Journal articles on the topic 'Wood-pulp Optical properties'
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1
Bülbül, Gülşah Altunışık, and Ayhan Gençer. "Determination of Ideal Cooking Conditions for Pulp Production from Avocado Wood (Persea americana Mill.) by Kraft Method." Drvna industrija 72, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2021.2048.
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In this study, hand sheets were made from pulp produced by the Kraft method using avocado wood. The raw materials were supplied by a fruit orchard and consisted of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees that had completed their useful life and were cut during routine thinning maintenance. In order to determine the ideal cooking conditions in the production of pulp from avocado wood via the Kraft method, 16 cooks were carried out by varying the cooking time (T), active alkali (AA), and sulfidity (S) ratios. The general pulp properties, especially the screened pulp yield, pulp viscosity, and Kappa number, were evaluated. The pulp yield was taken as the primary basis in determining the cooking conditions. The ideal cooking conditions were also determined by considering some physical, mechanical, and optical properties of the paper. According to this study, the conditions found to be ideal in pulp production from avocado (Persea americana Mill.) wood via the Kraft method were: 18 % AA, 22 % S, and 75 min T.
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Abo Elgat, Wael A. A., Ayman S. Taha, Mohamed Z. M. Salem, Yahia G. D. Fares, Martin Böhm, Mourad F. Mohamed, Ramadan A. Nasser, and Vojtěch Pommer. "The Effects of Iron Rust on the Ageing of Woods and Their Derived Pulp Paper." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 3483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203483.
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The accelerated ageing of wood in terms of heating or iron rusting has a potential effect on the physio-mechanical, chemical and biological properties of wood. The effects of accelerated ageing on the mechanical, physical and fungal activity properties of some wood materials (Schinus terebinthifolius, Erythrina humeana, Tectona grandis, Pinus rigida and Juglans nigra) were studied after several cycles of heating and iron rusting. The fungal activity was assayed against the growth of Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum and Stemphylium solani. In addition, the mechanical and optical properties of paper sheets produced from those wood pulps by means of Kraft cooking were evaluated. The mechanical and chemical properties of the studied wood species were affected significantly (p < 0.05) by the accelerated ageing, compared to control woods. With Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, we detected an increase in the intensity of the spectra of the functional groups of cellulose in the heated samples, which indicates an increase in cellulose content and decrease in lignin content, compared to other chemical compounds. For pulp properties, woods treated by heating showed a decrease in the pulp yield. The highest significant values of tensile strength were observed in pulp paper produced from untreated, heated and iron-rusted P. rigida wood and they were 69.66, 65.66 and 68.33 N·m/g, respectively; we calculated the tear resistance from pulp paper of untreated P. rigida (8.68 mN·m2/g) and T. grandis (7.83 mN·m2/g) and rusted P. rigida (7.56 mN·m2/g) wood; we obtained the values of the burst strength of the pulp paper of untreated woods of P. rigida (8.19 kPa·m2/g) and T. grandis (7.49 kPa·m2/g), as well as the fold number of the pulp paper of untreated, heated and rusted woods from P. rigida, with values of 195.66, 186.33 and 185.66, respectively. After 14 days from the incubation, no fungal inhibition zones were observed. Accelerated ageing (heated or iron-rusted) produced significant effects on the mechanical and chemical properties of the studied wood species and affected the properties of the produced pulp paper.
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Seo, Yung, Dong Kang, and Jung Han. "Utilization of Calcium Carbonate-Coated Wood Flour in Printing Paper and Their Conservational Properties." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (March 28, 2019): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071867.
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Wood flours (WFs) are bulky lignocellulosic materials that can increase the bulk and stiffness of paper. To be used in printing paper for replacing chemical pulp, WFs were first fractionated by a 200-mesh screen to improve smoothness; second, they were coated with calcium carbonate by an in-situ CaCO3 formation method (coated wood flours, CWFs) to improve brightness. The performance of CWFs for printing paper was compared to those of bleached wood flours (BWFs) and bleached chemical pulp. Equivalent brightness and much higher smoothness were obtained for the CWFs compared to the BWFs. Furthermore, BWFs caused a significant loss of yield and required wastewater treatment in the bleaching process, while the CWFs increased the yield greatly by attaching CaCO3 to the wood flours, and caused no wastewater burden. An accelerated aging test showed that the CWFs caused lesser brightness and strength loss than the bleached chemical pulp and BWFs. CWFs still had room for improvement to replace chemical pulp, but showed slower aging in optical and close strength properties.
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Rautiainen, Riikka, and Raimo Alén. "Papermaking properties of the ECF-bleached kraft pulps from first-thinning Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)." Holzforschung 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.002.
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Abstract First-thinning Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and the outer (containing long fibers) and inner (containing short fibers) parts of its stem wood were delignified on a laboratory scale by kraft pulping followed by oxygen-alkali delignification and bleaching with D0(EO)D1(EP)D2. The aim was to evaluate the potential use of the bleached pulps as reinforcing material in various mechanical and chemical pulps. The physical and optical properties of the pulps indicated that only the “outer part pulp”, with rather similar properties to those of a reference softwood kraft pulp, seemed suitable for this purpose. In contrast, materials from first-thinning stem wood and its inner part resulted in lower yields as early as the kraft pulping stage. Rather mediocre strength properties were obtained, but the bleached kraft pulps prepared from the two first thinning-based materials had good optical properties.
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Akgül, Mehmet, Mehmet Onurhan Gücüş, Birol Üner, and Celil Atik. "Effect of xylanase pretreatment on the kraft pulping of poplar." BioResources 16, no. 1 (December 16, 2020): 979–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.979-986.
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This study aimed to determine the influence of prehydrolysis of wood chips on the kraft pulping of Populus x euramericana. Optimum cooking conditions were determined by evaluating different alkali concentrations and cooking periods. Xylanase was used to hydrolyze chips before cooking. Prehydrolysis process increased the yield and viscosity of pulp. Consequently, the mechanical properties of paper changed remarkably. In contrast, the optical properties of the unbleached kraft pulp declined due to lignin content.
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Boeva-Spiridonova, R., E. Petkova, N. Georgieva, L. Yotova, and I. Spiridonov. "Utilization of a chemical-mechanical pulp with improved properties from poplar wood in the composition of packing papers." BioResources 2, no. 1 (January 19, 2007): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.1.34-40.
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The aim of the present work is to obtain a chemical-mechanical pulp (CMP) from poplar wood with improved properties, to be used in packing papers in place of more expensive softwood or hardwood pulp. For improving the CMP quality indicators, a preliminary treatment of the pulp has been carried out with a mixture of oxidizing enzymes produced from Phanerochaete chrysosporium, including lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase. The two types of fiber materials obtained were double-stage bleached and then ground to 30oSR. It was found that preliminary enzyme treatment yielded CMP with improved physical, mechanical, and optical properties. The enzyme-pretreated CMP also refined faster, thus reducing the electricity consumption. Bleached CMP from poplar wood, obtained after preliminary enzyme treatment, could be successfully utilized at levels up to 40% in the composition of various packaging papers.
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Kämppi, Riikka, Hanna Hörhammer, Anja Leponiemi, and Adriaan van Heiningen. "Pre-extraction and PSAQ pulping of Siberian larch." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 25, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2010-25-02-p243-248.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to find conditions under which it is possible to produce hemicelluloses-rich extract from Siberian larch in addition to pre-extracted pulp with a yield comparable to normal kraft pulp. The study was conducted in order to determine proof of concept of a process utilizing Siberian larch for production of papermaking pulp and biochemically obtained value-added products, i.e. biofuels or lactic acid. By pre-extraction at 160 ºC for 60 minutes approximately 17% of the wood material could be dissolved. At kappa number 30, the pre-extracted kraft pulp gave 5% lower total yield than a conventional kraft pulp. Addition of 4% polysulfide (PS) and 0.1% anthraquinone (AQ) on wood increased the pre-extracted kraft pulp yield nearly to the same level as that of regular kraft pulp. Pre-extraction at 160 ºC for 60 minutes allowed reduction of EA charge by 3% on wood and Hfactor by 300-450. The viscosity of the pre-extracted PSAQ kraft pulps was higher than that of conventional larch kraft pulps and had a somewhat inferior strength and optical properties. The results indicate that under optimized conditions it is possible to produce preextracted PSAQ larch pulp without significant losses in pulp yield and quality, and in addition generate a new feed stock of carbohydrates for further utilization for value-added products.
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Zhu, J. Y., and Gary C. Myers. "Kraft pulp from budworm-infested Jack pine." Holzforschung 60, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.060.
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Abstract This study evaluated the quality of kraft pulp from budworm-infested jack pine. The logs were classified as merchantable live, suspect, or merchantable dead. Raw materials were evaluated through visual inspection, analysis of the chemical composition, SilviScan measurement of the density, and measurement of the tracheid length. Unbleached pulps were then refined using a laboratory disk refiner. The mechanical and optical properties of handsheets made from the refined pulps were evaluated. Although budworm galleries may affect the physical integrity of the wood, they have no effect on pulp quality. Blue stain did not affect the handsheet brightness. The results indicate that merchantable dead jack pine trees are acceptable for kraft pulp production, with equivalent pulp yield.
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Hafrén, Jonas, Erik Nelsson, Hans C. Gerritsen, and Arjen N. Bader. "Optical properties of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) obtained from sulfite-pretreated Norway spruce with focus on two-photon spectral imaging (TPSI)." Holzforschung 66, no. 7 (October 1, 2012): 817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2011-0184.
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Abstract Chips of Norway spruce have been impregnated with Na2SO3 and refined at two specific energy consumptions levels at full mill scale. The optical properties of thermomechanical pulps (TMPs) obtained were analyzed in terms of brightness, light scattering, opacity, and autofluorescence by spectral imaging. Even at low sulfite dosage (0.24% sulfite by dry weight) light absorption was reduced, and the brightness was elevated, and a clear dose-response effect was observed. Two-photon spectral imaging (TPSI) showed that sulfonation, impregnation, and refining affect the fluorescence properties differently. Compared to native wood, both processed wood chips and pulp fibers revealed blue-shifted fluorescence maxima, a characteristic of shortened conjugated systems. Two subpopulations of fibers with different optical properties were observed, and the fluorescence of one fiber population was red shifted.
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Salem, Mohamed Z. M., Saqer S. Alotaibi, Wael A. A. Abo Elgat, Ayman S. Taha, Yahia G. D. Fares, Ahmed M. El-Shehawi, and Rehab Y. Ghareeb. "Antifungal Activities of Wood and Non-Wood Kraft Handsheets Treated with Melia azedarach Extract Using SEM and HPLC Analyses." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13122012.
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The main objective of this work was to evaluate pulp produced by kraft cooking for wood materials (WMT) (Bougainvillea spectabilis, Ficus altissima, and F. elastica) and non-wood materials (NWMT) (Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays stalks) and to study the fungal activity of handsheets treated with Melia azedarach heartwood extract (MAHE) solutions. Through the aforementioned analyses, the ideal cooking conditions were determined for each raw material based on the lignin percentage present. After cooking, pulp showed a decrease in the Kappa number produced from WMT, ranging from 16 to 17. This was in contrast with NWMT, which had Kappa numbers ranging from 31 to 35. A difference in the optical properties of the pulp produced from WMT was also observed (18 to 29%) compared with pulp produced from NWMT (32.66 to 35.35%). As for the evaluation of the mechanical properties, the tensile index of the pulp ranged from 30.5 to 40 N·m/g for WMT and from 44.33 to 47.43 N·m/g for NWMT; the tear index ranged from 1.66 to 2.55 mN·m2/g for WMT and from 4.75 to 5.87 mN·m2/g for NWMT; and the burst index ranged from 2.35 to 2.85 kPa·m2/g for WMT and from 3.92 to 4.76 kPa·m2/g for NWMT. Finally, the double fold number was 3 compared with that of pulp produced from pulp, which showed good values ranging from 36 to 55. In the SEM examination, sheets produced from treated handsheets with extract from MAHE showed no growth of Aspergillus fumigatus over paper discs manufactured from B. speclabilis pulp wood. Pulp paper produced from Z. mays and S. bicolor stalks was treated with 1% MAHE, while pulp paper from F. elastica was treated with 0.50% and 1% MAHE. With the addition of 0.5 or 1% MAHE, Fusarium culmorum showed no increase in growth over the paper manufactured from B. speclabilis, F. altissima, F. elastica and Zea mays pulps with visual inhibition zones found. There was almost no growth of S. solani in paper discs manufactured from pulps treated with 1% MAHE. This is probably due to the phytochemical compounds present in the extract. The HPLC analysis of MAHE identified p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeine, rutin, chlorogenic acid, benzoic acid, quinol, and quercetin as the main compounds, and these were present in concentrations of 3966.88, 1032.67, 834.13, 767.81, 660.64, 594.86, and 460.36 mg/Kg extract, respectively. Additionally, due to the importance of making paper from agricultural waste (stalks of S. bicolor and Z. mays), the development of sorghum and corn with high biomass is suggested.
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Gojný, Jan, Ondřej Mikala, Miloslav Milichovský, and Zuzana Špundová. "Effect of Essential Oils on the Mechanical Properties of Lignocellulosic Materials." Key Engineering Materials 688 (April 2016): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.688.77.
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Biodeterioration of lignocellulosic materials is a worldwide problem and it causes a great damage especially to unique manuscripts and books stored in libraries. These materials are permanently subject to suffering from physical, chemical, and/or biological changes. Biological deterioration by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) causes undesirable changes on material properties. Paper made by vegetal fibers, functional additives (glue, optical polishers, consolidating nts), and inks with organic bindings are used as sources of nutrients. Using of EOs (essential oils) for protection against microorganisms appears to be an option, because antimicrobial effects of the main compounds of EOs were proven. This work analyzes the antimicrobial stability of 2 essential oils (citral and linalyl acetate), as well as their stability of mechanical properties, in selected lignocellulosic materials (soft wood and hard wood kraft pulp, softwood sulphite pulp). Some parts of samples were subjected only to the condition of the EOs, other samples were firstly treated by accelerated ageing. Last samples were exposed to the accelerated ageing and afterwards treated by EOs. From the mechanical properties measuring of samples it is possible to state that in some SAJ samples the influence of EOs vapour is positive. This was monitored even when the samples were treated by accelerated ageing.
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Salem, Mohamed Z. M., Wael A. A. Abo Elgat, Ayman S. Taha, Yahia G. D. Fares, and Hayssam M. Ali. "Impact of Three Natural Oily Extracts as Pulp Additives on the Mechanical, Optical, and Antifungal Properties of Paper Sheets Made from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Meryta sinclairii Wood Branches." Materials 13, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061292.
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In the pulp and paper industry, several studies have been done to improve and enhance the properties of the mechanical, optical, and antimicrobial activities of pulp produced with different additives. In the present study, pulp of wood branches (WBs) from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Meryta sinclairii (Hook.f.) Seem. was treated with n-hexane oily extracts (HeOE) from Melia azedarach L. fruits, Magnolia grandiflora L. leaves, and Sinapis alba L. seeds as additives at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% based on oven-dry pulp weight. Measured mechanical properties were higher in paper sheets made from E. camaldulensis than M. sinclairii WB pulp. The highest tensile index values were observed with E. camaldulensis WB pulp treated with 5% HeOEs of S. alba (33.90 N·m/g) and M. grandiflora (33.76 N·m/g) compared to control (32.10 N·m/g); the highest tear index with 5% HeOE of S. alba (4.11 mN·m2/g) compared to control (3.32 mN·m2/g); and the highest burst index with 5% HeOE of S. alba (4.11 kPa·m2/g) compared to control (3.08 kPa·m2/g). The highest double-fold number value (9) was observed with E. camaldulensis WB pulp treated with 5% HeOEs of S. alba, M. azedarach, and M. grandiflora but with no significant difference compared to control treatment (8.33) or other HeOE treatments with E. camaldulensis WB pulp. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination showed clear inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus terreus with WB pulp paper discs of E. camaldulensis and M. sinclairii treated with HeOEs of M. azedarach, S. alba, and M. grandiflora at 3% and 5% compared to control treatment, while HeOEs at 5% concentration showed no growth of A. niger and A. terreus. The present findings establish that the HeOEs from M. azedarach, S. alba, and M. grandiflora at 3% and 5% are novel natural products that can be used as alternatives to improve the properties and antifungal activity of WB pulp produced from E. camaldulensis and M. sinclairii.
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de Almeida Batista, Leonard, Claudio Mudadu Silva, Erika Nascimben Santos, Jorge Luiz Colodette, Ana Augusta Passos Rezende, and José Cola Zanuncio. "Partial circuit closure of filtrate in an ECF bleaching plant." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 35, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2020-0028.
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AbstractThe bleaching sector of the wood pulp industry is its largest effluent generator. The aim of this study was to reuse the bleaching filtrate in order to reduce water consumption. The experiment was conducted by simulating the D0(EP)D1 bleaching sequence and recirculating different amounts of filtrate from the oxidation stage to control the pulp consistency of the delignification stage (pre-O). Physical, mechanical, chemical and optical properties of the pulp were studied. The accumulation of the non-process elements (NPE) and their effects were evaluated with the Aspen-Plus® computer simulator. The results of the computational modeling were satisfactory. The recirculation of filtrates increased the saturation index of the system by 19 %, but remained at sub-saturation levels. The pulp viscosity and elongation remained statistically stable. Recirculation of up to 50 % of the filtrate did not produce differences in pulp brightness; however, there were slight losses in the pulp resistances. In order to maintain 84 % ISO brightness, there was a higher consumption of the bleaching reagents. Up to 50 % of recirculation of the filtrates was accomplished without jeopardizing the system and the pulp quality and resulted in a savings of 55 m3 h−1 of water – 7 % of the consumption of the entire mill.
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Hernández, Manuel, M. Jesus Hernández-Coronado, M. Isabel Pérez, Esteban Revilla, Juan C. Villar, Andrew S. Ball, Liisa Viikari, and M. Enriqueta Arias. "Biomechanical pulping of spruce wood chips with Streptomyces cyaneus CECT 3335 and handsheet characterization." Holzforschung 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.027.
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AbstractThe actinobacteriumStreptomyces cyaneusCECT 3335 was evaluated for its ability to delignify spruce wood chips (Picea abies) after 2 weeks of incubation prior to refiner mechanical pulping. Weight loss of the chips during the treatment ranged from 2% to 3%. Chemicalanalysis of the treated wood showed an increase in acid-soluble lignin content concomitant with a notable increase in the acid/aldehyde+ketone [AC/(AL+KE)] ratio of the lignin compared with the control. Structural alterations in wood cell walls were observed by optical and scanning microscopy using astra blue-safranin staining and cryosections stained with gold/palladium, respectively. A gradual loss of lignin from the lumen towards the middle lamella and incipient defiberization could be observed. The estimation of specific energy for the defibration and refining stages of treated pulp showed a 24% reduction in the energy required, largely due to a 30% saving in the defibration of chips. The analysis of handsheets obtained from treated pulp showed a notable improvement in some strength properties, such as breaking length, tear index and stretch. In addition, the high Gurley air resistance value indicates more packing of the voids of the fiber network. These results demonstrate for the first time the suitability ofStreptomyces cyaneusfor biomechanical pulping purposes.
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Ferritsius, Olof, Rita Ferritsius, Mats Rundlöf, Sofia Reyier Österling, and Birgitta A. Engberg. "Heterogeneity of thermomechanical and chemi-thermo-mechanical pulps described with distributions of an independent common bonding factor on particle level." BioResources 17, no. 1 (December 8, 2021): 763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.763-784.
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Particles in mechanical pulp show a wide variety but are commonly described using averages and/or collective properties. The authors suggest using distributions of a common bonding factor, BIND (Bonding INDicator), for each particle. The BIND-distribution is based on factor analysis of particle diameter, wall thickness, and external fibrillation of several mechanical pulps measured in an optical analyser. A characteristic BIND-distribution is set in the primary refiner, depending on both wood and process conditions, and remains almost intact along the process. Double-disc refiners gave flatter distributions and lower amounts of fibres with extreme values than single-disc refiners. More refining increased the differences between fibres with low and high BIND. Hence, it is more difficult to develop fibres with lower BIND. Examples are given of how BIND-distributions may be used to assess energy efficiency, fractionation efficiency, and influence of raw material. Mill scale operations were studied for printing-grade thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and board-grade chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP), both from spruce.
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Ibarra, David, Raquel Martín-Sampedro, Bernd Wicklein, Úrsula Fillat, and María E. Eugenio. "Production of Microfibrillated Cellulose from Fast-Growing Poplar and Olive Tree Pruning by Physical Pretreatment." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 6445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146445.
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Motivated by the negative impact of fossil fuel consumption on the environment, the need arises to produce materials and energy from renewable sources. Cellulose, the main biopolymer on Earth, plays a key role in this context, serving as a platform for the development of biofuels, chemicals and novel materials. Among the latter, micro- and nanocellulose have been receiving increasing attention in the last few years. Their many attractive properties, i.e., thermal stability, high mechanical resistance, barrier properties, lightweight, optical transparency and ease of chemical modification, allow their use in a wide range of applications, such as paper or polymer reinforcement, packaging, construction, membranes, bioplastics, bioengineering, optics and electronics. In view of the increasing demand for traditional wood pulp (e.g., obtained from eucalypt, birch, pine, spruce) for micro/nanocellulose production, dedicated crops and agricultural residues can be interesting as raw materials for this purpose. This work aims at achieving microfibrillated cellulose production from fast-growing poplar and olive tree pruning using physical pretreatment (PFI refining) before the microfibrillation stage. Both raw materials yielded microfibrillated cellulose with similar properties to that obtained from a commercial industrial eucalypt pulp, producing films with high mechanical properties and low wettability. According to these properties, different applications for cellulose microfibers suspensions and films are discussed.
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Berglund, Lars A., and Ton Peijs. "Cellulose Biocomposites—From Bulk Moldings to Nanostructured Systems." MRS Bulletin 35, no. 3 (March 2010): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2010.652.
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AbstractCellulose biocomposites are widely used in industry as a low-cost engineering material with plant fiber reinforcement. However, chemical and microstructural heterogeneity causes low strength, low strain-to-failure, high moisture sensitivity, and odor and discoloration problems. Efforts toward improved performance through fiber orientation control, increased fiber lengths, and biopolymer use are reviewed. Interfacial strength control and moisture sensitivity are remaining challenges. As an attractive alternative reinforcement, high-quality cellulose nanofibers obtained by wood pulp fiber disintegration can be prepared at low cost. These nanofibers have high length/diameter ratios, diameters in the 5–15 nm range, and intrinsically superior physical properties. Wood cellulose nanofibers are interesting as an alternative reinforcement to more expensive nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes. Nanopaper and polymer matrix nanocomposites based on cellulose nanofiber networks show high strength, high work-of-fracture, low moisture adsorption, low thermal expansion, high thermal stability, high thermal conductivity, exceptional barrier properties, and high optical transparency. The favorable mechanical performance of bioinspired foams and low-density aerogels is reviewed. Future applications of cellulose biocomposites will be extended from the high-volume/low-cost end toward high-tech applications, where cellulose properties are fully exploited in nanostructured materials.
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Barimani, Abdollah, Mohsen Gholamnezhad, and Ali Ghasemian. "The effect of using willow wood on the optical and mechanical properties of newsprint paper obtained from chemi-mechanical pulp." Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science 11, no. 2 (October 28, 2014): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13196-014-0132-0.
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Rhazi, Naima, Mina Oumam, Abdessadek Sesbou, Hassan Hannache, and Fatima Charrier-El Bouhtoury. "Physico-mechanical properties of plywood bonded with ecological adhesives from Acacia mollissima tannins and lignosulfonates." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 78, no. 3 (June 2017): 34813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2017170067.
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The objective of this research was to develop ecological adhesives for bonding plywood panels using lignosulfonates, a common waste product of the wood pulp industry, and natural tannin extracted from Moroccan bark of Acacia mollissima using different process. Natural tannin and lignin were used in wood adhesives formulation to substitute resins based on phenol and formaldehyde. To achieve this, the lignosulfonates were glyoxalated to enhance their reactivity and the used tannins obtained by three different extraction methods were compared with commercial mimosa tannin. The proportion of Acacia mollissima tannins and lignosulfonates, the pressing time, the pressing temperature, and the pressure used were studied to improve mechanical properties, and bonding quality of plywood panel. The properties of plywood panels produced with these adhesives were tested in accordance with normative tests. Thus, the tensile strength, and the shear strength were measured. The results showed that the performance of the plywood panels made using biobased tannin adhesives was influenced by physical conditions such as pressure, press temperature as well as by chemical conditions, such as the tannin-lignin ratio. It exhibited excellent mechanical properties comparable to commercially available phenol-formaldehyde plywood adhesives. This study showed that biobased adhesives formulations presented good and higher mechanical performance and no formaldehyde emission.
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Sobhana, Liji, Lokesh Kesavan, Jan Gustafsson, and Pedro Fardim. "Topochemical engineering of composite hybrid fibers using layered double hydroxides and abietic acid." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (February 28, 2019): 589–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.60.
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Topochemical engineering of hybrid materials is an efficient way of synthesizing hydrophobic and highly tensile fiber composites by utilizing the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in natural materials. These materials include wood pulp fibers, abietic acid (resin acid) and inexpensive metal salts. In this work, a hybrid composite was created using bleached and unbleached kraft pulp fibers as cellulose platform. In situ co-precipitation of layered double hydroxide (LDH) was performed to grow LDH crystals on the surface of the cellulose fibers, followed by the immobilization of abietic acid (AA) on LDH-grafted cellulose. Here we aimed to benefit from the hydrogen bonding between –OH groups of cellulose and LDH, and the –COOH groups of AA to obtain charge-directed assembly of one material on the other material. Thus, composite hybrid fibers (C-HF) were produced and then characterized by optical (CAM), spectroscopic (XRD, IR) and microscopic techniques (SEM) to determine their average length and distribution, structure and purity, bonding, and morphology. These fibers further were tested for water contact angle (hydrophobicity), oil absorption (lipophilicity), tensile strength and ISO brightness measurements. The performance of C-HF was compared with unmodified reference fibers (REF), fibers composed with only AA (C-F) and LDH-hybridized fibers (HF). The results revealed a variety of correlations between materials and their properties due to characteristic surface morphology, functional groups, hydrogen bonding and natural co-materials such as lignin and hemicelluloses. Attractive and repulsive van der Waals forces between material entities play a crucial role in the resulting properties.
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Mahmoud, Yasmine, Zitouni Safidine, and Naima Belhaneche-Bensemra. "Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from walnut and apricots shells by alkaline treatment." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 86, no. 5 (2021): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc200806011m.
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In this study, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was isolated from walnut and apricot shells (WS and AS) as agricultural wastes in order to use it as reinforcement in polymer composites. The microcrystalline cellulose was extracted by alkaline treatment and bleached by peroxide as an environmentally friendly treatment, called walnut cellulose (WC) and apricot cellulose (AC). The chemical composition of the samples was set according to the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPP). After treatments, the alpha-cellulose content increased by about 23 % for the two used cellulose sources. The structural and morphological properties of the samples were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflectance mode (ATR-FTIR), optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallinity index values evaluated for WC and AC via X-ray diffraction were 86.4 and 80.3 %, respectively. The alkaline soluble fractions of walnut (ASW) and apricot (ASA) shells were recovered and characterized by OM and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, their chemical composition was analyzed. The characterization and the properties of the WC and AC were similar to those of commercial MCC and MCC prepared in the literature from wood and some agricultural wastes.
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Esteves, Cláudia V., Olena Sevastyanova, Sören Östlund, and Elisabet Brännvall. "Differences and similarities between kraft and oxygen delignification of softwood fibers: effects on chemical and physical properties." Cellulose 28, no. 5 (February 13, 2021): 3149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03713-0.
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AbstractThe fiber properties after oxygen delignification and kraft pulping were studied by looking into the chemical characteristics and morphology. The effect of the two processes on the fibers was evaluated and compared over a wider kappa number range (from 62 down to15). Wide-angle X-ray scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance and fiber saturation point were used to characterize the fiber network structure. Fiber morphology and fiber dislocations were evaluated by an optical image analysis. The total and surface fiber charges were studied by conductometric and polyelectrolyte titrations. The fiber wall supramolecular structure, such as crystallinity, size of fibril aggregates, pore size and pore volume, were similar for the two processes. The selectivity, in terms of carbohydrate yield, was equal for kraft cooking and oxygen delignification, but the selectivity in terms of viscosity loss per amount of delignification is poorer for oxygen delignification. Clearly more fiber deformations (2–6% units in curl index) in the fibers after oxygen delignification were seen. Introduction of curl depended on the physical state of the fibers, i.e. liberated or in wood matrix. In the pulping stage, the fiber continue to be supported by neighboring fibers, as the delignified chips maintain their form. However, in the subsequent oxygen stage the fibers enter in the form of pulp (liberated fibers), which makes them more susceptible to changes in fiber form. Graphic abstract
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Ibarra, David, Raquel Martín-Sampedro, Bernd Wicklein, Antonio M. Borrero-López, Concepción Valencia, Ana Valdehíta, José M. Navas, and María E. Eugenio. "Populus alba L., an Autochthonous Species of Spain: A Source for Cellulose Nanofibers by Chemical Pretreatment." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010068.
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In order to identify new sustainable sources for producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), fast-growing poplar (Populus alba L.) wood was evaluated herein. For that purpose, bleached poplar kraft pulp was produced and submitted to TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) mediated oxidation (TEMPO-ox) chemical pretreatment followed by microfluidization. The resulting CNFs were thoroughly characterized, including a rheological study at different pH values. Poplar CNFs showed properties comparable to eucalypt CNFs (reference material for CNFs production), showing high carboxylate content (1048 ± 128 µmol g−1), fibrillation yield (87.3% ± 8.1%), optical transmittance (83% at 700 nm) and thermal stability (up to more than 200 °C). Regarding the rheological study, whereas pH from 4 to 10 did not produce significant changes in rheological behavior, a reduction of pH down to 1 led to an order-of-magnitude increase on the viscoelastic functions. Therefore, poplar CNF shows potential in the pH-sensitive hydrogels application field. Finally, the possible ecotoxicity of poplar CNF was assessed. The decrease in cell viability was very low so that only concentrations causing a 10% cytotoxicity could be calculated for the assay detecting alterations in cell metabolism (10 µg mL−1) and plasma membrane integrity (60 µg mL−1).
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Hwang, Pai-An, Song-Ling Wong, and Yu-Ching Liu. "A Comparison of Cooking Conditions of Rhizoclonium Pulp as a Substitute for Wood Pulp." Polymers 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 4162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194162.
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The green macroalga Rhizoclonium was cooked with 5%, 10%, and 20% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 4 h (5-N, 10-N, and 20-N groups, respectively); with 5%, 10%, and 20% sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) for 4 h (5-NS, 10-NS, and 20-NS groups, respectively); and with 5%, 10%, and 20% NaOH for 2 h and 1% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 2 h (5-NH, 10-NH, and 20-NH groups, respectively). The 5-NH handsheet showed the best mechanical properties; however, the 10-NH pulp was easier to separate than 5-NH during handsheet making, and 10-NH was more suitable for the industrial process. Thus, the 10-NH group showed the optimal production conditions with an optimal length/width ratio, crystallinity index (CI%), three-dimensional (3D) configuration, and mechanical strength. Substituting 20% 10-NH Rhizoclonium pulp with wood pulp had no significant effect on the mechanical properties of the 100% wood pulp handsheet. However, the fibers of the NS group were flatter and lost their 3D configuration, resulting in low mechanical strength. Overall, Rhizoclonium had its own optimal cooking condition, which was not the same as for wood pulp, and it has potential as a substitute for wood pulp in papermaking.
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Li, Xia, Chuan Shan Zhao, Jin Jin Yu, and Wen Jia Han. "Research on Preparation and Properities of Chemi-Mechanical Pulp from the Waste Poplar Wood." Advanced Materials Research 848 (November 2013): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.848.325.
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In this study, we prepared unbleached chemi-mechanical pulp from waste poplar wood using alkaline processing under normal atmospheric pressure. The influnce of alkaline dosage and time to fiber morphology and properties of the paper were discussed. The parameters of fiber including the length ,width and curl index were measured by FQA. The optimal dosage of NaOH and the optimal time of soaking period in the preparation of pulp using waste poplar wood were studied. The results showed that the optimal dosage of NaOH was 6% and the time of soaking period was one day. The performance of the handsheet made from the poplar wood under the pulping conditions are as follows: tensile strength index of 27 N·m/g, tear index of 0.51 mN·m2/g, burst index of 1.7 KPa·m2/g, folding strength of 16 times, ring crush strength index of 5.7 N.m/g, whiteness of 55.5 ISO, white opacity of 97%, paper absorption liquid rate of 0.32 mm/s.
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Hua, Guangjun, Maoteng Yang, Weimin Fei, and Fude Lu. "Poisson’s ratios of molded pulp materials by digital image correlation method and uniaxial tensile test." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502090827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020908271.
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The mechanical properties of molded pulp materials are the basis of the structural optimum design of molded pulp products. Therefore, the correlations between Poisson’s ratio and fiber structure, molding process, and thickness were found for materials including wood pulp, bamboo pulp, sugarcane pulp, white mixed pulp, black mixed pulp, recycled corrugated board pulp, and recycled newspaper pulp by the uniaxial tensile test and digital image correlation method. The fiber structures of the selected molded pulp materials were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed Poisson’s ratios of wood pulp, bamboo pulp, sugarcane pulp, white mixed pulp, black mixed pulp, recycled corrugated board pulp, and recycled newspaper pulp to be 0.169, 0.108, 0.202, 0.120, 0.166, 0.098, and 0.044, respectively. Microstructural investigation further revealed that Poisson’s ratios of molded pulp materials were related to the fiber structure and drying method. The pulp material dried outside mold under lower pressure and temperature had a smaller Poisson’s ratio, while that dried inside mold under higher pressure and temperature had a larger Poisson’s ratio. The layered phenomenon of the molded pulp materials was also found by scanning electron microscopy images: the outer layer was denser than the inner layer. These results can provide guidance for the numerical simulation analysis and optimal design of molded pulp products.
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Niemi, J. V., S. Saarikoski, H. Tervahattu, T. Mäkelä, R. Hillamo, H. Vehkamäki, L. Sogacheva, and M. Kulmala. "Changes in background aerosol composition in Finland during polluted and clean periods studied by TEM/EDX individual particle analysis." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 19, 2006): 6753–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-6753-2006.
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Abstract. Aerosol samples were collected at a rural background site in southern Finland in May 2004. The elemental composition, morphology and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in three size fractions were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalyses. The TEM/EDX results were complemented with the size-segregated bulk chemical measurements of selected ions and organic and elemental carbon. Many of the particles in PM0.2−1 and PM1−3.3 size fractions were strongly internally mixed with S, C and/or N. The major particle types in all PM0.2−1 samples were ammonium sulphates with/without carbon and dark inclusion(s) (number proportion of particles 54–86%), carbon/sulphate mixture with dark inclusions(s) (4–10%), internally mixed soot/sulphate particles (2–22%), soot (0–12%) and K-rich particles with S and/or C (0–9%). During the pollution episode (PM1.6~18 μg m−3, the proportion of Ca-rich particles was very high (26–48%) in the PM1−3.3 and PM3.3−11 samples, while the PM0.2−1 and PM1−3.3 samples contained elevated proportions of silicates (22–33%, also fly ash particles), metal oxides/hydroxides (1–9%) and tar balls (1–4%). These aerosols originated mainly from polluted areas of Eastern Europe, and some open biomass burning smoke was also brought by long-range transport. During the clean period (PM1.6~2 μg m−3, when air masses arrived from the Arctic Ocean, PM1−3.3 samples contained mainly sea salt particles (67–89%) with a variable rate of Cl substitution (mainly by NO3−. During the intermediate period (PM1.6~5 μg m−3, the PM1−3.3 sample contained porous (sponge-like) Na-rich particles (35%) with abundant S, K and O. They might originate from the burning of wood pulp wastes of paper industry. The proportion of biological particles and C-rich fragments (probably also biological origin) were highest in the PM3.3−11 samples (0–81% and 0–22%, respectively). The origin of different particle types and the effect of aging processes on particle composition and their hygroscopic and optical properties are discussed.
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Niemi, J. V., S. Saarikoski, H. Tervahattu, T. Mäkelä, R. Hillamo, H. Vehkamäki, L. Sogacheva, and M. Kulmala. "Changes in background aerosol composition in Finland during polluted and clean periods studied by TEM/EDX individual particle analysis." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 12 (November 3, 2006): 5049–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5049-2006.
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Abstract. Aerosol samples were collected at a rural background site in southern Finland in May 2004 during pollution episode (PM1~16 µg m−3, backward air mass trajectories from south-east), intermediate period (PM1~5 µg m−3, backtrajectories from north-east) and clean period (PM1~2 µg m−3, backtrajectories from north-west/north). The elemental composition, morphology and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in three size fractions were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalyses. The TEM/EDX results were complemented with the size-segregated bulk chemical measurements of selected ions and organic and elemental carbon. Many of the particles in PM0.2–1 and PM1–3.3 size fractions were strongly internally mixed with S, C and/or N. The major particle types in PM0.2–1 samples were 1) soot and 2) (ammonium)sulphates and their mixtures with variable amounts of C, K, soot and/or other inclusions. Number proportions of those two particle groups in PM0.2–1 samples were 0–12% and 83–97%, respectively. During the pollution episode, the proportion of Ca-rich particles was very high (26–48%) in the PM1–3.3 and PM3.3–11 samples, while the PM0.2–1 and PM1–3.3 samples contained elevated proportions of silicates (22–33%), metal oxides/hydroxides (1–9%) and tar balls (1–4%). These aerosols originated mainly from polluted areas of Eastern Europe, and some open biomass burning smoke was also brought by long-range transport. During the clean period, when air masses arrived from the Arctic Ocean, PM1–3.3 samples contained mainly sea salt particles (67–89%) with a variable rate of Cl substitution (mainly by NO3−). During the intermediate period, the PM1–3.3 sample contained porous (sponge-like) Na-rich particles (35%) with abundant S, K and O. They might originate from the burning of wood pulp wastes of paper industry. The proportion of biological particles and C-rich fragments (probably also biological origin) were highest in the PM3.3–11 samples (0–81% and 0–22%, respectively). The origin of different particle types and the effect of aging processes on particle composition and their hygroscopic and optical properties are discussed.
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Niemczyk, Marzena, Piotr Przybysz, Kamila Przybysz, Marek Karwański, Adam Kaliszewski, Tomasz Wojda, and Mirko Liesebach. "Productivity, Growth Patterns, and Cellulosic Pulp Properties of Hybrid Aspen Clones." Forests 10, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050450.
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Research Highlights: This research provides a firm basis for understanding the improved aspen hybrid performance that aims at facilitating optimal clone selection for industrial application. Background and Objectives: Rapid growth and wood properties make aspen (Populus tremula L.) suitable for the production of pulp and paper. We assessed the potential of tree improvement through hybridization to enhance aspen productivity in northern Poland, and investigated the effects of Populus tremula hybridization with Populus tremuloides Michaux and Populus alba L. on the growth and cellulosic pulp properties for papermaking purposes. Materials and Methods: A common garden trial was utilized that included 15 hybrid aspen clones of P. tremula × P. tremuloides, four of P. tremula × P. alba, and one, previously tested P. tremula clone. Clones of P. tremula, plus trees from wild populations, were used as a reference. Tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured after growing seasons four through seven. At seven years of age, the three clones representing all species combinations were harvested, and their cellulosic pulp properties and paper sheet characteristics were assessed. Results: The clones from wild populations exhibited the poorest growth. In contrast, the clone ‘Wä 13′ (P. tremula × P. tremuloides) demonstrated the highest DBH, height, volume production, and mean annual increment (MAI) (25.4 m3 ha−1 year−1). The MAI ratio calculated for interspecific crosses ranged from 1.35- to 1.42-fold, higher than that for the P. tremula. Chemical properties of pulp, fiber morphology, and the physical properties of paper sheets were more desirable for interspecific hybrid clones than those for the pure P. tremula clone. Conclusions: The results indicated that plantations of hybrid aspen may constitute an important additional source of wood for pulp and paper products in Poland. Our findings further suggested that the standard rotation of these trees may be reduced from 40 to 20 years, increasing overall biomass yield and enhancing atmospheric carbon sequestration.
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Das, N., SK Bose, and D. Biswas. "Effect of magnesium-salts on hydrogen peroxide bleaching of non-wood pulps." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 51, no. 4 (December 10, 2016): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v51i4.30449.
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Transition metal ions present in pulp, cause wasteful decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, a pulp brightener, and thus significantly affect the delignification selectivity of hydrogen peroxide bleaching. The metal ions also affect the brightness and optical properties of pulp. The free radicals generated during the decomposition degrade carbohydrates resulting in lower viscosity and yield. It is reported in the literature that magnesium sulfate successfully adsorbs transition metal ions and thus decrease their activity. This study dealt with the effect of Mg salts in hydrogen peroxide bleaching of jute caddies pulp. It was observed that prior bleaching treatments like chelation and acid washing of pulp were efficient in removing transition metal ions as indicated by lower consumption of hydrogen peroxide. However EDTA chelation seemed better compared to acid washing. The inclusion of Mg salts improved pulp brightness. The pulp viscosity was the highest with 0.3% Mg addition for both treated kraft and soda-AQ pulps. Considering both pulp viscosity and pulp brightness, it appeared that a 0.3% Mg dose on EDTA chelated pulp, was enough in hydrogen peroxide bleaching of pulps obtained from jute caddies. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 51(4), 291-296, 2016
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Liu, Lingxiao, Maohai Lin, Zhang Xu, and Meiqi Lin. "Polylactic acid-based wood-plastic 3D printing composite and its properties." BioResources 14, no. 4 (September 11, 2019): 8484–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.8484-8498.
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Wood-plastic composites for 3D printing from plant fiber (bleached pulp powder, mechanical pulp powder, newspaper pulp powder, eucalyptus powder, pine powder, and lignin) and polylactic acid (PLA), with silane coupling agent (KH550) as plasticizer, were prepared via melt extrusion. The physical properties, such as surface morphology, apparent density, tensile strength, melt flow rate, compatibility, and thermal stability were measured. Moreover, the effects of the content of various types of plant fiber powder in PLA on the properties of the prepared composites were investigated. The results showed that the modified lignin/PLA composite exhibited a superior performance under the same added amount. In particular, when the amount of lignin added was 15%, the tensile strength of the composite was 74.0% higher than that of pure PLA, and the melt flow rate was reduced by 17.8% compared with pure PLA. The density of the composite increased 15.8% compared with pure PLA when the lignin content was 20%. The scanning electron microscopy cross-sectional morphology and differential scanning calorimetry analyses showed that the optimal addition amount of lignin was 15%. Finally, the prepared lignin/PLA composite material was used in 3D printing with a smooth silky property and an excellent printing performance.
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Prosvirnikov, Dmitry B., Nail F. Timerbaev, and Zulfiya G. Sattarova. "Strength Properties of Composite Board Materials Based on Ligno-Cellulose Fiber, Modified by Steam Explosion Treatment." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.986.
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The article presents the results of using activated lingo-cellulosic material, obtained by the method of steam explosion treatment, as the basis for the production of composite pressed boards without a binder. The influence of steam explosion treatment modes on the physical and chemical properties of the wood pulp product and the strength properties of the resulting board materials is considered.
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Zhang, Li Yuan, Takuya Tsuzuki, and Xun Gai Wang. "Preparation and Characterization on Cellulose Nanofiber Film." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1760.
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In this study, cellulose nanofibers were obtained from wood pulp using a chemo-mechanical method and thin films were made of these cellulose nanofibers. The morphology of the films was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM image analysis revealed that the films were composed of cellulose nanofibers with an average diameter of around 32 nm. Other properties were also characterized, including the degree of crystallinity by X-ray diffraction, chemical bonding by infrared attenuated total reflectance analysis, and thermal properties by differential scanning calorimetry. The foldable, strong, and optically translucent cellulose nanofiber films thus obtained have many potential applications as micro/nano electronic devices, biosensors and filtration media, etc.
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Zhang, Jun Ying, Jing Hui Zhou, Hai Ming Li, Ying Han, and Jun Feng Shi. "Pentosan Extraction from Poplar Treated by Green Liquid." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.399.
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Green liquor, a process liquor of alkali recovery in pulp and papermaking industry, pretreatment used in poplar kraft pulping process and the influences of pretreatment conditions on pentosan extraction have been studied. The results show that the influence of green liquor dosage on pentosan extraction is the most remarkable, with temperature taking the second place and time the third. Under the conditions of liquor ratio 1:4, green liquor dosage 1.5 L/kg (based on oven dried material), temperature 100 °C, time 90 min, higher pentosan extraction ratio of 13.81% (based on the pentosan content of raw material) is achieved. The wood was pulped under normal KP conditions after pretreated by the optimal pentosan extraction conditions. Comparing two kinds of pulp with and without pretreatment at similar stock yield level, the results show that the former has a little lower viscosity, significantly decreased Kappa number and excellent paper physical properties.
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Pratiwi, Wieke, Andoyo Sugiharto, and Susi Sugesty. "The Effect of Pulping Process Variable and Elemental Chlorine Free Bleaching on the Quality of Oil Palm Trunk Pulp." JURNAL SELULOSA 8, no. 02 (December 31, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25269/jsel.v8i02.218.
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Oil Palm Trunk (OPT) is a non-wood cellulosic raw material which is not yet widely utilized in pulping and papermaking. Research on the utilization of abundant Oil Palm Trunk (OPT) from Sabah (Malaysia) and Lebak (West Java Province) for pulp production was carried out using kraft and soda anthraquinone processes with active alkali (AA) of 13-17%. The raw material was chipped and depithed as pretreatment. Bleaching of pulp was carried out using Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) process. Analysis of raw material covered physical and chemical properties, and fiber morphology. Both OPT fibers were classified into the moderate fiber length (1.05-1.37 mm). Sabah OPT were very bulky with the chips pile density of 102.16 kg/m3 and 62.91 kg/m3 for undepithed and depithed OPT, respectively. The physical properties of OPT pulps were comparable to that of Acacia mangium pulp. With respect to the bleachability and physical properties, pulping of Lebak OPT using kraft or soda-anthraquinone process with AA of 15% were considered as optimum condition. Depithing on Sabah OPT with high pith content could increase physical properties of pulp. ODEoDnD bleaching sequence on pulps from Sabah OPT gave satisfactory results with respect to the physical properties. Since Sabah OPT had a high pith content, the yields of bleached pulp were relatively low (24.67-26.73%). However, the physical properties of the undepithed and depithed Sabah OPT bleached pulp were higher compared to those of the SNI of Leaf Bleached Kraft Pulp (LBKP).Keywords: depithing, Elemental Chlorine Free, bleached pulp, physical properties, LBKP Pengaruh Variabel Proses Pulping dan Pemutihan Elemental Chlorine Free pada Kualitas Pulp Batang Kelapa SawitAbstrakBatang Kelapa Sawit adalah bahan baku selulosa non-kayu yang belum banyak digunakan dalam pembuatan pulp dan kertas. Penelitian tentang pemanfaatan Batang Kelapa Sawit (BKS) dari Sabah (Malaysia) dan Lebak (Provinsi Jawa Barat) yang berlimpah untuk produksi pulp menggunakan proses kraft dan soda antrakuinon dengan alkali aktif (AA) kisaran 13-17% telah dilakukan. Penyerpihan dan proses depithing bahan baku dilakukan sebagai perlakuan awal. Pemutihan pulp dilakukan menggunakan Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF). Analisis bahan baku mencakup sifat fisik dan kimia, serta morfologi serat. Kedua serat BKS dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai serat moderat dengan panjang 1,05-1,37 mm. BKS dari Sabah sangat ruah dengan densitas tumpukan serpih masing-masing 102,16 kg/m3 untuk yang belum di-depithing dan 62,91 kg/m3 untuk yang telah di-depithing. Sifat fisik pulp BKS sebanding dengan pulp dari Acacia mangium. Sehubungan dengan kemampuan pemutihan dan sifat fisik, pembuatan pulp BKS dari Lebak menggunakan proses kraft atau soda-antrakuinon dengan AA 15% adalah kondisi optimal. Depitihing BKS dari Sabah dengan kandungan pith yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan sifat fisik pulp. Pemutihan dengan urutan ODEoDnD untuk pulp BKS dari Sabah memberikan hasil sifat fisik yang memuaskan. BKS dari Sabah memiliki kandungan pith yang tinggi sehingga rendemen pulp yang diputihkan relatif rendah (24,67-26,73%). Namun, sifat-sifat fisik pulp putih BKS dari Sabah yang belum dan telah di-depithing lebih tinggi dibandingkan SNI Pulp Kraft Putih Kayudaun (LBKP).Kata kunci: depithing, Elemental Chlorine Free, pulp putih, sifat fisik, LBKP
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Ondrejka, Vojtěch, Tomáš Gergeľ, Tomáš Bucha, and Michal Pástor. "Innovative methods of non-destructive evaluation of log quality." Central European Forestry Journal 67, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forj-2020-0021.
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Abstract For the sustainability of an important renewable resource, such as wood, it is important to significantly increase the efficiency of its processing. A large part of this raw material ends up in the wood processing industry, where it is used for the production of pulp, paper, construction and furniture timber, floors and others. Therefore, it is very important to gain the knowledge needed for optimal valuation of raw wood material, through quality detection and classification into quality classes. There are many defectoscopic methods working on different physical principles. The most familiar of these methods are semi-destructive and non-destructive, as they do not cause damage to the tree or wood during assessment. The aim of this article is to describe, assess and compare known semi-destructive and non-destructive methods for the assessment of wood properties. This article describes basic visual inspection, basic semi-destructive methods (Pilodyn, Resistograph) and advanced semi-destructive methods (SilviScan®, DiscBot®) as well. Non-destructive methods use mostly acoustic wave motion (acoustic, ultrasonic), high-frequency waves (using georadar, microwave) and methods based on visual evaluation (image, laser). At last, there are X–ray methods with the latest technology using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). The implementation of modern non-destructive methods is of great importance for the application of principles of Industry 4.0, where these methods provide collecting of data on the material properties, in its entire production flow of log processing.
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Henry Okwudili Chibudike, Nelly Acha Ndukwe, Eunice Chinedum Chibudike, Nkemdilim Ifeanyi Obi, and Olubamike Adetutu Adeyoju. "Comparative assessment of the pulping potentials of soda and mea processes for the development of paper-pulp from sugarcane bagasse." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 1 (October 30, 2021): 230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.1.0497.
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Pulping trials were carried out using MEA and the soda process comparing their pulping potentials. The operating conditions such as the concentration of the cooking liquor (50%, 75%, 100%) for MEA and (10%, 15%, 20%) for NaOH, the maximum cooking temperature (150oC, 160oC, 170oC) and cooking time (60, 90, 120minutes) for both processes were investigated systematically to establish optimal pulping conditions. The agro-biomass used in this investigation is Sugarcane Bagasse viewed as alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. The lignin content of Bagasse (19.5%) was low; indicating that Bagasse should be easier to pulp. The optimum cooking conditions (independent variables) for MEA pulping were 75% MEA concentration, 150oC cooking temperature and 90 minutes cooking time. Excel 2013 was used to analyze the effect of independent variables on yield of bagasse pulp and properties of furnished paper from MEA process in comparison with the Soda process which include tear index, tensile index, burst index and folding endurance with errors less than 15% in all cases. The Kappa number range (12.7-16.9), viscosity (270-870 ml/g) and brightness (62.1-93.2%) of bagasse pulp are appropriate for high-brightness printing and writing papers. The physical properties of furnished paper, tear index (13.4 mN.m2/g), tensile index (71Nm/g), Burst index (4.8 KN/g) and folding endurance (82) recommend the cellulosic pulp from Sugarcane Bagasse obtained from the MEA process for strengthening the virgin fiber in recycled papers and also for developing certain types of printing and packaging papers. Due to the awareness towards the negative impact of kraft mill’s effluent to the environment recently, soda pulping started to regain its popularity among the pulp mills especially non-wood based pulp mills. MEA process is more economically attractive given its high pulp yield, despite the significant increase in chemical demand for bleaching. MEA pulping is a good alternative to soda pulping furnishing high pulp yield with less cooking temperature, i.e. 150oC, thereby saving a considerable amount of energy with less odoriferous pollutants and pollution load associated with the soda process.
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Tuntsev, Denis V., Dmitry B. Prosvirnikov, and R. R. Kozlov. "Physical and Chemical Properties of Activated Lignocellulose and its Areas of Application." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.779.
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In this paper we present the results of a study of the physical and chemical properties of activated lignocellulose obtained in the process of steam explosion treatment of various breeds of wood. It is shown that fibrous material has a high potential for scientific and commercial use: in the field of production of pulp for paper and cardboard production in a more efficient way, to obtain microcrystalline cellulose by hydrolysis, to produce coarse lignocellulosic fibers for the production of construction and insulation boards with new properties. The scope of activated lignocellulose is not limited only to these directions, but can be significantly expanded due to the competent use of its physical and chemical properties.
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Zhang, Ying, Qian-Jin Zhu, Shuai Gao, Shuang Liu, Long-Hai Li, and Hai-Tao Chen. "Optimization of Technological Parameters of Straw Fiber-Based Plant Fiber Seedling Pot Raw Materials." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 7152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157152.
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Straw fiber seedling pots are a promising substitute for plastic seedling pots. The mixing mode of straw fiber affects the mechanical properties of the raw material membrane of the seedling pot. To explore the processing technology of making the raw material membrane of the seedling pot with two kinds of plant fibers in a layered manner, the optimal combination of the process parameters of the raw material membrane of the seedling pot without additives in the production process was studied experimentally. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the parameters (beating degree of unbleached softwood kraft pulp fiber, beating degree of wheat straw fiber, wheat straw fiber quality percentage content, and film grammage) with regard to the dry tensile index and Z-direction tensile index of the seedling pot body. The optimal process parameter combination with a certain dry tensile index and Z-direction tensile index of seedling pot raw material was obtained by using four factors and five levels of a quadratic regression orthogonal rotation center combination design parameter optimization experiment. The optimal technical parameters were optimized as wheat straw fiber quality percentage content 70%, film grammage 70 g/m2, unbleached softwood kraft pulp fiber beating degree 47–48 °SR, and wheat straw fiber beating degree 65–75 °SR. With the optimal conditions, the dry tensile index of the seedling bowl raw material film was between 21 and 22 N·(m·g−1), and the Z-direction tensile index was greater than 2.1 N·(m·g−1). Using wheat straw fibers and unbleached sulfite wood pulp fibers as raw materials for seedling pots, the raw material membrane of the seedling pots was made in a layered manner. The experimental study proved this feasibility. With this mixing process of raw materials, the straw fiber-based plant fiber seedling pot would meet the demands of a crop nursery after adding chemical additives. The research results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the manufacture of the raw material membrane of the seedling pot body.
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Makarov, Igor S., Lyudmila K. Golova, Alexander G. Smyslov, Markel I. Vinogradov, Ekaterina E. Palchikova, and Sergei A. Legkov. "Flax Noils as a Source of Cellulose for the Production of Lyocell Fibers." Fibers 10, no. 5 (May 23, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10050045.
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The production of long flax fiber for the subsequent production of textile yarn is accompanied by the formation of a significant amount of waste—noils, which is a mechanical mixture of long and short flax fibers and shives. Comparative studies of the structure and chemical composition of the fibrous fraction of noils and shives were carried out using IR spectroscopy. The solubility of shives and flax noils in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) was studied, a comparative analysis of the rheological behavior of solutions of flax and wood cellulose was carried out and the optimal temperature–concentration conditions for obtaining flax fibers from noils were determined. It was shown for the first time that using the method of solid-phase activation of the cellulose-solvent system makes it possible to obtain fibers in a short period of time (no more than 10 min). The structure of both the raw material and the resulting fibers was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. The thermal properties of a new type of cellulose fibers was evaluated. The complex of the conducted studies allows us to consider flax fibers from noils along with flax fibers from long-staple flax, as a real alternative to fibers from wood pulp.
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Li, Songtao, George Cai, Songze Wu, Aniket Raut, William Borges, Priyanka R. Sharma, Sunil K. Sharma, Benjamin S. Hsiao, and Miriam Rafailovich. "Sustainable Plant-Based Biopolymer Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (December 3, 2022): 15245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315245.
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Carboxycellulose nanofibers (CNFs) promise to be a sustainable and inexpensive alternative material for polymer electrolyte membranes compared to the expensive commercial Nafion membrane. However, its practical applications have been limited by its relatively low performance and reduced mechanical properties under typical operating conditions. In this study, carboxycellulose nanofibers were derived from wood pulp by TEMPO oxidation of the hydroxyl group present on the C6 position of the cellulose chain. Then, citric acid cross-linked CNF membranes were prepared by a solvent casting method to enhance performance. Results from FT-IR spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and XRD reveal a chemical cross-link between the citric acid and CNF, and the optimal fuel cell performance was obtained by cross-linking 70 mL of 0.20 wt % CNF suspension with 300 µL of 1.0 M citric acid solution. The membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), operated in an oxygen atmosphere, exhibited the maximum power density of 27.7 mW cm−2 and the maximum current density of 111.8 mA cm−2 at 80 °C and 100% relative humidity (RH) for the citric acid cross-linked CNF membrane with 0.1 mg cm−2 Pt loading on the anode and cathode, which is approximately 30 times and 22 times better, respectively, than the uncross-linked CNF film. A minimum activation energy of 0.27 eV is achieved with the best-performing citric acid cross-linked CNF membrane, and a proton conductivity of 9.4 mS cm−1 is obtained at 80 °C. The surface morphology of carboxycellulose nanofibers and corresponding membranes were characterized by FIB/SEM, SEM/EDX, TEM, and AFM techniques. The effect of citric acid on the mechanical properties of the membrane was assessed by tensile strength DMA.
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Сакович (Sakovich), Геннадий (Gennadiy) Викторович (Viktorovich), Вера (Vera) Владимировна (Vladimirovna) Будаева (Budaeva), Анна (Anna) Александровна (Aleksandrovna) Корчагина (Korchagina), and Юлия (Yuliya) Александровна (Aleksandrovna) Гисматулина (Gismatulina). "PROSPECTS OF CELLULOSE NITRATES FROM UNCONVENTIONAL FEEDSTOCKS FOR USE IN COMPOSITE EX-PLOSIVES." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019014336.
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Research on the synthesis of in-demand industrial-grade cellulose nitrates from unconventional feedstocks such as Miscanthus, oat hulls, intermediate flax straw is of the most immediate interest due to a lack of national cotton and to encountered problems with wood cellulose. The celluloses derived herein from the said unconventional feedstocks are inhomogeneous in nature, are composed mostly of short fibers, and have non-cellulosic constituents as opposed to elite cotton – these all pose certain difficulties in developing such a nitrocellulose production technology. Besides, it is worth noting that cellulosic fibers of the said feedstocks are peculiar in nature on their own. The findings obtained herein suggest that the research problem can successfully be solved. The pulp samples obtained in this study from the unconventional biomasses by the nitric-acid process have 85−95% α-cellulose and 580−1420 degree of polymerization. These specimens similar in properties to industrial Colloxylin were obtained under optimal synthetic conditions for highly soluble cellulose nitrates by using commercial mixed acid: 11.97–12.29% N, 8–15 mPa∙s, and 98% solubility in alcohol–ester mixture. The morphological features of the resultant cellulose nitrates were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Infrared spectroscopy revealed the intrinsic frequencies (2560–2550, 1670–1660, 1650–1620, 1280–1270, 830–810, 750–740, 680–670 cm-1) that identify the resultant products as cellulose nitroesters. The practical importance of this research is that the nitrocelluloses obtained from the unconventional non-woody feedstocks can be used as the promising component in the manufacture of explosive formulations.
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Zyryanov, Mikhail A., Sergey O. Medvedev, and Aleksandr P. Mokhirev. "Effect of Addition of Chopped Needles on the Fiberboard Quality Indicators." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-3-125-132.
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Until recently, only the trunk of a tree was recognized as valuable in the forest industry, and everything else, including the crown, was considered waste. Logging wastes cluttered felling sites and created a favorable environment for habitation and reproduction of forest pests, as well as contributed to the emergence of forest fires. Today, wood greens are used as a raw material in the logging industry for the production of pellet fuels; in the woodchemical complex for the manufacture of chlorophyll-carotene pastes, sodium chlorophyllin, and coniferous healing extract; in agro-industrial production to obtain coniferous vitamin flour. Analysis of literature sources showed that fibreboards are widely used in housing construction as structural, finishing, and insulating materials. The advantage of fibreboards is the ability to impart special properties to them, such as fire resistance, water resistance, biostability, soundproofing, and heat-insulating ability by adding various components to the fibreboard at the manufacturing stage. Studies of the effect of adding coniferous flour on the quality indicators and physical and mechanical parameters of the finished fiberboard have been carried out in order to solve the problem of expanding the raw material base for fiberboard production. The possibility of using this raw material in the form of coniferous flour in the production of fiberboard has been substantiated. The influence of the percentage of needle flour in the total volume of wood fiber pulp and particle size on the qualitative indicators of the material is shown. Statistical and mathematical equations and graphical dependencies have been obtained. They allow predicting the indicators of fiberboards for a given content and particle size of flour from coniferous greens. The optimal size of the particles of coniferous flour and its content in the fibreboard at which the values of physical and mechanical indicators of the finished product meet the requirements of the State Standard GOST 4598-86 are determined. For citation: Zyryanov M.A., Medvedev S.O., Mokhirev A.P. Effect of Addition of Chopped Needles on the Fiberboard Quality Indicators. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 3, pp. 125–132. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-3-125-132
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"Virgin Kraft Pulp and Paper Characteristics of Vitex Pubescens Vahl. (Halban) Wood." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 5 (January 30, 2020): 1551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b2652.018520.
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Insufficient wood-based materials due to environmental sustainability have further enhanced the search for alternatives in the paper industry. Thus, wood sample from Vitex Pubescens Vahl (Halban) was evaluated based on the pulp characteristics; and paper physical, mechanical and optical properties as alternative raw material for papermaking. The wood chips were chemically Kraft cooked. Laboratory hand sheet with 120 gsm of grammage was produced without beating and bleached treatment. Overall procedures and tests were conducted according to the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) and the Malaysian International Organization for Standardization (MS-ISO). The result shows that Halban virgin Kraft pulp recorded a value of screened yield percentage (38.6%), Kappa number (22.1), drainage time (6.44s), and Canadian Standard Freeness (555ml). Halban paper sheet has apparent density of 0.302g/cm3 . In an optical analysis, brightness (19.81%) and opacity (99.5%) had been measured. Mechanical characteristic possess considerable tensile index (29.33Nm/g), tear index (6.028 mN.m2 /g), burst index (1.04 kPa.m2 /g), but low folding no (3). In conclusion, Halban wood could be considered as alternative wood-based material for papermaking based on its promising characteristics’ and also compatible with other wood-based material proposed by the previous study. However, more in-depth evaluation should be considered to improve the qualities of the pulp and paper made from Halban wood.
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Vivian, Magnos Alan, and Francides Gomes da Silva Júnior. "Effect of Sodium Xylenesulphonate Use in Bleached Kraft Pulp from Eucalyptus Wood on the Physical, Optical, and Mechanical Properties." BioResources 13, no. 4 (October 26, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.4.9020-9032.
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Dölle, Klaus, and Hélène Rainville. "Art Paper for Large Wood Relief Block Printing – A Paper Development Study." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, December 8, 2021, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2021/v21i717475.
Full textAbstract:
Wood relief block printing was developed in China in the seventh century and is used today for many art printing applications. The presented research project describes the development of an art paper product applicable for large wood relief block printing from laboratory scale to large semi commercial production of art paper for printing image sizes of up to 44-inch (1118 mm) by 96-inch (2400 mm) at outdoor steam roller printing events or smaller indoor printing press applications.
The improvement of the paper properties from laboratory development, small laboratory paper machine and semi commercial paper machine run for the production of the final art paper showed an improvement throughout the process development for the optical and mechanical paper properties and exceeded the set values set by the artist using the art paper.
The produced art paper with a basis weight of 260 g/m² and a thickness of 171 µm is produced from a mixture of 70% northern bleached hardwood Kraft pulp and 30% northern bleached softwood Kraft pulp.
The ISO brightness of the art paper off-white (egg-shell) colour was at 63.2% and the ISO color value for L, a, b. at 90.8, 1.1, and 12.6 respectively.
The art papers surface roughness and porosity as a parameter for ink attachment and penetration is for the top side 2179 ml/min and for the bottom side (wire side) 2326 ml/min, whereas porosity was measured at 1668 ml/min.
Bending stiffness in machine direction and cross machine direction was measured at 157mN and 70 mN respectively. Burst strength was measured at 2.24 kPA·m²/g.
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Apriani, Rachmawati, and Ni Njoman Manik Susantini. "Studi pemanfaatan limbah pelepah sawit sebagai bahan baku pulp metode Organosolv disertai hidrotermal pretreatment." JURNAL VOKASI TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI (JVTI) 1, no. 1 (August 27, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.36870/jvti.v1i1.41.
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Penelitian bertujuan menentukan properties strength dari pulp yang berbahan baku pelepah kelapa sawit di Laboratorium Satuan Operasi Pulp dan Kertas. Pelepah kelapa sawit merupakan limbah organik kategori non-wood dengan kandungan selulosa tinggi. Proses pembuatan pulp didominasi oleh kraft yang tidak ramah lingkungan. Salah satu metode pulping lain adalah proses organosolv dengan menggunakan pelarut organik seperti asam asetat yang menghasilkan yield yang lebih tinggi dan properties mekanis. Pengaruh kondisi operasi seperti suhu, waktu, konsentrasi liquor dan perbandingannya penting terhadap properties pulp. Proses menggunakan asam asetat 10 % dan 15% serta NaOH 15%. Pengaruh perbandingan liquor terhadap solid, penambahan aditif soda, suhu operasi dan konsentrasi komponen liquor diteliti untuk mendapatkan nilai optimal dari proses. Pretreatment hidrotermal dilakukan meningkatkan penetrasi dan difusi zat aktif selama proses pulping. Kertas yang dihasilkan memiliki kekuatan tarik yang baik dengan tingginya konsentrasi asam asetat dimana asam asetat 15% menghasilkan kekuatan tarik sebesar 0,99 kN/m sedangkan 10% menghasilkan 0,63 kN/m dibandingkan NaOH sebesar 15% kurang baik yaitu 0,385 kN/m, maka adanya penambahan LBKP 20% dapat meningkatkan tensile dikarenakan kandungan serat dari wood. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi asam asetat maka ketahanan sobek semakin kecil. Maka optimum pada 10% yaitu 228,49 mN. Jika di bandingkan dengan NaOH 15% masih kurang baik yaitu 175,73 mN.
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Казымов, Д. С., Л. Г. Махотина, А. Б. Никандров, А. Г. Кузнецов, and Э. Л. Аким. "Selection of optimal modes for larch wood processing in CTMP technology." Известия СПбЛТА, no. 227() (July 24, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2019.227.307-318.
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Цель исследования проанализировать возможность получения химикотермомеханической массы (ХТММ) из древесины лиственницы и провести сравнение ее характеристик с полученной аналогичным лабораторным методом ХТММ из древесины ели. Так как лиственница относится к числу самых распространенных древесных пород России, на которую приходится порядка 40 всех площадей лесных насаждений Аким и др., 2012 работа имеет большую актуальность. По строению и составу лиственница значительно отличается от других хвойных деревьев. Она относится к типичным ядровым породам. На долю ядра приходится 70 90 стволовой части дерева. Трахеиды составляют около 90 и более древесного вещества Левин и др., 1978 Бабкин и др., 2004. Поэтому было необходимо провести серию экспериментов, которые позволили оценить влияние расхода Na2SO3, температуры пропиточного раствора и времени пропитки на свойства ХТММ и на удельный расход энергии на размол. Помимо этого, характерной особенностью лиственницы является водорастворимый полисахарид арабиногалактан, содержащийся в ней в количестве около 14 (с колебаниями от 5 до 30), а также присутствие в ядре лиственницы веществ группы флавоноидов, представленных, главным образом, кверцетином и дигидрокверцетином Бабкин и др., 2004 и по учебнику Азарова и др. Химия древесины и синтетических полимеров. СПб.: Лань, 2010 г. Следовательно, в ходе работы было необходимо проанализировать влияние предварительной экстракции на свойства получаемого полуфабриката. Analyze the possibility of chemicalthermomechanical pulp (CTMP) production from larch wood and comparison of its characteristics with spruce wood CTMP, which was obtained at same laboratory conditions were the main purposes of this study. Since larch is one of the most widespread tree species in Russia, which accounts for about 40 of all forest plantations Akim et al., 2012, this work has great relevance. The structure and composition of larch wood is significantly different from other conifers. It belongs to typical heartwood species. The share of the core wood is about 70 90 of the tree trunk. Tracheids takes more than about 90 of a woody substance Levin et al., 1978 Babkin et al., 2004. Therefore, it was necessary to perform series of experiments that made it possible to evaluate the effect of Na2SO3 consumption, the temperature of impregnating solution and the impregnation time on the properties of CTMP and the specific energy consumption on refining. In addition, a characteristic feature of larch is a watersoluble polysaccharide arabinogalactan, contained in it in an amount of about 14 (with variations from 5 to 30), as well as the presence in the larch core of substances of the group of flavonoids, represented mainly by quercetin and dihydroquercetin Babkin et al., 2004 and Azarov et al., 2010. Therefore, during the work, it was necessary to analyze the effect of previous water extraction on the properties of the obtained product.
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Dölle, Klaus, and Bardhyl Bajrami. "Eucalyptus Pulp Fibers with In-Situ Precipitated Calcium Carbonate – A 12-Inch Laboratory Paper Machine Study." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, September 8, 2021, 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2021/v20i1217424.
Full textAbstract:
Paper manufacturing on a global scale is a highly competitive market which requires to constantly improve the manufacturing process to be competitive. To decrease production cost paper manufactures, add filler material prior to sheet forming to replace costly wood fiber based raw material.
This research project investigates the use of in-situ precipitated calcium carbonate produced in the presence of eucalyptus fiber material at a 41.0% filler level prior to beating. The in-situ filler containing eucalyptus fiber suspension was used on a 12’ (304mm) wide Laboratory Fourdrinier Paper Machine together with non-filler containing eucalyptus fiber material, and a commercial precipitated calcium carbonate filler material.
The manufactured in-situ fiber suspension resulted in a higher ash retention compared to the addition of the powdered commercial PCC filler material. In addition to commercial filler material retention is improved at higher filler addition above 30%.
The increased ash retention is linked to the increased micro fibrillation fiber material of the in-situ filler-fiber suspension forming neckless like particles on the fibers microfibrils.
Mechanical paper properties showed an improvement for in-situ precipitated filler material compared to commercial filler material addition.
Optical properties could be improved in comparison to the eucalyptus fiber without filler addition for in-situ precipitated filler material and a combination of in-situ and commercial filler material.