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Journal articles on the topic 'Wood-burning'
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1
Edgerton, S. A., M. A. K. Khalil, and R. A. Rasmussen. "Emissions from wood burning." Environmental Science & Technology 23, no. 8 (August 1989): 906–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00066a001.
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Lim, Hwanmi, Sanna Silvergren, Silvia Spinicci, Farshid Mashayekhy Rad, Ulrika Nilsson, Roger Westerholm, and Christer Johansson. "Contribution of wood burning to exposures of PAHs and oxy-PAHs in Eastern Sweden." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 11359–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11359-2022.
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Abstract. A growing trend in developed countries is the use of wood as fuel for domestic heating due to measures taken to reduce the usage of fossil fuels. However, this imposed another issue with the environment and human health. That is, the emission from wood burning contributed to the increased level of atmospheric particulates and the wood smoke caused various respiratory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of wood burning on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air PM10 using known wood burning tracers, i.e. levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan from the measurement at the urban background and residential areas in Sweden. A yearly measurement from three residential areas in Sweden showed a clear seasonal variation of PAHs during the cold season mainly from increased domestic heating and meteorology. Together, an increased sugar level assured the wood burning during the same period. The sugar ratio (levoglucosan/(mannosan+galactosan)) was a good marker for wood burning source such as the wood type used for domestic heating and garden waste burning. On the Walpurgis Night, the urban background measurement demonstrated a dramatic increase in levoglucosan, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) concentrations from the increased wood burning. A significant correlation between levoglucosan and OPAHs was observed suggesting OPAHs to be an indicator of wood burning together with levoglucosan. The levoglucosan tracer method and modelling used in predicting the B[a]P concentration could not fully explain the measured levels in the cold season. The model showed that the local wood source contributed to 98 % of B[a]P emissions in the Stockholm area and 2 % from the local traffic. However, non-local sources were dominating in the urban background (60 %). A further risk assessment estimated that the airborne particulate PAHs caused 13.4 cancer cases per 0.1 million inhabitants in Stockholm County.
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Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, Julia. "How green is burning wood?" Science 359, no. 6382 (March 22, 2018): 1373.13–1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.359.6382.1373-m.
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Dennis, Donald F., and Shelley J. Dresser. "Burlington's Wood-Burning Utility Company." Journal of Forestry 83, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/83.2.100.
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Akbar, Muhammad, Musrizal Muin, and Astuti Arif. "Surface burning effectiveness of five commercial wood species in makassar againts Schizophyllum commune Fr." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1277, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1277/1/012029.
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Abstract Wood as a natural material is known to be susceptible to various biodeterioration agents. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of wood surface burning on the physical changes of wood and the attack of Schizophyllum commune Fr. The research was conducted in several steps, starting with the collection of wood samples from a Timber TradingUnit (UD) in Makassar City. The samples were prepared with dimension of 5 x 2,5 x 1,5 cm3, and each side of the samples was evenly burned using a torch for two to five minutes, resulting in a uniform thickness of 1-2 mm for the burned surface. Five types of wood were used for the surface burning, namely white teak (Gmelina arborea), sengon (Albizia chinensis), bayam (Intsia bijuga), teak (Tectona grandis) and meranti (Shorea spp). The research consisted of two treatments, one without burning and the other with burning. The results showed that the moisture content of all five wood species decreased after the burning process, with moisture content reductions of 15,61% for G. arborea, 14,30% for A. chinensis, 14,33% for I. bijuga, 11,37% for T. grandis, and 20,43% for Shorea spp. Regarding the aspect of fungal attack, the burning process did not inhibit fungal spread from the sides to the middle of the wood surface, but the burning treatment contributed to a lower weight reduction in the test samples compared to the untreated ones.
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Than, Phineath, and Keerati Suluksna. "Effect of Exhaust Duct Position on Wood Vinegar Burning Process." International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing 6, no. 5 (October 2018): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmmm.2018.6.5.405.
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Zhukov, Evgenii, Konstantin Menyaev, and Dmitry Taymasov. "Furnaces with vortex burning for burning of wood waste and coal." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914003002.
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The paper presents use of wood waste as fuel in industrial thermal power plants. The paper proposes methods of disposal of low calorific fuels produced from waste. The results of physical experiments and numerical simulations showed possible effective application of wood waste as fuel in industrial thermal power plants. The presented boilers are of superior environmental performance as they are equipped with fuel circulation system. The boilers make rational use of wood waste and lower coal consumption in small and medium-sized thermal power plants. New technology is tested in an operating facility.
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Peng, Wan Xi, and Le Cui. "Effection of Wood Extractives on Burning Time of Fuel for Add-On Bioenergy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 164 (April 2012): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.164.52.
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In order to explore the application prospects of wood extractives in the biomass energy, the several wood extractives were isolated by organic solvent. The results of functional analysis suggested that these wood extractives could accelerate benzene-alcohol’s burning, but played a certain role in inhibiting ether’s burning. This reslut revealed that the wood extractives had huge potential applications in the field of add-on bioenergy.
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Lyubov, V. K., A. V. Malkov, and P. D. Alekseev. "Boilers slagging when burning wood pellets." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1211, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1211/1/012006.
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Abstract A promising trend for upgrading wastes from timber cutting, processing and treatment is their granulation. It allows to increase their specific heats of combustion by 2.5– 3.5 times and their portability characteristics by 3–4 times, to reduce transportation costs by 6– 10 times and to improve all the operations stages. The construction and commissioning of boiler facilities operating on refined biofuel made it possible to form a stable domestic market for wood pellets. However, 0.5 – 1.5 MW nominal capacity hot water boilers equipped with furnaces and profiled burners at the bottom, in cold seasons had fast accumulation of focal residues deposits in the burners and on the furnace chambers lining. The process was complicated by these deposits hardening due to their melting and sintering. These circumstances cause a decrease in the energy and environmental performance of heat-generating installations and their reliability, and also leads to the unplanned shutdowns to clean the boiler furnaces. To find out the reasons for these negative phenomena and to develop recommendations for their elimination, a set of research operations was carried out with wood pellets shipped by the manufacturer and supplied to the burners of the boilers under the analyses; with focal residues accumulated in the burners and on the lining of the furnace chambers; as well as an analysis of the heat generating facilities operation modes. The studies carried out made it possible to identify the main factors that caused these negative phenomena and to develop the recommendations for their elimination.
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Quraishi, T. A. "Residential wood burning and air pollution." International Journal of Environmental Studies 24, no. 1 (March 1985): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207238508710173.
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Le Page, Michael. "We really must stop burning wood." New Scientist 238, no. 3180 (June 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(18)30974-6.
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Barrefors, Gunnar, and Göran Petersson. "Volatile hydrocarbons from domestic wood burning." Chemosphere 30, no. 8 (April 1995): 1551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(95)00048-d.
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Fels, M., D. F. Cooper, and M. N. Patterson. "Economic aspects of wood-burning installations." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 66, no. 3 (June 1988): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450660327.
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Campbell, Harold, Rabia Nizamani, Samuel W. Jones, and Felicia N. Williams. "Death Due to Fractal Wood Burning: An Emerging Public Health Problem." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 788–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa066.
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Abstract The art of pyrography, burning designs in wood, dates back to prehistory. Risks of traditional techniques included cutaneous burns and airway injury. Fractal wood burning is a niche technique using a high-voltage electrical source to burn branched designs into wood. While this technique has grown in popularity, the associated risks are not well understood. We describe a patient who presented to our burn center after sustaining high-voltage electrical injuries while making fractal wood art using an improvised a high-voltage transformer. During the wood-burning process, he contacted the electrodes and suffered full-thickness electrical burns to the neck, chest, and bilateral upper extremities. Bilateral upper extremity fasciotomies were performed on admission. Multiple subsequent operations culminated with autografting to most of the wounds and complex reconstruction of the left thumb. In evaluating online news reports, we found 25 unique individuals with death or injury attributed to fractal wood burning from July 2016 to January 2020. Five sustained substantial injuries, while 20 reportedly died. Ages ranged from 17 years old to the 60s. One death and one injury occurred in females, with the remainder of reports involving males. Of the survivors, four sustained significant upper extremity electrical injuries and three suffered cardiac arrest at the time of injury. Fractal wood burning is associated with devastating high-voltage electrical injuries and death. Prevention efforts should be focused on education about the potential for death and permanently disabling injuries from this art form.
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Nishu. "Assessment of seasonal variations in the fine particulate matter of indoor air in sub urban area of Jammu District (J&K), India." Environment Conservation Journal 24, no. 2 (May 10, 2023): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.24152637.
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Indoor aerosol PM 2.5 is more harmful due to its penetration deep into lungs most ofpeoplespendingmore than 90% of their time indoor. The present study is the first timeinvestigation to evaluate the indoor aerosols (PM 2.5) in the households located in residential, commercial and industrial sub urban areas Jammu District (J&K) during different seasons of the two year study period (2017-2019). The indoor PM 2.5 was observed to exhibit deceasing trend i.e. more in summer> winter >rainy season. In non-wood fuel burning households exhibited annual average indoor PM 2.5 values below the values prescribed by CPCB and wood fuel burning households exhibited values above the values prescribed by CPCB. Moreover the indoor aerosols (PM 2.5 ) was observed be to almost four times higher in wood fuel burning households as compared with that of non-wood fuel burning households.
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Gašparík, Miroslav, Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Hana Čekovská, and Dalibor Potůček. "Flammability characteristics of thermally modified oak wood treated with a fire retardant." BioResources 12, no. 4 (September 26, 2017): 8451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.8451-8467.
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Flammability characteristics were determined for oak wood (Quercus robur L.), which was thermally modified at 160, 180, and 210 °C. Subsequently, the thermally modified and unmodified wood was treated with a fire retardant. The effect of the thermal modification (TM) and fire retardant treatment (FRT) on the weight loss (WL), burning rate (BR), maximum burning rate (MBR), and time to reach the maximum burning rate (TRMBR) were evaluated. The FRT had an expected positive effect on all of the flammability characteristics, where the WL, BR, and MBR decreased, and the TRMBR increased. The TM temperature did not have a clear effect. As the TM temperature increased, the WL and BR decreased. The highest differences were found at 160 and 180 °C. As the TM temperature increased for the wood without the FRT, the TRMBR decreased. During the burning of the thermally modified wood with the FRT, the trend was the exact opposite.
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Heringa, M. F., P. F. DeCarlo, R. Chirico, T. Tritscher, J. Dommen, E. Weingartner, R. Richter, G. Wehrle, A. S. H. Prévôt, and U. Baltensperger. "Investigations of primary and secondary particulate matter of different wood combustion appliances with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 12 (June 23, 2011): 5945–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5945-2011.
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Abstract. A series of photo-oxidation smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation from two different log wood burners and a residential pellet burner under different burning conditions: starting and flaming phase. Emissions were sampled from the chimney and injected into the smog chamber leading to primary organic aerosol (POA) concentrations comparable to ambient levels. The composition of the aerosol was measured by an Aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-AMS) and black carbon (BC) instrumentation. The primary emissions were then exposed to xenon light to initiate photo-chemistry and subsequent secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production. After correcting for wall losses, the average increase in organic matter (OM) concentrations by SOA formation for the starting and flaming phase experiments with the two log wood burners was found to be a factor of 4.1±1.4 after five hours of aging. No SOA formation was observed for the stable burning phase of the pellet burner. The startup emissions of the pellet burner showed an increase in OM concentration by a factor of 3.3. Including the measured SOA formation potential, average emission factors of BC+POA+SOA, calculated from CO2 emission, were found to be in the range of 0.04 to 3.9 g/kg wood for the stable burning pellet burner and an old log wood burner during startup respectively. SOA contributed significantly to the ion C2H4O2+ at mass to charge ratio m/z 60, a commonly used marker for primary emissions of wood burning. This contribution at m/z 60 can overcompensate for the degradation of levoglucosan leading to an overestimation of the contribution of wood burning or biomass burning to the total OM. The primary organic emissions from the three different burners showed a wide range in O:C atomic ratio (0.19−0.60) for the starting and flaming conditions, which also increased during aging. Primary wood burning emissions have a rather low relative contribution at m/z 43 (f 43) to the total organic mass spectrum. The non-oxidized fragment C3H7+ has a considerable contribution at m/z 43 for the fresh OA with an increasing contribution of the oxygenated ion C2H3O+ during aging. After five hours of aging, the OA has a rather low C2H3O+ signal for a given CO2+ fraction, possibly indicating a higher ratio of acid to non-acid oxygenated compounds in wood burning OA compared to other oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA).
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Ružiak, Ivan, L'uboš Krišták, Rastislav Igaz, and Milada Gajtanska. "The Study of Temperature vs Time Dependence on the Irradiated Surface Side during Wood Burning Process." Key Engineering Materials 688 (April 2016): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.688.145.
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Article discusses effect of environmental condition on heat transfer from wood sample during burning process. The aim of the paper is to characterize temperature vs time dependence of irradiated wood surface as a function of heat source distance , total heat transfer coefficient and thermal diffusivity . From temperature vs time dependence on the irradiated side is possible to compute heat ignition temperature of wood as one of the most important characteristics of wood burning. All measured values of studied parameters are in very good agreement with table values.
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Daellenbach, Kaspar R., Ivan Kourtchev, Alexander L. Vogel, Emily A. Bruns, Jianhui Jiang, Tuukka Petäjä, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, et al. "Impact of anthropogenic and biogenic sources on the seasonal variation in the molecular composition of urban organic aerosols: a field and laboratory study using ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 5973–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5973-2019.
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Abstract. This study presents the molecular composition of organic aerosol (OA) using ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap) at an urban site in Central Europe (Zurich, Switzerland). Specific source spectra were also analysed, including samples representative of wood-burning emissions from Alpine valleys during wood-burning pollution episodes and smog chamber investigations of woodsmoke, as well as samples from Hyytiälä, which were strongly influenced by biogenic secondary organic aerosol. While samples collected during winter in Alpine valleys have a molecular composition remarkably similar to fresh laboratory wood-burning emissions, winter samples from Zurich are influenced by more aged wood-burning emissions. In addition, other organic aerosol emissions or formation pathways seem to be important at the latter location in winter. Samples from Zurich during summer are similar to those collected in Hyytiälä and are predominantly impacted by oxygenated compounds with an H∕C ratio of 1.5, indicating the importance of biogenic precursors for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation at this location (summertime Zurich – carbon number 7.6, O:C 0.7; Hyytiälä – carbon number 10.5, O:C 0.57). We could explain the strong seasonality of the molecular composition at a typical European site by primary and aged wood-burning emissions and biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation during winter and summer, respectively. Results presented here likely explain the rather constant seasonal predominance of non-fossil organic carbon at European locations.
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Zhong, M., and M. Jang. "Dynamic light absorption of biomass burning organic carbon photochemically aged under natural sunlight." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 8 (August 9, 2013): 20783–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-20783-2013.
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Abstract. Wood burning aerosol produced under smoldering conditions was photochemically aged with different relative humidity (RH) and NOx conditions using a 104 m3 dual outdoor chamber under natural sunlight. Light absorption of organic carbon (OC) was measured over the course of photooxidation using a UV–visible spectrometer connected to an integrating sphere. At high RH, the color decayed rapidly. NOx slightly prolonged the color of wood smoke, suggesting that NOx promotes the formation of chromophores via secondary processes. Overall, the mass absorption cross-section (integrated between 280 nm and 600 nm) of OC increased by 11–54% (except high RH) in the morning and then gradually decreased by 19–68% in the afternoon. This dynamic change in light absorption of wood burning OC can be explained by two mechanisms: chromophore formation and sunlight bleaching. To investigate the effect of chemical transformation on light absorption, wood smoke particles were characterized using various spectrometers. The intensity of fluorescence, which is mainly related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), rapidly decreased with time indicating the potential bleaching of PAHs. A decline of levoglucosan concentrations evinced the change of POA with time. The aerosol water content measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that wood burning aerosol became less hygroscopic as photooxidation proceeded. A similar trend in light absorption changes has been observed in ambient smoke aerosol originating from the 2012 County Line Wildfire in Florida. We conclude that the biomass burning OC becomes less light absorbing after 8–9 h sunlight exposure compared to fresh wood burning OC.
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Zhong, M., and M. Jang. "Dynamic light absorption of biomass-burning organic carbon photochemically aged under natural sunlight." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 3 (February 11, 2014): 1517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1517-2014.
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Abstract. Wood-burning aerosol produced under smoldering conditions was photochemically aged with different relative humidity (RH) and NOx conditions using a 104 m3 dual outdoor chamber under natural sunlight. Light absorption of organic carbon (OC) was measured over the course of photooxidation using a UV–visible spectrometer connected to an integrating sphere. At high RH, the color decayed rapidly. NOx slightly prolonged the color of wood smoke, suggesting that NOx promotes the formation of chromophores via secondary processes. Overall, the mass absorption cross section (integrated between 280 and 600 nm) of OC increased by 11–54% (except high RH) in the morning and then gradually decreased by 19–68% in the afternoon. This dynamic change in light absorption of wood-burning OC can be explained by two mechanisms: chromophore formation and sunlight bleaching. To investigate the effect of chemical transformation on light absorption, wood smoke particles were characterized using various spectrometers. The intensity of fluorescence, which is mainly related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), rapidly decreased with time, indicating the potential bleaching of PAHs. A decline of levoglucosan concentrations evinced the change of primary organic aerosol with time. The aerosol water content measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that wood-burning aerosol became less hygroscopic as photooxidation proceeded. A similar trend in light absorption changes has been observed in ambient smoke aerosol originating from the 2012 County Line wildfire in Florida. We conclude that the biomass-burning OC becomes less light absorbing after 8–9 h sunlight exposure compared to fresh wood-burning OC.
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Denby, Bruce, Matthias Karl, Herdis Laupsa, Christer Johansson, Mia Pohjola, Ari Karppinen, Jaakko Kukkonen, Matthias Ketzel, and Peter Wåhlin. "Estimating domestic wood burning emissions of particulate matter in two Nordic cities by combining ambient air observations with receptor and dispersion models." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 16, no. 3 (2010): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq091214019d.
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The major emission source of primary PM2.5 in many Nordic countries is wood burning for domestic heating. Though direct measurements of wood burning emissions are possible under controlled conditions, emission inventories for urban scale domestic heating are difficult to calculate and remain uncertain. As an alternative method for estimating these emissions this paper makes use of ambient air measurements, chemical analysis of filter samples, receptor models, dispersion models, and simple inverse modelling methods to infer emission strengths. A comparison of dispersion models with receptor models indicates that the dispersion models tend to overestimate the contribution from wood burning. The inverse modelling results are found to agree with those from the receptor modelling. Though both the receptor and inverse modelling point to an overestimation of the wood burning emissions of PM2.5 it is not possible to assign this solely to errors in the emissions inventory as dispersion model error can be significant. It is recommended to improve plume rise and urban canopy meteorological descriptions in the dispersion models before these models will be of sufficient quality to allow quantitative assessments of emission inventories.
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Lima de Albuquerque, Yuri, Emmanuelle Berger, Chunlin Li, Michal Pardo, Christian George, Yinon Rudich, and Alain Géloën. "The Toxic Effect of Water-Soluble Particulate Pollutants from Biomass Burning on Alveolar Lung Cells." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081023.
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In 2018, 3.8 million premature deaths were attributed to exposure to biomass burning nanoparticles from wood combustion. The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the toxic effect of wood-combustion-related biomass burning nanoparticles from three different combustion stages (i.e., flaming, smoldering, and pyrolysis) on alveolar lung cells, by studying cell proliferation, and structural and behavioral parameters. A549 lung epithelial cells were treated with 31, 62, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL of water-soluble particulate pollutants from wood burning, and measured by means of real-time cell analysis, cell imaging, and phase imaging microscopy. At low concentrations (31 and 62 µg/mL), all three types of wood burning samples exhibited no toxicity. At 125 µg/mL, they caused decreased cell proliferation compared to the control. Exposure to higher concentrations (250 and 500 µg/mL) killed the cells. Cell physical parameters (area, optical volume, eccentricity, perimeter, and optical thickness) and behavioral parameters (migration, motility, and motility speed) did not change in response to exposure to wood burning materials up to a concentration of 125 µg/mL. Exposure to higher concentrations (250 and 500 µg/mL) changed cell perimeter, optical thickness for smoldering and flaming particles, and led to decreased migration, motility, and motility speed of cells. In conclusion, all three of the combustion water-soluble organic pollutants were identified as equally toxic by real-time cell analysis (RTCA) results. The parameters describing cell structure suggest that pyrolysis particles were slightly less toxic than others.
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Liu, Qingwei, Chunmei Yang, Bo Xue, Qian Miao, and Jiuqing Liu. "Processing technology and experimental analysis of gas-assisted laser cut micro thin wood." BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 5366–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5366-5378.
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Unsupported combustion nitrogen (N2) and flame-retardant helium (He) were used to facilitate laser-cutting of cherry wood, and the effects of process parameters, gas flow, and gas reactivity on the surface quality of thin wood were studied. Using identical processing parameters, the cherry wood was laser-cut with and without the added gases. Through comparing the cutting width, heat affected zone (HAZ), and surface burning conditions under different gas-assistance conditions, the influence of the added gases on the gasification and combustion of cherry wood was analyzed. When N2 gas was used, the cutting width was less than that of laser direct cutting, but the surface of the burning area did not remarkably improve. Under the same conditions, when He gas was added, the burning areas on both sides of the kerf were remarkably reduced and the consistency of kerf was good. This indicated that He gas had good oxygen isolation and flame-retardant effects. The surface of the kerf was observed with a scanning electron microscope, and addition of He gas remarkably improved the burning that occurred when cutting kerf. This study combined gas processing and laser technology, and it provided technical references for reducing post treatment improving the surface quality of laser-processed wood.
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Brown, Steven G., Janice Lam Snyder, Michael C. McCarthy, Nathan R. Pavlovic, Stephen D’Andrea, Joseph Hanson, Amy P. Sullivan, and Hilary R. Hafner. "Assessment of Ambient Air Toxics and Wood Smoke Pollution among Communities in Sacramento County." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 8, 2020): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031080.
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Ambient air monitoring and phone survey data were collected in three environmental justice (EJ) and three non-EJ communities in Sacramento County during winter 2016–2017 to understand the differences in air toxics and in wood smoke pollution among communities. Concentrations of six hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and black carbon (BC) from fossil fuel (BCff) were significantly higher at EJ communities versus non-EJ communities. BC from wood burning (BCwb) was significantly higher at non-EJ communities. Correlation analysis indicated that the six HAPs were predominantly from fossil fuel combustion sources, not from wood burning. The HAPs were moderately variable across sites (coefficient of divergence (COD) range of 0.07 for carbon tetrachloride to 0.28 for m- and p-xylenes), while BCff and BCwb were highly variable (COD values of 0.46 and 0.50). The BCwb was well correlated with levoglucosan (R2 of 0.68 to 0.95), indicating that BCwb was a robust indicator for wood burning. At the two permanent monitoring sites, wood burning comprised 29–39% of the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on nights when PM2.5 concentrations were forecasted to be high. Phone survey data were consistent with study measurements; the only significant difference in the survey results among communities were that non-EJ residents burn with indoor devices more often than EJ residents.
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Ponechal, Radoslav, and Jaroslav Leštach. "Wood-Burning Stoves in Well-Insulated Dwellings." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.371.
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New requirements for the thermal performance of building structures also affect heating equipment solutions. A specific problem is the future of the local heaters in the following well-insulated houses in terms of overheating. This paper discussed some results of the dry bulb air temperature measurement in one of these houses. The article further reported list of the local wood-burning stoves with respect to the calculated heat loss in these houses isolated on the requirements of the standard in 2016 and in 2021.
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OHYANAGI, Tomio, and Seiji MATSUMOTO. "Ignition time and burning time of wood." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 66, no. 3 (1987): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.66.204.
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Le Page, Michael. "Burning wood brings a hefty health bill." New Scientist 254, no. 3381 (April 2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(22)00608-x.
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Ramage, James E., Victor L. Roggli, Dianne Y. Bell, and Claude A. Piantadosi. "Interstitial Lung Disease and Domestic Wood Burning." American Review of Respiratory Disease 137, no. 5 (May 1988): 1229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/137.5.1229.
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Lévesque, Benoit, Sylvain Allaire, Denis Gauvin, Petros Koutrakis, Suzanne Gingras, Marc Rhainds, Henri Prud'Homme, and Jean-François Duchesne. "Wood-burning appliances and indoor air quality." Science of The Total Environment 281, no. 1-3 (December 2001): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00834-8.
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Carvalho, Ricardo L., Ole Michael Jensen, Alireza Afshari, and Niels C. Bergsøe. "Wood-burning stoves in low-carbon dwellings." Energy and Buildings 59 (April 2013): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.12.006.
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Tran, Huy N. Q., and Nicole Mölders. "Wood-Burning Device Changeout: Modeling the Impact on PM2.5Concentrations in a Remote Subarctic Urban Nonattainment Area." Advances in Meteorology 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/853405.
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The effects of exchanging noncertified with certified wood-burning devices on the 24h-average PM2.5concentrations in the nonattainment area of Fairbanks, Alaska, in a cold season (October to March) were investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model inline coupled with a chemistry package. Even changing out only 2930 uncertified woodstoves and 90 outdoor wood boilers reduced the 24 h-average PM2.5concentrations on average by 0.6 μg.m−3(6%) and avoided seven out of 55 simulated exceedance days during this half-a-year. The highest reductions on any exceedance day ranged between 1.7 and 2.8 μg.m−3. The relative response factors obtained were consistently relatively low (~0.95) for all PM2.5species and all months. Sensitivity studies suggest that the assessment of the benefits of a wood-burning device changeout program in avoiding exceedances heavily relies on the accuracy of the estimates on how many wood-burning devices exist that can be exchanged.
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Artman, Vanessa L., and Jerry F. Downhower. "Wood Thrush (Hylocichla Mustelina) Nesting Ecology in Relation to Prescribed Burning of Mixed-Oak Forest in Ohio." Auk 120, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 874–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.3.874.
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Abstract Prescribed burning is increasingly being used to restore and maintain oak-dominated (Quercus spp.) forests in the eastern United States. We assessed effects of prescribed burning on the nesting ecology of the Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). Recent declines in Wood Thrush populations have prompted concern about their conservation status. Low-intensity surface fires in mixed-oak forests resulted in reductions in midstory vegetation, a documented habitat requirement for Wood Thrushes, but local population levels of Wood Thrushes did not differ between burned and unburned areas. Wood Thrushes inhabiting recently burned areas selected nest sites where leaf litter cover, fern cover, densities of shrubs and saplings, and moisture levels were higher and where fire intensity was lower in comparison to random sites. Wood Thrushes also placed their nests higher off the ground, and in taller and larger-diameter trees and shrubs, in burned than in unburned areas. Reproductive success did not differ between burned and unburned areas. However, successful nests were placed higher off the ground and in areas with lower densities of shrubs and saplings than unsuccessful nests in both burned and unburned areas. Prescribed burning appeared to have minimal effects on nesting ecology of Wood Thrushes, given their flexibility in nest placement, with no adverse consequences in terms of reproductive success. Local variation in fire intensity and moisture levels also maintained availability of suitable nesting habitat within burned areas. Continued monitoring would be appropriate to further assess the response of Wood Thrushes to prescribed burning, particularly in consideration of their conservation status and the uncertainty associated with potential long-term effects of habitat change.
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Clinton, Barton D., James M. Vose, and Wayne T. Swank. "Shifts in Aboveground and Forest Floor Carbon and Nitrogen Pools After Felling and Burning in the Southern Appalachians." Forest Science 42, no. 4 (November 1, 1996): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/42.4.431.
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Abstract Changes in aboveground and forest floor mass, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) pools were quantified on three sites in the southern Appalachians 2 yr after felling and burning. Before felling and burning, stands were characterized by sparse overstories and dense Kalmia latifolia L. understories. Two years after burning, foliar C and N pools had reached 25% and 29% of pretreatment levels, respectively. Foliar N concentrations were not different from pretreatment values. Standing wood C and N pools were 1% and 2%, respectively, of pretreatment values. Wood N concentrations were significantly higher on two sites, likely related to differences in fire intensity. Forest floor N content 2 yr after burning was 90% of pretreatment levels, most contained in unconsumed large woody material. Forest floor mass was significantly lower in the Oi layer and unchanged in the Oe + Oa layers. Forest floor N concentrations were generally lower after treatment. The site with the least intense fire and the lowest mass loss from the forest floor had the highest forest floor, foliage, and wood N concentrations 2 yr after burning. Site recovery after felling and burning was a function of fire severity and the capacity for site-nutrient retention through plant uptake. For. Sci. 42(4):431-441.
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Luptáková, Jana, František Kačík, Iveta Mitterová, and Martin Zachar. "Influence of temperature of thermal modification on the fire-technical characteristics of spruce wood." BioResources 14, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 3795–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.3795-3807.
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Thermal modification is a widely used wood protection method. This method has attracted attention because there are no toxic chemicals used in the process. The influence of thermal modification was investigated relative to the ignitability and the mass burning rate of Norway spruce wood (Picea abies). The spruce wood samples were subjected to temperatures of 100 °C, 150 °C, 200 °C, 220 °C, 240 °C, and 260 °C for durations of 1 h, 3 h, and 5 h. The treatment at temperatures higher than 200 °C resulted in a lower mass loss at 600 s and a lower average relative burning rate, but it did not influence ignition time, the flame-died-out time, and maximum relative burning rate. The class of reaction to fire of the spruce wood samples was not changed due to the treatment. Therefore, it can be stated that the thermal treatment at temperatures below 200 °C does not influence the fire safety of an important class of wooden products.
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Chou, C., O. Stetzer, T. Tritscher, R. Chirico, M. F. Heringa, Z. A. Kanji, E. Weingartner, A. S. H. Prévôt, U. Baltensperger, and U. Lohmann. "Effect of photochemical aging on the ice nucleation properties of diesel and wood burning particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2012): 14697–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-14697-2012.
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Abstract. A measurement campaign (IMBALANCE) was conducted in 2009 and aimed at characterizing the physical and chemical properties of freshly emitted and photochemically aged combustion particles emitted from a log wood burner and diesel vehicles: a EURO3 Opel Astra with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) but no particle filter and a EURO2 Volkswagen Transporter TDI Syncro with no emission after-treatment. Ice nucleation experiments in the deposition and condensation freezing modes were conducted with the Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber (PINC) at three nominal temperatures, −30 °C, −35 °C and −40 °C. Freshly emitted diesel particles showed ice formation only at −40 °C in the deposition mode at 137% relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) and 92% relative humidity with respect to water (RHw), and photochemical aging did not play a role in modifying their ice nucleation behavior. Only one diesel experiment where α-pinene was added, showed an ice nucleation enhancement after the aging at −35 °C. Wood burning particles also act as ice nuclei (IN) at −40 °C in the deposition mode at the same conditions as for diesel particles and photochemical aging did also not alter the ice formation properties of the wood burning particles. Unlike diesel particles, wood burning particles form ice via condensation freezing at −35 °C with no ice nucleation observed at −30 °C for wood burning particles. Photochemical aging did not affect the ice nucleation ability of the diesel and wood burning particles at the three different temperatures investigated but a broader range of temperatures below −30 °C need to be investigated in order to draw an overall conclusion on the effect of photochemical aging on deposition/condensation ice nucleation across the entire temperature range relevant to cold clouds.
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Antoshyn, A. A., and V. I. Nikitin. "Technique for Studying of the Dynamics of Changes of a Smoky Environment Parameters during the Transition of Pyrolysis to Flame Combustion." Devices and Methods of Measurements 10, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2019-10-4-382-390.
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The existing methods for monitoring the performance of multi-criteria fire detectors do not provide for verification of their characteristics in the conditions of transition from smoldering to flame burning. The aim of the work is the development of the research methods of the environmental parameters during the transition from smoldering (pyrolysis) to flame combustion for simulation a test fire while checking the quality of multi-criteria fire detectors.A technique to conduct research of environmental parameters under conditions of heating wood samples of different sizes to a temperature of selfignition and burning crumpled and smooth paper has been developed.Changes in the concentration of carbon monoxide, specific optical density, and scattering ability during the transition from smoldering (pyrolysis) to flame burning of prepared wood and crumpled paper were studied for the first time.It is shown that the controlled environmental parameters during the transition from smoldering pyrolysis to flame burning change together. Conclusion: the speed of growth of the scattering ability of smoke decreases by 2.4 times, the speed of increase in the specific optical density and concentration of carbon monoxide increases by 2 and 5.3 times (respec-tively), during the transition from pyrolysis to flame burning of wood.
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Gaff, Milan, Hana Čekovská, Jiří Bouček, Danica Kačíková, Ivan Kubovský, Tereza Tribulová, Lingfeng Zhang, Salvio Marino, and František Kačík. "Flammability Characteristics of Thermally Modified Meranti Wood Treated with Natural and Synthetic Fire Retardants." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132160.
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This paper deals with the effect of synthetic and natural flame retardants on flammability characteristics and chemical changes in thermally treated meranti wood (Shorea spp.). The basic chemical composition (extractives, lignin, holocellulose, cellulose, and hemicelluloses) was evaluated to clarify the relationships of temperature modifications (160 °C, 180 °C, and 210 °C) and incineration for 600 s. Weight loss, burning speed, the maximum burning rate, and the time to reach the maximum burning rate were evaluated. Relationships between flammable properties and chemical changes in thermally modified wood were evaluated with the Spearman correlation. The thermal modification did not confirm a positive contribution to the flammability and combustion properties of meranti wood. The effect of the synthetic retardant on all combustion properties was significantly higher compared to that of the natural retardant.
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Cubars, Edgars, and Liena Poiša. "ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE BIOMASS FUELS PROPERTIES." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol1.4043.
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There is a growing interest about the possibility of exploiting the local biomass as an energy source. The main resource for biofuel production in Latvia is wood. Water plants, like common reed, growing in nearly all of the water reservoirs in Latvia, and all cultivate plants and residues of cereal crops, also can be good alternative for solid bio fuels production. The aim of this paper is to analyze possibilities to make composite fuels from these recourses. The study reveals research of ash content and highest burning heat value in different composite biomass fuels. It contains analysis of samples obtained from various local Latvian biomass types, i.e. reed, wood, flax spray, hay, hemp and peat, by combining them in different proportions. The study contains optimal combining proportions of different biomass types for composite fuel production basing on the ash content and burning heat in them. The results of the study show that the value of wood highest burning heat is higher than another biomass types like reed, peat, hay, hemp and flax spray. It means that combining of different biomass types with wood, will reduce the calorific value of composite biomass. Also, wood is a fuel with a low ash content, and admixture of various biomass types available in Latvia, as well as admixture of coal dust to the wood in composite duels, increases ash content in the respective fuels. In order to increase the burning heat and decrease ash content value to the optimal level and to diversify raw materials necessary for biomass fuel generating process, the authors analyze possibilities of using composite fuels by combining wood and coal dust.
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Yttri, Karl Espen, David Simpson, Robert Bergström, Gyula Kiss, Sönke Szidat, Darius Ceburnis, Sabine Eckhardt, et al. "The EMEP Intensive Measurement Period campaign, 2008–2009: characterizing carbonaceous aerosol at nine rural sites in Europe." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 7 (April 3, 2019): 4211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4211-2019.
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Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosol (total carbon, TCp) was source apportioned at nine European rural background sites, as part of the European Measurement and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) Intensive Measurement Periods in fall 2008 and winter/spring 2009. Five predefined fractions were apportioned based on ambient measurements: elemental and organic carbon, from combustion of biomass (ECbb and OCbb) and from fossil-fuel (ECff and OCff) sources, and remaining non-fossil organic carbon (OCrnf), dominated by natural sources. OCrnf made a larger contribution to TCp than anthropogenic sources (ECbb, OCbb, ECff, and OCff) at four out of nine sites in fall, reflecting the vegetative season, whereas anthropogenic sources dominated at all but one site in winter/spring. Biomass burning (OCbb + ECbb) was the major anthropogenic source at the central European sites in fall, whereas fossil-fuel (OCff + ECff) sources dominated at the southernmost and the two northernmost sites. Residential wood burning emissions explained 30 %–50 % of TCp at most sites in the first week of sampling in fall, showing that this source can be the dominant one, even outside the heating season. In winter/spring, biomass burning was the major anthropogenic source at all but two sites, reflecting increased residential wood burning emissions in the heating season. Fossil-fuel sources dominated EC at all sites in fall, whereas there was a shift towards biomass burning for the southernmost sites in winter/spring. Model calculations based on base-case emissions (mainly officially reported national emissions) strongly underpredicted observational derived levels of OCbb and ECbb outside Scandinavia. Emissions based on a consistent bottom-up inventory for residential wood burning (and including intermediate volatility compounds, IVOCs) improved model results compared to the base-case emissions, but modeled levels were still substantially underestimated compared to observational derived OCbb and ECbb levels at the southernmost sites. Our study shows that natural sources are a major contributor to carbonaceous aerosol in Europe, even in fall and in winter/spring, and that residential wood burning emissions are equally as large as or larger than that of fossil-fuel sources, depending on season and region. The poorly constrained residential wood burning emissions for large parts of Europe show the obvious need to improve emission inventories, with harmonization of emission factors between countries likely being the most important step to improve model calculations for biomass burning emissions, and European PM2.5 concentrations in general.
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Maier, Dorin. "A Review of the Environmental Benefits of Using Wood Waste and Magnesium Oxychloride Cement as a Composite Building Material." Materials 16, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16051944.
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There is an increasing awareness of the negative environmental impact produced by human activity worldwide. The scope of this paper is to analyze the possibilities of the further use of wood waste as a composite building material with magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC), and to identify the environmental benefits offered by this solution. The environmental impact of improper wood waste disposal affects both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, burning wood waste releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, causing various health problems. The interest in studying the possibilities of reusing wood waste increased significantly in recent years. The focus of the researcher shifts from considering wood waste as a burning fuel to generate heat or energy, to considering it as a component of new building materials. Combining MOC cement with wood opens the possibility of creating new composite building materials that can incorporate the environmental benefits offered by the two materials.
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Brostow, Witold, Kevin P. Menard, and Noah Menard. "Combustion Properties of Several Species of Wood." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2009): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht03.03.173.
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Six species of wood were studied by combined thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) so as to evaluate their combustion properties in terms of the amount of energy released, the initial temperature of ignition, and the cleanness of burning. Pinus monticola, Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra, Diospyrus spp., Tabebuia spp. and Guaiacum spp. were chosen to provide a wide range of hardness values and densities. Quercus rubra burned to the hottest temperature of the samples, and also left the least amount of ash behind. For Guaiacum spp. its burning temperature is in the middle of the peak temperatures for other woods – while its final amount of ash is considerably larger than in the other samples. There is no connection between the wood density and the parameters characterizing the burning process.
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Crilley, L. R., W. J. Bloss, J. Yin, D. C. S. Beddows, R. M. Harrison, J. D. Allan, D. E. Young, et al. "Sources and contributions of wood smoke during winter in London: assessing local and regional influences." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 19 (October 31, 2014): 27459–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-27459-2014.
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Abstract. Determining the contribution of wood smoke to air pollution in large cities such as London is becoming increasingly important due to the changing nature of domestic heating in urban areas. During winter, biomass burning emissions can exceed the contributions from traffic emissions, and have been identified as a major cause of exceedences of European air quality limits. The aim of this work was to quantify the contribution of biomass burning in London to concentrations of PM2.5 and determine whether local emissions or regional contributions were the main source of biomass smoke. To achieve this, a number of biomass burning chemical tracers were analysed at a site within central London and two sites in surrounding rural areas. Concentrations of levoglucosan, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and K+ were generally well correlated across the three sites. At all the sites, biomass burning was found to be a source of OC and EC, with the largest contribution of EC from traffic emissions, while for OC the dominant fraction likely included contributions from secondary organic aerosols, primary biogenic and cooking sources. Source apportionment of the EC and OC using average source ratios from published data was found to give reasonable estimation of the total carbon from non-fossil and fossil fuel sources based upon comparison with estimates derived from 14C analysis. Black carbon (BC) data from 2 and 7 wavelength Aethalometers were also apportioned into the contributions from biomass burning and traffic, based upon the enhanced absorption of wood smoke at UV wavelengths compared to BC. While the source apportionment of BC using this approach found similar trends to that observed for EC, higher percentage contributions of wood burning to BC were estimated. Based on a wood smoke mass conversion factor for levoglucosan, mean wood smoke mass at the sites was found to range from 0.78–1.0 μg m−3 during the campaign in January–February 2012. Measurements on a 160 m tower in London suggested a similar ratio of brown to black carbon (reflecting wood burning and traffic respectively) in regional and London air. Peaks in the levoglucosan and K+ concentrations were observed to coincide with low ambient temperature, consistent with domestic heating as a major contributing local source in London. Overall, the source of biomass smoke in London was concluded to be a background regional source overlaid by contributions from local domestic burning emissions. This could have implications when considering future emission control strategies during winter and may be the focus of future work in order to better determine the contributing local sources.
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Heringa, M. F., P. F. DeCarlo, R. Chirico, T. Tritscher, J. Dommen, E. Weingartner, R. Richter, G. Wehrle, A. S. H. Prevot, and U. Baltensperger. "Investigations of primary and secondary particulate matter of different wood combustion appliances with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2011): 8081–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-8081-2011.
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Abstract. A series of photo-oxidation smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation from two different log wood burners and a residential pellet burner under different burning conditions: starting and flaming phase. Emissions were sampled from the chimney and injected into the smog chamber leading to primary organic aerosol (POA) concentrations comparable to ambient levels. The composition of the aerosol was measured by an Aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-AMS) and black carbon (BC) instrumentation. The primary emissions were then exposed to xenon light to initiate photo-chemistry and subsequent secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production. After correcting for wall losses, the average increase in organic matter (OM) concentrations by SOA formation for the starting and flaming phase experiments with the two logwood burners was found to be a factor of 4.1 ± 1.4 after five hours of aging. No SOA formation was observed for the stable burning phase of the pellet burner. The startup emissions of the pellet burner showed an increase in OM concentration by a factor of 3.3. Average emission factors of BC + POA + SOA, calculated from CO2 emission, were found to be in the range of 0.04 to 3.9 g kg−1 wood for the stable burning pellet burner and an old log wood burner during startup respectively. SOA contributed significantly to the ion C2H4O2+ at mass to charge ratio m/z 60, a commonly used marker for primary emissions of wood burning. The primary organic emissions from the three different burners showed a wide range in O/C atomic ratio (0.19–0.60) for the starting and flaming conditions, which also increased during aging. Primary wood burning emissions have a rather low relative contribution at m/z 43 (f43) to the total organic mass spectrum. The non-oxidized fragment C3H7+ has a considerable contribution at m/z 43 for the fresh OA with an increasing contribution of the oxygenated ion C2H3O+ during aging. After five hours of aging, the OA has a rather low C2H3O+ signal for a given CO2+ fraction, possibly indicating a higher ratio of acid to non-acid oxygenated compounds in wood burning OA compared to other OOA.
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SOMESHWAR, ARUN V., JAY P. UNWIN, WILLIAM THACKER, LAUREL EPPSTEIN, and BARRY MALMBERG. "Environmental aspects of wood residue combustion in forest products industry boilers." March 2011 10, no. 3 (April 1, 2011): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj10.3.27.
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We conducted a comprehensive review of air emissions resulting from burning wood residues in industrial boilers and potential methods to control these emissions. This report compares average emissions with similar data published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the burning of fossil fuels coal, oil, and natural gas in industrial boilers. As compared with coal or oil combustion, wood combustion in boilers generally leads to lower emissions of trace metals, hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx); higher emissions of carbon monoxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and total volatile organic compounds; and comparable emissions of particulate matter and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and -furans (PCDDs/Fs) (both of which are highly dependent on the efficiency of the ultimate particulate matter control device). Most importantly, wood combustion is carbon dioxide-neutral, a distinct advantage over fossil fuel combustion. Firing wood in stoker units with sulfur-containing fuels, such as coal and oil, leads to a reduction in expected SO2 emissions because of the high carbon and alkali content of most wood ash, and cofiring wood with coal also has some benefits for NOx reduction. This report also discusses the generation and types of combustion ashes resulting from wood burning in mostly combination boilers in the United States and Canada, and provides an overview of ash management practices and the salient characteristics of such ashes relative to their trace metal, organic, and PCDD/F contents.
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Bruns, E. A., M. Krapf, J. Orasche, Y. Huang, R. Zimmermann, L. Drinovec, G. Močnik, et al. "Characterization of primary and secondary wood combustion products generated under different burner loads." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 19 (October 17, 2014): 26041–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-26041-2014.
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Abstract. Residential wood burning contributes significantly to the total atmospheric aerosol burden; however, large uncertainties remain in the magnitude and characteristics of wood burning products. Primary emissions are influenced by a variety of parameters, including appliance type, burner wood load and wood type. In addition to directly emitted particles, previous laboratory studies have shown that oxidation of gas phase emissions produces compounds with sufficiently low volatility to readily partition to the particles, forming significant quantities of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, relatively little is known about wood burning SOA and the effects of burn parameters on SOA formation and composition are yet to be determined. There is clearly a need for further study of primary and secondary wood combustion aerosols to advance our knowledge of atmospheric aerosols and their impacts on health, air quality and climate. For the first time, smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of wood loading on both primary and secondary wood combustion products. Products were characterized using a range of particle and gas phase instrumentation, including an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). A novel approach for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) quantification from AMS data was developed and results were compared to those from GC-MS analysis of filter samples. Similar total particle mass emission factors were observed under high and average wood loadings, however, high fuel loadings were found to generate significantly higher contributions of PAHs to the total organic aerosol (OA) mass compared to average loadings. PAHs contributed 15 ± 4% (mean ± 2 sample standard deviations) to the total OA mass in high load experiments, compared to 4 ± 1% in average load experiments. With aging, total OA concentrations increased by a factor of 3 ± 1 for high load experiments compared to 1.6 ± 0.4 for average load experiments. In the AMS, an increase in PAH and aromatic signature ions at lower m/z values, likely fragments from larger functionalized PAHs, was observed with aging. Filter samples also showed an increase in functionalized PAHs in the particles with aging, particularly oxidized naphthalene species. As PAHs and their oxidation products are known to have deleterious effects on health, this is a significant finding to aid in the mitigation of negative wood burning impacts by improving burner operation protocols.
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Bruns, E. A., M. Krapf, J. Orasche, Y. Huang, R. Zimmermann, L. Drinovec, G. Močnik, et al. "Characterization of primary and secondary wood combustion products generated under different burner loads." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 5 (March 12, 2015): 2825–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2825-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Residential wood burning contributes to the total atmospheric aerosol burden; however, large uncertainties remain in the magnitude and characteristics of wood burning products. Primary emissions are influenced by a variety of parameters, including appliance type, burner wood load and wood type. In addition to directly emitted particles, previous laboratory studies have shown that oxidation of gas-phase emissions produces compounds with sufficiently low volatility to readily partition to the particles, forming considerable quantities of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, relatively little is known about wood burning SOA, and the effects of burn parameters on SOA formation and composition are yet to be determined. There is clearly a need for further study of primary and secondary wood combustion aerosols to advance our knowledge of atmospheric aerosols and their impacts on health, air quality and climate. For the first time, smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of wood loading on both primary and secondary wood combustion products. Products were characterized using a range of particle- and gas-phase instrumentation, including an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). A novel approach for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) quantification from AMS data was developed and results were compared to those from GC-MS analysis of filter samples. Similar total particle mass emission factors were observed under high and average wood loadings; however, high fuel loadings were found to generate significantly higher contributions of PAHs to the total organic aerosol (OA) mass compared to average loadings. PAHs contributed 15 ± 4% (mean ±2 sample standard deviations) to the total OA mass in high-load experiments, compared to 4 ± 1% in average-load experiments. With aging, total OA concentrations increased by a factor of 3 ± 1 for high load experiments compared to 1.6 ± 0.4 for average-load experiments. In the AMS, an increase in PAH and aromatic signature ions at lower m / z values, likely fragments from larger functionalized PAHs, was observed with aging. Filter samples also showed an increase in functionalized PAHs in the particles with aging, particularly oxidized naphthalene species. As PAHs and their oxidation products are known to have deleterious effects on health, this is a noteworthy finding to aid in the mitigation of negative wood burning impacts by improving burner operation protocols.
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Owoyemi, Jacob Mayowa, Habeeb Olawale Zakariya, and Isa Olalekan Elegbede. "Sustainable wood waste management in Nigeria." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/environ-2016-0012.
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Abstract Wood industries produce large volumes of residues which must be utilized, marketed or properly disposed of. Heaps of wood residues are common features in wood industries throughout the year. In Nigeria, this residue is generally regarded as waste and this has led to open burning practices, dumping in water bodies or dumping in an open area which constitutes environmental pollution. Sawmills in Nigeria generated over 1,000,000 m3 of wood waste in 2010 while about 5000 m3 of waste was generated in plywood mills. Nigeria generates about 1.8 million tons of sawdust annually and 5.2 million tons of wood wastes. The impact of improper disposal of waste wood on the environment affects both the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Also burning of waste wood releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere causing various health issues. Reuse/recycling of these wood residues in Nigeria will reduce the pressure on our ever decreasing forests, reduce environmental pollution, create wealth and employment. The literature available on this subject was reviewed and this article, therefore, focuses on the various methods of wood waste disposal and its utilization in Nigerian wood industries, the effects of wood waste on the environment as well as on human health and the benefits of proper wood waste management practices.
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Ilham, Jumiati, Yasin Mohamad, and Indah Oktaviani. "Pengujian Biobriket Dari Limbah Kayu Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif." Jambura Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 4, no. 2 (July 14, 2022): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37905/jjeee.v4i2.12347.
Full textAbstract:
Meningkatnya kebutuhan terhadap energi dari tahun ke tahun maka perlu adanya suplay dari energi alternatif penyedian energi karena minyak bumi dan batu bara akan habis. Salah satu potensi sumber Energi Baru dan Terbarukan (EBT) yang dapat diolah menjadi bahan bakar yaitu limbah kayu seperti kayu lamtoro, kayu gamal, dan kayu kaliandra. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar air, nilai kalor, laju pembakaran, dan energi listrik yang dihasilkan dari bahan bakar kayu lamtoro, kayu gamal, dan kayu kaliandra, dan untuk mengetahui kadar air, nilai kalor, laju pembakaran, dan energi yang dihasilkan dari bahan bakar biobriket kayu lamtoro, kayu gamal, kayu kaliandra, dan gabungan dari ketiga jenis kayu. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen yaitu pengujian pembakaran secara langsung dan pengujian setelah dijadikan biobriket. Pengujian nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran dilakukan dengan menggunakan kompor biomassa dan dikonversi ke energi listrik menggunakan perhitungan matematis. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan yaitu kualitas kayu terbaik diperoleh pada kayu kaliadra dengan kadar air 32%, nilai kalor 93,95 kal/g, laju pembakaran 1,62 g/menit, dan dapat menghasilkan energi listrik 0,109 kWh/kg serta kulitas biobriket terbaik diperoleh pada biobriket kayu kaliandra dengan kadar air 7,40%, nilai kalor 111,68 kal/g, laju pembakaran 0,66 g/m, dan dapat menghasilkan energi listrik 0,129 kWh/kg.As the demand for energy increases from year to year, it is necessary to supply alternative energy to provide energy as oil and coal will run out. One of the potential sources of New Renewable energy (EBT) that can be processed into fuel is wood waste, namely lamtoro, gamal, and kaliandra wood. The research aims to identify the water content, calorific (heating) value, burning rate, electrical energy generated from the fuel of lamtoro wood, gamal wood, and kaliandra wood, as well as the figure out the water content, calorific (heating) value, burning rate, electrical energy produced from the biobriquette fuel of lamtoro, gamal, and kaliandra wood, and a combination of the three types of wood. Besides, this research employs direct testing ang testing after being made into biobriquette. The calorific value and burning rate tests are done using a biomass stove and are converted to electrical energy using mathematical calculations. The research finding reveals that the best wood quality is kaliandra wood with the water content of 32%, calorific value of 93,95 cal/g, burning rate of 1,62 g/minute, and can produce electrical energy vaule of 0,109 kWh/kg. on the other hand, the best quality of biobriquette is kaliandra wood biobriquette with a water content of 7,40%, calorific value of 11,68 cal/g, burning rate of 0,66 g/minute, and can produce electrical energy of 0,129 kWh/kg.
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Porankiewicz, Bolesław, and Grzegorz Wieloch. "Sanding of Fagus silvatica L. wood perpendicularly to the grains." BioResources 3, no. 3 (May 3, 2008): 684–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.3.3.684-700.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper the dependencies of the degree of surface burning and intensity during disc sanding perpendicular to the wood grains of Fagus silvatica L. were examinedfor several machining parameters. Significant impacts of sanding load, thickness, and width of a wooden specimen on the surface burning and disc sanding intensity were evidenced and analyzed by evaluation of multi-factor, non-linear relations. Less important influences of cutting speed and size of grit on the surface burning and the sanding intensity, as well as single sanding cycle time and total sanding operating time on the surface burning were observed.