygen and higher amounts of sulfur. With the use of lignite and biomass mixture as fuel will provide less CO2 and SO2 emissions and a more economical mixture will be obtained. Considering these emissions, fluidized bed combustion systems are recommended in the literature for the combustion of lignite and biomass. In this study, rice husks, corn cobs, walnut shells, sunflower shells, olive cake and woodchips were used as agricultural waste. 10 different lignite extracted from Turkey were used as fuel. It has been assumed that the combustion process was carried out by taking the biomass rate of 10%, 30% and 50%. When burning of 1 kg of lignite and biomass mixture, the highest CO2 emission occurs from 10% woodchips - 90% Kütahya - Ömerler (washed) mixture as 2.938 kg and the highest SO2 emission obtained from 10% olive cake - 90% Kütahya Seyitömer-Ayvalı lignite mixture as 0.061 kg. The highest H2O emission was obtained by mixing 50% woodchips - 50% Manisa-Kısrakdere lignite as 0.563 kg.

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23

Gronwald, M., A. Don, B. Tiemeyer, and M. Helfrich. "Effects of fresh and aged chars from pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization on nutrient sorption in agricultural soils." SOIL 1, no. 1 (June 18, 2015): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-475-2015.

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Abstract. Leaching of nutrients from agricultural soils causes major environmental problems that may be reduced with amendments of chars derived from pyrolysis (pyrochars) or hydrothermal carbonization (hydrochars). Chars are characterized by a high adsorption capacity – i.e. they may retain nutrients such as nitrate and ammonium. However, the physicochemical properties of the chars and hence their sorption capacity likely depend on feedstock and the production process. We investigated the nutrient retention capacity of pyrochars and hydrochars from three different feedstocks (digestates, Miscanthus, woodchips) mixed into different soil substrates (sandy loam and silty loam). Moreover, we investigated the influence of char degradation on its nutrient retention capacity using a 7-month in situ field incubation of pyrochar and hydrochar mixed into soils at three different field sites. Pyrochars showed the highest ability to retain nitrate, ammonium and phosphate, with pyrochar from woodchips being particularly efficient in nitrate adsorption. Ammonium adsorption of pyrochars was controlled by the soil type of the soil–char mixture. We found some ammonium retention on sandy soils, but no pyrochar effect or even ammonium leaching from the loamy soil. The phosphate retention capacity of pyrochars strongly depended on the pyrochar feedstock with large phosphate leaching from digestate-derived pyrochar and some adsorption capacity from woodchip-derived pyrochar. Application of hydrochars to agricultural soils caused small, and often not significant, effects on nutrient retention. In contrast, some hydrochars did increase the leaching of nutrients compared to the non-amended control soil. We found a surprisingly rapid loss of the chars' adsorption capacity after field application of the chars. For all sites and for hydrochar and pyrochar, the adsorption capacity was reduced by 60–80 % to less or no nitrate and ammonium adsorption. Thus, our results cast doubt on the efficiency of char applications to temperate zone soils to minimize nutrient losses via leaching.

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Gronwald, M., A. Don, B. Tiemeyer, and M. Helfrich. "Effects of fresh and aged biochars from pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization on nutrient sorption in agricultural soils." SOIL Discussions 2, no. 1 (January 14, 2015): 29–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-29-2015.

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Abstract. Leaching of nutrients from agricultural soils causes major environmental problems that may be reduced with biochar amendments to the soils. Biochars are characterised by a high adsorption capacity, i.e., they may retain nutrients such nitrate and ammonium. However, biochar properties strongly depend on feedstock and the production process. We investigated the nutrient retention capacity of biochars derived from pyrolysis (pyrochar) as well as from hydrothermal carbonization (hydrochar; produced at 200 and 250 °C) from three different feedstocks (digestates, Miscanthus, woodchips) mixed into different soil substrates (sandy loam and silty loam). Moreover, we investigated the influence of biochar degradation on its nutrient retention capacity using a seven-month in-situ field incubation of pyrochar and hydrochar. Pyrochars showed the highest ability to retain nitrate, ammonium and phosphate, with pyrochar from woodchips being particularly efficient in nitrate adsorption. Ammonium adsorption of pyrochars was controlled by the soil type of the soil-biochar mixture. We found some ammonium retention on sandy soils, but no pyrochar effect or even ammonium leaching from the loamy soil. The phosphate retention capacity of pyrochars strongly depended on the pyrochar feedstock with large phosphate leaching from digestate-derived pyrochar and some adsorption capacity from woodchip-derived pyrochar. Application of hydrochars to agricultural soils caused small, and often not significant, effects on nutrient retention. In contrast, some hydrochars did increase the leaching of nutrients compared to the non-amended control soil. We found a surprisingly rapid loss of the biochars' adsorption capacity after field application of the biochars. For all sites and for hydrochar and pyrochar, the adsorption capacity was reduced by 60–80% to less or no nitrate and ammonium adsorption. Thus, our results cast doubt on the efficiency of biochar applications to temperate zone soils to minimize nutrient losses via leaching.

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Gosch, Lennart, Haojie Liu, and Bernd Lennartz. "Performance of a Woodchip Bioreactor for the Treatment of Nitrate-Laden Agricultural Drainage Water in Northeastern Germany." Environments 7, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments7090071.

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Reactive barriers, such as denitrifying bioreactors, have been identified as a clean-up option for nutrient-laden agriculture runoff. Here we tested a 20 m long, 3.75 m wide and 2.2 m deep woodchip bioreactor receiving tile drainage water from a 5.2 ha field site, aiming at testing the hydraulic functioning of a dual-inlet system and quantifying its impact on nutrient loads (nitrogen, reactive phosphorus, organic carbon) in a region with a drainage season taking place in the hydrological winter (November to April). The hydraulic conditions in the dual-inlet bioreactor system developed differently than expected; asymmetric flow rates led to long average hydraulic retention times and a highly dispersed residence time distribution, which was revealed by a bromide tracer test. With a nitrate load reduction of 51 to 90% over three drainage seasons, the woodchip bioreactor proved at the same time to be very effective under the winter conditions of northeastern Germany. The bioreactor turned from an orthophosphate source in the first year of operation into an orthophosphate sink in the second and third year, which was not expected because of anoxic conditions (favorable for denitrification) prevailing within the woodchips. Besides an efficient nutrient retention, the woodchip bioreactor contributed to the total organic carbon load of receiving waters, which impairs the overall positive role of bioreactors within intensively agriculturally used landscapes. We consider this promising low-maintenance biotechnology particularly suitable for single drainage pipes with high discharge and high nitrate concentrations.

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Renó, Maria Luiza Grillo, Larissa Ferrini Ferrari Alves, José Carlos Escobar Palacio, Lidiane La Picirelli De Souza, Felipe Orlando Centeno González, and Pedro Jessid Pacheco Torres. "Environmental analyze of cement production with application of wastes." Engevista 19, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/engevista.v19i4.913.

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The cement production is benefiting worldwide by use of waste fuel since 30 – 40% of total costs are attributed to energy cost. The application of mineralizer has also economic advantages due to reduction of clinkering temperatures. In this context the present work proposes analyzing different option of waste fuels through case studies (tires, plastics, woodchips, switchgrass) and the use of mineralizer in clinker production. The results showed that the waste fuel plastic emitted 8% less CO2 than woodchips, and all case studies emitted SO2 below of limit established by Directive PE-CONS 31/10. The mineralizer applied reduced the specific heat consumption in 12% and the CO2 emissions were decreased in 4%.

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Awhavbera, Patience, and Lian Fang Zhao. "Comparative Analysis of Nitrate Removal in Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands by Different External Carbon Sources." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.779.

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External carbon sources provide additional nutrients that improve the efficiency of nitrate removal in constructed wetlands. Typha angustifolia L. were planted in four vertical subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. Different external carbon sources were fed into the columns, to investigate and compare their treatment of nitrate in synthetic wastewater, with initial influent C/N ratio of 1:1. Wetland A (WA) with 50g wheat straw as external carbon source, wetland B (WB) with 50g woodchips, wetland C (WC) with additional 10mg/L glucose and wetland D (WD) without external carbon source to serve as the control, were used in the lab-scale experimental study. WA, WB, WC and WD within a period of 24 days, cumulatively removed 109.38mg/L, 93.75mg/L, 85.14mg/L, and 64.01mg/L nitrate, respectively, from the influent. The nitrate-nitrogen (NO3–N) removal efficiency as aided by the external carbon sources was in the order: wheat straw > woodchips > glucose > control. Wheat straw treated 93% NO3–N, woodchips 78%, glucose 72% and the control 53%. The results indicate that WA, WB and WC outperformed the control system, due to the additional carbon sources. In general, the wheat straw had a better performance than wood chips and glucose. Thus, wheat straw as low cost biological waste product is recommended for the treatment of nitrate in wetlands.

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28

Guevara-Escobar, A., E. Gonzalez-Sosa, M. Ramos-Salinas, and G. D. Hernandez-Delgado. "Experimental analysis of drainage and water storage of litter layers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 3 (June 19, 2007): 1767–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-1767-2007.

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Abstract. Leaf litter overlying forested floors are important for erosion control and slope stability, but also reduces pasture growth in silvopastoral systems. Little information exists regarding the value of percolation and storage capacity parameters for litter layers. These estimates are needed for modelling better management practices for leaf litter. Therefore, this work measured the effect of four rainfall intensities: 9.8, 30.2, 40.4 and 70.9 mm h−1 on the hydrological response of layers of three materials: recently senesced poplar leaves, fresh grass and woodchips. Maximum storage (Cmax), defined as the detention of water immediately before rainfall cessation, increased with rainfall intensity. The magnitude of the increment was 0.2 mm between the lowest and highest rainfall intensities. Mean values of Cmax were: 1.27, 1.51, 1.67 and 1.65 mm for poplar leaves; 0.63 0.77, 0.73 and 0.76 for fresh grass and; 1.64, 2.23, 2.21 and 2.16 for woodchips. Drainage parameters were: 9.9, 8.8 and 2.2 mm−1 for poplar, grass and woodchips layers. An underlying soil matrix influenced the drainage flow from poplar leaf layers producing pseudo-Hortonian overland flow, but this occurred only when the rainfall intensity was 40.4 and 70.9 mm h−1 and accounted for 0.4 and 0.8‰ of total drainage. On the other hand, the presence of a poplar leaf layer had a damping effect on the drainage rate from the underlying soil matrix, particularly at intermediate rainfall intensities: 30.2 or 40.4 mm h−1.

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Gendek, Arkadiusz, and Tomasz Nurek. "Variability of energy woodchips and their economic effects." Folia Forestalia Polonica 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2016-0007.

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Abstract The main aim of the work is to assess physical parameters of forest woodchips and their impact on the prices achieved by the supplier in transactions with a power plant. During fragmentation of logging residue, high content of green matter and contaminants negatively impacts the quality parameters that serve as basis for settlements. The analysis concerns data on the main parameters - water content, fuel value, sulphur and ash content - from 252 days of deliveries of forest chips to a power plant. The deliveries were realised from forested areas on an average about 340 km from the plant. Average water content and the resultant fuel value of forest chips was within 27-47% and 8.7-12.9 GJ×Mg-1 (appropriately), respectively. They depend on the month in which they are delivered to the power plant. The threshold values for the above-mentioned parameters are set by the plant at a real level and the suppliers have no problems with meeting them. The parameter that is most frequently exceeded is ash content (11.5% of cases). The settlement system does not differentiate on the basis of the transport distance but gives possibility to lower the settlement price when the quality parameters are not met but provides no reward for deliveries with parameters better than the average ones. On the basis of results obtained, it was calculated that average annual settlement price is lower than the contract price by about 0.20 PLN×GJ-1, which in case of the analysed company may translate into an average daily loss of about 700 PLN.

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Subroy, Vandana, Daniel Giménez, Mingming Qin, Uta Krogmann, Peter F. Strom, and Robert J. Miskewitz. "Hydraulic properties of coarsely and finely ground woodchips." Journal of Hydrology 517 (September 2014): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.025.

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31

Sarker, S., and H. K. Nielsen. "Preliminary fixed-bed downdraft gasification of birch woodchips." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12, no. 7 (June 3, 2014): 2119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0618-8.

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32

Eichholz, G. G., A. A. Bogdanov, and L. D. Dwinell. "Radiation sensitivity of pine wood nematodes in woodchips." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 42, no. 2 (January 1991): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889(91)90070-h.

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33

JACKSON, D. R., D. R. CHADWICK, M. CROOKES, E. SAGOO, and K. A. SMITH. "Impact of hydrology and effluent quality on the management of woodchip pads for overwintering cattle. II. Effluent analysis and nutrient balance." Journal of Agricultural Science 151, no. 2 (April 17, 2012): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612000378.

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SUMMARYWoodchip pads can be a sustainable alternative to the overwintering of stock on grassland or in conventional housing and can offer benefits in improved animal performance, improved health and environmentally sustainable options for the management of the effluent resulting from the animal excreta (dung, urine and rainfall over the pad). Detailed observations were made on effluent flow and quality from woodchip pads on two commercial farms in the UK, one in Powys (Wales) and the other in Leicestershire (England), over a period of 8 months in 2009/10. Flow data and hydrological characteristics, reported in the companion to the current paper (Jackson & Smith 2012), were combined with the results of effluent sample and soiled woodchip analyses, together with records of animal numbers and activity on the pads, to calculate nutrient fluxes and nutrient balances across the pad for defined periods. Nutrient balances showed that, of the estimated nutrient inputs in animal excreta deposited on the pad, only 0·05–0·10 of the N and P were contained in the effluent draining from the pad, with the rest (>0·90 of N and P inputs) retained in the solids accumulating in the surface layers of soiled woodchip, ‘spent timber residues’ (STR). The STR was similar in analysis to straw-based farmyard manure (FYM), high in organic N, and land spreading of this material should be managed in a similar way to FYM. It also appears suitable for application to grassland, except when based on coarse woodchips. These results confirm the hypothesis that the effluent draining from the pads should be considered as consistently similar to dirty water rather than slurry, as in the current rules associated with Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) in England and Wales.

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34

Le, Thong Hoang, Khanh B. Vu, Quynh-Thy Song Nguyen, Phat Van Huynh, Khanh-Ly T. Huynh, Khoa Dang Tong, Thong Le Minh Pham, An Tran Nguyen Minh, Van Cuong Nguyen, and Thanh Khoa Phung. "Fractionation of lignin produced from the Earleaf Acacia tree by sequential industrial organic solvents." Science and Technology Development Journal 24, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 1835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v24i1.2509.

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Introduction: Understanding the fractions of lignin is important for further conversion of lignin into valuable products. Herein, the “home-made” lignin from Earleaf Acacia tree was extracted by sequential industrial organic solvent and characterized each fraction to reveal its properties for further catalytic applications. Methods: In this work, lignin was prepared from the Earleaf Acacia tree using the soda method. Then, the prepared lignin was fractionated by sequential solvents of ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. Each lignin fractions were characterized by FT-IR and GPC. Results: The FT-IR results confirmed the soda method can produce lignin from woodchips. The fractionation of lignin separated the lignin mixture into different molecular weight fraction from light – medium into heavy compounds. Conclusion: Lignin was produced from woodchips using the soda method successfully. The fractionation using the sequential organic solvents showed the separation of different molecular weight of lignin, which allow to apply for the further conversion into useful products.

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35

Neupane, Binod, Anthony Halog, and Shashi Dhungel. "Attributional life cycle assessment of woodchips for bioethanol production." Journal of Cleaner Production 19, no. 6-7 (April 2011): 733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.12.002.

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36

Mokhirev, Aleksandr, Mihail Zyryanov, Tatyana Ryabova, and Aleksandr Vititnev. "Evaluation of possibility of obtaining woodchips from wood residues." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 17, no. 2 (2019): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes17-20453.

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37

Picchio, Rodolfo, Raffaello Spina, Alessandro Sirna, Angela Lo Monaco, Vincenzo Civitarese, Angelo Del Giudice, Alessandro Suardi, and Luigi Pari. "Characterization of Woodchips for Energy from Forestry and Agroforestry Production." Energies 5, no. 10 (September 27, 2012): 3803–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en5103803.

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38

Hayden, Robert M. "When Woodchips Become Shrapnel: The Reification of “Culture” by Law." Law & Social Inquiry 19, no. 01 (1994): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00401.x.

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39

Okafor, Ugochukwu, and Amechi Nwankwegu. "Effect of Woodchips on Bioremediation of Crude Oil-polluted Soil." British Microbiology Research Journal 15, no. 4 (January 10, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bmrj/2016/27027.

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40

Laugale, V., S. Dane, L. Lepse, and S. Strautina. "Effect of woodchips mulch on performance of eight blackcurrant cultivars." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1242 (July 2019): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1242.22.

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41

Spinelli, Raffaele, Carla Nati, Lorena Sozzi, Natascia Magagnotti, and Gianni Picchi. "Physical characterization of commercial woodchips on the Italian energy market." Fuel 90, no. 6 (June 2011): 2198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.02.011.

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42

Ryczkowski, Robert, Agnieszka M. Ruppert, Piotr Przybysz, Karolina Chałupka, and Jacek Grams. "Hydrogen production from biomass woodchips using Ni/CaO–ZrO2 catalysts." Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis 121, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11144-017-1145-7.

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43

Sarker, S., and H. K. Nielsen. "Erratum to: Preliminary fixed-bed downdraft gasification of birch woodchips." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 12, no. 12 (July 4, 2015): 4043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0836-8.

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44

Ahmed, I. I., N. Nipattummakul, and A. K. Gupta. "Characteristics of syngas from co-gasification of polyethylene and woodchips." Applied Energy 88, no. 1 (January 2011): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.007.

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45

Mäkelä, Marileena, Marjukka Parkkinen, Jari Lyytimäki, and Nina A. Nygrén. "Futures images of woodchips as an energy source in Finland." Futures 121 (August 2020): 102571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2020.102571.

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46

Ahmed, I. I., and A. K. Gupta. "Kinetics of woodchips char gasification with steam and carbon dioxide." Applied Energy 88, no. 5 (May 2011): 1613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.11.007.

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47

Kowalsky, Daniel B., John R. Rebula, Lauro V. Ojeda, Peter G. Adamczyk, and Arthur D. Kuo. "Human walking in the real world: Interactions between terrain type, gait parameters, and energy expenditure." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): e0228682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228682.

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Humans often traverse real-world environments with a variety of surface irregularities and inconsistencies, which can disrupt steady gait and require additional effort. Such effects have, however, scarcely been demonstrated quantitatively, because few laboratory biomechanical measures apply outdoors. Walking can nevertheless be quantified by other means. In particular, the foot’s trajectory in space can be reconstructed from foot-mounted inertial measurement units (IMUs), to yield measures of stride and associated variabilities. But it remains unknown whether such measures are related to metabolic energy expenditure. We therefore quantified the effect of five different outdoor terrains on foot motion (from IMUs) and net metabolic rate (from oxygen consumption) in healthy adults (N = 10; walking at 1.25 m/s). Energy expenditure increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the order Sidewalk, Dirt, Gravel, Grass, and Woodchips, with Woodchips about 27% costlier than Sidewalk. Terrain type also affected measures, particularly stride variability and virtual foot clearance (swing foot’s lowest height above consecutive footfalls). In combination, such measures can also roughly predict metabolic cost (adjusted R2 = 0.52, partial least squares regression), and even discriminate between terrain types (10% reclassification error). Body-worn sensors can characterize how uneven terrain affects gait, gait variability, and metabolic cost in the real world.

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Ragland, K. W., M. K. Misra, D. J. Aerts, and C. A. Palmer. "Ash Deposition in a Wood-Fired Gas Turbine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2814124.

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A small four-stage gas turbine was directly fired with woodchips using a novel downdraft, gravel-bed combustor for a total 250 hours of tests. The average turbine blockage due to deposits was 0.19 percent per hour. The composition of deposits was studied using plasma emission spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The main constituents of the deposits were CaO, MgO, and K2SO4. The deposits contained 5 to 15 percent potassium and 0.5 to 3 percent sulfur.

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LEESCH, J. G., R. DAVIS, R. A. SIMONAITIS, and L. D. DWINELL. "In-transit shipboard fumigation of pine woodchips to control Bursaphelenchus xylophilus." EPPO Bulletin 19, no. 2 (June 1989): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1989.tb00146.x.

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50

Bates, Richard, and Klaus Dölle. "Dual Fueling a Diesel Engine with Producer Gas Produced from Woodchips." Advances in Research 14, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/air/2018/39431.

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