Journal articles: 'Wood chipping'

1

D. B. Churchill, S. L. Hedden, J. D. Whitney, and L. N. Shaw. "Chipping Citrus Wood for Gasification." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 2, no. 2 (1986): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26748.

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Uhmeier, Andreas, and Kent Persson. "Numerical Analysis of Wood Chipping." Holzforschung 51, no. 1 (January 1997): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1997.51.1.83.

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Coatanlem, Pascale, Raoul Jauberthie, and Frank Rendell. "Lightweight wood chipping concrete durability." Construction and Building Materials 20, no. 9 (November 2006): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.057.

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Kováč, J., J. Krilek, and M. Mikleš. "Energy consumption of chipper coupled to a universal wheel skidder in the process of chipping wood." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 1 (January 25, 2011): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/27/2010-jfs.

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The chipper for chips is an energy consuming machine. Many factors influence the result of chipping which influence the whole process. The paper deals with the process of wood chipping by a chipper in order to determine its energy consumption. The main purpose was the determination of input power and comparison of revolution frequency on the outlet shaft of a skidder regarding the dimension of the torque depending on variable parameters which characterize the process of wood chipping during the measurement and the analysis of energy consumption of a chipping machine was carried out.

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Conlin, Timothy S. S. "In-woods chipping: Possible evidence for allelochemical interaction of leachate generated from trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) bark and wood waste." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77345-2.

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A portable delimber-debarker-chipper, designed for in-woods chipping operations, was used to produce waste bark and wood residue from winter-harvested tree-length trembling aspen logs. The residue was then utilized to create leachate, which was subsequently used to treat white spruce, lodgepole pine, paper birch, aspen and Calamagrostis canadensis seedlings grown in sand-filled pots. Treatment with the leachate significantly decreased height growth and shoot and root dry weights of all species relative to the control treatment. Root: shoot ratios of all tree species except lodgepole pine were increased significantly by application of leachate. The root: shoot ratios of treated C. canadensis were significantly increased during one season, but significantly reduced in the following season. The data indicated that leachate from aspen bark and wood residue contain allelochemical properties that could affect the regenerative capacity of aspen cutblocks harvested for in-woods chipping operations. Key words: aspen, leachate, allelochemistry, Populus tremuloides, in-woods chipping

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Pichler, Philip, Martin Leitner, Florian Grün, and Christoph Guster. "Experimental determination of highly dynamic forces during wood trunk comminution with a drum chipper." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 49, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2018.786.

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Using large wood chips for heating systems in industrial applications is becoming popular. As a result, the requirements of the machinery that produces these large wood chips have increased, especially on the chipping tools and on the surrounding supportive components. This paper evaluates the acting main forces on a chipping drum that produces large wood chips via field and laboratory-based experimental measurements. In this study, a variety of strain gauges are applied to selected areas of the rotating chipping drum to measure localised strain conditions during wood-stem cutting. Four different wood species were investigated for comparison. Furthermore, the influence of sharp and dull knives is analysed. With the aid of experimental measurements and analysis on a laboratory scale, linear models are developed to determine the chipping force, which is cutting depth-dependent, for a variety of wood species. Testing parameters for such models are proposed via load spectra. The variability of the acting force value is evident. The maximum load on the drum affects at 10% of the time of a single cut. The largest applied forces are between 1.6 and 1.8 higher than the calculated average force. The commuting hornbeam sample exhibits the highest resistance against chipping compared to the three-other species. Additionally, a change in the load is easily recognised in the field test when utilising dull chipping blades. A reconstruction of the alternate load direction is based on laboratory testing.

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Grigorev, Igor, Anatoly Shadrin, Anna Voronova, Nikolay Kostyukevich, Dmitry Levushkin, Vyacheslav Borisov, and Roman Diev. "IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF WOOD CHIPPING OPERATIONS." INMATEH Vol.61 61, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-61-24.

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The paper presents a novel approach to the problem of utilizing wood chips as a valuable raw material. It shows how advances in machine vision can enable the conversion of wood chips from waste to a valuable resource. Empirical dependencies that are used to calculate the slip velocity of wood chips on the walls of the tank have been obtained. The problems of particle–fluid and particle–particle interactions within the flow are solved. Findings may be applied not only in countries with traditionally developed wood industries but also in many others.

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Cadei, Alberto, Luca Marchi, Omar Mologni, Raffaele Cavalli, and Stefano Grigolato. "Evaluation of Wood Chipping Efficiency through Long-Term Monitoring." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 13, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-08078.

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A high volume of wood forest biomass is be available at the roadside when whole three (WT) harvesting systems are applied. Besides, salvage logging operations are favourable conditions to accumulate a large amount of low-quality biomass due to the recovery of damaged trees. In mountain regions, such as the Alps, the forest’s accessibility can be a significant constraint for the eco-efficiency of chipping operations. The present study aims at evaluating the efficiency of wood-chipping operations in mountain areas based on long-term monitoring. One chipper-truck was monitored over 1200 working hours using telemetry. Different efficiency parameters were collected: machine position, collected using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, and engine parameters, collected using the CAN Bus system based on J 1939. Efficiency parameters were used to compare different in-wood or landing configurations. The results show the influence of the different location of the chipping sites according to the road network. Chipping operations in space-constrained sites cause an increase in delay time and CO2 emissions.

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Zarins, Marcis, Toms Torims, Maris Bumanis, and Andris Chamans. "Diagnostics of Drum Type Wood Chipping Machines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.775.

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This paper investigates diagnostic methods and proposes modern service technologies for wood-processing equipment. The aim of this study is to ensure systematic, research-based wood-processing services and continuous, no-failure operation of facilities. We describe the working principle of a particular industrial, drum-type wood chipper and discuss the problems that occurred during operation, including potential excess engine load or construction imperfections. First experiments show that knife wear progresses even faster than previously expected. Cutting regime calculations are provided, along with a description of actual improvements and a comparison of cutting regimes before and after improvements. The intended result of this research is a monitoring unit with help of a few modifications, can be used on any drum-type wood processing equipment.

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Manzone, Marco, and Raffaele Spinelli. "Wood chipping performance of a modified forager." Biomass and Bioenergy 55 (August 2013): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.01.006.

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Gard Timmerfors, Jessica, Hamid Salehi, Sylvia H. Larsson, Torbjörn Sjölund, and Leif J. Jönsson. "The impact of using different wood qualities and wood species on chips produced using a novel type of pilot drum chipper." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 36, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0096.

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Abstract Resource-efficient wood chipping for forest-industrial processes demands large fractions of accept chips and small fractions of small-sized material, such as pin chips and fines. In Kraft pulping, a narrow distribution of wood chip thickness is important for even impregnation and for making high-quality pulp. Using newly developed forest-industrial drum-chipping technology, the investigation covered wood of varying moisture content, frozen versus unfrozen wood, and the use of different wood species. Using conventional techniques for analyzing wood chip dimensions, fast-grown spruce wood with high moisture content gave 4.2 % pin chips and fines, which was less than half of the fractions obtained with spruce wood with lower moisture content. A comparison between frozen and unfrozen pine resulted in slightly thinner and shorter chips for the frozen wood, but in both cases accept yields of up to ∼85 % were achieved. A comparison of different tree species (aspen, birch, pine, and spruce) resulted in larger accept fractions (∼90 %) for the hardwood species, even though the average length of these wood chips was as low as 17 mm. The results provide a first indication of how basic wood log properties affect the yields of accept chips and small-sized material when using modern industrial drum-chipping technology.

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GARD TIMMERFORS, JESSICA, and LEIF J. JÖNSSON. "Evaluation of novel drum chipper technology: pilot-scale production of short wood chips." TAPPI Journal 18, no. 10 (November 1, 2019): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj18.10.585.

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Impregnation of wood chips with acidic pulping liquors is improved when using short chip lengths. If the average wood chip length is too short, conventional chipping technology will generate excess small material, such as pin chips and fines. The possibility of using newly developed drum chipping technology to produce shortlength wood chips was evaluated with a pilot drum chipper operating at different drum velocities and in-feed angles. With a drum velocity of 30 m/s, the average wood chip lengths and the combined fractions of pin chips and fines were 24 mm and 3.3%, 22 mm and 4.2%, and 17 mm and 8.5%. The highest fractions of total accept chips (large and small accepts), 89% to 90% without screening, were observed for drum velocities of 30–34 m/s and average wood chips lengths of 21–22 mm. The results indicate the potential of drum chipping technology for producing short wood chips with relatively high fractions of accept chips and tolerable fractions of pin chips and fines.

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Nyström, Jonas L., Per A. Gradin, and Benny Thörnberg. "An experimental study of the chipping process with focus on energy consumption and chipping angles." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3055.

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AbstractA series of chipping experiments were performed under both dynamic and quasi-static conditions in a laboratory wood chipper (dynamic) and in a MTS-servohydraulic testing machine (quasi-static). One aim with the experiments was to investigate the rate dependency of the energy consumption during chipping. Another aim was to try to determine the load per unit knife edge length required to initiate cutting. The experiments were carried out using different combinations of spout and edge angles. It was found that for large edge angles (keeping the spout angle constant at30^\circ) there was a slight rate dependency such that the energy consumption was larger at higher cutting rates which is quite in opposite of what is expected if wood is assumed to be a viscoelastic material. It was also found that to determine the force at initiation of cutting, is not a trivial task. Both Acoustic Emission monitoring and visual inspection was used to this end. The wood species used in this study was pine (Pinus silvestris).

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Sukhanov, Yuri, Alexander Seliverstov, and Yuri Gerasimov. "Efficiency of Forest Chip Supply Systems in Northwest Russia." Advanced Materials Research 740 (August 2013): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.799.

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Northwest Russia has significant volumes of woody biomass of different origins that are available for energy, butwoodis not widely used as fuel.Four alternatives of forest chip supply systems were compared in the Republic of Kareliawith the support systemand the most favorable methods of wood chip production were determined by the local market conditions. The collection of logging residues for chipping is cost-effective if the distance to the customer is less than 100 km. The use of round energy wood for the production of forest chips compared with the use of logging residues is more economically feasible. In this case, forest chips can be transported up to 150 km. The availability of logging residues largely depends on the load-bearing capacity of the soil at harvesting sites. When considering the local market, a production method based on chipping energy wood at the end user facility has the best economic efficiency.

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Fokin, S. V., and O. A. Fomina. "Energy wood production by disk cutting machines with different methods of chip emission." FORESTRY BULLETIN 25, no. 2 (April 2021): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-2-99-107.

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The article describes the methodology of physical and mathematical modeling of the mechanism for ejection of chips of a disk chipper. This technique allows you to calculate and optimize the design and technological parameters of the chip ejection mechanism. To accomplish this task, the flow of chip elements was divided into separate spherical elements, and the working surfaces of the chip ejection mechanism are represented by a set of fragments of planes conjugated to each other. When creating a mathematical model for calculating and optimizing the design and technological parameters of the chip ejection mechanism, the following indicators of the efficiency of the chip ejection mechanism were analyzed: the rate of chip ejection at the exit of the chipping line, the probability of chip ejection from the first revolution of the chipping disk, the mechanical power consumed for the ejection of chips after the stage of crushing the cut residues knives. The mathematical model is implemented in a computer program in the Object Pascal language in the Delphi 7 development environment. The program allows carrying out computer experiments to analyze the movement in the casing and chipping of chips obtained from felling residues and to study the effect of the design and technological parameters of the ejection mechanism on the efficiency of the disk chipper. The computer studies carried out made it possible to determine the best numerical ranges of the chipping disk rotation frequency and the number of blades located on the chipping disk. The likelihood of chip entrainment at the first revolution of the chipping disk and the power consumption for the ejection of chips from the disk chipper were also determined.

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Kormanek, Mariusz. "Analysis of wood chipping capacity of the Bandit 990XP chipper – case study." Journal of Forest Science 66, No. 2 (February 28, 2020): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/146/2019-jfs.

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According to the data of the Central Statistical Office, there has been an increase in forest cover in Poland from 27.8% to 29.6% over the last 25 years. This increase contributed to an increase in the possibility of wood obtaining and processing for energy purposes. The aim of the study was to analyse the efficiency of a chipping machine manufactured by the American Company Bandit Industries (Bandit 990XP chipper) based on the working day chronometer. The study was carried out in specific conditions related to the place of the chipper application because the machine was used to process the material obtained from standing trees in the framework of park maintenance. As it was shown during the analysed working day, the effective capacity W1 in the work cycle of the Bandit 990XP machine was 9.2 m3∙h–1 chips. Specific working conditions made it impossible to organize the work smoothly. Ongoing obtaining of the material for chipping from standing trees resulted in low productivity during the exploitation time of the shift W08 on the level of 1.3 m3∙h–1 chips.

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Spinelli, Raffaele, Natascia Magagnotti, Roberto Deboli, and Christian Preti. "Noise emissions in wood chipping yards: Options compared." Science of The Total Environment 563-564 (September 2016): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.105.

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Spinelli, Raffaele, and Rien J. M. Visser. "Analyzing and estimating delays in wood chipping operations." Biomass and Bioenergy 33, no. 3 (March 2009): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.08.003.

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Orlovskiy, S. N. "Chipping of Low-Value Wood during the Improvement Thinning." Bulletin of Higher Educational Institutions. Lesnoi Zhurnal (Forestry journal), no. 5 (November 10, 2018): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn0536-1036.2018.5.135.

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Hellström, L. M., P. A. Gradin, M. Gulliksson, and T. Carlberg. "A Laboratory Wood Chipper for Chipping Under Realistic Conditions." Experimental Mechanics 51, no. 8 (December 18, 2010): 1309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-010-9452-1.

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Pochi, Daniele, Vincenzo Civitarese, Roberto Fanigliulo, Raffaele Spinelli, and Luigi Pari. "Effect of poplar fuel wood storage on chipping performance." Fuel Processing Technology 134 (June 2015): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.01.023.

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Isaksson, Per, Per A. Gradin, and Lisbeth M. Hellström. "A numerical and experimental study regarding the influence of some process parameters on the damage state in wood chips." Holzforschung 67, no. 6 (August 1, 2013): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2012-0142.

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Abstract The specific energy consumption during mechanical refining operation can be reduced by choosing the optimal process parameters in the wood chipping process such that a beneficial pretreatment is obtained. In the case of the utilization of a larger knife-edge angle, which is one such process parameter, the energy reduction is presumably due to the increased compressive loading parallel to the wood fibers. In the present article, a chip damage parameter D of spruce is in focus, which is relevant for cracking parallel to the fibers. D is defined and its dependence on the chip length and edge angle of the chipping knife is analyzed numerically by means of finite element analyses (FEA). The cutting force was measured in a pilot wood chipper for a number of knife-edge angles. There is a good correlation between the experimental results and those of FEA.

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Hellström, Lisbeth M., Per A. Gradin, and Torbjörn Carlberg. "A method for experimental investigation of the wood chipping process." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 23, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2008-23-03-p339-342.

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Belbo, Helmer, and Henriette Vivestad. "Predicting delay factors when chipping wood at forest roadside landings." International Journal of Forest Engineering 29, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2018.1462594.

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Acuna, Mauricio, Luke Mirowski, Mohammad Reza Ghaffariyan, and Mark Brown. "Optimising transport efficiency and costs in Australian wood chipping operations." Biomass and Bioenergy 46 (November 2012): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.08.014.

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Warguła, Łukasz, Piotr Krawiec, Konrad Jan Waluś, and Mateusz Kukla. "Fuel Consumption Test Results for a Self-Adaptive, Maintenance-Free Wood Chipper Drive Control System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 2727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082727.

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Both energy consumption and the ecology of mobile wood-chipping machines are important issues in forest management. One way of improving the efficiency of wood-chippers is to use innovative design solutions in drive unit control systems. This can result in a reduction in fuel consumption and quantitative exhaust gas emissions. This article presented the results of research conducted on the fuel consumption of a cylindrical wood chipper driven by a small engine. We carried out testing of the unmodified chipper (A), made two different chipper modifications (B) and (C), and tested the modified versions to achieve the indicated results. The process allowed analysis and comparison of recorded data. For this purpose, the engine was supplied with fuel in three different ways: carburetor (factory-made) (A), the injector (B), and injector with an adaptative drive control system (designed by the authors) (C). The construction of a maintenance-free and adaptive drive control system where its functioning depended on operating conditions was done following patent application P.423369. All three fuel supply systems: A, B, and C were tested experimentally in terms of fuel consumption. The research was conducted in both set exploitation conditions (idle work with high (1) and low (2) rotational speed, with a continuous chipping process (3)) and transient exploitation conditions (4) (resulting from the delivery time of wood waste). Thus, the first stage of research involved two constructions (A, B) for three different working conditions (1-3). The second stage consisted of three constructions (A-C) tested in the fourth working conditions (4). The tests showed that the injection system reduced fuel consumption by around 61% during the continuous chipping process in comparison with the carburetor system. The adaptive drive control system (C) reduced fuel consumption by 55–74% in comparison with the carburetor system (A), and by 24–60% in comparison with the injection system (B) without an adaptive drive control system. The level of energy consumption in these systems depended directly on the ratio of idle work time during the chipping process.

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Gard Timmerfors, Jessica, Torbjörn Sjölund, and Leif J. Jönsson. "New drum-chipping technology for a more uniform size distribution of wood chips." Holzforschung 74, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0279.

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AbstractWood chips from a novel type of drum chipper were compared to wood chips from a conventional disc chipper in an evaluation based on demonstration-scale and industrial-scale machinery. The evaluation was performed as the wood chippers were used as production machines in a kraft pulp mill using softwood. The average bulk density of the wood chips from the disc chipper and the drum chipper was similar and within the range of 138–140 kg/m3. The size distribution of the wood chips was investigated using a conventional screening method, and by using an automatized image-analysis system based on laser scanning. The average length was set to be the same, but the wood chips from the drum chipper had a more uniform length. The average thickness was similar, but the drum chipper generated slightly more thinner wood chips. Compared to the disc chipper and using the screening method, the drum chipper generated a similar fraction of oversized and overthick wood chips, 51% more large accept chips, 11% more total accept chips, and 74% less pin chips and fines. Image analysis resulted in similar data. The results indicate that drum chippers warrant further attention as an alternative to conventional industrial-scale disc chippers.

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Hellström, Lisbeth M., Per A. Gradin, Per Engstrand, and Øyvind Gregersen. "Properties of wood chips for thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production as a function of spout angle." Holzforschung 65, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.087.

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Abstract Spruce wood chips were produced under well-controlled conditions in a laboratory wood chipper at spout angles of 30°, 40°, and 50° at a cutting rate of 20 m s-1 and with a nominal chip length of 25 mm. The chips were then refined under thermomechanical pulp (TMP) conditions in a pilot refiner plant. The pulp properties such as freeness, average fiber length, and shives content were determined and evaluated as a function of specific energy consumption. For a first stage refining and for a freeness value of 350 ml, a decrease in specific electrical energy consumption could be achieved by performing the wood chipping at a spout angle of 50° as compared to 30° which is the spout angle commonly used. A patent application regarding this method has been filed and is pending. It is realized that a freeness value is not directly indicative of any quality measure, such as, for example tensile index and light scattering coefficient but the obtained results can be interpreted to be promising. Further studies are needed regarding the impact of the modified chipping process.

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Danilovic, Milorad, Slavica Antonic, Dusan Stojnic, Pajo Vojvodic, and Vladimir Cirovic. "Efficiency of stump chipping of soft and hard broadleaves." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 117 (2018): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf170816001d.

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Stump removal is a regular measure of terrain preparation during the establishment of poplar plantations. It is implemented in order to increase the efficiency of implementation of regular silvicultural measures, but also the efficiency of comprehensive wood mass utilization. Stump removal in poplar plantations is performed by various facilities, including various types of wood chippers attached to a tractor of certain technical characteristics. The aim of this paper is the evaluation of efficiency of the tractor ?Same Laser 150? with the wood chipper ?Rotor S? attached to it, during the stump chipping of soft and hard broadleaves in various operating conditions. The research was carried out in several sample plots located in an area managed by the public enterprise ?Vojvodina sume?. The differentiation of the operating conditions was based on multiple criteria (distance between stumps, level of forest order establishment, carrying capacity of the ground, percentage share of tree species, etc.). The work effects of stump chipping were established using the work and time study. The duration of stump chipping ranged from 0,82 min/stump to 2,29 min/stump and it depended on stump diameter, root system development, diameter of the auger used for stump chipping, tractor power, etc. In addition to being dependent on some other things, chipping time depends on the number of passes and auger diameter. The time of transition from stump to stump is under the highest impact of ground conditions, which implies the amount of wood residue, the presence of stump shoots, and the occurrence of high weeds. The implemented analysis served as the basis for the ranking of the factors depending on their impact on the work effects of the investigated facility. In addition, it was concluded that greater effects can be achieved by using the command that provides a forward and backward movement of the aggregate without pushing the clutch pedal and pulling the gearshift lever, but also by installing a handle for the change of rpm (revolutions per minute) of the output shaft in the driver?s cabin. This handle is currently located on a differential housing next to the left wheel, so the driver has to leave the cabin to change the rpm of the output shaft. Another problem is that the tractor ?Same Laser 150? has double commands installed in the cabin: the clutch, brake and gas pedal, but when the seat makes a 180 degree turn those pedals are not at the adequate height. In addition to that, the operator does not have enough space for work in the tractor cabin. An increased cabin space and a better position of the above mentioned commands would enhance work efficiency.

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Spinelli, Raffaele, and Natascia Magagnotti. "A tool for productivity and cost forecasting of decentralised wood chipping." Forest Policy and Economics 12, no. 3 (March 2010): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2009.10.002.

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Irdla, Marek, Allar Padari, Vahur Kurvits, and Peeter Muiste. "The chipping cost of wood raw material for fuel in Estonian conditions." Forestry Studies 66, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fsmu-2017-0007.

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Abstract In Estonia up to now the producers of wood fuels have not yet adequately analysed the production and transport costs although it is known that the share of these costs form up to half of the final price of wood chips or hog fuel. With this in mind the goal of the case study was defined – to analyse the price formation of comminuted wood fuels in Estonian conditions. Within one year of the survey the initial data was collected from the company SLG Energy. Different types of machines (7 in total) were observed – wood chippers Jenz HEM 561, Jenz HEM 582, Heinola 910ES, and Doppstadt DH 608. All machines were equipped with a GPS tracking device which recorded the route and the fuel consumption and during the observation period all costs and revenues related to the concerned machines were accounted. It was determined that due to frequent repairs the maintenance costs of older machines were higher and productivity lower compared with new machines. The biggest item of expenditure turned out to be the fuel consumption. The second was the cost of repairs in the case of older machines and price in the case of new machines. Also the type of chipper had an impact on the production cost. Under the cumulative effect of various factors the production cost turned out to vary widely from 1.03 to 2.38 €/ml3.

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Conlin, Timothy, Dave Cheyne, and John Dymond. "Soil temperatures and suckering response of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) following disposal of hog on winter-logged cutblocks." Forestry Chronicle 80, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc80687-6.

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Bark and wood residue, commonly referred to as "hog fuel" or "hog," from a portable pulp chipper was deposited on aspen cutblocks in replicated 10 x 10 m treatment plots during winter logging operations in northeastern British Columbia. The treatments emulated disposal of hog under conditions that simulated on-site chipping operations. Three different rates of hog disposal were applied; 34, 68 and 102 kg m-2, and three cutblocks were treated, one each during February of 1997, and March of 1998 and 1999. We originally hypothesized that the deposition of hog would lower soil temperatures in the treated plots and reduce aspen sucker density during the following growing season. However, our observations showed an initial lag in soil warming in the treatments followed by temperature levels that rose above that exhibited in the control plots. Higher soil temperatures were correlated with greater rates of hog disposal. Increased suckering was not observed in response to higher soil temperatures and stem densities decreased as hog application rates increased. Key words: in-woods, on-site, chipping, Populus tremuloides, hog fuel, soil temperature

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Yoshida and Takata. "Uncertainty Simulation of Wood Chipping Operation for Bioenergy Based on Queuing Theory." Forests 10, no. 9 (September 19, 2019): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090822.

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Managing uncertainty is the way to secure stability of the supply chain. Uncertainty within chipping operation and chip transportation causes production loss. In the wood chip supply chain for bioenergy, operational uncertainty mainly appears in the moisture content of the material, chipping productivity, and the interval of truck arrival. This study theoretically quantified the loss in wood chip production by applying queuing theory and stochastic modelling. As well as the loss in production, the inefficiency was identified as the idling time of chipper and the queuing time of trucks. The aim of this study is to quantify the influence of three uncertainties on wood chip production. This study simulated the daily chip production using a mobile chipper by applying queuing theory and stochastic modelling of three uncertainties. The result was compared with the result of deterministic simulation which did not consider uncertainty. Uncertainty reduced the production by 14% to 27% compared to the production of deterministic simulation. There were trucks scheduled but not used. The cases using small trucks show the largest daily production amount, but their lead time was the longest. The large truck was sensitive to the moisture content of material because of the balance between payload and volumetric capacity. This simulation method can present a possible loss in production amount and enables to evaluate some ways for the loss compensation quantitatively such as outsourcing or storing buffer. For further development, the data about the interval of truck arrival should be collected from fields and analyzed. We must include the other uncertainties causing technical and operator delays.

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Разиньков, Egor Razinkov, Чернышев, Aleksandr Chernyshev, Ковешникова, and N. Koveshnikova. "Innovative designs of wood products plating in jointless gluing." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4526.

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The paper discusses the features of design and technology of finger joints in the manufacture of frame-paneled platings of doors and furniture fronts. At the design stage we solve two problems: a) the choice of shapes and sizes of studs and grooves according to GOST R 9330, b) calculation of probabilistic values of the maximum deviations of landings with interference by GOST 6449. It was proposed to abandon the finger joints, restrict ourselves to assembly in tongue and groove, so with conjugation in counterprofiles groove is milled on the ends the horizontal bars after pre-pruning to eliminate chipping and tongue - on inner shared edge of vertical bars.

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Geffert, Anton, Jarmila Geffertova, and Blazej Seman. "The Problems in Delignification of Dry Wood by Kraft Process." Key Engineering Materials 688 (April 2016): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.688.3.

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The objective of this study was to assess the causes of the problems arising in the CBC kraft cooking of several types of hardwood chips particularly in view of high dry matter but also in view of chip thickness and character of wood.High dry matter of processed chips influences negatively delignification. Similar effect on delignification is achieved by wood character (anatomic and morphological properties of cell elements, chemical composition, portion of heart and sapwood).Chips thickness has the most significant impact on delignification process comparing to other monitored characteristics. The increase of chips thickness by 1-2 mm has significant negative impact on monitored characteristics of kraft cooking – yield, Kappa number and amount of rejects.Displacement CBC kraft procedure is more sensitive on the deviation from standard conditions than conventional kraft cooking.The problems occurring during kraft cooking of different wood chips mixtures with high dry matter by CBC procedure are possible to resolve by technological and organizational precautions – separate chipping and storage of chips of heart and non-heart woods, preparation of thinner chips of heart wood, chips pre-vaporing before kraft cooking.

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Choi, Yun-Sung, Min-Jae Cho, Seung-Ho Paik, Ho-Seong Mun, Dae-Hyun Kim, Sang-Kyun Han, and Jae-Heun Oh. "Factors Affecting the Chipping Operation Based on the Screen Size of the Drum Chipper." Forests 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10111029.

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Forest biomass has recently been highlighted as a renewable energy source in South Korea. As the Renewable Energy Certificate weight has been revised to encourage the use of forest biomass for energy production, forest operations have focused on the development of new technologies and harvesting methods for the extraction and utilization of forest biomass. This study examined the application of a drum chipper to forest biomass and analyzed the effects of screen size (40, 50, 65, and 80 mm) on productivity, cost, and particle size distribution. When the screen size was 40 mm to 65 mm, the chipping productivity improved by up to 3.6 times, the fuel consumption decreased by up to 29.7%, and the chipping cost was reduced by up to 31.9%. The fines content tended to decrease with an increase in screen size. The size of woodchips was less than 100 mm in length and ranged from 10 to 63 mm. The 65 mm screen was the most effective (e.g., producing optimal wood chip size at an acceptable production rate) for the chipping operation. Harvesting methods and drying time are also important factors that determine the utilization efficiency of forest biomass. Therefore, further research should be focused on the effect of moisture content on chipping productivity, power required, and fine particle size in forest biomass productions.

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Warguła, Łukasz, Mateusz Kukla, Piotr Krawiec, and Bartosz Wieczorek. "Reduction in Operating Costs and Environmental Impact Consisting in the Modernization of the Low-Power Cylindrical Wood Chipper Power Unit by Using Alternative Fuel." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 2995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112995.

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Alternative fuel within the meaning of Directive 2014/94/EU is, among others, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), characterized by a lower purchase cost and lower emissions of toxic exhaust compounds in comparison to the combustion of classic gasoline. In wood chippers, intended for chopping branches, with low-power internal combustion engines that meet the emission standards in force in 2019 in the European Union, in accordance with Regulation 2016/1628/EU, carburetor fuel supply systems are commonly used. Innovative trends in the development of these drives are: electronic fuel injection, systems supporting the adaptation of the working elements to the conditions of use and the use of alternative fuels. The first two solutions significantly affect the cost of purchasing a power unit or modernizing it. The authors of this article indicate, as a beneficial alternative, a cheap (EUR 105) possibility of modernizing the carburetor fuel supply system. It is based on a modification that will allow for the use of LPG instead of gasoline to drive the working system of the wood chipper. This article presents the results of tests on the fuel consumption of a wood chipper powered with gasoline (3.04 L h−1) and LPG (3.65 L h−1) during continuous chipping. The cost of an hour of chipping related to fuel consumption was determined, which was equal to 3.89 € h−1 while using gasoline, and 2.19 € h−1 when using LPG. The mass flow rate (0.66 t h−1) and volumetric flow rate (3.5 m3 h−1) of a wood chipper powered by a low-power (9.5 kW) internal combustion engine with spark ignition were determined. In addition, we determined the cost of producing 1 m3 of biomass from chipping freshly cut oak branches (Quercus robur L. Sp. Pl. 996 1753) with a maximum diameter of 80 mm and a humidity of 25%. The branches were selected earlier in such a way that their dimensions as as similar as possible. This amounted to EUR 1.11 for a gasoline-powered drive and EUR 0.63 for a LPG powered one. The benefits of using an alternative fuel supply system, the installation of which increases the cost of the machine by 8.4%, have been confirmed.

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WILSON, GEOFF A. "Wood Chipping of Indigenous Forest on Private Land in New Zealand 1969–1993." Australian Geographical Studies 32, no. 2 (October 1994): 256–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8470.1994.tb00675.x.

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Kons, Kalvis, Dan Bergström, and Fulvio Di Fulvio. "Effects of sieve size and assortment on wood fuel quality during chipping operations." International Journal of Forest Engineering 26, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2015.1069173.

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Mohammed, Bashar S., M. Abdullahi, and C. K. Hoong. "Statistical models for concrete containing wood chipping as partial replacement to fine aggregate." Construction and Building Materials 55 (March 2014): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.021.

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Poje, Anton, Raffaele Spinelli, Natascia Magagnotti, and Matevz Mihelic. "Exposure to noise in wood chipping operations under the conditions of agro-forestry." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 50 (November 2015): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2015.08.006.

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Harrill, Hunter, and Han-Sup Han. "Productivity and Cost of Integrated Harvesting of Wood Chips and Sawlogs in Stand Conversion Operations." International Journal of Forestry Research 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/893079.

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This study evaluated the operational performance and cost of an integrated harvesting system that harvested sawlogs and biomass (i.e., energy wood chips) in stand conversion clearcut operations. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees were processed into sawlogs while whole trees of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), and sub-merchantable materials (small-diameter trees, tops and limbs) were fed directly into a chipper to produce biomass for energy production. A standard time study method was used to determine productivity and costs. Over 26 working days, the integrated system produced 1,316 bone-dry metric tonnes (BDTs) of sawlogs, and 5,415.89 BDT of chips, with an average moisture content of 43.2%. Using the joint products allocation costing method, the costs of the integrated system were $29.87/BDT for biomass and $4.26/BDT for sawlogs. Chipping utilization was as low as 41%, directly affecting production and cost of chipping operation. Single-lane, dirt, spur roads were the most costly road type to transport whole trees to a centralized processing site: transportation costs for biomass and sawlogs were increased by $0.08/BDT and $0.02/BDT, respectively, for every 50 meter increase in traveling distance. Diesel fuel price could raise total system cost for each product by $0.78/BDT and $0.08/BDT for each $0.10/liter increase.

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Tawfk, M. A., and M. I. El-Didamony. "MANUFACTURING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A PROTOTYPE WOOD CHIPPING MACHINE TO PRODUCE MINI-CHIPS." Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 34, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 1511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2017.95815.

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Spinelli, Raffaele, and Enrico Marchi. "Trends and Perspectives in the Design of Mobile Wood Chippers." Croatian journal of forest engineering 42, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2021.787.

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Mobile wood chippers represent a mature technology now available in a wide range of sizes and configurations. Different types exist, but the most widespread are disc and drum chippers. The latter have enjoyed wider popularity in recent years because they are best suited to processing logging residue and other low-quality wood. Drum chippers can be fitted with screens, designed to re-circulate oversize particles. In general, industrial chippers offer high productivity and high fuel efficiency, especially if settings are properly adjusted. Chippers are high-maintenance equipment and require proper care. Maintenance cost increases with machine age and can be predicted quite accurately, and so can chipping productivity and cost. Reliable models exist for estimating both maintenance cost and productivity, based on dedicated user-entered assumptions. All things being equal, there are no substantial productivity and maintenance differences between tractor-powered and independent-engine chippers.

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Pecenka, Ralf, Hannes Lenz, Simeon Olatayo Jekayinfa, and Thomas Hoffmann. "Influence of Tree Species, Harvesting Method and Storage on Energy Demand and Wood Chip Quality When Chipping Poplar, Willow and Black Locust." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040116.

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The cultivation of fast-growing wood (e.g., poplar, willow or black locust) in short rotation coppices and agroforestry systems presents an opportunity for producing biomass sustainably in the agricultural sector. Cost-efficient agricultural wood production requires the availability of high-performance machinery and methods with which high-quality wood chips can be produced at low cost. It is known from harvesting short rotation coppices in practice that both the wood chip quality and the performance of the harvesting machinery depend on a variety of factors (e.g., harvesting method, weather conditions, tree species). That is why this study examines in detail the influence of the tree species (different varieties of poplar, willow, black locust) and the wood condition (fresh, stored or dried, frozen) on the specific energy demand for comminution in a stationary drum chipper and on the particle size distribution of the wood chips produced. For all the tree species examined, the chipping of dried as well as frozen stems was connected with a significant increase in the specific energy demand for comminution. An increase of 31% has been measured if poplar stems are chipped in frozen conditions (max. 6.31 kWh t−1). Drying led to an increase of 59% for dried willow stems (max. 6.67 kWh t−1). Drying and frost had also an influence on the size and quality of the wood chips, but no globally significant connection could be established for the examined tree varieties.

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Kantieva, Ekaterina, Larisa Ponomarenko, and Maksim Posluhaev. "INVESTIGATION OF THE STRENGTH OF SOLID WOOD BONDING WITH DIFFERENT ADHESIVES." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 8, no. 1 (October 26, 2020): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2020-8-1-203-206.

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In modern conditions of development of a national economy wood is among the most widespread constructive materials. Also, wood traditionally occupies its niche in the production of furniture and joinery. In these industries, the bonding of wood and wood materials is the main connection. Gluing of wood is made not only to give to preparations of the demanded sizes, but also improvement of operational characteristics, and also for the purpose of economy of a material. There are different types of gluing: gluing blanks in thickness and length, gluing tenon joints, gluing boards and gluing layouts on the edges of the boards, gluing with simultaneous bending, facing with wood and synthetic materials, gluing parts of soft furniture elements. The paper investigated the influence of the type of glue on the bonding strength of wood and wood materials in modern industrial use. Adhesives based on polychloroprene, polyvinyl acetate, rubber and wood materials of different species – ash and beech-were selected for the study. The tensile strength of the adhesive joint was controlled when chipping along the fibers. most suitable for gluing pieces of wood of firm deciduous breeds in the thickness and width are adhesives based on polyvinyl acetate. Noticeable differences in the strength of freshly glued seams on beech and ash are not recorded, which is explained by their almost identical density.

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Tahboub, Mohammed B., William C. Lindemann, and Leigh Murray. "Chemical and Physical Properties of Soil Amended with Pecan Wood Chips." HortScience 43, no. 3 (June 2008): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.3.891.

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The pruning wood of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] is often burned. Chipping and soil incorporation of pruning wood is becoming more popular as a result of environmental constraints on burning. The objective of our research was to determine how pecan wood incorporation into soil affects the soil chemical and physical properties. Pecan wood chips were incorporated into a silty clay soil at rates of 0, 4484, 8968, 13,452, and 17,936 kg·ha−1 in Summer 2002, 2003, and 2004. Some plots received nitrogen at a rate of 0, 15.2, 30.5, 45.7, and 61.0 kg·ha−1 to adjust the C : N ratio of trimmings to 30 : 1. Ammonium sulfate, as a nitrogen source to balance the C : N ratio of pecan wood chips, reduced soil pH. However, the wood chip amendments alone did not reduce soil pH. Soil salinity (as determined by electrical conductivity) and bulk density were unaffected by wood chip incorporation regardless of application rate or number of applications. Incorporation of pecan chips had little effect on soil moisture content, but the soil had an inherently high waterholding capacity. Pecan wood chip incorporation significantly increased soil organic matter content and aggregate stability, particularly at the higher application rates and with repeated amendment. The incorporation of pecan pruning wood into the soil appears to improve soil tilth and aggregation while providing growers with an environmentally acceptable means of disposal.

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Pichler, Philip, Martin Leitner, Florian Grün, and Christoph Guster. "Evaluation of wood material models for the numerical assessment of cutting forces in chipping processes." Wood Science and Technology 52, no. 1 (September 21, 2017): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00226-017-0962-1.

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Grigorev, Igor, Anatoly Shadrin, Sergey Katkov, Vyacheslav Borisov, Varvara Druzyanova, Irina Gnatovskaya, Roman Diev, Natalya Kaznacheeva, Dmitry Levushkin, and Dmitriy Akinin. "Russian sawmill modernization (a case study). Part 2: improving the efficiency of wood chipping operations." International Wood Products Journal 12, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2020.1871276.

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Moskalik, Tadeusz, and Arkadiusz Gendek. "Production of Chips from Logging Residues and Their Quality for Energy: A Review of European Literature." Forests 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030262.

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Wood chips from logging residues are a renewable solid fuel that has become widely used in the energy sector. The current work presents a review of European papers on various aspects of wood chips production published in the years 2005–2018. The effects of the comminution method on the quality and energy parameters of the resulting wood chips were analysed. Most authors identified terrain and roadside chipping as the optimum technologies from the energy viewpoint. Furthermore, seasonal changes in the moisture content of wood chips have implications for their ash content and calorific value and determine the annual patterns of supplies to energy plants. In general, logging residues should be chipped approximately five to seven months after harvesting and delivered over economically feasible distances, which have increased in recent years due to the large dispersion of forest areas and energy plants. In a number of cases, logging residue chips did not meet the quality specifications contained in the relevant ISO standards, which may result in technological problems with their burning, especially in small to medium energy plants.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wood chipping'

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