Journal articles: 'Wood fibre processing'

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Fernando, Dinesh, Peter Rosenberg, Erik Persson, and Geoffrey Daniel. "Ultrastructural aspects of fibre development during the stone groundwood process: New insights into derived pulp properties." Holzforschung 61, no. 5 (August 1, 2007): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.094.

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Abstract A study was performed on stone groundwood (SGW) pulps produced on a pilot scale. The behaviour of selected juvenile and mature Norway spruce wood samples was investigated. As revealed by standard tests, sheets formed from juvenile wood showed improved light scattering properties, improved tear and tensile strength, and higher sheet density compared to those formed from mature wood. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the differences are likely related to the manner of fibre processing and development at the ultrastructural level. Mature wood fibres showed greater fibre end breakage, a smaller long-fibre fraction, enhanced S1 fibrillation and frequently open fibres. In contrast, juvenile fibres had a 14% higher long-fibre fraction and showed typical S2 fibrillation. Fibre development of juvenile wood showed fibrillation features similar to those previously reported for thermomechanical pulp fibres. In both cases, the structural hierarchy of the wood fibre cell wall and the microfibril angle of S2 and S1 layers govern cell-wall splitting and fibrillation progression. The superior quality of the fibre furnish prepared from juvenile fibres compared to mature fibres with SGW pulping may offer an alternative process for more effective utilisation of raw materials such as top logs rich in juvenile wood.

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Panthapulakkal, S., and M. Sain. "Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibril Films from Wood Fibre and Their Thermoplastic Polycarbonate Composites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/381342.

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The aim of this study was to develop cellulose-nanofibril-film-reinforced polycarbonate composites by compression molding. Nano fibres were prepared from wood pulp fibres by mechanical defibrillation, and diameter distribution of the fibres produced was in the range of 1–100 nm. Nanofibre films were prepared from the nanofibre suspensions and were characterized in terms of strength properties, crystallinity, and thermal properties. Strength and modulus of the nano fibre films prepared were 240 MPa and 11 GPa, respectively. Thermal properties of the sheets demonstrated the suitability of processing fibre sheets at high temperature. Tensile properties of the films subjected to composite-processing conditions demonstrated the thermal stability of the fibre films during the compression molding process. Nanocomposites of different fibre loads were prepared by press-molding nano fibre sheets with different thickness in between polycarbonate sheet at 205°C under pressure. The tensile modulus and strength of the polycarbonate increased with the incorporation of the fibres. The strength of the thermoplastic increased 24% with 10% of the fibres and is increased up to 30% with 18% of the fibres. Tensile modulus of the polycarbonate demonstrated significant enhancement (about 100%).

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Cucharero, Jose, Sara Ceccherini, Thad Maloney, Tapio Lokki, and Tuomas Hänninen. "Sound absorption properties of wood-based pulp fibre foams." Cellulose 28, no. 7 (March 7, 2021): 4267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03774-1.

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Abstract In this study, sound absorbing materials were produced through foam forming technique using hardwood and softwood pulps with varying chemical composition, ultrastructural, and morphological properties as raw materials. The sound absorption properties of the produced foams were measured and related to the ultrastructure and the morphology of the pulp fibres. All the fibre foams provided sound absorption properties comparable to those of conventional porous materials used for acoustic purposes. In general, further processing, as well as smaller fibre dimensions contribute to improve the sound absorption properties of the pulp fibre foams. The results provide valuable insight on the optimization of wood-based sound absorbing materials. Graphic abstract

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Matygulina, Venera, Natalya Chistova, Aleksandr Vititnev, and Roman Chistov. "Dry grinding of waste wood fiberboard: Theoretical and practical aspects affecting the resulting fiber quality." BioResources 16, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 8152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.8152-8171.

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This paper presents the results of research on the treatment of secondary wood fibre semi-finished materials using a dry-grinding-type rotary cutting mill and the possibility of their use in finished products for various purposes. The physical phenomena, processes, and regularities of the treatment of secondary wood fibre materials in dry processing conditions were determined and evaluated. The influence of grinding plant design parameters on wood fibre quality indices was evaluated. Mechanical effects on wood fibre waste of face-cross cutting (cutting, crumpling, collapsing, and breaking) and the dry grinding environment (breaking, collision, defibering, and fibrillation) was studied. These phenomena contribute to the formation of external and internal fibrillation of secondary wood fibre and an increase in the specific surface area. This is achieved in the absence of high temperatures and pressure, in the absence of chemical additives, and without the application of water and vapour. The effectiveness of secondary wood fibre semi-finished material treatment was demonstrated under dry processing conditions, thus confirming the environmental and economic feasibility of this method.

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Dickson, Alan, Armin Thumm, Karl Murton, and David Sandquist. "The influence of mechanical pulping treatment on the physical properties of wood fibre plastic composites." BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 5532–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5532-5545.

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Medium density fibreboard (MDF) fibres produced by a mechanical pulping process have shown potential for reinforcement in natural fibre composites (NFCs). In this work, the effect of process options, available in a pilot-scale fibre processing facility, on NFC properties were investigated. These were: a) refining energy; b) pre-treatment by sulphonation (i.e. chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping (CTMP)) and c) whether the extractives stream (i.e. the plug screw pressate) was discarded or included with the fibre. There were improvements in composite performance with refining energy, although these were not strong or consistent across composite properties. The CTMP fibres gave a substantial improvement over conventional MDF fibres in flexural, tensile, and impact properties, which may be due to improved fibre-matrix interfacial properties because of better mechanical interlocking and the removal of extractives.

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Dickson, Alan R., and David Sandquist. "Mode of wood fibre breakage during thermoplastic melt processing." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 112 (September 2018): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.07.004.

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Vititnev, Aleksandr, Roman Marchenko, Anastasiya Rubinskaya, and Anna Shishmareva. "Modeling of internally recycled material in fibreboard production facility as a tool for economic and environmental assessment." BioResources 16, no. 4 (August 4, 2021): 6587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.6587-6598.

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A rationale is presented for the wood fibre process modeling of internally recycled content in fibreboard production. Experimental studies were employed to obtain mathematical dependences in order to confirm the possibility of reusing wood fibre at various stages of the technological process. A wood fibre process model of internally recycled content was accrued out in which each processing stage was presented separately. Two methods for the preparation of wood fibre for reuse in fibreboard production were considered. To assess the effectiveness of the technologies proposed, the process modeling of internally recycled content was assessed from an economic and environmental point of view.

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Bledzki, Andrzej K., and Omar Faruk. "Microcellular Wood Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene Composites in an Injection Moulding Process." Cellular Polymers 21, no. 6 (November 2002): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248930202100601.

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Microcellular foams of polypropylene containing wood fibres, cell sizes on the order of 10 to 50 μm were produced by injection moulding. The relationships of processing/structure/property were investigated for wood fibre-thermoplastics composites foaming with a chemical blowing agent. Wood polypropylene composites (WPC) of different wood content (30%, 40%, 50% and 60% by weight) were prepared using maleic anhydride-polypropylene copolymer (5% relative to the wood fibre content) as a coupling agent. Measurement of density, cell size, void content, tensile and flexural test of the prepared WPC were carried out. The shape and distribution of the voids were investigated by optical photo examination of longitudinal sections of specimens, using a polishing technique and reflected light microscopy. The density of foamed composites decreased about 24%. The cell morphology and foam properties showed improvement when the coupling agent was added. Water absorption and scanning electron microscope of the composites also investigated.

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Weigl, Martin, Gerald Maschl, Rupert Wimmer, and Roland Mitter. "Within-process and seasonal changes during industrial production of high-density fibreboard. Part 2: PLS modelling of chemical alterations, refining conditions and panel thickness swell." Holzforschung 66, no. 5 (July 1, 2012): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2012-0033.

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Abstract Wood species, carbohydrate composition and the content of extractives were determined from extracted wood chips and refiner fibres over 1 year of sampling at an industrial high-density fibreboard (HDF) plant. Correlations were found among processing variables (discharge screw flow, digester and refiner pressure, and refiner power consumption) and the analysed composition of raw materials and semi-finished product based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. Moreover, correlations between the degree of hemicellulose degradation and process variables were found. Panel thickness swell (PTS) was found to be affected by several raw and fibre material characteristics (based on PLSR), in which PTS was lower in the case of good fibre quality. These results demonstrate the potential impact of variable raw material properties on product properties and processing conditions in an industrial environment.

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Eder, Michaela, Nasko Terziev, Geoffrey Daniel, and Ingo Burgert. "The effect of (induced) dislocations on the tensile properties of individual Norway spruce fibres." Holzforschung 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2008.011.

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Abstract Axial compressive stresses can cause distortion of the cellulose fibril alignment in the wood cell wall. These deformations are thought to occur in the living tree and/or to develop during wood processing and seem to adversely affect the mechanical properties of pulp and paper and other fibre-based products. To characterise the influence of dislocations on the mechanical properties of the unmodified cell wall, dislocations were artificially created by applying high compression loads to wood blocks parallel to the fibre axis. Mechanically isolated fibres containing different levels of dislocations were then subjected to tensile tests. Comparison between micromechanical properties of reference fibres and fibres that were artificially loaded in compression revealed the importance of dislocations for the mechanics of both earlywood and latewood. However, the tensile strength (decrease ∼19% for earlywood and ∼26% for latewood) was less affected than expected from structural observations of the pre-compressed zones.

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Kumar, Naresh, Piyush Gaur, S. Kaliappan, L. Natrayan, S. Socrates, Pravin P. Patil, and Subash Thanappan. "Processing and Characterization of Novel Bio-Waste Hybrid Brick Composites for Pollution Control." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2022 (July 21, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3127135.

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The main focus of this research is to enhance the use of eco-friendly materials these days. The current materials used in building construction are chemical-based and are harmful to humans and the environment. This research work has developed a new type of hybrid brick by using natural fibres and waste materials. This research focuses on fabricating novel bricks reinforced with different percentages of coconut waste fibre, wheat straw fibre, waste wood animal dung ash, gypsum, sand, and cement. The fabricated novel brick’s physical, mechanical, chemical, acoustic, and heat-absorbing properties were evaluated.

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Hisham, S., A. A. Faieza, N. Ismail, S. M. Sapuan, and M. S. Ibrahim. "Flexural Mechanical Characteristic of Sawdust and Chipwood Filled Epoxy Composites." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 1064–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.1064.

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A study was conducted with the objective of gathering the information through flexural (three-point bending) testing. This research presents the testing results concerning the mechanical properties, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of natural fiber reinforced composite. Resin were used as a matrix and untreated wood fibres contents 14% by weight as a filler treatment parameters to obtain better compatibility involving wood fibres Sawdust (SW) and Chipwood (CW) and epoxy. The feasibility of processing the composite prepared manually from waste wood and epoxy using open molding was investigated. The tests that have been conducted are in according to ASTM (D790-97) for flexural properties test method. Statistical analysis using ANOVA one way and two way showed that the differences of results obtained from those SW and CW fiber composite samples are significant, which confirm a very firm mechanical performance of the composites through flexural tests. This shows the producing a good quality of SW and CW fibre composite which maybe can use for furniture utilities.

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Larsson, P. A., and L. Wågberg. "Towards natural-fibre-based thermoplastic films produced by conventional papermaking." Green Chemistry 18, no. 11 (2016): 3324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc03068d.

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Strong and ductile barrier materials based on cellulose are predicted to be of great importance in a sustainable society. Such materials can be achieved by partial conversion of the cellulose of wood fibres to dialcohol cellulose. The chemical modification does not compromise the macroscopic fibre structure and still allows for rapid processing by conventional papermaking.

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Grigsby, Warren, Victor Gager, Kimberly Recabar, Andreas Krause, Marc Gaugler, and Jan Luedtke. "Quantitative Assessment and Visualisation of the Wood and Poly(Lactic Acid) Interface in Sandwich Laminate Composites." Fibers 7, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7020015.

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Fluorescence microscopy was applied to understand adhesion interfaces developed within laminated composite sandwiches formed between poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and wood veneers. Composites formed with maple veneer had greater tensile bond strength when manufactured at 200 °C (10.4 N/mm2) compared to formation at 140 °C (8.7 N/mm2), while significantly lower bond strength was achieved using spruce veneers, at 5.2 and 3.5 N/mm2, respectively. Qualitative and quantitative confocal microscopy assessments revealed differing bondline thicknesses and PLA ingress within the wood ultrastructure. Forming maple veneer composites at 200 °C promoted greater PLA mobility away from the bondline to reinforce the wood–PLA interface and deliver associated greater composite bond strength. The addition of 25% wood fibre to PLA led to fibre alignment and overlap within bondlines contributing to relatively thicker, heterogeneous bondlines. Study outcomes show that the composite processing temperature impacts the adhesion interface and composite performance and will have broad application over veneer overlays, laminates and wood plastic composites (WPCs) using wood, particles or fibres with PLA.

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Wagenführ, André, Sören Tech, and Holger Unbehaun. "Modifizierung der Holzeigenschaften durch Enzyme | Modification of wood properties through enzymes." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 156, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2005.0420.

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The addition of phenol oxidising enzyme preparations leads to a change in the fibre structure of lignocellulose products. This means that positive material properties can be selectively put in. In the production of materials the use of activated ownfibre binding forces only makes sense when the production process ensures that fibres are as close to one another as possible. This can be accomplished by fine tuning the density of the material to the method in question. Material densities of over 600 kg/m3 are necessary for dry method approaches. With wet methods, on the other hand, the properties of material can be improved starting from a density of 160 kg/m3. A good distribution and the use of additionally created hydro-bridge builders are responsible for this. The employment of charge carriers during the processing with a wet method also has a positive influence on the physical properties. The suspended particles that become detached from the fibre in the process bind together and are concentrated on the surface of the fibre. To improve the steering of the process with the wet method further enzymatic treatment steps in lignocellulose can be carried out with micro- and nano-particle systems. This can be done via combinations of cationic starch or cationic polyacrylamide. With these systems the cationic polymer is added to the fibre suspension first, followed by the micro-particle components. Both the levels of additives used and the required incubation times can thereby be markedly reduced. Here for the first time we succeeded in using enzymes in processing technically relevant dimensions and were therefore able to renounce the addition of synthetic binding means without impairing the properties of the material.

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Chan, Clement Matthew, Darren Martin, Emilie Gauthier, Paul Jensen, Bronwyn Laycock, and Steven Pratt. "Utilisation of Paunch Waste as a Natural Fibre in Biocomposites." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 3704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183704.

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Paunch is a fibrous solid residue consisting of partially digested feed from the stomachs of processed cattle. It is the largest untapped solid waste stream from animals at meat processing plants, and potentially a valuable source of fibres for the production of sustainable and potentially higher-value natural biocomposite materials. Paunch was obtained from the waste effluent of a red meat processing plant, and the fibre characteristics of the as-obtained material were studied and benchmarked against wood flour and ground buffel grass, with a view to evaluating the potential of paunch as a fibre for polymer composites. The ground paunch possessed a rough fibrous surface and fibre-like characteristics that were comparable to both wood flour and ground buffel grass, demonstrating their potential for use in composites. Without any pre-treatment or compatibilisation, composites of a representative biopolymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and ground paunch were successfully produced for the first time via extrusion, with up to 50 wt% paunch content. Mechanical property analysis showed that, at 30 wt% content, PHBV/ground paunch composites yielded mechanical properties that were comparable to those of composites with ground buffel grass.

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Dittrich, Christian, Ralf Pecenka, Benjamin Selge, Christian Ammon, and Harald Kruggel-Emden. "Influence of Processing Parameters on Fibre Properties during Twin-Screw Extrusion of Poplar Wood Chips." Horticulturae 8, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090762.

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For sustainable agriculture, the contentious input of peat in growing media needs to be replaced by a substitute with the best possible water-holding capacity (WHC). Wood from fast growing poplar trees, cultivated in short rotation coppices (SRC), is a suitable alternative if it is processed correctly in a twin-screw extruder. The processing parameters, such as the aperture setting of the extruder, moisture content, and specific energy demand (SED), during twin-screw extrusion, as well as their influence on fibre properties such as WHC and particle size distribution, are investigated. SRC-poplar wood chips from clone Max3 are the raw material used for this research. As a result, the best volume-based WHC (75%) at −1 kPa suction tension was achieved for dry extruded wood chip fibre at an aperture setting of 15 mm and an SED of 340 kWh*t−1. The smallest SED of 140 kWh*t−1 was measured at apertures of 35 mm and 40 mm, which resulted in a volume-based WHC of approximately 30% and a dry matter mass flow during processing of 0.289 t*h−1 (40 mm). The particle size distribution of semi-dry wood chips has the highest fine fraction as well as the smallest coarse fraction. Conclusively, poplar wood can be processed fresh and dry into fibre at an acceptable SED, which results in an acceptable WHC.

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Al-Maadeed, M. A., Yasser M. Shabana, and P. Noorunnisa Khanam. "Processing, characterization and modeling of recycled polypropylene/glass fibre/wood flour composites." Materials & Design 58 (June 2014): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.044.

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Shukla, SR, S. Shashikala, and M. Sujatha. "Non-destructive estimation of fibre morphological parameters and chemical constituents of Tectona grandis L.f. wood by near infrared spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 29, no. 3 (April 15, 2021): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033521999118.

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Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is developing as an advanced and non-invasive tool in the wood, wood products and forestry sectors. It may be applied as a rapid and cost effective technique for assessment of different wood quality parameters of timber species. In the present study, NIR spectra of heartwood samples of Tectona grandis (teak) were collected before measuring fibre morphological parameters (fibre length, fibre diameter and fibre lumen diameter)and main chemical constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives) using maceration and wet chemistry methods respectively. Multivariate partial least squares (PLS) regression was applied to develop the calibration models between measured values of wood parameters and NIR spectral data. Pre-processing of NIR spectra demonstrated better predictions based on higher values of correlation coefficient for estimation (R2), validation (Rcv 2 ), ratio of performance to deviation (RPD), and lower values of root mean square errors of estimation (RMSEE), cross-validation (RMSECV) and number of latent variable (rank). Internal cross-validation was used to find the optimum rank. Robust calibrations models with high R2 (>0.87), low errors and high RPD values (> 2.93) were observed from PLS analysis for fibre morphological parameters and main chemical constituents of teak. These linear models may be applied for rapid and cost effective estimation of different fibre parameters and chemical constituents in routine testing and evaluation procedures for teak.

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Vititnev, Aleksandr, Natalia Chistova, Yuri Alashkevich, Venera Matygulina, and Roman Marchenko. "Optimization of wood fibre refining process in fibreboard production with new refiner disc working surface geometry." BioResources 16, no. 4 (October 4, 2021): 7751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.7751-7766.

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Refining of fibrous semi-finished products is an important stage in fibreboard production because the efficiency of this stage affects the resulting fibres’ dimensional and qualitative characteristics. These, in turn, determine the physical and mechanical properties of the finished products, as well as the energy intensity of the process. The efficiency of this process depends on the raw materials used and the geometry of the refiner disc working surface and its operational modes. This article presents the results of the optimisation of wood fibre refining at a low concentration (2 to 4%), using fundamentally new refiner discs in high-density fibreboard production. Based on numerous theoretical and experimental studies, and on the results of processing, the problem of optimising the refining process was solved, taking into account the use of new refiner disc geometry. As a result, the optimal values of refiner process parameters and operation modes making it possible to prepare wood-fibre semi-finished products efficiently while reducing power consumption in refining were established. After optimising the refining process, the new geometry of refiner disc working surfaces provides optimal dimensional and qualitative characteristics of wood fibres, which results in finished products with high physical and mechanical properties in accordance with GOST 4598 (2018) without using bonding resins.

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Hoffmann, Christina, Marieluise Lang, Peter Heidemeyer, Martin Bastian, Katja Fischer, and Martin Sonntag. "Foam extrusion of PP-based wood plastic composites with chemical blowing agents and the Celuka technique." Journal of Cellular Plastics 53, no. 6 (September 30, 2016): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16670578.

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Wood plastic composites have gained relevance in recent years as an alternative to wood boards. However, because the cavities in wood fibres are compressed by high processing pressure during the extrusion of wood plastic composites, the product densities show a range of up to 1.5 g/cm3 depending on wood content and base material. Particularly in large-sized products, this may be disadvantageous for processors and end users. Foaming of the plastic matrix is a promising approach to reduce the density of wood plastic composites products. This article discusses the foam extrusion of PP-based wood plastic composites with chemical blowing agents in combination with the Celuka technique. Integral wood plastic composites foam with a rigid and plain outer layer was produced using a parallel, counter rotating twin screw extruder. The profiles obtained were analysed with respect to foam structure and mechanical properties. It was possible to achieve a density reduction of up to 0.7 g/cm3 in the foamed wood plastic composites profiles. Furthermore, we demonstrate that wood fibre length and type of chemical blowing agent have a strong effect on the resulting foam morphology.

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Stevulova, Nadezda, Viola Hospodarova, Vojtech Vaclavik, Tomas Dvorsky, and Tomas Danek. "Characterization of cement composites based on recycled cellulosic waste paper fibres." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (November 10, 2018): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0046.

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AbstractNowadays, there is paying an attention to the utilization of natural, renewable and biodegradable resources of raw materials of lignocellulosic character, residues from agricultural crops and wood processing as well as waste from papermaking industry in building composite materials preparing. Also recycled fibres coming from waste paper are considered as valuable material. The objective of this study is to utilize these recycled cellulosic fibres into cement composites and characterise their impact on resulting physical and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened cement composites. Manufactured cement composites contained 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.5% addition of cellulosic fibres. In fresh fibre cement mixtures reduction in workability with increasing amount of cellulose fibres was noticed. Density as well as compressive and flexural strength of 28 and 90 days hardened fibre cement composites was tested. Distribution of cellulosic fibres with 0.5% addition in hardened fibre cement composites was also observed. The results of density determination of 28 and 90 days hardened fibre cement composites showed reduction in their values related to weight lighter concretes. Compressive strengths of fibre cement composites have shown decreasing character with increasing added amount of cellulosic fibres into the mixture up to 0.5%. Maximal decrease in compressive strength values was observed in composites containing 0.5% of cellulosic fibres. However, obtained strength parameter values of hardened composites had satisfying results for their application in construction as non-load bearing building material.

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Hernandez-Estrada, Albert, Jörg Müssig, and Mark Hughes. "The impact of fibre processing on the mechanical properties of epoxy matrix composites and wood-based particleboard reinforced with hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fibre." Journal of Materials Science 57, no. 3 (January 2022): 1738–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06629-z.

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AbstractThis work investigated the impact that the processing of hemp (C. sativa L.) fibre has on the mechanical properties of unidirectional fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composites loaded in axial tension, and particleboard reinforced with aligned fibre bundles applied to one surface of the panel. For this purpose, mechanically processed (decorticated) and un-processed hemp fibre bundles, obtained from retted and un-retted hemp stems, were utilised. The results clearly show the impact of fibre reinforcement in both materials. Epoxy composites reinforced with processed hemp exhibited 3.3 times greater tensile strength when compared to the un-reinforced polymer, while for the particleboards, the bending strength obtained in those reinforced with processed hemp was 1.7 times greater than the un-reinforced particleboards. Moreover, whether the fibre bundles were processed or un-processed also affected the mechanical performance, especially in the epoxy composites. For example, the un-processed fibre-reinforced epoxy composites exhibited 49% greater work of fracture than the composites reinforced with processed hemp. In the wood-based particleboards, however, the difference was not significant. Additionally, observations of the fracture zone of the specimens showed different failure characteristics depending on whether the composites were reinforced with processed or un-processed hemp. Both epoxy composites and wood-based particleboards reinforced with un-processed hemp exhibited fibre reinforcement apparently able to retain structural integrity after the composite’s failure. On the other hand, when processed hemp was used as reinforcement, fibre bundles showed a clear cut across the specimen, with the fibre-reinforcement mainly failing at the composite's fracture zone.

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Ghazali, Arniza, Mohd Ridzuan Hafiz Mohd Zukeri, Yunita Megasari Dermawan, Nurul Hasanah Kamaluddin, Rushdan Ibrahim, W. D. Wan Rosli, Baharin Azhari, and Issam Ahmed Mohamed. "Nanofibre Network Rooted from the Alkaline Peroxide Treatment of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches." Advanced Materials Research 832 (November 2013): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.832.500.

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The increasing popularity of the oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) as a source of non-wood fibre has prompted a variety of research on processing and utilisation of the material. In an attempt to define the characters, reusability and end-of-life, oil palm EFB was processed by the alkaline peroxide variable treatment (APVT) systems. Low synergy between alkaline peroxide (AP) chemical and mechanical fibrillation through fibrillation (CMR synergy) revealed the yield of segments of EFB vascular bundles while heightening the mechanical forces further, generated more uniform but a mixture of fiber and segments of fibre bundles. An intermediate CMR synergy generated fibres forming a more well-defined but a rough resultant fibre network due to partial fibrillation of the vascular bundle. Applying maximal CMR synergy was found to generate higher yield of network strengthening fibrous cells. These were later identified as nanoscale fiber network or nanoscan, consisting of 10-80 nm diameter fibers arranging themselves in a systematic network. Analysis of the polarity of fibers harvested from the APVT systems manifests the systematic construction of nanofibrils winding in helical manner to form arrays of nanofibres that glue themselves together as micro-fibrils. Interconnections between fibers and other gluing elements led to the vascular bundle known as the EFB biomass that was once dross and that can now be marvelled as an alternative source of nanofibers for the nanoindustry sector.

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Lux, Jérôme, Christine Delisée, and Xavier Thibault. "3D CHARACTERIZATION OF WOOD BASED FIBROUS MATERIALS: AN APPLICATION." Image Analysis & Stereology 25, no. 1 (May 3, 2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v25.p25-35.

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Morphological characterization of wood based fibrous materials is carried out using X-ray tomography. This technique allows the non destructive observation at the scales of a fibre (microscopic scale) and of a network of fibres (mesoscopic scale). The 3D images are processed using classical tools of mathematical morphology. Measures of porosities and estimations of the size distributions of fibres and pores are carried out and compared to other results. An alternative method for the calculation of the local orientation of the fibres is also described to quantify the anisotropy of the fibres network. Finally, the individualization of the fibres is obtained from the representation of the fibrous network as a 3D skeleton, making possible further measurements on the isolated fibres.

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Weigl, Martin, Rupert Wimmer, Thomas Ters, Roland Mitter, and Thomas Kuncinger. "Within-process and seasonal changes during industrial production of high-density fibreboard. Part 1: Influence of wood species composition on polyoses in the products." Holzforschung 66, no. 5 (July 1, 2012): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2012-0031.

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Abstract Industrially produced high-density fibreboard fibres are inhomogeneous in structure and chemical composition. Changes in polysaccharide chemistry during processing have an impact on strength loss, fibre separation and structural alterations. In the present study, carbohydrate composition of extracted wood chips and refiner fibres was monitored for a year at an industrial HDF plant. The polysaccharides were analysed via methanolysis and quantification of the monomeric sugars released. Significant reductions of arabinose, xylose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid were observed. The amount of glucose and extractable substances increased. The depletion of galacturonic acid and rhamnose indicates a degradation of pectin located in the compound middle lamella. The diminishing amounts of the other sugars and elevated extractive contents are a result of hemicellulose degradation. A pronounced seasonal variability of the data was observed depending on the processed wood species and degree of chemical degradation.

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Schirp, Arne, and Claudia Schirp. "Online Pre-Treatment of Thermomechanical Pulp with Emulsified Maleated Polypropylene for Processing of Extruded Thermoplastic Composites." Fibers 9, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib9030017.

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The effectiveness of maleated polypropylene (MAPP) in emulsified form for the pre-treatment of thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP) before extrusion with polypropylene fibres was evaluated. MAPP in pellet form, which was applied during the compounding step, served as a benchmark. In addition, commercial softwood flour was included as a reference. The influence of the temperature during the defibration process and the presence or absence of the coupling agent on composite performance were evaluated. Composites were processed with a high wood content of 70 wt.%, which is common for extruded profiles. It was found that TMP based on Robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) conferred higher strength properties to the composites compared to TMP based on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), which was attributed to the higher length/diameter ratio of fibres in Robinia. However, under the conditions of this study, strength properties were superior and water uptake and swelling were reduced when wood flour was used instead of TMP. On the other hand, in many formulations, larger improvements in flexural and tensile strength due to MAPP were found for the TMP-based composites compared to the wood flour-based composites. This could be due to the larger surface/volume ratio for TMP compared to wood flour and more efficient stress transfer from fibres to the matrix. Results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that TMP surfaces were more hydrophobic than wood flour due to coverage with lignin, which reduced the effectiveness of MAPP. Esterification between the emulsified MAPP and fibre surfaces was determined using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, but some non-activated maleic anhydride remained. Under the conditions of this study, MAPP added during compounding provided better performance compared to MAPP which included a non-ionic emulsifier and which was added during the refining process. Lower temperature (150 °C) during defibration was shown to be beneficial for the strength properties of composites compared to high temperature (180 °C) when MAPP was included in the formulations.

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Niquidet, Kurt, and Devon Friesen. "Bioenergy potential from wood residuals in Alberta: a positive mathematical programming approach." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 12 (December 2014): 1586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0205.

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A major risk for many existing and planned wood-based bioenergy facilities is the uncertainty regarding future feedstock supply. Many bioenergy projects use waste generated from primary sectors such as lumber, and, therefore, carry the inherent risk of supply fluctuations if these industries change. To assess the long-term viability of a wood-based bioenergy facility, it is necessary to understand how biomass feedstock fluctuates with other sectors and at what cost supply can be made available. We address these issues by constructing a positive mathematical programming (PMP) model of the Alberta forest sector that focuses on optimizing fibre transfer routes. Through the use of PMP, we derive a marginal cost function for harvesting and hauling fibre to each processing facility. The results indicate that woody residual supply is quite sensitive to market conditions in the primary sector. For the most part, to support bioenergy expansion, feedstock will need to be sourced from the forest, as very few surplus mill residues are available even at high lumber prices. However, we estimate the marginal cost of delivering harvesting residues to be significant, which suggests that policy support will be needed for further bioenergy development.

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Kang, Kyu-Young, Slobodan Bradic, Stavros Avramidis, and Shawn D. Mansfield. "Kiln-drying lumber quality of hybrid poplar clones." Holzforschung 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.011.

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Abstract Hybrid poplars are currently used in North America primarily for the production of pulp fibre and in the manufacture of engineered solid wood products. Recently, the deployment of poplars as a short-rotation fibre crop has been of interest to mitigate the increasing amount of plantation-grown short fibre resources (hardwoods) derived from the Southern Hemisphere, as well as in the context of global climate change, both as a means to rapidly sequester carbon and as a feedstock for potential bioenergy production. Knowledge on the utility of hybrid poplars in the value-added secondary wood-processing sector, however, is very limited. To improve this situation, the variation in kiln-drying quality of five hybrid poplar genotypes of similar age, harvested from a common site in British Columbia, Canada, was evaluated for three different kiln-drying schedules. The results clearly demonstrate that the drying schedule has a greater effect on grade recovery and the degree of deformation than the hybrid poplar genotype. Furthermore, it was shown that many of the deformations inherently associated with wood derived from fast-grown trees can be reduced or removed with drying, in particular with an aggressive drying schedule.

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Hančič, Aleš, Karl Kuzman, Franc Kosel, Andrej Glojek, António M. Cunha, and Gašper Gantar. "Mechanical and Processing Characterisation of Effective Behaviour of Wood-Plastic Composites by Analytical and Numerical Simulation." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.959.

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The development of a new composite that is compounded of natural fibres and of a low price polymer, such as HDPE or PP, began in the last decade of the past century. While this is a rather new material no attempts have been made to analytically describe and simulate mechanical properties of this material. There is also a great lack of knowledge in describing fine tuned processing parameters. Therefore, in the first part of this article micromechanical approach based upon Generalised Method of Cells (GMC) is introduced to simulate properties of injection moulded wood-plastic composite compounded of polypropylene (PP) or polystyrene (PS) and of wood or cellulose short fibres. Materials have first been scanned with an optical and electron microscope to determine average fibre properties and their scatter. These values are then used to determine elastic and plastic response of the composite alongside with its tensile strength and maximum elongation, where the Tsai-Hill failure criterion has been used. The results of the simulation are then compared to experimental data in order to evaluate practical usage of this method. The second part of the article is focused on the simulation of injection moulding where test specimens were injected and the search for optimum injection parameters was performed. Various mechanical and rheological tests were performed and in addition practical industrial products were injected to observe the impact of various natural fibres on the filling of the mould cavity. Every experiment and process was then compared to the numerical simulation in order to evaluate applicability of numerical simulations under real conditions. On the basis of these experiments detailed mould design guidelines are given.

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Joseph, Kuruvilla, Romildo Dias Tolêdo Filho, Beena James, Sabu Thomas, and Laura Hecker de Carvalho. "A REVIEW ON SISAL FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 3, no. 3 (December 1999): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v3n3p367-379.

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ABSTRACT The global demand for wood as a building material is steadily growing, while the availability of this natural resource is diminishing. This situation has led to the development of alternative materials. Of the various synthetic materials that have been explored and advocated, polymer composites claim a major participation as building materials. There has been a growing interest in utilizing natural fibres as reinforcement in polymer composite for making low cost construction materials in recent years. Natural fibres are prospective reinforcing materials and their use until now has been more traditional than technical. They have long served many useful purposes but the application of the material technology for the utilization of natural fibres as reinforcement in polymer matrix took place in comparatively recent years. Economic and other related factors in many developing countries where natural fibres are abundant, demand that scientists and engineers apply appropriate technology to utilize these natural fibres as effectively and economically as possible to produce good quality fibre reinforced polymer composites for housing and other needs. Among the various natural fibres, sisal is of particular interest in that its composites have high impact strength besides having moderate tensile and flexural properties compared to other lignocellulosic fibres. The present paper surveys the research work published in the field of sisal fibre reinforced polymer composites with special reference to the structure and properties of sisal fibre, processing techniques, and the physical and mechanical properties of the composites.

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Terziev, Nasko, Geoffrey Daniel, and Ann Marklund. "Effect of abnormal fibres on the mechanical properties of paper made from Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst." Holzforschung 62, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2008.049.

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Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a variety of abnormal fibres on the mechanical properties of paper made from Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. Fibres representing abnormality were obtained from trees treated by irrigation and fertilisation. Moreover, fibres from compression wood and its accompanying opposite wood were isolated. The effect of dislocations on paper quality was studied on four mixtures (20, 40, 60 and 80% fibres with induced dislocations) of untreated/compressed fibres. Two more groups consisting of control untreated samples and samples with 100%-induced dislocations were also included in the test. The mechanical properties of the paper were tested and the results were compared to those of control samples. Abnormal fibres reduced the desired mechanical properties of the final paper concerning tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and tear-tensile index. Irrespective of the type of treatment, all morphological changes introduced in fibre cell walls appear to directly affect changes in the mechanical properties of the paper. Control samples had a tear index of 25 compared to 10 mN m2 g-1 of samples containing 100% dislocations. It is obvious that 20% of dislocations, an amount that is expected to be induced in pulp under mechanical processing and transport, will contribute to a decrease in tear index with an average of 3 mN m2 g-1, i.e., 10% of the total value.

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Halsey, Mark. "The Wood for the Paper: Old-Growth Forest, Hemp and Environmental Harm." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 30, no. 2 (August 1997): 121–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589703000202.

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This article examines the politico-legal construction of environmental harm. It does so by comparing and contrasting the production processes and legislation relating to the clearfelling of old-growth forest and harvesting of fibre hemp for paper products. It asks why it is lawful to engage in an activity which is ecologically harmful (ie clearfelling old-growth forest), and, conversely, why it is illegal to engage in an activity which is ecologically benign (ie cultivating fibre hemp). Through an explication of the relative harm resulting from the processing of these resources, questions are raised as to the ecological utility of legislation that permits the destruction of a unique resource but prohibits the harvesting of a sustainable alternative. The article suggests, amongst other things, that criminologists need to make a clear analytical distinction between events termed ‘environmental crime’ and those which might correctly be termed ‘serious instances of ecological destruction’. More generally, the paper attempts to isolate the different conceptions of environmental harm that emerge from the comparative study, and proceeds to outline some of the more serious implications for present criminological approaches to the issue of environmental harm.

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Collings, David A., Jimmy Thomas, Stephanie M. Dijkstra, and Jonathan J. Harrington. "The formation of interlocked grain in African mahogany (Khaya spp.) analysed by X-ray computed microtomography." Tree Physiology 41, no. 8 (February 18, 2021): 1542–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpab020.

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Abstract Interlocked grain occurs when the orientation of xylem fibres oscillates, alternating between left- and right-handed spirals in successive wood layers. The cellular mechanisms giving rise to interlocked grain, thought to involve the slow rotation of fusiform initials within the vascular cambium, remain unclear. We suggest that observations of wood structure at the cellular level, but over large areas, might reveal these mechanisms. We assayed timber from several commercially important tropical angiosperms from the genus Khaya (African mahogany) that exhibit interlocked grain using X-ray computed microtomography followed by orthogonal slicing and image processing in ImageJ. Reconstructed tangential longitudinal sections were processed with the ImageJ directionality plug-in to directly measure fibre orientation and showed grain deviations of more than 10° from vertical in both left- and right-handed directions. Grain changed at locally constant rates, separated by locations where the direction of grain change sharply reversed. Image thresholding and segmentation conducted on reconstructed cross sections allowed the identification of vessels and measurement of their location, with vessel orientations then calculated in Matlab and, independently, in recalculated tangential longitudinal sections with the directionality plug-in. Vessel orientations varied more than fibre orientations, and on average deviated further from vertical than fibres at the locations where the direction of grain change reversed. Moreover, the reversal location for vessels was shifted ~400 μm towards the pith compared with the fibres, despite both cell types arising from the same fusiform initials within the vascular cambium. We propose a simple model to explain these distinct grain patterns. Were an auxin signal to control both the reorientation of cambial initials, as well as coordinating the end-on-end differentiation and linkage of xylem vessel elements, then it would be possible for fibres and vessels to run at subtly different angles, and to show different grain reversal locations.

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Saka, A. A., O. S. Sowande, R. K. Adekunjo, R. A. Salako, O. O. Lawrence- Azua, A. O. Ogunsakin, O. A. Eniola, and B. O. Shitan. "Processing methods of malted sorghum sprout impacts on the nutritive values." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i5.1537.

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The separated roots and shoots left after malt extraction from the young sorghum seedlings are collectively called Sorghum sprout and being regarded a waste. The study was designed to investigate the effect of different processing methods on the nutritive value of malted sorghum sprout (MSP). TheMSP was divided into three parts: raw (RMSP), alkaline (wood ash) treated (AMSP) and fermented (FMSP). The proximate composition, fibre fraction and the mineral contents were determined and all data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance. Results revealed that the proximate and fibre fraction values of MSP were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the processing methods. The highest dry matter (82.34%), ether extract (1.76%), ash (15.52%), neutral detergent fibre (63.00%) and hemicellulose (39.00%) values were recorded in FMSP. Fermentation and alkaline treatments reduced the crude protein while it increased the ether extract and nitrogen free extract of theMSP.Ash had the highest percentage value in fermentedmalted sorghum sprout (FMSP) and the lowest in raw malted sorghum sprout (RMSP). The concentration (g/kg) of calcium (14.45), phosphorus (67.92) and potassium (6.59) were significantly (p<0.05) highest in FMSP. The concentration (mg/kg) of iron (947.50) and copper (21.50) observed in AMSP were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the values obtained in FMSP followed by RMSP. It was observed that fermentation and alkaline treatment employed reduced zinc concentration values of the MSP. It can be concluded that fermentation processing method used in this study presented the best results in terms of the chemical andmineral composition values.

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Owodunni, Amina Adedoja. "Flame-retardant properties of particleboard made from coconut fibre using modified potato starch as a binder." Journal of Physical Science 31, no. 3 (November 25, 2020): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jps2020.31.3.10.

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This study seeks to evaluate the flame-retardant characteristics of experimental particleboard manufactured from coconut fibre using modified potato starch as a green binder. The coconut fibre was used as a replacement for the wood as a raw material in particleboard production. The adhesives used in the process were made by modifying potato starch with citric acid and glutardialdehyde. No flame-retardant additive was added during the processing, and this was done to evaluate the flame-retardant potential of the experimental coconut fibre-based particleboards. The limited oxygen index (LOI) test, the bomb calorimetry, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used to evaluate the thermal properties and flame retardancy rate of such particleboards. The result of the DMA showed that the coconut fibre-based particleboards had good storage modulus with heat. The bomb calorimeter and LOI results also supported the flame-retardant performance of the panels. Based on the evaluations, it could be prescribed that the coconut fibre particleboard made with citric acid modified potato starch (CAMPS) exhibited the best flame-retardant properties.

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Gierlinger, N., M. Schwanninger, B. Hinterstoisser, and R. Wimmer. "Rapid Determination of Heartwood Extractives in Larix sp. by Means of Fourier Transform near Infrared Spectroscopy." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 10, no. 3 (June 2002): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.336.

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The feasibility of Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy to rapidly determine extractive and phenolic content in heartwood of larch trees ( Larix decidua MILL., L. leptolepis (LAMB.) CARR. and the hybrid L. x eurolepis) was investigated. FT-NIR spectra were collected from wood powder and solid wood using a fibre-optic probe. Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression analyses were carried out describing relationships between the data sets of wet laboratory chemical data and the FT-NIR spectra. Besides cross and test set validation the established models were subjected to a further evaluation step by means of additional wood samples with unknown extractive content. Extractive and phenol contents of these additional samples were predicted and outliers detected through Mahalanobis distance calculations. Models based on the whole spectral range and without data pre-processing performed well in cross-validation and test set validation, but failed in the evaluation test, which is based on spectral outlier detection. But selection of data pre-processing methods and manual as well as automatic restriction of wavenumber ranges considerably improved the model predictability. High coefficients of determination ( R2) and low root mean square errors of cross-validation ( RMSECV) were obtained for hot water extractives ( R2 = 0.96, RMSECV = 0.86%, range = 4.9–20.4%), acetone extractives ( R2 = 0.86, RMSECV = 0.32%, range = 0.8–3.6%) and phenolic substances ( R2 = 0.98, RMSECV = 0.21%, range = 0.7–4.9%) from wood powder. The models derived from wood powder spectra were more precise than those obtained from solid wood strips. Overall, NIR spectroscopy has proven to be an easy to facilitate, reliable, accurate and fast method for non-destructive wood extractive determination.

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Wiberg, P., and T. J. Morén. "Moisture flux determination in wood during drying above fibre saturation point using CT-scanning and digital image processing." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 57, no. 2 (April 14, 1999): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050029.

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39

Winandy, Jerrold E. "Advanced Wood- and Bio-Composites: Enhanced Performance and Sustainability." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.9.

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Use of wood-based-composites technology to create value-added commodities and traditional construction materials is generally accepted worldwide. Engineered wood- and lignocellulosiccomposite technologies allow users to add considerable value to a diverse number of wood- and lignocellulosic feedstocks including small-diameter timber, fast plantation-grown timber, agricultural fibre and lignocellulosic residues, exotic-invasive species, recycled lumber, and timber removals of hazardous forest-fuels. Another potential advantage of this type of economic- and materials-development scenario is that developing industrial composite processing technologies will provide producers an ability to use, and to adapt with, an ever-changing quality level of wood and/or other natural lignocellulosic feedstocks. However, the current level of performance of our state-of-the-art engineered composite products sometimes limit broader application into commercial, non-residential and industrial construction markets because of both real and perceived issues related to fire, structural-performance, and service-life. The worldwide research community has recognized this and is currently addressing each of these issues. From a performance standpoint, this developing knowledge has already and will continue to provide the fundamental understanding required to manufacture advanced engineered composites. From a manufacturing and a resource sustainability standpoint, with this evolving fundamental understanding of the relationships between materials, processes, and composite performance properties we now can in some cases, or may soon be able to, recognize the attributes and quality of an array of bio-based materials then adjust the composite manufacturing process to produce high-performance composite products. As this fundamental understanding is developed, we will increasingly be able to produce advanced, high-performance wood- and bio-composites. Then we must use those technologies as tools to help forest and land managers fund efforts to restore damaged eco-systems and which in turn may further promote sustainable forest management practices.

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Falaye, A. E., and S. O. Sule. "Chemical composition of differently processed Cattle Hoof meal Waste as Feedstuff Ingredient." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas3-1.09.

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Waste generation at slaughter from ruminant has led to environmental concerns. Processing slaughter house waste will reduce the problem of disposal and possible utilisation in livestock feed. Subjecting Cattle hoof meal to different processing methods can help in enhancing its nutritive value. Cattle hoof were obtained from the slaughter house; raw hoof was subjected to processing methods by boiling; chemical treatment with 10 % soda ash + boiling; fermentation treatment in water + boiling; 10 % wood ash treatment in water + boiling; autoclave treatment and samples analysed for proximate composition, amino acid profile and mineral content analysis according to standard methods. The hoof proximal analysis ranged 9.30 ± 0.06 % – 12.39 ± 0.01 % moisture content; 0.34 ± 0.01 % – 2.50 ± 0.12 % ash; 0.31 ± 0.01 % – 1.47 ± 0.02 % crude fat; 0.19 ± 0.02 % – 12.71 ± 0.15 % crude fibre and 85.27 ± 0.20 % – 90.74 ± 0.26 % crude protein in all samples. The amino acids profile of the hoof showed significant difference among treated samples. Tryptophan an essential amino acid was below detectable limit in all processed samples and raw hoof. The essential and non-essential minerals content showed significant difference (P < 0.05) among treatments with highest (Mg, Fe, K) in wood ash; (Cu) in raw hoof; (Ca, Na, P, Mn, Zn) in autoclaved samples. This study, suggest that Cattle hoof has the potential of being exploited as a source of animal protein for feed formulation in animal nutrition. This research concludes that the different processing methods affect the nutritive profiles of treated samples hence supplementation of limiting amino acids envisaged.

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Kolář, Tomáš, Vladimír Gryc, Konrad Mayer, Michal Rybníček, Hanuš Vavrčík, Andrea Weber, Michael Grabner, and Shuichi Noshiro. "Wood species analysis of traditional hand-operated spinning wheels from Central Europe." IAWA Journal 40, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-40190223.

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ABSTRACT Hand spinning has become increasingly popular as a recovery of the traditional techniques of natural fibre processing and cultural heritage protection. Modern spinning wheels are usually made of easily available wood species, particularly hardwoods, and one spinning wheel usually consists of one or two species. However, the wood species that were used for the individual parts of old spinning wheels in Central Europe are still unknown. To improve our understanding of traditional craftsmen and their skills, we investigated old spinning wheels that originated from Central Europe in the 19th and the 20th century. In this study, we present a collection of 643 samples from 54 artefacts representing the region between the European Alps and the Western Carpathians. Spinning wheels were usually made of 3 to 5 wood species, and the species selection varied among regions. Generally, high wood density (> 600 kg.m−3) species prevailed in Austria and Western Slovakia, but lower wood density (< 600 kg.m−3) species were preferred in the south-eastern Czech Republic. Easily workable species were used for the production of the spinning wheels, primarily Tilia, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, and Acer. In addition to these species, a high proportion of fruit-bearing trees and three shrubs were identified. Wood anatomy, as an important scientific method, contributed to understanding the reasons for species selection and the suitability of their properties which will enable the conservation of sustainable folk traditions and crafts, as well as the knowledge of traditional craftsmen.

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Bledzki, Andrzej, Omar Faruk, and Klaus Specht. "Influence of Separation and Processing Systems on Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Hemp and Wood Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene Composites." Journal of Natural Fibers 4, no. 3 (December 6, 2007): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j395v04n03_03.

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Trudelle, Mathieu, Nancy Gélinas, and Robert Beauregard. "Estimation des retombées économiques directes engendrées par le réseau de création de valeur de la filière bois de feuillus durs au Québec." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 538–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85538-4.

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Deciduous hardwood species represent more than 17% of the total fibre used in primary wood processing mills in Quebec. However, economic outcomes from primary and secondary hardwood processing are not well documented. Meanwhile, many questions arise regarding the growing difficulty of good access to the fibre in both quantity and quality. The main objective of this study is to define the hardwood network. To do so, we have to quantify the economic outcomes by developing a method of evaluation of the outcomes induced by the industries of 2nd and 3rd transformation, compare that network with the softwood network and then, finally, make a sensitivity analysis of these outcomes when facing variation in the level of exports and the average sale price. The results show that in 2002, the value of production of the hardwood processing industry, all levels combined, was 2.3 billion dollars. The presence of a 2nd and 3rd transformation industry can allow an increase of more than double the value of production. Hardwood sawmills generate direct economic outcomes similar to the softwood industry but at a smaller production scale. The sensitivity analysis showed that a decrease of 5% in exports of the 1st transformation products would generate a growth of 3% of the value of the total deliveries and increase the total number of employees of the 2nd and 3rd transformation industry by 9%. Key words: deciduous hardwood, first and second transformation, exports, direct economic outcome, employment

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Gana Yisa, Mohammed, and Mohammed Mamman Jiya. "The design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a locust bean boiler." Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 6, no. 6 (November 25, 2019): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2019.06.00204.

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African locust bean is a leguminous plant that is rich in nutrients and is used as food condiment. The traditional method of processing this food condiment is mostly unhygienic; consume a lot of fire wood, human energy and time. Using traditional methods for boiling 33.7Kg of locust bean would take about 12 hours. This study attempts to mechanize the existing traditional methods of boiling locust bean by designing, constructing, and evaluating electrically powered locust bean boiler. The boiler consists of three composite drums, each with a cylindrical upper part and conical lower part. The boiling chamber is made of 304 austenitic stainless steel which contains the heating elements. Fibre glass is lodged between the steel materials as an insulator. As power is supplied to the boiler, the elements convert the electrical energy to heat energy attaining the temperature of 200.7°C in 5 minutes. The machine has the capacity of boiling 33.7Kg of locust bean in 1 hour at 90°C. The cost of producing a unit is ₦20,207.5.

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Apiolaza, L. A., C. A. Raymond, and B. J. Yeo. "Genetic Variation of Physical and Chemical Wood Properties of Eucalyptus globulus." Silvae Genetica 54, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2005): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2005-0024.

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Abstract This study considered the degree of genetic variation for diameter (DBH), basic density (BD), predicted pulp yield (PPY), fibre length (FL), microfibril angle (MFA) and cellulose content (CC) amongst eight subraces of Eucalyptus globulus growing in a field trial in NW Tasmania. There were significant subrace effects for BD, FL and CC. This variation affected the relative profitability of the subraces for pulp production. On average, the most profitable subraces (on NPV/ha over the base population mean) were Strzelecki Ranges ($862.04), Western Otways ($657.80) and Strzelecki Foothills ($576.81). The genetic control (heritability) of variation in DBH, FL and MFA was moderate (0.15 < h2< 0.27), while control for BD, PPY and CC was high (h2> 0.40). Genetic correlations between growth and wood properties were not statistically significant, except for DBHMFA (-0.86). Most genetic correlations amongst wood properties were outside the parametric space (< -1 or >1), but there were significant correlations between BDMFA (-0.70) and PPY-CC (0.82). The empirical response to selection on an index based on a pulp wood objective (which included volume and basic density) resulted in a gain of 4.3% for DBH, 7.9% for BD and marginal changes for all other traits, with a net impact in profit of $1,270/ha. However, future profit calculations will need to consider the effect of FL, MFA and CC on the economics of wood processing to fully evaluate the economic impact of breeding.

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Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Clement Matthew Chan, Alan Werker, Des Richardson, Bronwyn Laycock, and Steven Pratt. "Experimental data for extrusion processing and tensile properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) polymer and wood fibre reinforced PHBV biocomposites." Data in Brief 22 (February 2019): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.12.084.

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Mirzaakbarovna, Mirzababayeva Sahiba, and Tursunov Narimonjon Sultanbayevich. "Wood Processing For Construction." American Journal of Applied sciences 03, no. 05 (May 31, 2021): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue05-29.

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Wilson, Malcolm A. "Alberta Research Council: Providing innovation from the forest to the finishing line." Forestry Chronicle 78, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc78074-1.

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The Alberta Research Council (ARC) delivers public good research and development (R&D), contract services and technology commercialization to the forest sector. Alberta's forest sector has identified three major research and technology thrusts: sustainable forest management, adding value to the forest resources, and enabling technologies for improved management, resource processing and environmental protection. Issues such as fibre supply and utilization, energy conservation, certification and technology transfer are priorities. ARC's Forest Technologies Division addresses these priorities by providing public and private sector customers with applied research and technology services via its three business units: Forest Resources, Forest Products, and Pulp and Paper. Key words: Alberta Research Council, public good applied research and development, contract services, technology commercialization, sustainable forest management, agrifibres, pulp and paper, forest products, engineered wood composites

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Lecourt, Michael, Tiina Pöhler, Joanna Hornatowska, Lennart Salmén, and Petri Jetsu. "Density profiles of novel kraft pulp and TMP based foam formed thermal insulation materials observed by X-ray tomography and densitometry." Holzforschung 72, no. 5 (April 25, 2018): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0116.

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AbstractX-ray tomography and densitometry (XRT and XRD) were applied to characterise wood fibre based insulation materials, which were produced by the foam forming technology. XRT is a high resolution approach with long measurement times of around 29 h, while XRD measurement needs only a few minutes. The determination of density distribution of boards in the thickness direction was the focus of this study. Both approaches visualised well the impact of raw materials and manufacturing processes on the structure of the panels. The density profiles were dependent on the pulp applied for panel production, and the processing conditions were also influential. Air flow resistance correlated with the maximum density measured inside the board. Both XRT and XRD revealed similar trends, which are useful for the characterisation of insulation materials.

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Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Clement Matthew Chan, Alan Werker, Des Richardson, Bronwyn Laycock, and Steven Pratt. "Extrusion of wood fibre reinforced poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) biocomposites: Statistical analysis of the effect of processing conditions on mechanical performance." Polymer Degradation and Stability 159 (January 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.10.015.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wood fibre processing'

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