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1
Smith, Robert John. "The preservation and degradation of wood in wetland archaeological and landfill sites." Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:13206.
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This study has investigated the patterns and processes responsible for oak wood degradation in different burial environments by characterizing the biological, chemical and physical nature of sediments from a variety of 'in situ' wetland archaeological and landfill sites. It has used oak wood as the complimentary organic biomarker to help determine the main factors responsible for the unwanted decay of archaeo-organic materials in wetIand archaeological sites and identify the useful deterioration of organic materials in landfill sites. A laboratory-based simulation (lysimeter study) has been used to act as a representation of the conditions that exist within the burial environments chosen for this research. The main parameters which characterize all burial contexts were artificially manipulated within the lysimeters. These were subsequently measured by using a number of technological applications in order to produce a multi-disciplinary analysis of each environment studied. The interpretation of the data generated from these techniques highlighted patterns within the sediments which were responsible for the degradation of oak wood. As a result of these findings, this study has not only illustrated the key environmental parameters that are responsible for oak wood degradation over a variety of time scales, i.e. the short- (lysimeter study), medium- (landfill sites) and long-term (wetland archaeological sites), but also determined the most appropriate conditions which are able to preserve wood in wetland archaeological sites and optimize organic waste degradation in landfill sites.
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Mercer, Theresa. "An experimental study of the environmental impacts of CCA-treated wood waste land application." Thesis, University of Hull, 2010. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:2683.
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Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) has been the most commonly used wood preservative in the UK; up until its partial ban in 2004. The preservative prolongs the service life of wood by 20-50 years by making it resistant to biological attack. As such, in-service CCA treated wood is expected to be a major component of the UK wood waste stream in the future. Concerns over the impact of the chemical constituents of this treatment on both the environment and human health have prompted the introduction of legislation to ensure that such waste is disposed of safely in Hazardous Waste Landfills. Despite this, studies have shown that this waste can still enter into the landscape mulch market due to inadequate detection methods and increasing societal pressures to recycle. A series of laboratory and field-based simulations were used to quantify leaching of copper, chromium and arsenic from CCA-treated wood waste mulch and evaluate the factors involved in promoting leaching. The distribution and behaviour of the metals in the soil column and leachate were also assessed. The samples generated in the study were analysed for a range of physico-chemical measurements, elemental and speciation concentrations. Results show that arsenic, chromium and copper leaches from CCA waste wood; at times to levels exceeding regulatory thresholds by two to three orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the more toxic and mobile species of arsenic (As III) and chromium (Cr VI) were detected in both soil and leachate samples. A mass balance was produced which demonstrated that CCA wood tends to leach on initial exposure to a leachant and also during weathering of the wood. When in contact with soil, metal(loid) transport is reduced due to complexation reactions. With higher water application or where the adsorption capacity of the soil is exceeded, the metal(loid)s are transported through the soil column as leachate. Overall, there was a loss of metal(loid)s from the system that could be due to loss of water, volatilisation of arsenic and plant uptake. Due to the toxicity and concentration levels of the leached elements identified in the current study, it is apparent that adverse environmental and human health impacts may result from direct and indirect exposure to the environmental media.
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Law, Justine. "Sustainable and Equitable Energy? The Diverse Economies of Wood Energy in Central Vermont and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405429080.
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Hu, Lihua. "Comparative study of methods for quantifying wood smoke in the UK atmosphere." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3505/.
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The thesis investigates the inorganic aerosol concentrations and wood smoke tracer potassium and levoglucosan concentrations in Birmingham, UK. Also a multi-wavelength aethalometer was utilized as a carbonaceous aerosol detector to directly measure the local wood smoke PM mass and traffic PM mass. To achieve this, daily PM2.5 inorganic ions sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, and organic compound levoglucosan were measured over a period of more than one and half years at four sampling locations. There were: (1) Elms road, University of Birmingham; (2) North Kilworth Mill Observatory Site; (3) Churchill Pumping Station Site; and (4) Budbrooke, Warwick Sampling Site. Correlation analysis, regression analysis, and seasonal variation were examined for those inorganic and organic elements and compounds. The results were used to provide comprehensive spatial and temporal distributions, intra-site and inter-site comparison differentiations. Wood smoke potassium and levoglucosan were used as wood smoke tracer to determine the local resident wood smoke PM mass concentrations in this thesis. Budbrooke, Warwick Sampling Site for example, a mean value of 62ng m-3 wood smoke potassium was measured at winter periods but the mean value of only 17ng m-3 was measured during summer periods. This significant difference demonstrated a frequent wood smoke activity in this area during winter periods. Also a multi-wavelength aethalometer was used as wood smoke mass detector to measure the local resident wood smoke PM mass and local traffic PM mass concentrations. These three methods have their unique processes of acquiring the wood smoke mass concentrations, thus the results from these method have considerable variations. Therefore these three methods have inter-compared with each other to achieve better wood smoke concentrations results in order to obtain the best method of measuring local wood smoke mass.
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Mathieu, Valentin. "Wood, Cities, and Trade : An Economic Analysis of the Global Urban Demand for Wood Products and the Dynamics of International Wood Trade." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0267.
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Pour atteindre les objectifs de développement durable et de gestion durable des ressources naturelles, une compréhension approfondie des différents facteurs qui contribuent à l'économie du bois, ainsi qu'une prévision précise de l'offre et de la demande de bois, sont essentielles. De telles analyses s'appuient sur des modèles, appelés dans cette thèse “modèles de flux commerciaux de bois” lorsqu'ils étudient la production, le commerce et la consommation de bois. L'utilisation de modèles pour expliquer et prédire des phénomènes économiques se heurte à plusieurs difficultés méthodologiques. Face à ces difficultés, comment évaluer la capacité d'un modèle à conduire de telles analyses ? Cette thèse considère trois aspects essentiels et interdépendants de la modélisation pour évaluer la capacité d'un modèle à atteindre ses objectifs. Le premier aspect consiste à déterminer si les fondements théoriques des modèles peuvent être testés empiriquement. Le deuxième aspect consiste à déterminer si un modèle prend en compte des facteurs importants pour l'analyse heuristique et prédictive des phénomènes économiques. Le troisième aspect concerne la disponibilité et la qualité des données sur lesquelles une théorie peut être testée et à partir desquelles des facteurs peuvent être identifiés et quantifiés. Cette thèse est structurée autour de ces trois aspects et est divisée en quatre chapitres. Les deux premiers chapitres portent sur deux des aspects de la modélisation considérés : (i) les facteurs pris en compte ou à prendre en compte dans la modélisation de l'économie du bois, et (ii) l'élaboration de modèles fondés sur une théorie empiriquement vérifiable. Les deux derniers chapitres traitent du troisième aspect de la modélisation : la qualité des données et ses implications pour la modélisation. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mener une revue des facteurs considérés pour modéliser les flux commerciaux de bois, et de proposer une analyse économique de la demande urbaine en bois et du commerce international des produits bois. Le chapitre 1 présente une méta-analyse des concepts de modélisation des flux commerciaux du bois. Il conclut que les modèles économiques s'appuient sur un ensemble restreint de quatre catégories de facteurs, négligeant ainsi d'autres facteurs importants, comme l'urbanisation. Le chapitre 2 développe une modélisation spatiale de la demande urbaine en bois. En prenant en compte l'urbanisation comme facteur de l'économie mondiale du bois, le modèle propose une représentation réaliste et précise des phénomènes économiques forestiers, suggérant un rôle déterminant des dynamiques urbaines dans l'économie globale du bois. Le chapitre 3 met en évidence plusieurs incohérences entre les données d'exportation et d'importation et propose une méthode pour tenir compte des erreurs de mesure dans les analyses commerciales. Ce chapitre suggère que ces disparités sont significatives et que le fait de ne pas corriger les modèles pour tenir compte des erreurs dans les données commerciales biaise les résultats des modèles. Le chapitre 4 effectue une analyse de réseau du commerce du bois rond. Bien que cette analyse soit principalement descriptive, elle fournit un modèle réaliste et mécaniste d'évaluation de la structure du réseau commercial et ses dynamiques. Les contributions scientifiques de cette thèse sont triples: elle propose de nouvelles méthodes pour modéliser l'économie mondiale du bois, intègre la dynamique urbaine comme un facteur qui façonne l'économie mondiale du bois, et met en avant un besoin de meilleures pratiques dans l'analyse du commerce des produits bois. Elle s'inscrit dans les enjeux globaux en mettant en avant la nécessité d'anticiper la future demand urbaine en bois, questionne l'efficacité des politiques de régulation économique appliqués aux forêts et aux produits bois, et suggère des stratégies commerciales visant à minimiser les risques de marchéTo achieve sustainable development and sustainable natural resource management, a thorough understanding of the various factors that contribute to the wood economy, as well as an accurate forecast of wood supply and demand, are essential. Such analyses rely on models, referred to in this thesis as "wood trade flow models" when studying wood production, trade and consumption. The use of models to explain and predict economic phenomena comes up against several methodological difficulties. Given these difficulties, how can we assess a model's ability to conduct such analyses? This thesis considers three essential and interdependent aspects of modeling to assess a model's ability to achieve its objectives. The first is whether the theoretical framework of models can be tested empirically. The second aspect is to determine whether a model takes into account factors that are important for the heuristic and predictive analysis of economic phenomena. The third aspect concerns the availability and quality of data on which a theory can be tested and from which factors can be identified and quantified. This thesis is structured around these three aspects and is divided into four chapters. The first two chapters deal with two of the modeling aspects considered: (i) the factors taken into account or to be taken into account in modeling the wood economy, and (ii) the development of models based on empirically testable theories. The last two chapters deal with the third aspect of modelling: data quality and its implications for modelling. The aim of this thesis is to conduct a review of the factors considered in modeling wood trade flows, and to propose an economic analysis of urban demand for wood and international trade in wood products. Chapter 1 presents a meta-analysis of wood trade flow modeling concepts. It concludes that economic models rely on a narrow set of factor categories, thus neglecting other important factors, such as urbanization. Chapter 2 develops a spatial model of urban demand for wood. By taking urbanization into account as a factor in the global wood economy, the model offers a realistic and accurate representation of forest economic phenomena, suggesting a crucial role of urban dynamics in shaping the global wood economy. Chapter 3 highlights several discrepancies between export and import data, and proposes a method for accounting for measurement errors in trade analyses. This chapter suggests that these discrepancies are significant, and that failing to correct models for errors in trade data biases model results. Chapter 4 performs a network analysis of the roundwood trade. Although this analysis is primarily descriptive, it provides a realistic and mechanistic model for assessing the structure of the trade network and its dynamics. The scientific contributions of this thesis are threefold: it proposes new methods for modeling the global wood economy, integrates urban dynamics as a factor shaping the global wood economy, and highlights a need for best practices in the analysis of wood product trade. It addresses global issues by highlighting the need to anticipate future urban demand for wood, questions the effectiveness of economic regulation policies applied to forests and wood products, and suggests commercial strategies aimed at minimizing market risks
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Kitts, Duncan Renfield. "The hydraulic and hydrological performance of large wood accumulation in a low-order forest stream." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/185791/.
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Large wood and its accumulations are poorly understood despite being an important feature in the functioning of forested river channels and floodplains. Large wood has previously been removed from rivers in order to reduce flow resistance and increase channel conveyance. However, recently there has been an appreciation of the role of large wood accumulations in creating important aquatic habitat, increasing geomorphic diversity, re-connecting river channels to their floodplains and in the development of multi-channel anastomosed river patterns. This thesis examines the role that large wood plays at a range of scales in a low-order forested stream in the New Forest, Southern England. The study river was subject to restoration measures, involving the addition of large wood to the river channel, as part of an EU LIFE III project. An empirical and Froude-scaled flume approach is taken to determine the role of large wood accumulations upon the reach-scale flow resistance values. Large wood accumulations from a variety of environments are assessed to determine the hydraulic effects of accumulations of different architecture in different environments. Field data from the study catchment is used to show the role of large wood in increasing the frequency and duration of reach-scale, floodplain inundation. Hydrological data shows the impact the restoration has upon both flood peak magnitude and flood peak travel time highlighting the potential benefits of large wood to downstream flood risk. A 2-Dimensional model is produced which simulates the effect of a range of large wood accumulations upon the inundation extent. An approach using spatial diversity metrics, widely used in ecological sciences, is conducted in an attempt to quantify the flow depth and flow velocity diversity, which can influence flow habitat diversity. Results show that large wood can initiate an anastomosing flow pattern which allows increases flow depth diversity by up to 49% and flow velocity diversity by up to 48%
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Osei, Nana Akwasi. "Large wood in fluvial systems : quantity, structure and landforms, sediment retention, and riparian seed bank development." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8813.
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This thesis investigates the characteristics and impacts of large wood accumulations within river reaches of different size and style. Four reaches were studied: (i) a wide, braided, headwater reach, characterised by dead wood (Tagliamento River, Italy); (ii) a lower gradient, wide, braided reach, characterised by resprouting wood (Tagliamento River, Italy); (iii) a low gradient, single thread reach with a natural supply of dead wood (Highland Water, UK), and (iv) a low gradient, single thread reach that has been restored by felling trees into the river (River Bure, UK). In each reach, quantities of wood, types of accumulation and their association with sediment retention, landform and propagule bank development were investigated, generating four main findings: 1. There were marked differences in the size and character of large wood accumulations among the four reaches. 2. Retention of fine sediment and organic matter by wood was observed on all four reaches, giving rise to notable spatial heterogeneity in surface sediments. 3. Sediment retention resulted in the development of different landforms among the four reaches. In the two multi-thread reaches, accretion of finer sediment around large wood led to island development. In the naturally-functioning single-thread reach, wood jams spanned the river channel, accumulating sediment and organic matter to produce unvegetated wood jams, and inducing other landforms, notably pools and bars. Such geomorphic heterogeneity was anticipated in the restored reach, but to date this has not significantly occurred. 4. Spatio-temporal variations were observed in propagule abundance and species richness within different wood-related mesohabitats. Higher abundance and species richness were associated with finer, more organic sediments retained within wood accumulations and related mesohabitats. In the restored reach such associations were not statistically significant, further indicating that responses to wood emplacement take longer than the 4 years since restoration. iv Overall, this research has strengthened the evidence concerning the differing nature of wood accumulations in rivers of different size and style, and it has demonstrated the importance of large wood for retaining organic matter and plant propagules, resources essential for riparian vegetation succession and for the success of river restoration efforts.
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Marston, Bryce Kendrick. "Influence of the Mountain Pine Beetle disturbance on large wood dynamics and channel morphology in mountain streams." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35499.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Geography
Charles W. Martin
Disturbance regimes are important determinants of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem structure and function. Disturbances may linger in the landscape and lag temporally, influencing stream ecosystem form and function for decades, if not centuries. The recent enhanced Mountain Pine Beetle (MPB) infestation in pine forests of the Rocky Mountain region has resulted in extensive tree mortality, producing the potential for significant increases in carbon supply to stream channels. To better understand MPB impacts on in-stream large wood (LW), a census was conducted in 30 headwater streams within the Medicine Bow National Forest in south-central Wyoming, across the temporal spectrum from early- to late-stage MPB-infestation. A subset of those streams exhibiting mean conditions at each level of infestation was surveyed to determine any significant differences in channel morphology or aquatic ecosystem function. Results indicate that wood loads related to the MPB-infestation significantly increase with time since initial infestation. However, even in late-stage infestation streams, many of the fallen MPB-killed trees are bridging across the channels and have yet to break and ramp down sufficiently enough to enter between the channel margins. Wood loads will continue to increase as more trees fall and bridging pieces decompose, break and then enter the channel. Measurable increases in the amount of LW with time since initial beetle infestation have both positive and negative effects on channel form and function. Although forest MPB-infestation has peaked in the study area, streams are still early on a curve of rapidly increasing wood loads that are beginning to affect streams and have the potential to dramatically increase the carbon base of regional stream ecosystems.
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Vann, Barry. "Factors Affecting Wood Fuel Consumption and Environmental Impacts in Warren County, Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1835.
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The purpose of this research is to identify factors that contribute to wood fuel consumption as a space heating source and estimate a county-wide proportion for wood fuel consuming households. In addition, environmental problems associated with deforestation such as erosion and loss of wildlife habitat are delineated; moreover, air pollution resulting from wood fuel emissions are discussed.
An exhaustive literature review provided the basis for the study. Data on Warren County wood fuel consumption patterns were derived from a mail survey. Proportion estimates were tested by using a classical two-tail test of hypothesis. Subsequently, factors were identified and used in a multiple regression analysis.
The study found that low income households equipped with electric space heating systems located in rural areas are the most wood intensive. Unlike homes equipped with other alternate heating systems, electric space heat equipped households tend to consume wood fuel proportionally to income. The study also found that 26.3 percent of single family residences in the county use wood for space heating.
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Mazzochin, Marinez da Silva. "Indústria madeireira mundial e brasileira: o caso Paranaense." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2010. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/112.
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Previous issue date: 2010-09-08This study seeks to understand the relationship of the process of capital accumulation in the wood processing industry and its relationship with the production of geographical space. The analysis of such a process takes into account the contradictions inherent in their development process. We seek to understand these contradictions, by pointing the main factors that encouraged the development of modern forestry, based on scientific research, especially in relation to raw material, meeting the industrial needs. It was intended in this work demonstrate the relationship between the various geographical scales as the focal point of socio-spatial training for the consolidation of the timber industry in the state of Parana.
O presente trabalho busca compreender a relação do processo de acumulação de capital no setor de transformação de madeira e sua relação com a produção do espaço geográfico. A análise de tal processo leva em consideração as contradições inerentes ao seu prodesso de desenvolvimento. Buscamos compreender essas contradições apontando os principais fatores que propiciam o desenvolvimento de uma moderna silvicultura, baseada em pesquisas científicas, sobretudo em relação à matéria-prima, atendendo as necessidades industriais. Pretendeu-se no decorrer do trabalho demonstrar a relação entre as diversas escalas geográficas como ponto central da formação sócio-espacial para a consolidação da indústria madeireira no Estado do Paraná.
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Van, Andel Kelly. "The geography of sinfulness : mapping Calvinist subjectiving between word and image." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1418/.
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This thesis on Calvinist subjectivity within the work of Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) explores how the dialectic of word and image, and subsequently the Word, Logos, and word as rhetoric constructs conceptions of selfhood necessarily associated with and bound by the rhetoric of sinfulness. In contrast to studies that synthesize Edwardsian, and, in turn, Calvinist schemas of sin and selfhood within religious doctrine and treatises, this project examines the experiential nature of sinfulness as expressed through language or poetics. Given such examination, this work posits three things. First, in general terms, it contends that, during the Reformation, the displacement of icons led the Word to acquire the positive and negative functions of religious imagery that it meant to displace: to lead persons to God and to lead them away from him. Second, the project finds that the work of Edwards, which emphasizes feeling and personal spiritual experience, signals another shift in the Calvinist dialectic of word and image, and, then heralds the possibility of a type of ecstatic or ‘sweet’ communion with God outside of sin and language itself. Third, and more particularly, this text argues that despite Edwards’ rhetoric of ‘sweetness’, the geography of sinfulness that both pervades and varies within Edwards’ language, creates a Calvinist subjectivity, as it filters through the word/image dialectic, that becomes trapped within Edwardsian rhetoric, and, in turn, encounters difficulty experiencing the salvation to which it portends. In the end, then, this project both challenges and expands the corpus of Edwards’ scholarship in two ways. First, it demonstrates that, although valuable, sole attention to historical and theological exegesis of Edwards’ texts does not adequately account for the paradoxical tensions and meaning of Calvinist selfhood posed by the Puritan’s work and evidenced by the word/image dialectic. Second, and most importantly, the project indicates that, in actuality, apart from what the majority of Edwardsian, particularly Evangelical, scholarship contends, the ‘sweetness’ and spiritual sensations Edwards speaks of selfhood only partially open to the divine and salvific assurance. True, Edwards can still be celebrated as the Father of American Evangelical thought and practice. This project, however, questions if Edwards’ interpreters have ignored the signposts of his language and created an icon(s) of himself, and, subsequently, of a type of Calvinist selfhood that figures the narrative of their own story. In the end, then, this thesis finds itself back at its beginning as it confronts the nature and work of icons and the possibilities and variances of language—as icon and idol itself—that lay in their wake.
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Cooper, Fiona Mary Phillips. "Geographic distribution and genetic diversity of black poplar." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246878.
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Bigot, Christophe. "Cinématique de décomposition et rôle de protection pare-pierres du bois mort : le cas des rémanents." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058599.
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Les forêts de montagne sont des ouvrages de protection naturels, qui en fonction des situations sont en mesure d'offrir une protection efficace vis-à-vis des risques naturels d'origine gravitaire : les chutes de pierres, les avalanches, les glissements de terrains, les laves torrentielles et l'érosion. Les interventions forestières, telles que les grands reboisements issus de la politique de Restauration des Terrains en Montagne (RTM) du XIXe siècle, ont démontré leur efficacité pour maîtriser l'érosion des versants en lien avec le phénomène de torrentialité. Depuis 2006, les nouveaux Guides des Sylvicultures de Montagne (GSM), français, suisse et italien, préconisent des nouvelles techniques sylvicoles pour la gestion et l'optimisation de la fonction de protection des peuplements forestiers de montagne. Ces préconisations concernent entre autre la réalisation d'ouvrages biologiques par l'utilisation des rémanents. Ces ouvrages ont pour vocation de limiter et le cas échéant de stopper la propagation de blocs rocheux, et de limiter le départ d'avalanches. Ils sont composés de grumes laissées au sol, parfois empilées les unes sur les autres, maintenues dans la pente par leur propres souches, d'autres souches ou des arbres encore sur pieds. Mais, si des directives techniques existent pour réaliser de tels ouvrages, aucune donnée scientifique n'était à ce jour disponible pour quantifier la pérennité de ces ouvrages.Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans la volonté de fournir ces connaissances scientifiques en se focalisant sur l'étude de la corrélation entre la durabilité des rémanents et leur dynamique de protection face aux chutes de blocs. L'objectif principal de cette thèse consiste à fournir des connaissances sur la cinématique de décomposition du bois et de proposer des modèles d'efficacité des rémanents en fonction du temps. A partir de mesures in situ, en laboratoire et d'une approche basée sur l'analyse de chronoséquences, nous avons étudié la cinématique de décomposition de trois espèces d'arbres présentes dans les Alpes (Pinus nigra, Picea Abies, Fagus sylvatica), et analysé les corrélations entre les variables physiques, chimiques et mécaniques qui ont été utilisées. Des premiers modèles prédictifs de l'évolution de l'efficacité des ouvrages pare-pierres en fonction du temps ont ainsi pu être construits.
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Maxe, Charlotte. "Impact d’un élevage en fût de chêne sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et organoleptiques des vins de base champenois." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK026.
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Les caractéristiques environnementales du bois de chêne (origine géographique et espèce), ainsi que les pratiques de tonnellerie peuvent impacter les propriétés physico-chimiques et moléculaires des fûts de tonnellerie, et par conséquent des vins vinifiés et élevés dans ces fûts. Cet impact de l'élevage sous bois sur les vins de base champenois n'a quasiment jamais été étudié à ce jour, alors que cette pratique est mise en œuvre depuis plusieurs années par certaines maisons. Or, les caractéristiques de ces vins de base (acidité, degré alcoolique) ainsi que l'absence de recherche d'un boisé tel que pour les vins tranquilles, nécessitent d'approfondir les connaissances scientifiques sur les mécanismes qui peuvent contribuer par exemple à l'amélioration de la stabilité oxydative et de la complexité organoleptique de ces vins. Ainsi, ce projet de thèse a pour objectif de caractériser les impacts physico-chimiques et sensoriels de la vinification et de l'élevage en fût sur les vins de base champenois, en sélectionnant spécifiquement des bois originaires de forêts champenoises. Différentes approches analytiques physico-chimiques (capacité antioxydante, paramètres œnologiques), moléculaires (ellagitanins, métabolome) et sensorielles seront mises en œuvre en systèmes modèles et en conditions réelles d'élevage afin d'élaborer des outils d'adaptation du boisage des vins de base. Une attention particulière sera portée à la caractérisation des fractions moléculaires discriminantes des espèces et origines géographiques champenoises afin de donner une dimension écosystémique locale à ce projetThe environmental characteristics of oak wood (geographical origin and species), as well as the cooperage practices, can affect the physico-chemical and molecular properties of barrels, and consequently the wines vinified and aged in them. This impact of wood ageing on champagne base wines has hardly ever been studied to date, whereas this practice has been implemented for several years by some Champagne houses. However, the characteristics of these base wines (acidity, alcohol content) as well as the will to avoid woody aroma like for still wines, require further scientific knowledge on the mechanisms that can contribute, for example, to improve the oxidative stability and the organoleptic complexity of these wines. This thesis project is aimed at characterizing the physico-chemical and sensory impacts of barrel vinification and barrel ageing on champagne base wines, by specifically selecting woods originating from Champagne forests. Different physic-chemical analytical approaches (antioxidant capacity, oenological parameters…), molecular approaches (ellagitannins, metabolome) and sensory approaches will be implemented in model systems and in real conditions of wine ageing in order to develop tools for adapting wood ageing to base wines. Particular attention will be paid to the characterization of discriminant molecular fractions of species and geographical origins of woods from Champagne forests to give a local ecosystem dimension to this project
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Edwards, Jaimie Elizabeth. "Over the River and Through the Woods: Examining the Relationship between Network Structure, Collaboration and Geography." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98752.
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This dissertation analyzes the relationship between network structure, collaboration, and geography among food security organizations in the New River Valley of Virginia. As a way to better understand how purpose-oriented, service-delivery networks, this case study of the Thrive network examines the relationship between geography and collaboration. The food security organizations within the region were mapped to determine the structure of the network and data was compared to the geography of the region. The findings suggest that food security organizations do find geography as a barrier to collaboration in three ways. First, these organizations see geography as a cost to collaboration due to the increased need for logistics and resources. Second, geography creates interorganizational political and cultural boundaries. Third, many food security organizations view geography as a barrier to collaboration in terms of its relationship between the organization and its clients. Organizations that saw value in collaboration between organizations within the network found ways to overcome the barriers of geography.Doctor of Philosophy
Networks enable organizations to work together in a way that helps solve social issues too large to be handled by single groups. This dissertation explores the way in which food security organizations collaborate in the New River Valley of Virginia and the ways in which this collaboration is impacted by geography. The findings suggest that geography is often an unclear concept that is conflated with multiple concepts such as organizational politics, client issues, and cultural boundaries, and that overcoming these barriers can be accomplished when goal congruence occurs.
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Harty, John Patrick. "Legendary landscapes : a cultural geography of the Paul Bunyan and Blue Ox phenomena of the North woods." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/413.
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Brenes, Bastos Melissa. "Assessing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Use in Marketing Applications: A Case of Study in the Wood Products Industry." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49692.
Full textAbstract:
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is a worldwide growing technology, however it is not yet completely accepted. Of all of the business processes in an organization, marketing is perhaps one of the natural fitting-processes to apply GIS. Even though there is recent research regarding applications of GIS in the wood products industry, those applications are mostly related to biomass mapping and logistics issues. Little research has been conducted on the utilization of GIS as part of the marketing strategic plan in this industry. Thus, the main goal of this project is to understand GIS uses on marketing application in the wood products industry, specifically in the marketing mix strategic plan.
The approach of this project consisted of the collection and analysis of data from secondary wood products industries in the state of Virginia. In addition, a case of study on current users of GIS applications was conducted. Once the data from the survey and the case study were collected, validated, and analyzed; applications and guidelines for the use of GIS in marketing activities were developed. The first application was the creation of a relational database to organize the information and to create an industry directory for secondary wood products industries. Secondly, clustering techniques were used to test if wood products companies cluster around certain geographical regions. Confirmation of the clustering led to the construction of an online map. Finally, guidelines were developed to describe how to use GIS in the marketing process of wood products firms.
By increasing the knowledge and developing guidelines on GIS uses on marketing mix applications this study will help the wood products industry, other practitioners and the academic community, by providing insight of the industry, possible uses to simplify the strategic process and gain understanding of the environment among other.Master of Science
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Karlsten, Annika. "Quantifying the physical effects of stream restoration: With unmanned aerial vehicles and geographic information systems." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160181.
Full textAbstract:
Stream restoration efforts often aim at restoring the physical complexity in streams, as an increased habitat heterogeneity is believed to increase biodiversity. It is important to quantify the physical complexity of streams before and after restoration, to know what actions are needed, and to monitor the results of the restoration. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and geographic information systems (GIS) for data acquisition is rapidly increasing, and the use of UAVs and GIS could facilitate the monitoring process. The aim of this study was to determine how the spatial complexity in streams can be determined by using UAVs and GIS. The physical features and the spatial complexity were quantified in five reaches in the Lögde River, pre- and post-restoration, by analyzing UAV photos in a GIS program. Three of six reach descriptive metrics, and three of seven complexity metrics, were shown significantly different after restoration. To validate the GIS analyzing method, a qualitative comparison of data from the GIS analysis to field survey data was conducted. The GIS method was shown effective for distinguishing morphological features on a larger spatial scale, and to show the spatial distribution of instream features, such as wood pieces and boulders. The accuracy when digitizing the bankfull edge of the stream was low on small scales, and the method likely underestimates the number of wood pieces and boulders in the streams. Preferable camera settings and weather conditions to avoid blurry UAV photos, and thereby enhance the accuracy of the GIS analysis, are discussed.
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Davis, Jessica G. "Spatiotemporal dynamics of coarse woody debris in a topographically complex, old-growth, deciduous forest." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1405199554.
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Ferreira, Mariana de Campos Quirino dos Santos. "Landscape composition and climatic parameters significant in the spread of an invasive species (Pine wood Nematode)." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/12610.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Engenharia do AmbienteStudies show that the number of biological invasions has increased. The spread of species from their native range to other places is directly related to the increase in transport and movement of people and their goods. The Pine Wood Nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) (PWN), the causal agent of the pine wilt disease, is an example of this problem, originated from North America, has become a serious pest on Eurasia. This dissertation aims to understand if environmental factors are determining tree mortality in an area where the PWN has been confirmed since 2009. The study area is located in the centreal part of Portugal, a complex area regarding the topography and soil making it also complex concerning climatic and ecological conditions, providing a good study case on the possible interaction between a biological invasion and local environmental conditions. In order to evaluate the study area several of environmental parameters were determined, and analyzed in GIS. Additionally it was determined the proportion of recently dead trees in randomly selected pine forests within the study area. The Binary logistic model showed that temperature in the warm trimester was the only parameter that better predicted the mortality. Climate change models predict an increase in the temperature in the future, thus indicating that the susceptability of Pinus pinaster to the PWN will increase.
Portuguese Science Foundation - project “Developing an adaptive management system for predicting and mitigating damage caused the pine wilt nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in Portugal” refª PTDC/AGR-CFL/098869/2008
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Waters, Lois Diane. "Relationships Between Hybrid Poplar Tree Extractives and Ground Water Contamination at a Phytoremediation Site." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31583.
Full textAbstract:
In 1997, a phytoremediation program began at a creosote-contaminated former railroad tie yard in Oneida, Tennessee with the planting of over 1000 hybrid poplar trees onsite. Creosote, a mixture of hazardous chemicals composed of 85% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) had entered the site soil and ground water. After planting, a seasonal ground water testing program began that monitored the progress of remediation by measuring the concentration of the 10 predominant PAHs in the contaminant plume: naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene. The concentrations of these compounds steadily decreased over time, but the role the trees played in the remediation was unclear.
In order to gain a clearer understanding of the role the trees played in contaminant remediation, chemical analysis of tree tissue began. It was not known whether the trees were taking up PAH contaminants or their metabolites or if the rhizosphere zone created by the trees simply enhanced the ability of the site microflora to degrade the PAH. The objectives of this research were to (1) develop a suitable method for the chemical analysis of tree tissue collected from a field site, (2) determine if there were any chemicals not usually found in poplar trees that occurred in the trees growing over contamination, (3) determine if bud, bark, and twig tissue differed in their ability to predict ground water contamination, and (4) determine if a spatial correlation existed between the aromatic compounds in the tree tissue and the ground water total PAH plume.
Two types of tree tissue/ground water comparisons were performed: spatial distribution of isoeugenol concentration in tree tissue with spatial distribution of total PAH in ground water over the area of interest; and the spatial distribution of the quantity of aromatic compounds in tree tissue with the spatial distribution of total PAH concentration in ground water. Due to unit discrepancies between the quantities of interest, all comparisons were made on a percentile basis.
Initial tree sampling revealed that several compounds not usually present in poplar trees occurred only in those trees growing over contamination. In the first part of this study, the concentration of one of these chemicals, the substituted phenol isoeugenol, was compared with the concentration of total PAH in ground water from samples collected from February-March 2002. The bark tissue percentiles fell within 20 percentiles of ground water total PAH concentrations in 60% of the study area. The twig tissue showed slightly better agreement, with 67% of the study area differing from ground water by twenty percentiles or less.
The second comparison took place over three sampling events: March 2001, July 2001, and February-March 2002. The number of unique aromatic compounds in bark, bud, and twig tissue was compared with the total PAH concentration in ground water. Twig tissue aromatic compound content was the most accurate predictor of ground water contamination among the tissue types. After excluding those chemicals likely to be interferences from consideration, twig tissue aromatic content agreed with ground water total PAH concentration to within 20 percentiles over 2/3 or more of the study area during each sampling event, suggesting the potential uptake of PAHs or their microbial metabolites as a mechanism of phytoremediation at the site.
Master of Science
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Ecklar, Brooke Irene. "Evaluating Migratory Stopover Success: Monitoring the Decline of Bird Populations at Hueston Woods Biological Station." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1596196643385067.
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Roberts, Brianna. "Geomorphic function of large woody debris within a headwater tallgrass prairie stream network." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18207.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ArtsDepartment of Geography
Melinda Daniels
Large woody debris, (LWD), defined as pieces measuring ≥ 1 meter in length and ≥ 10 centimeters in diameter (Swanson and Lienkaemper, 1978; Marston, 1982) is an influential stream component. Once stable LWD obstructs streamflow and regulates key processes, causing increases in storage capacity, scouring, and variations to the bed, the extent contingent upon LWD’s average length of residence time within a system. Several North American studies have acknowledged the effects of interactions between wood, sediment, and flow regimes (Bilby, 1981; Keller, E.A., and Swanson, F.J., 1979; Montgomery et al., 1995; Wohl, E., 2008), linking the triad to geomorphic changes, the redistribution of bed materials, and ecological benefits. A consensual baseline reference for LWD’s function over time does not exist however, partly due to previous research being primarily conducted in the Northeast and Pacific Northwest regions where historic actions of humans, particularly riparian logging and stream clearing, have greatly impacted the condition of the watersheds. Researchers having long-overlooked the Great Plains and other regions not commonly associated with woody vegetation has increased the ambiguity regarding the transferability of LWD findings between regions. By shifting the focus to a non-forested region, the goal of this thesis is to measure the dynamics and influence of a prairie stream’s wood load on sediment storage and bed morphology. The Kings Creek network study area is located on the Konza Prairie Biological Station in northeastern Kansas, and drains one of few remaining unaltered North American watersheds. Results document the ongoing forest expansion into the surrounding pristine grassland, and provide a temporal context of the regions changing climate representative of atypical stream conditions caused by drought. In total, 406 individual pieces of wood were measured. The wood load was lower than most forest streams referenced (13.05 m[superscript]³/100 m), though higher than expected resulting from the absence of streamflow. LWD stored 108 m[superscript]³ of sediment within the channel, and the cumulative volume of LWD-formed pools was 169 m[superscript]³. Additionally, statistical analysis showed longitudinal bed variations to be strongly associated to LWD abundance, further indicating that LWD influences prairie stream processes similarly to those in a forest stream.
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Raycraft, Mary D. "Boomtown Attitudes and Perceptions Non-renewable Energy Extraction Regions:North Dakota, U.S.A., Oil Shale and Alberta, Canada, Oil Sands." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1527606796285623.
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Shell, Melissa K. "Mammoth Cave National Park : distribution and classification of woody vegetation." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941368.
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Mammoth Cave National Park (MCNP) contains a diversity of forest types due to a complex mosaic of landform, rock types and land-use history. The point-centered quarter method was used to collect data for a forested vegetation classification. Stratified random sampling was done in each of the various site types found within the boundaries of MCNP. A classification based on the information available in the matrix of species importance values from each site type was constructed using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN). Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis was used to devise an automated vegetation mapping model that can be used to predict vegetation from environmental variables. A tool to assess the accuracy of model predictions was devised. The predicted vegetation map was stored within the GIS, and allows access to a variety of data associated with inventored, classifed, and predicted plant community types.Department of Biology
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Wood, Nathan Andrew. "Woody corridor levee protection along the Missouri River mapping areas that can benefit: a thesis presented to the Department of Geology and Geography in candidacy for the degree of master of science /." Diss., Maryville, Mo. : Northwest Missouri State University, 2008. http://www.nwmissouri.edu/library/theses/WoodNathanAndrew/index.htm.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Northwest Missouri State University, 2008.The full text of the thesis is included in the pdf file. Title from title screen of full text.pdf file (viewed on December 17, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Byman, Elin. "Hotellsektorn och det digitala fotavtrycket : - En studie av TripAdvisor och dess påverkan på Ålands hotellmarknad." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136159.
Full textAbstract:
The Internet has grown to become one of the most influential tools affecting the tourism industry. This study seeks to explore a smaller piece of a widely recognized phenomenon, breaking off to study the impacts of online reviews on TripAdvisor and electronic word-of-mouth in the hotel sector. The study further attempts to identify problems and advantages with the increased use of consumer generated media-sites. One of the main motivations for this study is also the lack of profound studies examining hotel responses to online reviews and destination impacts. The scope of this study is limited to examine three hotels and their respective reviews, on the Aland Islands. Thus this study does not necessarily seek to generalize results in other instances. The identified problem in this thesis is that hotel operators experience difficulties in managing what is being written about them as the perception of time and space changes, owing to the Internet. In making progress to this problem, the study was conducted through semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis, to understand the specifics of the context. Furthermore, this methodology was used to understand the perspectives of the informants. The results indicate that online reviews on TripAdvisor follow specific themes and are considered an important source of information for hotel operators. However, there seems to be some limitations in management, due to lack of opportunities and strategic plans of actions in the hotel sector. There is, however, a collective understanding and willingness amongst hotels to further immerse themselves in the work of managing reviews.
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Prangova, Mimi. "Visualization of Sensory Perception Descriptions." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, fysik och matematik, DFM, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-9130.
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Visualization of Sensory Perception Descriptors is a topic in the field of Information Visualization. It is concentrated on the research and development of methods for analyses of data related with human modalities description. One possibility for investigating sensory perception descriptors is analyzing a great number of wine tasting notes. This thesis is concerned with the visualization of wine tasting notes in order to aid linguistic analyses. It strives to find proper visualizations that will give a better insight into the language used in wine tasting notes. Two main processes are described in the following report. First it sets out the process of researching of different methods of information visualization that led to the final approach for representing the data. A number of concepts for text analyses are discussed and the most useful of them are developed further. Several approaches for text visualization and statistical information are combined to build a system for tasting notes analyses. The second part of the report describes the process of developing a prototype that implements the represented approaches and gives an opportunity for real testing and conclusions.
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Mcdonald, Shannon Lee. "Understory Diversity and Succession on Coarse Woody Debris in a Coastal, Old-growth Forest, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1045.
Full textAbstract:
This research examines the relationship between understory plant diversity and logs in a Pacific Northwest (PNW) Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)-western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) old-growth, coastal forest. These forests are renowned for their high forest productivity, frequent wind storms, and slow log decomposition rates that produce unmatched accumulations of coarse woody debris (CWD) yet few studies have examined the relationship between CWD and understory vegetation ecology. My research addressed this topic by comparing understory plant census data between paired fallen log and forest floor sites (n=20 pairs). My objectives were to: 1) determine the influence of substrate type on community composition and diversity, and 2) examine successional pathways and species assemblage patterns on CWD in various stages of decomposition. To meet these objectives I employed non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations and unsupervised cluster analyses to identify and compare community assemblages on both substrates. These methods revealed similar species diversity and evenness between log and forest floor sites with compositional differences within and between substrates corresponding to habitat availability for colonization and light and moisture gradients. My results also suggest understory successional pathways related to decay class and characterized by an initial abundance of bryophytes, forbs, and seedlings followed by woody shrubs. Understory communities developing on logs also experienced increasing diversity, evenness, and divergence from forest floor communities consistent with log decomposition. These results differ from findings for boreal forests that reveal increasing similarity between substrate communities with increasing decay class. Recommendations for future research include the employment of a more robust sample size and direct measurements of environmental variables. Additional comparator studies are also needed to confirm the effects of forest type and decomposition on the relationship between CWD and forest understory communities. This study demonstrates how fine-scale wind disturbance fosters biodiversity through the creation of CWD substrate. My results and future research are essential for the development of silvicultural models designed to promote biodiversity in PNW coastal forests.
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Robbins, Travis R. "Geographic Variation in Life History Tactics, Adaptive Growth Rates, and Habitatspecific Adaptations in Phylogenetically Similar Species: The Eastern Fence Lizard, Sceloporus undulatus undulatus, and the Florida Scrub Lizard, Sceloporus woodi." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3602.
Full textAbstract:
To understand the evolutionary and ecological significance of geographic variation in life
history traits, we must understand whether the patterns are induced through plastic or adaptive
responses. The Eastern Fence Lizard, Sceloporus undulatus
, exhibits countergradient variation
(larger body sizes, et cetera, in northern, cooler environments; presumed adaptive) in life history
traits across its large geographic range. However, cogradient variation (the expected result from
a plastic response, although not necessarily inconsistent with adaptation) has been suggested as
a null hypothesis, especially on fine geographic scales because of relatively small environmental
changes. Here we focus on life history variation on a fine geographic scale to test whether
cogradient variation is exhibited even though countergradient variation is exhibited at larger
scales, and if so, what mechanisms are involved in the switch. We examined north and south
populations (~2° latitude between) of the S. undulatus, and the Florida Scrub Lizard, S. woodi
, by
measuring adult body sizes, reproduction, and hatchling body sizes over a two year period and
conducting reciprocal transplants of juvenile lizards each year. Our results indicate cogradient
variation (larger body size in the southern population experiencing a warmer environment) in life
history traits of S. undulatus
and countergradient variation, a lack of variation in adult body size,
in S. woodi along the Florida peninsula. Thus, S. undulatus
exhibits cogradient variation at fine
geographic scales and countergradient variation at larger scales. Reciprocal transplants revealed
that the larger adult body sizes in the southern population of S. undulatus
could be explained by
longer growth periods allowed by greater intrinsic survival. In
S. woodi,
the larger than expected
adult body sizes in the north could be explained by faster intrinsic and extrinsic juvenile growth
rates in the northern population. Because
S. undulatus and S. woodi
remain distinct species
associated with distinct, though adjacent, habitats, we also looked for habitat-specific
adaptations. The second reciprocal transplant (between species and habitats) revealed habitatspecific
adaptations in juvenile growth rates, but not juvenile survival. Each native species grew
faster and had a higher average probability of reaching size at maturity in their native
environment than did the foreign species.
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Kefa, Christopher Amutabi. "Assessing the Impacts of Bioenergy Extraction and Human Land Use of the Biodiversity of Kakamega Tropical Rainforest, Kenya." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1465254368.
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Drury, Travis Daniel. "Managing a Watershed Inventory Project and Exploring Water Quality Data in the Four Mile Creek Watershed." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1366318507.
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Madsen, Matthew D. "Influence of Soil Water Repellency on Post-fire Revegetation Success and Management Techniques to Improve Establishment of Desired Species." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1994.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of soil water repellency (WR) on vegetation recovery after a fire is poorly understood. This dissertation presents strategies to broaden opportunities for enhanced post-fire rangeland restoration and monitoring of burned piñon and juniper (P-J) woodlands by: 1) mapping the extent and severity of critical and subcritical WR, 2) determining the influence of WR on soil ecohydrologic properties and revegetation success, and 3) evaluating the suitability of a wetting agent composed of alkylpolyglycoside-ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers as a post-fire restoration tool for ameliorating the effects of soil WR and increasing seedling establishment. Results indicate that: • Post-fire patterns of soil WR were highly correlated to pre-fire P-J woodland canopy structure. Critical soil WR levels occurred under burned tree canopies while sub-critical WR extended out to approximately two times the canopy radius. At sites where critical soil WR was present, infiltration rate, soil moisture, and vegetation cover were significantly less than at non-hydrophobic sites. These parameters were also reduced in soils with subcritical WR relative to non-hydrophobic soils (albeit to a lesser extent). Aerial photography coupled with feature extraction software and geographic information systems (GIS) proved to be an effective tool for mapping P-J cover and density, and for scaling-up field surveys of soil WR to the fire boundary scale. • Soil WR impairs seed germination and seedling establishment by decreasing soil moisture availability by reducing infiltration, decreasing soil moisture storage capacity, and disconnecting soil surface layers from underlying moisture reserves. Consequently, soil WR appears to be acting as a temporal ecological threshold by impairing establishment of desired species within the first few years after a fire. • Wetting agents can significantly improve ecohydrologic properties required for plant growth by overcoming soil WR; thus, increasing the amount and duration of available water for seed germination and seedling establishment. Success of this technology appears to be the result of the wetting agent increasing soil moisture amount and availability by 1) improving soil infiltration and water holding capacity; and 2) allowing seedling roots to connect to underling soil moisture reserves.
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Doody, Brendan J. "Riccarton Bush and the natural and social realities of native trees in Christchurch, New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/865.
Full textAbstract:
Urbanization has destroyed and fragmented previously large areas of natural habitat. Small remnants that still exist in numerous cities will be unable to sustain many viable wild plant populations if they do not expand into the surrounding urban matrix. Residential gardens surrounding such remnants, and which form a significant component of urban green space in many cities, could play a role in redressing this problem. Riccarton Bush, a 7.8 hectare forest remnant, and its surrounding suburban residential area, in Christchurch, New Zealand, is a good example. Over 125 years the reported number of native vascular plants in the bush has declined by a third. My study was an attempt to understand: 1) the ecological, social and cultural factors influencing the dispersal and regeneration of 12 native bird-dispersed woody species from Riccarton Bush, into surrounding residential properties; and 2) the potential role residential properties could play in the future of the bush. To examine these diverse factors I adopted an interdisciplinary research approach combining methodologies, concepts and theories from ecology and the social sciences. In a broader context my work was an attempt to demonstrate how urban ecology can further develop and strengthen by adopting and integrating new methodologies, theories and concepts. The ecological component involved recording individuals of the study species found on 90 randomly selected properties within a 1.4 km radius of the bush. Soil samples were also collected from 31 of those properties and placed in a glasshouse and the study species that germinated were recorded. Results showed some species, particularly kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides), the most abundant species in the bush, are being dispersed and establishing on properties predominantly within 250 m of the forest margin. These juveniles are not reaching maturity as most gardeners tend to remove all non-planted woody species. Qualitative interviews with 16 residents and a quantitative survey of the residents of 85 of the properties provided insights into the social context which these natural processes were operating. Using notions of place and performance I argue that gardens are continuously created and recreated by humans and non-humans. Residents attempt to create and maintain a garden that fulfils their individual and familial needs and desires (e.g., aesthetics, leisure and privacy), and public responsibilities such as ensuring they have a ‘neat’ and ‘tidy’ garden. This involves selecting plants for colour, shape and the care they require, and encouraging certain performances (e.g., flowering) while controlling other undesirable plants and performances (e.g. growth, spread and shading). While people make connections between native plants, belonging and identity; the ‘scientific’ demarcation between native and exotic species often becomes obscured as the garden is co-created by people and plants. Some plants become more significant than others but usually this is attributable to their performances rather than whether they are native or exotic. Residential gardens have the potential to play a major role in the conservation of species restricted to urban remnants. My research suggests that although the potential exists for woody species restricted to Riccarton Bush to naturally regenerate in nearby gardens, this will not happen without human intervention. Plants will need to be eco-sourced and propagated to avoid detrimental impacts on the genetic health of remnant populations, and then actively planted in gardens. The success of such planting initiatives will be increased by providing residents with information about the plants that are suitable for their performative needs and desires (e.g., the size, colour, and maintenance requirements of plants) and, most importantly, control over the location of plantings. In concluding, I argue that by adopting new concepts, theories and methodologies, the productivity, creativity and relevance of urban ecology can be significantly enhanced.
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Méndez, Espinosa Oscar. "La Terminología de geografía en zapoteco: una nueva perspectiva para las escuelas de Oaxaca, México : la terminología zapoteca del siglo XXI." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667851.
Full textAbstract:
En esta tesis se presenta un estudio, realizado en el marco del sistema educativo de Oaxaca (México), sobre el léxico y la problemática que supone la falta de terminología en la lengua zapoteca, una lengua nativa de México. Se concreta en las necesidades detectadas en la enseñanza de la geografía en la escuela primaria. Aborda el contexto de variación de la lengua zapoteca, así como la situación de la educación indígena en Oaxaca, con presencia del uso del español en las aulas y en los libros de texto de geografía, que son el repositorio de las unidades léxicas especializadas de este campo. En la tesis, se explora el léxico disponible en los diccionarios históricos del zapoteco y se analizan las reglas de formación de palabras del zapoteco, para proyectar una propuesta de construcción de neologismos y neónimos, que puedan aparecer en la docencia en geografía en la enseñanza primaria. Se realiza también un experimento de validación de la neología especializada o general propuesta por parte de un colectivo de hablantes. La tesis se fundamenta en la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología (TCT) (Cabré 1999), que establece las estrategias para trabajar las lenguas nativas en peligro de extinción, así como las estrategias para su desarrollo desde una aproximación lingüística.Lo dzi’nguitsri zied ti guielwse’d, lew bxixhcua’ len xhquielwse’d wxhtiswse’d Là (Zguit), rgala wse’d grë di’dz ne guielnë ne rzac men ne runcse’d tsine guiende di’dzngan lo ditsë, xhti’dz mengoldo’ ne rgab Zguit. Rluw grë lia’dz ne rdziel lo guielwsed tsine le wse’dguidzliu rac lo grë xhquielwsed më’dwinglo. Rgala xa rac tsine dibeysedi ditsë rgab, ne xa nac guielwsed zatne rse’d më’dguiedz gdib lo Là, ne xa rac xhtsi’n dixhtil len grë yuwse’d ne xa rac xhtsi’n di’dzca len blagdodi’dz ne rac guielwsedguidzliu, lëw nac zatne rgab grë di’dzngando lo wsedri. Lo dzi’nguitsri, rac ti guielwguib dien xa nia didz ne bia’n lo guitsdi’dzdo chen mengol ne yo lo ditsë y ne rac ti guielwtsil dien xa nac guielnazdu di’dz len ditsë, tsin grienëz ti guielxatsa’ di’dzcub ne di’dzcubengan, ne gac guná dzi’n lo guielwse’dguidzliu ne rac guiel wse’d lo wse’dglo. Rac ti guielwti’xhow dien pe zlëb gacxhtsin di’dzcub zigne gne’ tibdi’ xawladz. Le dzinguitsri nazlu lo Guielwseddo Wsëdi’dz len Di’dzngando (GWD) (Cabré 1999), ne rne za gune tsine gacdzin lo didzwladz ne gaxh zo lo guielwziëb, ne za gac tsin chob didzca tsine raca wdi’dz lo guielwse’ddi’dz.
En aquesta tesi es presenta un estudi, realitzat en el marc del sistema educatiu de Oaxaca (México), sobre el lèxic i la problemàtica que suposa la manca de terminologia en la llengua zapoteca, una llengua nativa de Mèxic. Es concreta en les necessitats detectades en l’ensenyament de la geografia a l’escola primària. Aborda el context de variació de la llengua zapoteca, així com la situació de l’educació indígena a Oaxaca, amb presència de l’ús de l’espanyol a les aules i als llibres de text de geografia, que són el repositori de les unitats lèxiques especialitzades d’aquest àmbit. A la tesi, s’explora el lèxic disponible en els diccionaris històrics del zapoteco i s’hi analitzen les regles de formació de paraules del zapoteco, per a projectar una proposta de construcció de neologismes i neònims, que puguin aparèixer a la docència en geografia a l’ensenyament primària. S’hi realitza també un experiment de validació de la neologia especialitzada o general proposada per part d’un col·lectiu de parlants. La tesi es fonamenta en la Teoria Comunicativa de la Terminologia (TCT) (Cabré 1999), que estableix les estratègies per treballar les llengües nadives en perill d’extinció, així com les estratègies per al seu desenvolupament des d’una aproximació lingüística.
This thesis, within the framework of the educational system of Oaxaca (Mexico), studies the lexicon and the problem area which involves the lack of terminology in the Zapotec language, a native language of Mexico. Generally, it focuses on the detected needs of teaching geography in primary school. Specifically, it deals with the variation context in the Zapotec language, as well as the situation of indigenous education in Oaxaca, considering the use of Spanish in the classrooms and geography textbooks as the repository of the specialised lexical units of the field. The objective of this thesis is to map out a proposal for the construction of neologisms and neonyms which may appear in the context of teaching geography in primary education. For this purpose, the lexicon available in the Zapotec's historical dictionaries is explored and the rules of word formation of Zapotec are analysed. Besides, a validation experiment on the specialised or general neology proposed by a group of speakers is carried out. The thesis is based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CTT) (Cabré 1999) which establishes the strategies for working with the native languages in danger of extinction, as well as the strategies for their development from a linguistic approach.
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Bose, Jennifer. "The adoption of the wood stove as an agent of material culture in Newfoundland : a historical geography /." 2005.
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"Assessment of Environmental Change in the Near Eastern Bronze Age." Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.18075.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: This dissertation research investigates both spatial and temporal aspects of Bronze Age land use and land cover in the Eastern Mediterranean using botanical macrofossils of charcoal and charred seeds as sources of proxy data. Comparisons through time and over space using seed and charcoal densities, seed to charcoal ratios, and seed and charcoal identifications provide a comprehensive view of island vs. mainland vegetative trajectories through the critical 1000 year time period from 2500 BC to 1500 BC of both climatic fluctuation and significant anthropogenic forces. This research focuses particularly on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus during this crucial interface of climatic and human impacts on the landscape. Macrobotanical data often are interpreted locally in reference to a specific site, whereas this research draws spatial comparisons between contemporaneous archaeological sites as well as temporal comparisons between non-contemporaneous sites. This larger perspective is particularly crucial on Cyprus, where field scientists commonly assume that botanical macrofossils are poorly preserved, thus unnecessarily limiting their use as an interpretive proxy. These data reveal very minor anthropogenic landscape changes on the island of Cyprus compared to those associated with contemporaneous mainland sites. These data also reveal that climatic forces influenced land use decisions on the mainland sites, and provides crucial evidence pertaining to the rise of early anthropogenic landscapes and urbanized civilization.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Geography 2013
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Mthembu, Ingrid Bongiwe. "Estimating foliar and wood lignin concentrations, and leaf area index (LAI) of Eucalyptus clones in Zululand usig hyperspectral imagery." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3470.
Full textAbstract:
To produce high quality paper, lignin should be removed from the pulp.
Quantification of lignin concentrations using standard wet chemistry is
accurate but time consuming and costly, thus not appropriate for a large
number of samples. The ability of hyperspectral remote sensing to predict
foliar lignin concentrations could be utilized to estimate wood lignin
concentrations if meaningful relationships between wood and foliar chemistry
are established. LAI (leaf area index) is a useful parameter that is
incorporated into physiological models in forest assessment. Measuring LAI
over vast areas is labour intensive and expensive; therefore, LAI has been
correlated to vegetation indices using remote sensing. Broadband indices use
average spectral information over broad bandwidths; therefore details on the
characteristics of the forest canopy are compromised and averaged.
Moreover, the broadband indices are known to be highly affected by soil
background at low vegetation cover. The aim of this study is to determine
foliar and wood lignin concentrations of Eucalyptus clones using hyperspectral
lignin indices, and to estimate LAI of Eucalyptus clones from narrowband
vegetation indices in Zululand, South Africa
Twelve Eucalyptus compartments of ages between 6 and 9 years were
selected and 5 trees were randomly sampled from each compartment. A
Hyperion image was acquired within ten days of field sampling, SI and LAI
measurements. Leaf samples were analyzed in the laboratory using the
Klason method as per Tappi standards (Tappi, 1996-1997). Wood samples
were analyzed for lignin concentrations using a NIRS (Near Infrared
Spectroscopy) instrument. The results showed that there is no general model
for predicting wood lignin concentrations from foliar lignin concentrations in
Eucalyptus clones of ages between 6 and 9 years. Regression analysis
performed for individual compartments and on compartments grouped
according to age and SI showed that the relationship between wood and foliar
lignin concentration is site and age specific. A Hyperion image was georeferenced
and atmospherically corrected using ENVI FLAASH 4.2.
The equation to calculate lignin indices for this study was: L1R= ~n5il: A'''''y .
1750 AI680
The relationship between the lignin index and laboratory-measured foliar lignin
was significant with R2 = 0.79. This relationship was used to calculate imagepredicted
foliar lignin concentrations. Firstly, the compartment specific
equations were used to calculate predicted wood lignin concentrations from
predicted foliar lignin concentrations. The relationship between the laboratorymeasured
wood lignin concentrations and predicted wood lignin concentrations
was significant with R2 = 0.91. Secondly, the age and site-specific equations
were used to convert foliar lignin concentration to wood lignin concentrations.
The wood lignin concentrations predicted from these equations were then
compared to the laboratory-measured wood lignin concentrations using linear
regression and the R2 was 0.79 with a p-value lower than 0.001.
Two bands were used to calculate nine vegetation indices; one band from the
near infrared (NIR) region and the other from the short wave infrared (SWIR).
Correlations between the Vis and the LAI measurements were generated and
. then evaluated to determine the most effective VI for estimating LAI of
Eucalyptus plantations. All the results obtained were significant but the NU
and MNU showed possible problems of saturation. The MNDVI*SR and
SAVI*SR produced the most significant relationships with LAI with R2 values
of 0.899 and 0.897 respectively. The standard error for both correlations was
very low, at 0.080, and the p-value of 0.001.
It was concluded that the Eucalyptus wood lignin concentrations can be
predicted using hyperspectral remote sensing, hence wood and foliar lignin
concentrations can be fairly accurately mapped across compartments. LAI
significantly correlated to eight of the nine selected vegetation indices. Seven
Vis are more suitable for LAI estimations in the Eucalyptus plantations in
Zululand. The NU and MNU can only be used for LAI estimations in arid or
semi-arid areas.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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Tooley, Janice. "The use of indigenous trees by local communities within and surrounding the Thukela Biosphere Reserve, with an emphasis on the woodcarving industry." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/7327.
Full textAbstract:
In the past, protected natural areas have excluded local communities from the land and
denied them access to valuable natural resources. However, it is becoming accepted
practice to ensure that neighbouring communities benefit from the conservation of these
areas. In accordance with their neighbour relations programme, the Natal Parks Board
initiated a study to establish the need for indigenous wood in the region of the Thukela
Biosphere Reserve (TBR), particularly for the woodcarving industry, and to determine
sustainable methods and levels of harvesting. Part of this study was to determine the
socio-economic issues surrounding the woodcarving industry and other users of
indigenous trees, and these are addressed in this thesis.
A multidisciplinary approach was adopted to address as many aspects of natural resource
use as possible. The principle of sustainable development was employed to explore the
nature of the often complex relationships between local communities and protected
areas, and local communities and natural resource use. This principle calls for the
integration of social, economic and ecological issues, with special attention to the
notions of futurity, equity and the environment. The biosphere reserve is considered to
be an appropriate vehicle for achieving sustainable development and the sustainable
utilisation of resources, both internationally and in the South African context. However,
in practice there are many obstacles to overcome as was observed in the case of the
TBR, where security of land tenure and the associated control of and access to natural
resources are a source of major conflict in the area.
In view of this conflict, a flexible and sensitive methodology that promoted rapport-building
was selected, namely Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA). Mainly verbal RRA
techniques were used to gather information on the use of and demand for indigenous
trees by the local communities residing within and surrounding the TBR. This
information included species names, species uses, estimations of quantities harvested,
perceptions of the resource base, conservation practices and harvesting techniques,
economic relations, constraints, and relationships between the resource manager and the
resource user.
Indigenous trees were found to be an important resource for fuel, construction, medicine,
carving, and to a limited degree, food, to local people living within and surrounding the
TBR. The predominant uses of wood were for fuel and construction materials. Access to
these resources varied, depending on the area or farm where people resided. People
living in degraded areas outside of the TBR experienced great difficulty in harvesting
wood for fuel or building, and either harvested it illegally off privately-owned land or
purchased it at great cost. Generally, it was found that on farms where there were very
few families present, residents were allowed greater access to wood compared to those
living on farms where many families resided. There were also specialist users living in the
area, namely traditional healers and woodcarvers. Limited information was collected on
the medicinal use of trees. However, the preliminary data suggests that there is a great
need for this resource. It was found that there are very few woodcarvers present in the
study area. As the carving industry was the original focus of the study, detailed
information was collected from these men. It was found that carved products are largely
produced for local markets and included traditional weapons and traditional household
implements such as meat trays and spoons. Carvers were finding it increasingly difficult
to access wood, and the income they derived from this trade was supplementary.
Although it is not perceived possible that the indigenous wood requirements of all local
people in the area can be met by the resources within the TBR on an ongoing basis,
management of bush encroachment may increase the supply of firewood and
construction materials, especially to those farm residents who were experiencing
difficulty in this regard at the time of the study. Through partnerships with more
specialist users of indigenous trees such as woodcarvers and traditional healers, access to
these resources too may be improved. Although more detailed and participative research
is needed before substantiated management plans can be formulated, it is hoped that
through this study a foundation will be laid to direct future research efforts, dispel
misunderstandings, and be part of the effort required to ensure sustainable development
of natural resources.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1996.
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Venkataramu, S. "Geonomic analysis of sheep rearing and wool processing activities in Karnataka." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/2108.
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McPherson, Mamosa Eileen. "Participatory monitoring and evaluation of marine water quality, a case study of Sappi Saiccor, Umkomaas." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4599.
Full textAbstract:
Previously, issues concerning the use and conservation of the natural resources were
restricted to certain groups of individuals, normally those considered to be scientific
experts. However with the emergence of sustainable development and the adoption of
its principles therein, there has been increased community concern over
environmental quality issues resulting in pressure for transparency in environmental
decision-making processes. The result has been a dramatic expansion in the number of
organisations at the local, national and global scales committed to environmental
improvement. This in turn has let to dramatic changes in the role of the public in
decisions relating to natural resource management. Participatory development is now
acknowledged as critical in achieving sound environmental management.
The initiation of community-based environmental decision-making has led to the
formation of new and interesting partnerships. Environmentalists, communities,
policy makers and business people have begun to work together in an attempt to find
consensus concernIng environmental problems and related socio-economic
inequalities. This has resulted in the development of new ways of integrating local
and scientific knowledge systems.
This thesis illustrates community-based environmental decision-making in the
management of the use of the south coast of Durban. It outlines a partnership, through
the formation of the Permit Advisory Panel (PAP), comprising industry (Sappi
Saiccor), government, through its Department of Water Affairs and Forestry,
environmental organisations, and the local people in the monitoring of the impacts of
effluent produced by the industry and disposed of into the sea. The aim of this thesis
is to develop an alternative methodology that will be acceptable to all stakeholders,
for the collection and analysis of data in the monitoring of the Sappi Saiccor effluent.
This was achieved through the following objectives: to develop a methodology for the
collection and analysis of data, to assess the performance of the new pipeline in terms
of reduced aesthetic impacts of the effluent, to assess the role of local knowledge in
the monitoring process, and finally to assess the role of this study in the functioning of
the PAP. This thesis attempts to integrate qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The
subjective local data collected by the divers is analysed using statistical methods to
assess the impacts of the effluent on marine water quality and the effect the new
pipeline has had in reducing these impacts. Qualitative surveys such as questionnaires
and interviews were administered to assess the role of local knowledge in the
monitoring process and also to assess the role this study has had in the functioning of
the PAP.
The statistical analysis did not reveal any major improvement in underwater visibility
since the pipeline was extended. There is a 6% and 4% improvement in the number of
effluent days and visibility respectively. This however is due to some limitations
inherent in the data collection process, and as a result the improvement brought about
by the pipeline extension has been toned down. An effluent and visibility index is
therefore recommended as an alternative method of data collection and analysis to
reduce the level of inaccuracy. The role of local knowledge is perceived by many of
the PAP members as vital in the monitoring process. This study was therefore thought
of as an important step in validating this local knowledge such that it can be a reliable
data source to be used in the monitoring process. It also played an important role in
resolving the conflict between the PAP members. It is therefore recommended that the
divers data should be continually used in the monitoring process, though the divers
have to be more actively involved. The PAP is therefore tasked with liasing with the
community members, especially the divers such that they can assume a more active
and responsible role within the PAP. They should be involved in the development of
the methods of data collection and analysis.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.
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Andrews, Marguerite. "The machine in the forest a political ecology of snowmobiling and conflict in Maine's north woods." 2008. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.17271.
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"From woods to weeds: Cultural and ecological transformations in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala." Tulane University, 2001.
Find full textAbstract:
Landscapes are created and transformed by human beings as they engage in a dialogue with their biotic and abiotic environment. The Q'eqchi'---the fourth largest group of the Maya language family with speakers numbering over 700,000---are the primary transformers of the lowland forested landscapes of northern Alta Verapaz. However, families actively involved in this transformation are new arrivals to the area and hail from a botanical environment wholly different from the lowland tropical forests of their new home. This dissertation is based on 17 months of ethnographic and ethnobotanical research in two Q'eqchi' communities---one in the highlands, the other in the lowlands---and unravels the cultural process of behavioral and linguistic adaptation to an unfamiliar botanical environment Using the Mesoamerican aldea as the unit of analysis, the methods of this controlled comparison are both qualitative and quantitative. Participant observation and a long-term, personal commitment to the communities and the Q'eqchi' language provided an intimate understanding of ethnobotany as applied to the cultural domains of house construction, home gardens, agriculture, harvesting of forest resources, local and regional markets, and plant related lexical patterns. Community surveys, home garden inventories, and a plant trail experiment provided a large, quantitative data set that helped determine patterns in the cultural matrix. Basic descriptive statistics, multilinear regression, multi-dimensional scaling, cluster analysis, agreement matrices, and consensus analysis were all employed to help determine the patterns of cultural adaptation within the two communities The cultural data show that, although the lowlands are indeed largely unfamiliar to the migrants, distant and recent histories have played a role in preadapting the Q'eqchi' to the lowlands. Through these historical and contemporary channels, knowledge of plants and other characteristics of the lowland forests have reached the highlands, essentially helping to homogenize plant knowledge and behavior across any artificial altitudinal categories. Nevertheless, the lowlands are drastically new and the needs and stressors of the new ecological and cultural environment seem to elicit numerous instances of behavioral and lexical modification The 'worldy' Q'eqchi'---an ethnographic enigma when compared to other Mayan groups---have been stigmatized in the conservation and anthropological literature as the 'invaders' of a 'pristine' ecological haven in northern Guatemala. Until this community and the Guatemalan government understand and address the pressing problems in the highlands, the lowlands will remain a social and ecological sponge, destined to become uninhabitableacase@tulane.edu
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Guy, C. J. "Timber tracking: multi-isotope analysis for provenancing Bigleaf maple wood in the Pacific Northwest." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/118168.
Full textAbstract:
This item is only available electronically.Tracking timber back to its point of origin is crucial in order to prevent illegal logging and preserve our natural forests. Stable isotope ratios can provide useful information on the geographic origin of trees due to differences based on surrounding environmental, climatic and geological conditions in which the plant grew. Thus isotope ratios of wood can provide a screening tool to assist in ruling whether timber comes from a legal or illegal source. In this study we analysed three light stable isotopes and one heavy stable isotope in order to develop a model able to propose a zone of geographic origin of Bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Oxygen (δ18O), carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios were measured in α-cellulose and whole-wood of Bigleaf maple sampled in 73 trees from four different states (California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia). In addition strontium (87Sr/86Sr) ratios of 10 trees were measured across this range. The relationships between these isotope ratios were examined based on geographic, climatic and geologic information in order to attempt to distinguish trees from different locations. To test the method, five blind samples were analysed to yield a proposed zone of origin. Carbon and nitrogen ratios did not show coherent geographic trends in this species across the sampled region. However, oxygen and strontium ratios revealed spatial patterns with distance from the coast and latitude. Using oxygen, blind test samples were able to be distinguished in some cases at a state level. We conclude that δ18O and87Sr /86Sr ratios provide the most promising methods for identifying latitudinal and longitudinal origin, respectively.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2015
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Rothwell, Emily Jane. "The strength of a knitted home: retrieving histories through Janet Morton's wool installations." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/505.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis focuses on the ways in which Janet Morton’s installations explore geographic and architectural spatial arrangements, and the ways in which these arrangements reproduce hierarchies of gender, race, and class. As cultural geographers and architectural historians have argued, and as I argue in the context of Morton’s work, architecture and geography exist in a reciprocal relationship with the social context in which they exist. Consequently, social histories that amass in politicized spaces referred to as “home,” such as gendered suburban houses, urban shelters, segregated neighbourhoods, are often marginalized. By discussing the way Morton’s work alludes to marginalized social and spatial histories within home environments, I demonstrate the ways that mainstream understanding of the subordination of marginalized groups is informed by sociospatial histories.Thesis (Master, Art History) -- Queen's University, 2007-08-07 15:32:00.667
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Morris, Christopher M. "The impact of historic logging on woody debris distribution and stream morphology in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina-Tennessee." 2008. http://etd.utk.edu/2008/MorrisChris.pdf.
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Page, Navendu. "Species Ranges, Richness and Replacement of Trees in the Evergreen Forests of the Western Ghats." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3533.
Full textAbstract:
It has been more than two centuries since the latitudinal pattern of increase in taxonomic richness from poles to equator was first documented. After two centuries of research, and with more than two dozen hypotheses proposed, an understanding of the mechanisms underlying this pattern and their relative importance remains incomplete. Factors such as evolutionary history, area and latitude associated variables such as temperature, solar energy, climatic stability and seasonality are known to influence species richness by affecting geographic range size and location over ecological and evolutionary time. Understanding the forces that affect geographic range size is, therefore, integral to our understanding of latitudinal patterns in species richness.
Using woody plants as a study system, my dissertation deciphers the latitudinal pattern, if any, in species richness within the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. These wet evergreen forests form an evolutionarily distinct biogeographic zone, which has remained isolated from its counterparts. This has resulted in a high percentage of endemism among the evergreen woody plants and, therefore, the global geographic ranges of most of these plants are restricted within the boundaries of the Western Ghats. The first main objective of this dissertation is to understand the determinants of geographic range size in the evergreen woody plants of the Western Ghats. Further, the Western Ghats are characterized by a sharp climatic gradient in temperature and rainfall seasonality that is not correlated with mean annual temperature or annual rainfall. This allows a direct test of the hypotheses and predictions that are based on climatic seasonality, without the confounding effect of other climatic correlates of latitude.
Therefore, the second main objective of this dissertation is to understand the mechanisms underlying latitudinal patterns in species richness of evergreen woody plants in the Western Ghats. Regional species richness is an outcome of two factors- local species richness of each location within the region and turnover in species composition among the locations, which in turn are a result of patterns in range size, range location and range overlap. To address these two objectives, I first test the effect of climatic niche of a species in determining geographic range size and then examine the effect of latitude associated climatic seasonality on range location and range overlap. Next, I link the observed pattern in range geometry to latitudinal patterns in species turnover and finally to latitudinal patterns in species richness.
While the first part of my dissertation study deals with factors that generate spatial variation in species richness, the second part deals with the factors underlying spatial variation in species composition. Environmental heterogeneity and dispersal are considered the most important determinants of species turnover i.e. change in species composition. However, their relative importance in structuring in diverse plant communities within tropical regions across different scales is poorly understood. Hence, the third objective of this dissertation is to understand the processes that influence change in species composition of woody plants within the Western Ghats.
Geographic range size and population size are important attributes of species rarity, which are directly linked to their extinction risk. Hence, data on distribution and population status of species can help us focus our efforts on those species that require conservation attention. This is achieved through carrying out species threat assessments based on attributes such as range and population size and then assigning then to a threat category. A majority of species endemic to the Western Ghats have not yet been assessed, largely due to lack of data on their population and distribution status. Therefore, the fourth and the final part of my dissertation explores the application of information on species range size and abundance in prioritizing species for conservation.
To address these objectives, I sampled the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats along a series of locations distributed across its entire latitudinal gradient. Based on 156 plots, covering a latitudinal gradient of more than 1200 km and comprising of more than 20,000 occurrence locations belonging to more than 450 species of woody plants, I derived quantitative estimates of latitudinal gradients in range size, local and regional richness as well as species turnover. I used a combination of statistical and simulation approaches to discern the mechanisms underlying large-scale pattern in species ranges, richness and turnover. My dissertation is structured as follows.
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Page, Navendu. "Species Ranges, Richness and Replacement of Trees in the Evergreen Forests of the Western Ghats." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3533.
Full textAbstract:
It has been more than two centuries since the latitudinal pattern of increase in taxonomic richness from poles to equator was first documented. After two centuries of research, and with more than two dozen hypotheses proposed, an understanding of the mechanisms underlying this pattern and their relative importance remains incomplete. Factors such as evolutionary history, area and latitude associated variables such as temperature, solar energy, climatic stability and seasonality are known to influence species richness by affecting geographic range size and location over ecological and evolutionary time. Understanding the forces that affect geographic range size is, therefore, integral to our understanding of latitudinal patterns in species richness.
Using woody plants as a study system, my dissertation deciphers the latitudinal pattern, if any, in species richness within the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. These wet evergreen forests form an evolutionarily distinct biogeographic zone, which has remained isolated from its counterparts. This has resulted in a high percentage of endemism among the evergreen woody plants and, therefore, the global geographic ranges of most of these plants are restricted within the boundaries of the Western Ghats. The first main objective of this dissertation is to understand the determinants of geographic range size in the evergreen woody plants of the Western Ghats. Further, the Western Ghats are characterized by a sharp climatic gradient in temperature and rainfall seasonality that is not correlated with mean annual temperature or annual rainfall. This allows a direct test of the hypotheses and predictions that are based on climatic seasonality, without the confounding effect of other climatic correlates of latitude.
Therefore, the second main objective of this dissertation is to understand the mechanisms underlying latitudinal patterns in species richness of evergreen woody plants in the Western Ghats. Regional species richness is an outcome of two factors- local species richness of each location within the region and turnover in species composition among the locations, which in turn are a result of patterns in range size, range location and range overlap. To address these two objectives, I first test the effect of climatic niche of a species in determining geographic range size and then examine the effect of latitude associated climatic seasonality on range location and range overlap. Next, I link the observed pattern in range geometry to latitudinal patterns in species turnover and finally to latitudinal patterns in species richness.
While the first part of my dissertation study deals with factors that generate spatial variation in species richness, the second part deals with the factors underlying spatial variation in species composition. Environmental heterogeneity and dispersal are considered the most important determinants of species turnover i.e. change in species composition. However, their relative importance in structuring in diverse plant communities within tropical regions across different scales is poorly understood. Hence, the third objective of this dissertation is to understand the processes that influence change in species composition of woody plants within the Western Ghats.
Geographic range size and population size are important attributes of species rarity, which are directly linked to their extinction risk. Hence, data on distribution and population status of species can help us focus our efforts on those species that require conservation attention. This is achieved through carrying out species threat assessments based on attributes such as range and population size and then assigning then to a threat category. A majority of species endemic to the Western Ghats have not yet been assessed, largely due to lack of data on their population and distribution status. Therefore, the fourth and the final part of my dissertation explores the application of information on species range size and abundance in prioritizing species for conservation.
To address these objectives, I sampled the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats along a series of locations distributed across its entire latitudinal gradient. Based on 156 plots, covering a latitudinal gradient of more than 1200 km and comprising of more than 20,000 occurrence locations belonging to more than 450 species of woody plants, I derived quantitative estimates of latitudinal gradients in range size, local and regional richness as well as species turnover. I used a combination of statistical and simulation approaches to discern the mechanisms underlying large-scale pattern in species ranges, richness and turnover. My dissertation is structured as follows.
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Li, Shu-sian, and 李書嫻. "The Study of Exhibition image, Facebook Involvement, and Word-of-Mouth of Social Media users: The Case Studies of National Geographic, The Art of The Brick, and Salvador Dali." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6z5p6q.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
大眾傳播學系碩士班
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Due to the shrinking of the market and the audience-growing limitaion, the exhibition organizers in Taiwan have to do more than ever. To curate a successful exhibition, being familiar to internal audiences is a clear key to win, especially to their preference and willing to “buzz”, so-called the “worth-of-mouth”. The object of this study is the audiences of specific-topic exhibitions. I chose three exhibitions hold by Media Sphere Communications LTD. , an exhibition organizer of Want Want China Times Inc. , between 2012 and 2013. They are top three exhibitions having the most likes in facebook fanpages, which are Salvador Dali- Mind of Genius, Nathan Saway-The Art of The Brick, and National Geography at 125-A New Age of Exploration. I used questionnaire for gathering the information from the audiences, and interviewed all three curating teams to know the whole picture of the inside strategy, including their observation to the behavior of their facebook fans, and the most important, the working of worth-of-mouth communication. This study is based on the research by Chowdury, Reardon and Srivastava(1998) , talking about how consumers make their impression for the store with five different perspectives; I build my five perspectives about exhibition image- the theme of the exhibition, the atmosphere of the exhibition, the service of the staff, the price and the convenience. Also I build “Facebook-involvement judging perspective”based on Zaichkowsky (1994) rPII (r-Personal Involvement Inventory). Last, I used “worth-of-mouth communication” and “worth-of-mouth communication in Facebook”as the main perspectives of my questionnaire, based on the activeness and the positivity of worth-of-mouth by Harrison-Walker(2001). From this questionnaire, I analyze audiences’ satisfaction for the exhibition image, and the relationship between their involvements in Facebook and the willing to share for worth-of-mouth. In the end, I made some suggestions to exhibition organizers to their future execution and marketing strategy. This study was quantified by descriptive analysis, test of goodness-of-fit and ANOVA; along with the knowing of strategy for Facebook campaign and exhibition images by deep interviews with the three exhibition organizing groups, and the audiences ‘usage and worth-of-mouth in Facebook I observed. Below are the results, 1.The five perspectives about exhibition image are the crucial factors for the audiences. 2.The five perspectives about exhibition image is positive correlation to audiences’ willing to buzz. 3.The audiences’ willing to buzz is positive correlation to it on Facebook. 4.The audiences’ involvement in Facebook is positive correlation to the regulation of the exhibition image and their willing to buzz. 5.Propose the difference analysis and suggestion for all three exhibitions about the exhibition image and the marketing strategy for their official fanpage.
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Adjorlolo, Clement. "Estimating woody vegetation cover in an African Savanna using remote sensing and geostatistics." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/420.
Full textAbstract:
A major challenge in savanna rangeland studies is estimating woody vegetation cover and densities over large areas where field based census alone is impractical. It is therefore crucial that the management and conservation oriented research in savannas identify data sources that provides quick, timely and economical means to obtain information on vegetation cover. Satellite remote sensing can provide such information. Remote sensing investigations, however, require establishing statistical relationships between field and remotely sensed data. Usually regression is the empirical method applied to field and remotely sensed data for the spatial estimation of woody vegetation variables. Geostatistical techniques, which take spatial autocorrelation of variables into consideration, have rarely been used for this purpose. We investigated the possibility of improving woody biomass predictions in tropical savannas using cokriging. Cokriging was used to evaluate the cross-correlated information between SPOT (Satellites Pour l’Observation de la Terre or Earth-observing Satellites)-derived vegetation variables and field sampled woody vegetation percentage canopy cover and density. The main focus was to estimate woody density and map the distribution of woody cover in an African savanna environment. In order to select the best SPOT-derived vegetation variable that best correlate with field sampled woody variables, several spectral vegetation and texture indices were evaluated. Next, variogram models were developed: one for woody canopy cover and density, one for the best SPOT-derived vegetation variable, and a crossvariogram between woody variables and best SPOT-derived data. These variograms were then used in cokriging to estimate woody density and map its spatial distribution. Results obtained indicate that through cokriging, the estimation accuracy can be improved compared to ordinary kriging and stepwise linear regression. Cokriging therefore provided a method to combine field and remotely sensed data to accurately estimate woody cover variables.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.