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Wiemann, Michael C., David L. Dilcher, and Steven R. Manchester. "Estimation of Mean Annual Temperature from Leaf and Wood Physiognomy." Forest Science 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/47.2.141.
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Abstract There are distinct relationships among the anatomy of wood, the morphology of leaves, and the climate in which woody plants are growing. The relationships between leaf morphological characters and climate have been known for many years, but wood characters as climate indicators are less well studied. In this article, we use measurements of wood anatomy and leaf morphology from woody dicotyledonous plants, growing in Florida and Connecticut, to determine the accuracy to which statistical models can predict climate. The strength of the relationship between climate and physiognomy is important because it allows us to evaluate the phenotypic plasticity that woody plants express under various climates. In this study we use canonical correspondence and regression models to examine how precisely wood anatomical and leaf morphological characters are related to climate. For leaves, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) using 31 characters gave the closest estimate of mean annual temperature (MAT) in Connecticut, whereas a regression equation using only a single leaf character (leaf margins with no teeth) as predictor gave the closest estimate in Florida. For wood, CCA using 13 wood characters gave the closest estimate in Florida, whereas a regression equation using only a single wood character (the occurrence of vessels smaller than 100 μm) gave the closest estimate in Connecticut. CCA showed that, although MAT has a smooth and continuous relationship with leaf physiognomy, this is not the case for wood. Temperate woods form a different physiognomic population than subtropical and tropical woods, in which the physiognomy of temperate woods is more strongly influenced by MAT than is the physiognomy of subtropical and tropical woods. FOR. SCI. 47(2):141–149.
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Pinchevska, O. O., and D. L. Zavialov. "Properties of new thermal insulation material from low-quality pine wood." Ukrainian Journal of Forest and Wood Science 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/forest2020.02.091.
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Recently growing number of low quality wood in Ukraine, damaged by fungal sap color, stem rot leads to finding ways to use it. Today this wood is used mainly for the manufacture of wood-fuels facility in industrial and municipal energy. A possible way to use it is making insulation material from wood wool. The existing prototype of such material - fibrolite contains woody wool of healthy wood but during burning emits toxic chemicals. The construction of wooden wall panels, which include a frame of lumber and thermal insulation material of wood wool, made of low quality pine wood and binder. The binder used were inorganic (liquid glass) and organic-mineral (PVA) dispersion with the addition of flame retardant. Investigation of fire resistance, acoustic and thermal insulation of material from low quality pine wood have proved that it meets the regulatory requirements and can be used in building structures. To develop technological requirements for the manufacture of wall panels using low-quality pine wood, it is necessary to determine their density, sorption capacity and bio-stability. For this purpose, samples of thermal insulation material with different content of mass parts of wood wool and binder were made. The density of specimens of insulating material (145‒250 kg/m3), which is close to the popular hard thermal insulation materials, has been determined. Experimental studies of moisture absorption, sorption capacity and swelling values indicated that the effect of moisture on the properties of insulating material and its shape resistance are within the permissible values of regulatory documents for construction products. Wood treated with binders found to be used for the manufacture of insulation material has been found to have high biological resistance, which is more than 5-6 times the bio-resistance of untreated wood.
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Siegel, Carolin, Christian Korn, Sebastian Siwek, and André Wagenführ. "Technical wood wool for composites." Technologies for Lightweight Structures (TLS) 6, no. 1 (June 21, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21935/tls.v6i1.185.
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Due to its very good mechanical properties at low density, wood is a high potential and sustainable raw material for composite applications. Wood as small particles are commonly processed with polymers to Wood-Polymer-Composites (WPC). Thereby, the inherent strength of the wood is not used to its full potential. In order to transfer the strength properties of solid wood with good shaping properties to composite, wood wool properties were studied. Wood wool is a well-known raw material in the wood-processing industry and is mainly used for packaging, animal bedding and insulation boards [1, 2]. The use of wood wool as a flexible, formable reinforcement for polymer composites is not known so far. Therefore industrial wood wool and developed experimental wood wool are investigated and evaluated for their suitability as fibre reinforcement for composites. The mechanical properties, in particular the tensile strength, are the relevant factors.
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Wheeler, Elisabeth A. "Inside Wood – A Web resource for hardwood anatomy." IAWA Journal 32, no. 2 (2011): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000051.
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Inside Wood is an Internet-accessible wood anatomy reference, research, and teaching tool. The InsideWood database has coded wood anatomical descriptions based on the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification and is accompanied by a collection of photomicrographs. As of November 2010 there were over 5,800 descriptions and 36,000 images of modern woods, and over 1,600 descriptions and 2,000 images of fossil woods. CITES-listed timber species and other endangered woody plants are included in this digital collection hosted by North Carolina State University’s library. This web site has value in helping with wood identification because it has a multiple entry key that allows searching by presence or absence of IAWA features and it serves as a virtual reference collection whereby descriptions and images can be retrieved by searching by scientific or common name or other keywords.
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Mamiński, M. Ł., M. E. Król, W. Jaskółowski, and P. Borysiuk. "Wood-mineral wool hybrid particleboards." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 69, no. 2 (July 24, 2010): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0470-6.
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Adaskaveg, James E., and Robert L. Gilbertson. "In vitro decay studies of selective delignification and simultaneous decay by the white rot fungi Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-217.
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The in vitro wood decay abilities of Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) Karst. and G. tsugae Murr. were studied using the following woods in agar block decay chambers: Vitis vinifera L., Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus, Prosopis velutina Woot., Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex. Hildebr., and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Grape wood lost the most weight while mesquite the least. Ganoderma lucidum isolates generally caused greater weight loss of all woods than did G. tsugae isolates. The range of the percent weight losses varied with the wood. Both Ganoderma species caused simultaneous decay in all woods. However, chemical analyses of the decayed blocks indicated that selective delignification by both species also occurred in grape and white fir blocks. Chemical analysis of the decayed oak blocks indicated the percentages of lignin and holocellulose were not statistically different from the controls. However, there was a trend towards delignification. The analyses of the Douglas-fir blocks indicated only simultaneous decay. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated selective delignification and simultaneous decay of all woods tested. However, the extent of the delignification differed among the wood species. Delignification appeared mainly in areas of tracheids or fiber tracheids, while the rays were simultaneously decayed.
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SUN, CHENGSHUO, KANG ZHOU, ZIRUI REN, YUTANG CHEN, and BIN NA. "STEAM-PRESSING MECHANISM OF LOW DENSITY MAGNESIA-BONDED WOOD-WOOL PANEL." Wood Research 67, no. 3 (June 9, 2022): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.3.437446.
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In this paper, wood-wool panel was prepared by steam pressing as opposed to the traditional cold-pressing and hot-pressing methods in order to eliminate the shortcomings of both methods. Cold pressed wood panels have low strength. The overall performance of heat pressed wood panel was poor. The water absorption of these two panels was too large. The steam pressing mechanism was studied by the means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The surface structure, moisture absorption and mechanical properties of wood-wool panel were investigated by experimental testing and numerical analysis. The surface structure of the wood-wool panel became stable, the moisture absorption was reduced, and the mechanical properties of the wood-wool panel were enhanced. The static bending strength of autoclaved wood-wool panel was 4% higher than that of cold-pressed wood-wool panel, and 7.4% higher than that of hot-pressed wood-wool panel. And the sound absorption coefficient increased by 6.3% and 5% respectively. The thermal conductivity was 2.4% lower than that of cold-pressed wood-wool panel.
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Semple, K. E., R. B. Cunningham, and P. D. Evans. "Cement Hydration Tests Using Wood Flour may not Predict the Suitability of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita for the Manufacture of Wood-Wool Cement Boards." Holzforschung 53, no. 3 (May 10, 1999): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.053.
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Summary Wood-wool cement boards (WWCBs) are manufactured in many tropical countries which have extensive eucalypt and acacia plantations. Wood from such plantations could act as a potential raw material for WWCBs, but the suitability of most tropical eucalypts and acacias for the manufacture of such products is unknown. This study was undertaken to assess whether the standard laboratory test for wood-cement compatibility, which measures heat of hydration in wood flour-cement mixtures, is an appropriate method for screening tropical eucalypts and acacias for their compatibility with cement and suitability for the manufacture of WWCBs. Wood samples from a tropical eucalypt (E. pellita) and a tropical acacia (A. mangium) were tested in two forms, i. e. flour and wool, for their compatibility (expressed by maximum hydration temperature and CA-factor) with Portland cement. Form significantly influenced the effect of the wood on cement hydration, resulting in a different species compatibility ranking for flour and wool. As the heartwood content of wood-wool-cement hydration test samples increased, Tmax. and CA factor increased whereas the opposite occured for those containing wood flour. Tests using wood flour ranked E. pellita as being more compatible with cement than A. mangium whereas the ranking was reversed when wood-wool was used. Furthermore at low wood levels the compatibility of samples containing wood-wool or wood flour with cement was similar whereas at high wood levels, samples containing wood-wool were much more compatible with cement than those containing wood flour. Laboratory tests designed to screen eucalypts and acacias for their compatibility with cement should use wood in a coarser form with a lower surface-to-volume ratio than flour. Caution should be exercised if using results from wood flour-cement hydration tests to estimate the suitability of wood species for the manufacture of WWCBs and possibly other wood-cement composites.
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Berger, F., F. Gauvin, and H. J. H. Brouwers. "The recycling potential of wood waste into wood-wool/cement composite." Construction and Building Materials 260 (November 2020): 119786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119786.
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BEAUCHENE, Jacques, Nadine AMUSANT, Jeremy CIGNA, Soepe KOESE, and Bernard THIBAUT. "Using specimens from the CIRAD Kourou wood collection to build a database of properties." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 352 (May 1, 2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2022.352.a36936.
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A Xylarium, like the one in Kourou in French Guiana, is a unique collection of wood specimens assembled over many years that represents high interspecific diversity. In addition to the standard use of such collections for systematic anatomy, a technological database can be created using supplementary specimens taken from the same tree as the reference specimens. Physical, mechanical and durability tests were performed on wood planks measuring 10 × 60 × 100 mm3 (L is the longest direction, width and thickness are not always perfectly radial or tangential, just transverse) representing 445 woody species belonging to 63 families found in French Guiana. Wood densities ranged from 250 to 1,300 kg/m3, with an average of 786 kg/m3. The other properties also covered a wide range of values, as did the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (ranging from 0.6 to 37 GPa), as samples from lianas and palm stipes from very stiff woods were also tested. The correlations between the different parameters measured on the 445 species tested allowed us to identify some relationships between wood properties, e.g.: (i) light colored woods are less prone to shrinkage, but more prone to rot (the opposite is true for red woods); (ii) woods with a low damping coefficient are generally darker, redder, denser, and more resistant to rot. This database cannot be used to characterize a particular species as only one specimen is available for each species, but it can be used to study the relationships between properties and easily measured descriptors related to wood structure (e.g. density, modulus) or wood chemistry (e.g. color, durability). Finally, this database provides the foundation for future bigger databases including many more specimens of each species that will be useful to search for particular properties in certain families or genera, for example, high natural durability despite rather low wood density, or low damping along with a high specific modulus.
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J.V.N.S. PRASAD, B. GANGAIAH, S. KUNDU, G.R. KORW R, B. VENKATESWARLU, and V . SINGH. "Potential of short rotation woody crops for pulp fiber production from arable lands in India J.V.N.S. PRASAD , 6. GANGAIAH2, S. KUNDU1, G.R. KORWAR', B. VENKATESWARLU1 AND V.P. SINGH3." Indian Journal of Agronomy 54, no. 4 (October 10, 2001): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v54i4.4812.
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Wood fiber is used for the manufacture of various kinds of paper, packaging material, tissues, paperboard etc. The conventional soft woods and hard woods used as raw materials by pulp, paper and cellulose based indus- tries are depleting day by day and the wood imports are draining country's foreign exchange. Short rotation in- dustrial agroforestry plantations with the fast growing tree species are potential sources to fill this gap and to make the nation self reliant in pulpwood supply. Poplar, eucalyptus, leucaena and bamboo are the ideal spe- cies that can be grown commercially in private lands for meeting the wood requirements and has the potential to produce a biomass of 18 to 49 tl ha per year. The pulp yield from these species ranges from 40 to 49% of the wood biomass produced. With the expansion of wood markets, high biomass yields and amenability for har- vesting in short rotations, short rotation woody crops can be one of the profitable options for fiber production on lands which are not suitable for intensive arable cropping. Some of the important fiber supplying species which are grown under Indian conditions and their agroforestry systems and profitability aspects are discussed in the paper.
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Jetsu, Petri, Markku Vilkki, and Ismo Tiihonen. "Utilization of demolition wood and mineral wool wastes in wood-plastic composites." Detritus, no. 10 (March 5, 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2020.13916.
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Wood and mineral wool fractions from demolished buildings were sorted into different categories and processed to the suitable grain size needed for the manufacturing of wood-plastic composites. Processed construction and demolition waste materials mixed with plastics and additives were extruded into hollow test bars using a conical rotary extruder. Test specimens needed for measurements were cut from test bars. The results showed that the mechanical performance of wood-plastic composites based on construction and demolition waste wood, and mineral wool was at a good level and comparable to commonly used wood-plastic composites in decking applications. The highest strength properties of wood-plastic composites were achieved with a plywood fraction and the lowest with materials containing a particle/fibre board fraction. The mechanical performance can be improved by utilizing mineral wool in the formulation of wood-plastic composites. A material mixture containing several wood fractions as well as mineral wool also gave good strength properties. Only a minor reduction in strength properties was measured when recycled plastic was utilized meaning that wood-plastic composites suitable for many types of applications can be produced entirely from recycled materials.
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Misztal, Barbara, and Anna Mielińska. "SELECTION CRITERIA OF THERMO-INSULATING MATERIALS TO INSULATE WOODEN BUILDING FACILITIES." Space&FORM 2020, no. 46 (June 24, 2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2021.46.b-05.
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The article presents the structure of wood as a fibrous composite made up of cells susceptible to moisture absorption. Attention was paid to the impact of insulation materials on the durability of wood. The flow of moisture in materials such as wood and glass wool representing a group of porous and non-absorbing materials is shown. Microscopic pictures of pine and oak wood, wood fibre mats and glass wool are shown. The full construction of fibers of glass wool and other e. g. mineral wool, makes them extremely non-beneficial for warming partitions in buildings involving wood. Materials with a stable heat conductivity in terms of natural humidity changes in construction works were recommended.
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JHT, Admin. "VARIABILITAS SIFAT KIMIA KAYU BULAN DAN MAHANG BERDASARKAN ARAH AKSIAL." HUTAN TROPIKA 12, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/jht.v12i1.39.
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ABSTRACT Wood of moon (Fagraea crenulata) and wood of mahang (Macaranga sp.) are not included the commercial timber species, therefore the knowledge regarding chemical properties of their woods are needed in order to provide information for various purposes according to their properties. The research was aimed to know chemical properties of moon wood and mahang wood. The research had been conducted at the laboratory of Forestry Department, University of Palangka Raya since February to March 2017. Research resultd showed that the solubility of moon and mahang woods in the cold water, hot water, 1% NaOH and alcohol benzene are classified as high. According chemical components analysis, their wood are not suitable for pul and paper, because they have some characteristic as follow: holoselulosa is poor, cellulose is low, hemicellulose is middle, and lignin is not good. Meanwhile, wood ash of moon and mahang are classified moderate (range of Indonesia chemical components of broadleaf wood is range start from 0.2 to 6%) with values of them are 0.654% for moon wood and 0.689% for mahang wood. With the result their woods are considered to wood energy utilization.
Keywords: chemical component, mahang wood, moon wood, wood energy
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IHNÁT, VLADIMÍR, HENRICH LÜBKE, ALBERT RUSS, JOZEF BALBERČÁK, VLADIMÍR KUŇA, ANDREJ PAŽITNÝ, and ŠTEFAN BOHÁČEK. "LIGNOCELLULOSIC LINERS BASED ON WOOD WOOL." Wood Research 69, no. 2 (June 28, 2024): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/69.2.337347.
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Basic physical and mechanical properties of lignocellulosic liners up to 1.5 mm thick with a compact and non-crumbling surface based on wood wool and thermoplastic water based glues were determined. PVAc and starch glue with a high proportion of water content were used. The dry mat was pressed gradually under high pressure up to 28 MPa and a temperature of around 190°C with the release of steam. Tests according to the CEPI (Confederation of European Paper Industries) standards were adopted. Procedures for tensile strength according to ISO 1924-2 (2008), Burst strength according to ISO 2758 (2014), puncture according to ASTM D781-68 (1973), water absorption according to ISO 5637 (1989) and porosity according to TAPPI Test method T460 were applied.
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Schilling, Marion, Marceau Levasseur, Muriel Barbier, Lydie Oliveira-Correia, Céline Henry, David Touboul, Sibylle Farine, Christophe Bertsch, and Eric Gelhaye. "Wood Degradation by Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer: Exploring Fungal Adaptation Using Metabolomic Networking." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2023): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9050536.
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Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fischer (Fmed) is a white-rot wood-decaying fungus associated with one of the most important and challenging diseases in vineyards: Esca. To relieve microbial degradation, woody plants, including Vitis vinifera, use structural and chemical weapons. Lignin is the most recalcitrant of the wood cell wall structural compounds and contributes to wood durability. Extractives are constitutive or de novo synthesized specialized metabolites that are not covalently bound to wood cell walls and are often associated with antimicrobial properties. Fmed is able to mineralize lignin and detoxify toxic wood extractives, thanks to enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases. Grapevine wood’s chemical composition could be involved in Fmed’s adaptation to its substrate. This study aimed at deciphering if Fmed uses specific mechanisms to degrade grapevine wood structure and extractives. Three different wood species, grapevine, beech, and oak. were exposed to fungal degradation by two Fmed strains. The well-studied white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (Tver) was used as a comparison model. A simultaneous degradation pattern was shown for Fmed in the three degraded wood species. Wood mass loss after 7 months for the two fungal species was the highest with low-density oak wood. For the latter wood species, radical differences in initial wood density were observed. No differences between grapevine or beech wood degradation rates were observed after degradation by Fmed or by Tver. Contrary to the Tver secretome, one manganese peroxidase isoform (MnP2l, jgi protein ID 145801) was the most abundant in the Fmed secretome on grapevine wood only. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on wood and mycelium samples, using metabolomic networking and public databases (GNPS, MS-DIAL) for metabolite annotations. Chemical differences between non-degraded and degraded woods, and between mycelia grown on different wood species, are discussed. This study highlights Fmed physiological, proteomic and metabolomic traits during wood degradation and thus contributes to a better understanding of its wood degradation mechanisms.
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Augustina, Sarah, Imam Wahyudi, I. Wayan Darmawan, Jamaludin Malik, Yoichi Kojima, Taiyo Okada, and Naoki Okano. "Pengaruh Karakteristik Kimia terhadap Sifat Mekanis dan Keawetan Alami Tiga Jenis Kayu Kurang Digunakan (Effect of Chemical Characteristics on Mechanical and Natural Durability Properties of Three Lesser-Used Wood Species)." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl19161-178.
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Chemical, mechanical, and natural durability properties of three lesser-used wood species from North Kalimantan, namely nyatoh (Palaquium lanceolatum), pisang putih (Mezzettia leptopoda), and sepetir (Sindora wallichii) woods,were analyzed to seek the interrelationships amongthem and give an overview related to their utilization. The results showed that pH values of three wood species were categorized into moderate to weak acid levels. The extractive contentsin hot and cold water as well as in NaOH 1% of sepetir wood were higher than those of nyatoh and pisang putih woods. In contrast, the solubility in ethanol-benzene of nyatoh wood was the highest. The ash content in the three wood species were categorized intomedium level. Lignin contents in sepetir and nyatoh woods were classified as moderate, while lignin content in pisang putih wood was high. Holocellulose and hemicellulose contentsin sepetir wood were higher than those in nyatoh and pisang putih woods, whereas alpha cellulose in sepetir wood was the lowest. MOE values of the three wood species were classified as strength class of IV‒V, while MOR and compression parallel to the grain were classified as strength class of IV. The hardness value of nyatoh wood was higher than that of other woods.The durability of the three wood species was classified into poor (low durable). The relationship between chemical characteristics and mechanical properties of wood was primarily influenced by its major components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), whereas natural durability was influenced by its minor components (extractives and inorganic materials).Keywords: lesser-used wood species, mechanical properties, natural durability, parameters interrelationship, wood chemical characteristics
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Khairuddin, Ismail Mohd, Ali Abuassal, Ali Abdelrahim, Amar Faiz Zainal Abidin, Syahrul Hisham Mohamad, Mutaz Alsawi, Nur Anis Nordin, and Hazriq Izzuan Jaafar. "Automatic Classification of Wood Texture Using Local Binary Pattern & Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor." Advanced Materials Research 903 (February 2014): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.903.315.
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The price of the wood according to the type of wood. Classification of the woods can be done by studying its texture. This paper introduces Fuzzy k Nearest Neighbor to classify 25 types of wood. The woods images have been taken from the Wood Database of the Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The features of wood images are extracted using Local Binary Pattern. The results of this paper shows improvement in wood classification compare to the previous literature.
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Park, Han-Min, Dong-Hyun Kang, Yoon-Eun Choi, Sang-Yeol Ahn, Hyun-Su Ryu, and Hee-Seop Byeon. "Bending Creep Performances of Hybrid Laminated Woods Composed of Wood-Wood Based Boards." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (January 25, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2010.38.1.1.
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Wheeler, Elisabeth A., and Pieter Baas. "Wood evolution: Baileyan trends and Functional traits in the fossil record." IAWA Journal 40, no. 3 (January 8, 2019): 488–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-40190230.
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ABSTRACTWe revisited questions about changes in the incidences of functional wood anatomical traits through geologic time and compared the incidences of these traits in the fossil record with modern wood anatomical diversity patterns in order to test classical (“Baileyan”) and more recent ecophyletic hypotheses of xylem evolution. We contrast patterns through time for tropical and higher (paleo)latitudes. Data are from the InsideWood database. There are striking differences between woods from high and mid latitudes versus tropical (paleo)-latitudes. At temperate and subtropical latitudes (Laurasia and high latitude Gondwana), the epoch by epoch time series supports the Baileyan transformation series of vessel-bearing woody angiosperms (basal woody angiosperms and eudicots): “primitive” features such as scalariform perforations, exclusively solitary vessels, apotracheal diffuse parenchyma and heterocellular rays abound in the Cretaceous and become much less frequent in the Cenozoic, especially post-Eocene. In contrast, in the paleotropics hardly any changes occur in the incidences – each epoch has an equally “modern” spectrum of wood anatomical attributes. Although climatic gradients from the poles to the equator were less steep in the Cretaceous than in the late Cenozoic, the wood anatomical differences between mid-high latitude woods and tropical woods were much more pronounced in the Cretaceous than in later epochs. This seeming paradox is discussed but we cannot resolve it.We suggest that tropical conditions have accelerated xylem evolution towards greater hydraulic efficiency (simple perforations), biological defense and hydraulic repair (elaborate paratracheal parenchyma patterns) as evidenced by late Cretaceous tropical latitude woods having near modern incidences of almost all traits. At higher paleolatitudes of both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere “ancestral” features such as scalariform perforations were retained in cooler and frost-prone regions where they were not selected against in mesic habitats because of lower demands on conductive efficiency, and could even be advantageous in trapping freeze-thaw embolisms. The fossil wood record remains too incomplete for testing hypotheses on the wood anatomy of the earliest angiosperms. The low incidence of so-called “xerophobic” woods sensu Feild with scalariform perforations with numerous (over 40) closely spaced bars in the Cretaceous tropical fossil record is puzzling. At higher paleolatitudes such woods are common in the Cretaceous.Ring porosity, an indicator of seasonal climates and deciduousness, occurs at low levels in the Cretaceous and Paleogene at higher paleolatitudes only, and reaches modern levels in the Miocene. In Neogene and Recent temperate Northern Hemisphere, wide vessels are virtually restricted to ring-porous woods. In the tropics, there is a low incidence of ring porosity throughout all epochs.The fossil record indicates that ecophysiological adaptation to tropical or temperate conditions was already evident in the Cretaceous with considerable latitudinal differences.
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Acosta, Andrey Pereira, Jalel Labidi, Henrique Römer Schulz, Ezequiel Gallio, Kelvin Techera Barbosa, Rafael Beltrame, Rafael de Avila Delucis, and Darci Alberto Gatto. "Thermochemical and Mechanical Properties of Pine Wood Treated by In Situ Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)." Forests 11, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11070768.
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The impregnation of low-molecular-weight monomers prior to polymerize them inside the wood may be an efficient way to improve some important wood properties. This work aimed to determine some technological properties of wood-based composites (WPC) produced by in situ polymerization, using a pine wood (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) impregnated with methyl methacrylate (MMA). For that, samples taken from both juvenile (JV) and mature (MT) pine woods were treated with MMA. Physical, mechanical, chemical, thermal and morphological features were evaluated. MMA-treated woods from both juvenile and mature woods presented superior physical, mechanical (expect brittleness) and thermal properties when compared to pristine ones. The infrared spectra and morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the presence of the monomer inside the pine wood. The juvenile wood presented higher treatability than the mature wood, due to its higher content of intra- and inter-cellular spaces.
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Tarmiana, Asghar, and Mohammad Azadfallah. "Variation of cell features and chemical composition in spruce consisting of opposite, normal, and compression wood." BioResources 4, no. 1 (December 9, 2008): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.1.194-204.
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A number of important anatomical features and chemical composition in opposite, normal, and compression wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were evaluated to optimally utilize spruce logs containing compression wood. A comparison of axial tracheid and ray cell features in the opposite, normal, and compression wood was provided. Lignin, cellulose, acetone-soluble, and water-soluble extractive contents of the woods were also determined. Results revealed a major variation in the anatomical and chemical characteristics of the woods. Compression wood showed extremely different microscopic features, and chemical composition compared to normal and opposite wood. In most of features investigated in the present study, normal wood occupied a transitional position between opposite and compression wood.
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de Seabra, Camila Costa, Humberto Angelo, Alexandre Nascimento de Almeida, Joaquim Carlos Gonçalez, Maristela Franchetti de Paula, Gislayne da Silva Goulart, Sandra Regina Afonso, Elisa Palhares de Souza, and Alexandre Bahia Gontijo. "Perceptions of Producers of Small Wooden Objects in Brazil's Central-West Region about Highlighted Attributes of Nine Species from the Caatinga Biome." Forest Products Journal 72, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-21-00068.
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Abstract Brazil has regions where the potential for wood supply is substantial and the lack of knowledge about forest species becomes a possible barrier to its acceptance, as is the case of the wood from the Caatinga biome. This research aims to identify the highlights attributes of wood from this biome in the perception of producers of small wooden objects as a premise for market studies. For this purpose, nine species of this biome were used as study objects for exploratory research with semistructured interviews and use of word cloud and similarity analyses with the IRAMUTEQ software. As a result, it was found that, in the perception of the producers, Caatinga biome species have peculiarities with the “color” aspect of the wood, which is the attribute considered important in adding value to products and, moreover, making it possible to group the woods according to their subjective peculiarities. It was found that a more effective participation of little-known species and an increase in demand due to greater acceptance in the market could enable the use in association with and/or as a replacement for traditional woods. In addition, the analysis of qualitative data with IRAMUTEQ is still incipient in the scientific forestry area; the present research contributes methodologically, demonstrating that its use increases the rigor of the investigation and the identification of prominent attributes of wood species, specifically those of the Caatinga studied, as alternatives for the market beyond firewood and charcoal.
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Rolshausen, P. E., L. C. Greve, J. M. Labavitch, N. E. Mahoney, R. J. Molyneux, and W. D. Gubler. "Pathogenesis of Eutypa lata in Grapevine: Identification of Virulence Factors and Biochemical Characterization of Cordon Dieback." Phytopathology® 98, no. 2 (February 2008): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-2-0222.
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Eutypa lata is a vascular pathogen of woody plants. In the present study we (i) determined which component(s) of the cell wall polymers were degraded in naturally infected grapevines and in artificially inoculated grape wood blocks; (ii) compared the pattern of wood decay in the tolerant grape cv. Merlot versus the susceptible cv. Cabernet Sauvignon; and (iii) identified secondary metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes expressed by E. lata during wood degradation. Biochemical analyses and a cytochemical study indicated that glucose-rich polymers were primary targets of E. lata. Structural glucose and xylose of the hemicellulose fraction of the plant cell wall and starch were depleted in infected woods identically in both cultivars. Moreover, the more tolerant cv. Merlot always had more lignin in the wood than the susceptible cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, indicating that this polymer may play a role in disease resistance. In vitro assays demonstrated the production by E. lata of oxidases, glycosidases and starch degrading enzymes. Phytotoxic secondary metabolites were also produced but our data suggest that they may bind to the wood. Finally, we demonstrated that free glucose in liquid cultures repressed primary but not secondary metabolism.
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Susanto, Dalhar, and Widyarko Widyarko. "Sustainable Material : Used Wood As Building Material." INSIST 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ins.v2i1.26.
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Abstract–Wood consumption as building material and component in Indonesia is still considerably high. This affects forest destruction, in a way that most of the wood production still roots from wood forests. Hence, the demand of these woods better be supplied from other source, one of them is through using used woods. Used wood utilization in building construction is an application of reuse and recycle strategy in sustainable material concept. Due to the assumption among the people that used woods have low performance its utilization is nowadays limited. This paper addresses the result of research and laboratory test on a range of used wood samples collected from Jakarta great area (Jabodetabek), consist of 5 technical parameters: water content, density, compressive strength, flexure strength, and tension strength. The research proves that based on certain parameters, used woods perfom technical capacity as good as – or even better than – newly produced woods.Keyword – sustainable, material, used wood
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Brožek, M. "Bonding of wood." Research in Agricultural Engineering 61, No. 3 (June 2, 2016): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8/2014-rae.
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The paper presents the results of strength tests of joints made using six different adhesives destined by their producers for bonding wood. Bonded samples were made from seven sorts of wood commonly growing in the Czech Republic, namely ash, beach, cherry, maple, pine, spruce and walnut. From semi-products (boards, planks, squared timber logs) the test samples of dimensions 25 × 100 mm and 4 mm thickness were cut out in the direction of year rings. Always two samples were bonded together so that their overlap was of 12.5 mm. All these assemblies were loaded using the universal testing machine up to their rupture. The rupture force and the rupture type (rupture in the joint, in the bonded material) were registered. The aim of the tests was to assess the influence of the used adhesive on the bonded joint strength at different woods, to assess the variability of the adhesive consumption at the manual adhesive application by different workers and to determine costs for bonding of different woods using different adhesives. From the results it follows that between six tested adhesives used for bonding of seven sorts of wood, considerable differences exist not only as regards their price, but also their quality. From the results it also follows that the manual adhesive application is very unequal, because it depends on the dexterity and care of the worker. Next, the costs for bonding of different woods using different adhesives were determined.
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Sedliačiková, Mariana, Mária Moresová, and Anna Kocianová. "Mapping the Supply of Colour Tones of Wood and Furniture Products in Slovakian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises." Forests 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121775.
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The purpose of the surface treatment of wood products is not only to protect them, but also to make them attractive in relation to the visual aspect through their colour modification. It is therefore important that manufacturers of wood and furniture products pay particular attention to the supply of colour tones of wood. According to colours, wood is divided into groups: red woods (oak, cherry, pine, alder, etc.), brown woods (elm, ash, walnut, etc.), pale woods (hornbeam, spruce, fir, etc.) and green woods (acacia, etc.). The main objective of this paper is to identify the supply of colour tones of wood and furniture products of Slovak micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. An empirical survey was used to map the researched issue in the form of a questionnaire. The results show that Slovak micro, small and medium-sized woodworking and furniture enterprises prefer the quality of wood raw material to its price. At the same time, they mostly manufacture products made of solid wood. Where it is necessary to modify the colour of the wood, enterprises use a process of staining, which enhances the natural colour and grain of the wood. On the other hand, due to the lack of investment capital, they cannot use hydrothermal treatment of wood steaming, which is considered a modern way of modifying the colour tone of the wood. It is essential that Slovak micro, small and medium-sized woodworking and furniture enterprises constantly adapt their production supply in the changing market environment, where they must respond immediately to current trends. In this way, they can sustain and increase their turnover, which will help them overcome the current crisis.
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Ota, Toshitaka, Takahiro Eitsuka, Haruki Yoshida, and Nobuyasu Adachi. "Porous Apatite Ceramics Derived from Woods." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.247.
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Porous calcium phosphate ceramics (apatite and TCP) with wood-like microstructures, analogous to that of silicified wood, were prepared from natural woods as templates. The production of these ceramic woods was performed by the following process: (1) infiltration with an ethanol solution containing tri-ethyl phosphate and calcium nitrate tetra-hydrate into wood specimens, (2) drying to form a calcium phosphate gel in the cell structure, (3) firing in air to form apatite and TCP. The microstructure of the obtained ceramic woods retained the same structure as that of the raw woods: with the pore sizes corresponding to those of the original wood, and the major pores being unidirectionally connected.
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Esteves, Bruno M., René Herrera, Jorge Santos, Luísa Carvalho, Lina Nunes, José Ferreira, Idalina J. Domingos, and Luísa Cruz-Lopes. "Artificial weathering of heat-treated pines from the Iberian peninsula." BioResources 15, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 9642–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.9642-9655.
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Samples from the two most common pines grown in Portugal (Pinus pinaster Ait) and Spain (Pinus radiata, D. Don) were heat-treated in industrial facilities in accordance with ThermoWood ® class D. For both species, the variation in surface properties, of untreated and heat-treated wood after artificial weathering from 75 to 750 h, is presented. The analysis included the determination of color, roughness, gloss, and wettability before exposure and after each artificial weathering period. Untreated woods became darker faster, while in heat-treated woods, lightness remained approximately constant until 750 h of artificial weathering. Both untreated and heat-treated wood became more reddish in the beginning of the weathering process, turning greener for longer exposure times. Untreated woods became yellower in the beginning, turning into blueish tones later. Heat-treated wood turned slightly yellower until 750 h of weathering. Gloss decreased for untreated wood with no significant changes in heat-treated wood. Despite the changes, the gloss of both untreated and heat-treated wood converged to similar values. Roughness increased for both untreated and heat-treated woods. Artificial weathering increased the wettability of heat-treated wood.
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Kumar, N. Praveen, and Arun Arya. "Delignification of Valuable Timbers Decayed by India Lignicolous Fungi." International Letters of Natural Sciences 16 (May 2014): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.16.101.
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Wood degrading capacity of lignicolous fungi was studied by decay test. In which two methods were followed, i) wood chips method ii) wood block method. Eight timbers infected by six fungi were selected for studying percentage of decay and biochemical test was done to know delignification. After 12 months, 90 % of wood block of T. arjuna was decayed by L. stereoides. In teak wood 16.82 % of decay was due to H. apiaria in 3 months. As the percentage of moisture was less, percentage of weight loss was also less; this indicated that decay capacity of fungi will depends on % moisture content in wood. The percentage loss in hot water soluble substrates was more in case of T. crenulata due to L. stereoides for 5 months, whereas lowest in case of teak wood decayed by H. apiaria for 5 months. The percentage loss in ethanol benzene soluble substrate was more in case of Adina wood decayed by C. versicolor for 5 months, whereas lowest in case of teak wood infected with L. stereoides for 3 months. As the incubation period increases, percentage loss in acid soluble lignin was more in case of infected woods. L. stereoides, C. versicolor, and H. apiaria showed selective delignification in all infected woods, whereas T. pini showed simultaneous degradation of lignin in all woods tested. The valuable timber like teak wood was not resistant to wood decay because they loss 50% of lignin. The in vitro wood decay test can‟t be taken as absolute evidence for wood decay behavior of lignin-degrading fungi, so we should conform decay of wood by consider biochemical test. For rapid evaluation of wood decay the wood chip method was best suitable. For the first time the wood decay and biochemical test of 8 wood samples infected by white rot fungi like S. commune, L. stereoides, H. apiaria, C. versicolor, T. pini and soft rot fungi like T. viride was studied.
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Kumar, N. Praveen, and Arun Arya. "Delignification of Valuable Timbers Decayed by India Lignicolous Fungi." International Letters of Natural Sciences 16 (May 30, 2014): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-ajme01.
Full textAbstract:
Wood degrading capacity of lignicolous fungi was studied by decay test. In which two methods were followed, i) wood chips method ii) wood block method. Eight timbers infected by six fungi were selected for studying percentage of decay and biochemical test was done to know delignification. After 12 months, 90 % of wood block of T. arjuna was decayed by L. stereoides. In teak wood 16.82 % of decay was due to H. apiaria in 3 months. As the percentage of moisture was less, percentage of weight loss was also less; this indicated that decay capacity of fungi will depends on % moisture content in wood. The percentage loss in hot water soluble substrates was more in case of T. crenulata due to L. stereoides for 5 months, whereas lowest in case of teak wood decayed by H. apiaria for 5 months. The percentage loss in ethanol benzene soluble substrate was more in case of Adina wood decayed by C. versicolor for 5 months, whereas lowest in case of teak wood infected with L. stereoides for 3 months. As the incubation period increases, percentage loss in acid soluble lignin was more in case of infected woods. L. stereoides, C. versicolor, and H. apiaria showed selective delignification in all infected woods, whereas T. pini showed simultaneous degradation of lignin in all woods tested. The valuable timber like teak wood was not resistant to wood decay because they loss 50% of lignin. The in vitro wood decay test can‟t be taken as absolute evidence for wood decay behavior of lignin-degrading fungi, so we should conform decay of wood by consider biochemical test. For rapid evaluation of wood decay the wood chip method was best suitable. For the first time the wood decay and biochemical test of 8 wood samples infected by white rot fungi like S. commune, L. stereoides, H. apiaria, C. versicolor, T. pini and soft rot fungi like T. viride was studied.
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Zhao, Jia, Achuan Wang, and Qian Wang. "Genome-Wide Identification of the ABC Gene Family and Its Expression in Response to the Wood Degradation of Poplar in Trametes gibbosa." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2024): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10020096.
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Wood-rotting fungi’s degradation of wood not only facilitates the eco-friendly treatment of organic materials, decreasing environmental pollution, but also supplies crucial components for producing biomass energy, thereby reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The ABC gene family, widely distributed in wood-rotting fungi, plays a crucial role in the metabolism of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Trametes gibbosa, as a representative species of wood-rotting fungi, exhibits robust capabilities in wood degradation. To investigate the function of the ABC gene family in wood degradation by T. gibbosa, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of T. gibbosa’s ABC gene family. We identified a total of 12 Tg-ABCs classified into four subfamilies (ABCA, ABCB, ABCC, and ABCG). These subfamilies likely play significant roles in wood degradation. Scaffold localization and collinearity analysis results show that Tg-ABCs are dispersed on scaffolds and there is no duplication of gene sequences in the Tg-ABCs in the genome sequence of T. gibbosa. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses of T. gibbosa along with four other wood-rotting fungi show that T. gibbosa shares a closer phylogenetic relationship with its same-genus fungus (Trametes versicolor), followed by Ganoderma leucocontextum, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Phlebia centrifuga in descending order of phylogenetic proximity. In addition, we conducted quantitative analyses of Tg-ABCs from T. gibbosa cultivated in both woody and non-woody environments for 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days using an RT-qPCR analysis. The results reveal a significant difference in the expression levels of Tg-ABCs between woody and non-woody environments, suggesting an active involvement of the ABC gene family in wood degradation. During the wood degradation period of T. gibbosa, spanning from 10 to 35 days, the relative expression levels of most Tg-ABCs exhibited a trend of increasing, decreasing, and then increasing again. Additionally, at 20 and 35 days of wood degradation by T. gibbosa, the relative expression levels of Tg-ABCs peak, suggesting that at these time points, Tg-ABCs exert the most significant impact on the degradation of poplar wood by T. gibbosa. This study systematically reveals the biological characteristics of the ABC gene family in T. gibbosa and their response to woody environments. It establishes the foundation for a more profound comprehension of the wood-degradation mechanism of the ABC gene family and provides strong support for the development of more efficient wood-degradation strategies.
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Ahvenainen, Patrik. "Anatomy and mechanical properties of woods used in electric guitars." IAWA Journal 40, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 106—S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-40190218.
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ABSTRACT Many endangered tropical hardwoods are commonly used in electric guitars. In order to find alternative woods, the current electric guitar woods need to be studied and classified as most research in this field has focused on acoustic instruments. Classification was done based on luthier literature, woods used in commercially available electric guitars, commercially available tonewoods and by interviewing Finnish luthiers. Here, the electric guitar woods are divided into three distinct classes based on how they are used in the guitar: low-density wood used in the body only (alder, poplar, basswood, ash), medium-density wood used in the body and neck (maple and mahogany), and high-density wood used in the fretboard only (rosewood and ebony). Together, these three classes span a wide range of anatomical and mechanical properties, but each class itself is limited to a relatively narrow parameter space. Statistically significant differences between these classes and the average hardwoods exist in the wood anatomy (size and organization of vessels, fibres, rays and axial parenchyma), in the mechanical properties (density, elastic modulus, Janka hardness, etc.) and in the average price per volume. In order to find substitute woods for a certain guitar wood class, density and elastic modulus can already be used to rule out most wood species. Based on principal component analysis of the elastomechanical and anatomical properties of commercially available hardwoods, few species are similar to the low- and high-density class woods. However, for all of the three electric guitar wood classes, non-endangered wood species are already commercially available from tonewood retailers that match the class characteristics presented here.
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Glavonjic, Branko, and Nike Krajnc. "Woody biomass consumption in Montenegro and its contribution to the realization of the national 2020 renewable energy target." Thermal Science 17, no. 4 (2013): 957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130607117g.
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This paper is the continuation of the presentation of results obtained in comprehensive research of woody biomass consumption in Montenegro conducted as a part of the FODEMO/MONSTAT project ?Wood fuels consumption in Montenegro?. The previous paper (No.2, 2013) showed results of wood fuels consumption for households heating and this paper shows their consumption for the other energy purposes as well as its participation in total final energy consumption in Montenegro. Total consumption of woody biomass for energy and non-energy purposes in Montenegro in 2011 was 1.06 million m3, out of which 732.9 thousand m3 or 69.1% was in the form of firewood and 326.6 thousand m3 or 30.8% was in the form of industrial roundwood. Additionally, 251 m3 of woody biomass in the form of wood residue were used for the needs of charcoal producers and households. Apart from this, 423 tonnes of wood briquettes, 948 tonnes of wood pellets, 1039 tonnes of charcoal, 86,193 m3 of wood residue from industry and 5,254 m3 of wood waste from construction industry were also used for energy purposes. Total final consumption of wood energy, which includes the consumption of all wood fuel categories, was 7,275.04 TJ or 173,761 toe (tonne of oil equivalent) in Montenegro in 2011, which is equal to the value of 2,020,844,444 kWh. The size of energy values and significance of wood energy is best shown by the fact that wood is the third most important energy-generating product in final energy consumption in Montenegro, just behind petroleum products and electricity. Compared to final consumption of electricity of 12,290 TJ, value of wood energy in the amount of 7,275.04 TJ is 59.2% of electricity consumption.
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Tymochko, I. "Estimation of coarse woody debris stocks in forest ecosystems of «Tsyrkunivskyi forest» and «Dergachivskyi forest» Emerald network objects (Kharkiv region)." Balanced nature using, no. 2 (April 4, 2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.2.2022.261249.
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The estimation of coarse woody debris stocks in forest ecosystems of «Tsyrkunivskyi forest» and «Dergachivskyi forest» Emerald network objects was performed. Estimation was conducted based on State Forest Inventory data of State enterprise «Kharkiv Forest Research Station» forest fund. Data of dead wood in forest stands of eighteen tree species were analyzed. The stock of the following components of coarse woody debris was studied: standing dead wood, fallen dead wood. Data analysis was performed using MS Excel 2016 software. It was found that the total area of forest stands in which standing dead wood was found during forest inventory was 9984.6 ha, or 49.6%, of the total forest area; for fallen dead wood corresponding indicators were 2662.5 ha (13.2%). The total stock of coarse woody debris was 20761 m3, which is concentrated in the stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) (75.6%) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (11.1%). Standing dead wood prevailed (80.1%) fallen dead wood (19.9%) in the structure of dead wood volume. Mean volume of standing dead wood by forest type was from 1.3 m3 ·ha–1 (dry maplelinden dibrova) to 33.3 m3 ·ha–1 (wet maple-linden sudibrova), fallen dead wood — from 1.0 m3 ·ha–1 (dry maple-linden dibrova) to 11.5 m3 ·ha–1 (wet maple-linden dibrova). In oak stands mean volume of standing dead wood was 1.4 m3 ·ha–1, fallen dead wood — 1.3 m3 ·ha–1. Obtained results indicate that in general, the dead wood volumes in forest ecosystems in studied Emerald network objects estimated based on State Forest Inventory data, are quite low compared to the forest ecosystems of other protected areas, where one of the priorities are the natural complexes protection and biodiversity conservation. It may be associated with the influence of forestry activities in studied protected areas.
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K.V. Vala and D.C. Joshi. "Development of Evaporative Cooling Transportation System for Perishable Commodities." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 47, no. 1 (February 20, 2024): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2010471.1399.
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An evaporative cooling(EC) system suitable for vehicles used for transportation of perishable agricultural produce was developed and evaluated for its performance with respect to three pad materials (wood-wool, coconut coir and wood shaving), three pad thicknesses (50, 100 and 150 mm) and three pad densities (15, 20, and 25 kg.m-3). It was observed that for all the pad densities and thicknesses, the wood-wool pad material gave significantly higher temperature drop, higher increase in relative humidity and better saturation efficiency as compared to coconut coir and wood shaving pad material. The difference between coconut coir and wood shaving was non-significant.
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Zor, Mustafa. "Water resistance of heat-treated welded Iroko, ash, tulip, and ayous wood." BioResources 15, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 9584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.9584-9595.
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The friction welding method has been an effective criterion in determining the mechanical performance of wood joints in wood industry applications compared to traditional methods. Although it is used in structural applications, joints from linear vibration are quite sensitive to water. In this study, the water resistance of the heat-treated woods, iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), tulip wood (Liriodendron tulipifera) and ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon), were investigated by friction linear welding. The weld line density profiles were examined. The resistance of heat-treated welded wood joints to water remarkably decreased compared to the control sample, depending on water immersion time. The highest shear strength loss was found in tulip wood (60% to 65%) and the lowest shear strength loss was found in ash wood (3%) for the heat-treated group and in Iroko wood (17%) for the control. The heat-treated samples increased in density with welding but had a slightly lower density than the control group. According to the TGA results, it was found that the thermal degradation of untreated welded woods was lower than that of heat-treated welded woods. This difference could be due to the chemical constituents of hardwood and tropical wood. X-ray computed tomography (CT-scanning) is feasible and usable for welding line density change.
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Kusumaningsih, Karti Rahayu. "UJI EFEKTIVITAS FUNGISIDA NABATI SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGAWET UNTUK MENCEGAH SERANGAN JAMUR PEWARNA KAYU." Jurnal Wana Tropika 11, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.55180/jwt.v11i2.181.
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Woods which have low natural durability are easy to be attacked with wood staining fungi (blue stain) so can decrease its wood quality. Syzygium aromaticum, Melia azedarach and Piper betle contain of active components (botanical fungicide) that can be used as natural preservative to prevent staining fungi attack. The purpose of this research is to know effect of botanical fungicide species and preserved wood investigated, i.e Paraserianthes falcataria and Toona sureni on the attack intensity of wood staining fungi. Results of the research showed that interaction between botanical fungicide and wood species gived very significant effect on the attack intensity of wood staining fungi. The lowest of attack intensity was resulted on Toona sureni that had preserved by Melia azedarach leaf extract. The leaf extract of Syzygium aromaticum, Melia azedarach and Piper betle could keep Paraserianthes falcataria and Toona sureni wood against staining fungi. Toona sureni wood was more resist against wood staining fungi than Paraserianthes falcataria, it was due to higher extractive in Toona sureni than Paraserianthes falcataria. To preserve woods which had bright colour such as Paraserianthes falcataria, more suitable to use Melia azedarach leaf extract which not change wood colour.
Key words: Botanical Fungicide, Preservative, Wood Staining Fungi
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Nenkova, S., R. Garvanska, and S. Jelev. "FIBROUS-WOOD SORBENT FOR ELIMINATING OIL POLLUTION." AUTEX Research Journal 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2004-040308.
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Abstract In this paper, we examine the possibility of eliminating oil pollution by using fibrous-wood sorbents on the basis of short wool fibres, technical hydrolysis lignin, wood sawdust and barks. The sorption ability of waste fibrous-wood materials has been investigated by determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The special sorption patterns by net cover and fibrous-wood compositions as a nucleus have been prepared. The sorbents on the basis of technical hydrolysis lignin (THL) and wool shoddy have high sorption ability to oil pollution.
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Bause, George S. "Wood-swinging Paul Wood, M.D." Anesthesiology 118, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31828ac26e.
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Ahmed, MB, ATMK Hasan, M. Mohiuddin, M. Asadullah, MS Rahman, and A. Khaleque. "Effects of heating rate and heating up time to central biomass particles for bio-oil production." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 51, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v51i1.27031.
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Objective of this work was to pyrolysis woody biomass. Experiments were carried out at 300 to 500oC. Relatively bigger particles were used. Special emphasis was given to investigate the effects of heating rate and heating up time of the central mass of the particles on the product distribution. Surface temperature reached to the reactor set temperature immediately while the temperature at the central part was as low as 50oC. The center temperature gradually increased to the final temperature within 3 to 8 minutes, depending on the wood types and the reactor set temperature. For ipil-ipil wood the heating rate of the central mass was much faster than krishnachura and koroi woods, and thus the heating up time was lower. Ipil-ipil wood was experienced higher yield (65%) even at lower reactor temperature 300oC with particle temperature 450oC. In the case of krishnachura and koroi woods, the bio-oil yields were lower under the same condition due to the heating rates of the central parts were much slower. Further researchon different biomasses may be necessary to demonstrate overall process.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 51(1), 13-22, 2016
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McConachie, Bruce A. "William B. Wood and the “Pathos of Paternalism”." Theatre Survey 28, no. 1 (May 1987): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400008942.
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Theatre historians have been kind to William B. Wood, actor and co-manager of the Chestnut Street Theatre in the early nineteenth century. Reese D. James, in his Old Drury of Philadelphia: A History of the Philadelphia Stage, 1800–1835 (1932), set the sentimental tone that subsequent historians would echo. Relying extensively on Wood's Personal Recollections of the Stage (1855), James lamented that the Chestnut Theatre, following the breakup of Warren and Woods' management in 1826, became “a body without a soul.” In his Theatre U.S.A. (1959), Barnard Hewitt quoted copiously from Wood's Recollections, allowing the co-manager the final word on the deleterious effects of the star system. Calvin Primer's two articles published in the 1960s on Warren and Wood continued the tradition, picturing both managers as the unfortunate victims of rapacious stars.
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Wahyuningtyas, Irma, Istie Rahayu, Akhiruddin Maddu, and Esti Prihatini. "Magnetic properties of wood treated with nano-magnetite and furfuryl alcohol impregnation." BioResources 17, no. 4 (October 3, 2022): 6496–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.6496-6510.
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The impregnation of jabon wood (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) with a magnetic compound can increase the quality of the wood. In this study, magnetic woods were made using the ex situ impregnation of jabon woods with nano-magnetite (Fe3O4). The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of jabon magnetic wood. Two other impregnation solutions were also used in this study: (1) water (untreated) and (2) furfuryl alcohol plus nano-magnetite. The physical properties of magnetic jabon wood were improved compared with untreated wood, as shown by the results of the characterization tests. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed nano-magnetite in the micropores of magnetic jabon wood. The results of the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed chemical bonding between the wood polymer and the furan ring and Fe-O functional groups. The X-ray diffraction results showed a decrease in the degree of crystallinity as the concentration of nano-magnetite increased. The magnetic properties were tested via vibrating-sample magnetometry and the FA-Fe3O4-treated wood showed the highest magnetization.
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Guerrero-Chanivet, María, Manuel J. Valcárcel-Muñoz, M. Valme García-Moreno, and Dominico A. Guillén-Sánchez. "Characterization of the Aromatic and Phenolic Profile of Five Different Wood Chips Used for Ageing Spirits and Wines." Foods 9, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111613.
Full textAbstract:
Wooden barrels and wood chips are usually used in the ageing of spirits and wines to improve their sensorial profile. Oak wood is the most popular material used in cooperage, but there are other interesting woods, such as cherry or chestnut, that could be considered for this purpose. In this study, a novel method for the determination of the aromatic profile of wood powder by Direct Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (DTD-GC-MS) was optimized by experimental design. The volatile composition of five different types of wood chips was determined by direct analysis of wood powder by DTD-GC-MS method developed. Thirty-one compounds from wood were identified through this analysis, allowing the differentiation between woods. The aromatic and phenolic compound profile of the 50% hydroalcoholic extract of each type of wood studied was analyzed by Stir-bar Sorptive Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (SBSE-GC-MS) and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) to determine which wood compounds are transferred to spirits and wine after ageing. Different phenolic profiles were found by UHPLC in each wood extract, allowing their differentiation. However, results obtained by SBSE-GC-MS did not allow distinguishing between wood extracts. The analysis of wood in solid state, without any type of previous treatment except grinding, by DTD-GC-MS does not imply any loss of information of the aromatic compounds present in wood as other techniques. This is a potential method to identify aromas in wood that, in addition, allows different types of wood to be differentiated.
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Glavonjic, Branko, and Leon Oblak. "Consumption of woody biomass in industry, commercial, and public facilities in Serbia: Present state and possible contribution to the share of renewable sources in final energy consumption." Thermal Science 16, no. 1 (2012): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1201007g.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is the continuation of the presentation of results obtained in comprehensive researches of woody biomass consumption in Serbia conducted as a part of the TCP/FAO project ?Wood energy for sustainable rural development?. The previous paper (No. 3, 2011) showed results of wood fuels consumption for households heating and this paper shows their consumption for the needs of industry, commercial and public facilities. Research results show that total consumption of woody biomass in Serbia in 2010 was 7.41 million m3, out of which 7.03 million m3 was in the form of roundwood and 0.38 million m3 was in the form of wood residue from industry. The biggest consumers of woody biomass (roundwood, chips, residues) are households with the participation of 86.54%, followed by the production of wood-based panels with 4.47% and energy production for own purposes of wood processing companies with 2.96%. Compared to the officially registered consumption in energy balance in the amount of 0.281 Mtoe, actual consumption of wood energy in Serbia in 2010 was 1.37 Mtoe or 4.9 times higher. Participation of wood energy in final energy consumption in Serbia was 57,300 TJ or 13.6% in 2010. Current use of wood energy substitutes imports of light heating oil in the value of 1.3 billion ? or 650 million ? in the case of natural gas substituting. Use of wood fuel prevented emissions of about 7 million tonnes of CO2 from fossil fuels.
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Haobin, Peng, Yuesheng Li, Yunquan Li, Fangyang Yuan, and Guohua Chen. "Experimental Investigation of Combustion Kinetics of Wood Powder and Pellet." Journal of Combustion 2018 (September 2, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5981598.
Full textAbstract:
The combustion kinetic characteristics of wood powder and pellet were investigated within thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and tube furnace system. The kinetic parameters of these two different forms of woody fuel were measured and derived by double-step-and-double-equal and isothermal method, respectively. The results showed that the combustion mechanisms of wood powder kept consistent through the whole process, while the combustion mechanisms of wood pellet differed significantly between the volatile and char combustion stages. The most probable mechanism functions of the two different forms of woody fuel were not the same due to the differences in internal heat and mass transfer properties. In addition, activation energy values varied from 92.33 kJ·mol−1 for wood powder to 71.20 kJ·mol−1 for wood pellet, while the preexponential factor value of wood powder (2.55×108 s−1) was far greater than the one of the wood pellet (78.55 s−1) by seven orders of magnitude.
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Ohmae, Kosuke, Kazuya Minato, and Misato Norimoto. "The Analysis of Dimensional Changes Due to Chemical Treatments and Water Soaking for Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) Wood." Holzforschung 56, no. 1 (February 6, 2002): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.016.
Full textAbstract:
Summary To clarify tangential and radial dimensional changes in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) wood by ten kinds of treatments and successive water soaking, a vector expression on the tangential-radial coordinates was proposed and a new measure (ASE′) to evaluate the dimensional stability of wood was defined. The ASE′ is expressed by 100(1 − Vs′ /Vu ) where Vu is the volumetric swelling coefficient of untreated wood and Vs′ is that of treated wood calculated on the basis of its oven-dried volume before treatment. The results from formaldehyde treated, heat treated and steam treated wood showed large positive ASE′ values and the ratio of radial swelling to tangential swelling (swelling anisotropy) of these treated woods decreased with increasing weight percent gain or weight loss. The results from acetylated wood, wood impregnated with polyethylene glycol and wood treated with a low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde resin showed either small positive or negative ASE′ values, and those of wood treated with propylene oxide showed large negative values. The swelling anisotropy of treated woods accompanied by cell wall bulking was larger than that of untreated wood. The swelling anisotropy decreased when the cell lumen was filled with a hydrophobic resin (WPC-MMA), and increased when the cell lumen was filled with a hydrophilic resin (WPC-HEMA).
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Vavrčík, Hanuš, and Vladimír Gryc. "The methodology of making microscopical preparations of wood." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 4 (2004): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452040169.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, there are discussed methods of making woody tissues microscopical preparations and making its microslides. There are described common methods of preparation of wood blocks, sectioning of woody tissues, staining and mounting. The differences of making wood sections and non-lignified plant sections are highlighted. The authors recommendate the fast methodology of making quality microslides of wood sections based on their own experiences.
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Alade, Adefemi Adebisi, Christoph Hoette, and Holger Militz. "Coatings Adhesion on Chemically Modified Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Woods." Forests 15, no. 3 (March 13, 2024): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15030526.
Full textAbstract:
Synergizing coating and wood modification is a promising concept to develop wood products that have multi-qualities that include excellent dimensional stability, durability, and weathering resistance. However, the nature of the modified substrate is a critical parameter for coating adhesion. Chemical modification of wood impacts the physicochemical properties of the wood, which could in turn impact the adhesion of coatings. Therefore, this study investigated the adhesion of seven different coatings to Pinus sylvestris L. woods chemically modified through esterification with acetic anhydride (acetylated), etherification with 1.3-dimethylol-4.5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), and esterification with sorbitol/citric acid formulation (SorCA). The selected coatings include water-based and solvent-based examples with different binder constituents that include acrylate, alkyd, natural oil, and hybrids. Coating adhesion to the modified wood was evaluated in terms of crosscut resistance to detachment, wear-resistant hardness, and pull-off strength. Chemical modifications yielded positive impacts on coating adhesion compared to unmodified wood. Coatings adhered better to acetylated and DMDHEU-modified P. sylvestris wood than on SorCA-modified wood. Solvent-based coatings had higher adhesion strength on the acetylated, DMDHEU-modified, and unmodified woods than water-based coatings. On the other hand, water-based coatings mostly adhered better to SorCA-modified wood compared to solvent-based coating. Overall, the coating of chemically modified P. sylvestris wood is promising for the development of an enhanced wood protection system.
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Panzella, Lucia, Federica Moccia, Maria Toscanesi, Marco Trifuoggi, Samuele Giovando, and Alessandra Napolitano. "Exhausted Woods from Tannin Extraction as an Unexplored Waste Biomass: Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Pollutant Adsorption Properties and Activating Effects of Hydrolytic Treatments." Antioxidants 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8040084.
Full textAbstract:
Exhausted woods represent a byproduct of tannin industrial production processes and their possible exploitation as a source of antioxidant compounds has remained virtually unexplored. We herein report the characterization of the antioxidant and other properties of practical interest of exhausted chestnut wood and quebracho wood, together with those of a chestnut wood fiber, produced from steamed exhausted chestnut wood. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays indicated good antioxidant properties for all the materials investigated, with exhausted chestnut wood, and, even more, chestnut wood fiber exhibiting the highest activity. High efficiency was observed also in the superoxide scavenging assay. An increase of the antioxidant potency was observed for both exhausted woods and chestnut wood fiber following activation by hydrolytic treatment, with an up to three-fold lowering of the EC50 values in the DPPH assay. On the other hand, exhausted quebracho wood was particularly effective as a nitrogen oxides (NOx) scavenger. The three materials proved able to adsorb methylene blue chosen as a model of organic pollutant and to remove highly toxic heavy metal ions like cadmium from aqueous solutions, with increase of the activity following the hydrolytic activation. These results open new perspectives toward the exploitation of exhausted woods as antioxidants, e.g., for active packaging, or as components of filtering membranes for remediation of polluted waters.