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Journal articles on the topic 'Wood accumulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Wyss, Andris, Isabella Schalko, and Volker Weitbrecht. "Field Study on Wood Accumulation at a Bridge Pier." Water 13, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182475.

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Transported large wood (LW) in rivers may block at river infrastructures such as bridge piers and pose an additional flood hazard. An improved process understanding of LW accumulations at bridge piers is essential for a flood risk assessment. Therefore, we conducted a field study at the River Glatt in Zurich (Switzerland) to analyze the LW accumulation process of single logs at a circular bridge pier and to evaluate the results of previous flume experiments with respect to potential scale effects. The field test demonstrated that the LW accumulation process can be described by an impact, rotation, and separation phase. The LW accumulation was described by combining two simplified equilibria of acting forces and moments, which are mainly a function of the pier diameter, pier roughness, and flow properties. We applied the resulting analytic criterion to the field data and demonstrated that the criterion can explain the behavior of 82% of the logs. In general, the field observations confirmed previous results on the LW accumulation probability in the laboratory, which supports the applicability of laboratory studies to investigate LW–structure interactions.

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2

Corotis, Ross B., and Daniel P. Sheehan. "Wood Damage Accumulation by Stochastic Load Models." Journal of Structural Engineering 112, no. 11 (November 1986): 2402–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1986)112:11(2402).

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3

Spreitzer, Gabriel, Heide Friedrich, and Jon Tunnicliffe. "Effects of a large woody debris accumulation on channel-bed morphology during flood events." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002024.

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A novel experimental setup for the laboratory was designed in order to investigate large woody debris accumulations and their influence on hydraulic flow conditions and channel morphology at a river cross-section. Real wood and mobile gravel bedload material were used to simulate morphodynamic interactions in a headwater stream, based on a New Zealand prototype river. The survey methodology employs Structure from Motion techniques, using an advanced multi-camera-array. In this study we present the experimental setup and initial results from our first experiments. With this research project we aim to investigate the dynamics of jam initiation and the characteristic evolution of the jam, for a given discharge, sediment load, and distribution of woody material. Furthermore, this study will elaborate more practical and efficient methodologies for observing wood jams, both in the laboratory and in the field. The project expands current knowledge about interaction processes between flow, sediment and woody debris, which are presently poorly understood and still represent a gap in research.

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4

Medvedeva, M. V., T. S. Titova, O. N. Bakhmet, A. N. Pekkoev, and V. A. Kharitonov. "Investigation of the Influence of Aerotechnogenic Pollution on the Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Plant-Soil System." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-6-52-57.

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It is shown that the chemical composition of the litter falls and wood of deciduous and coniferous trees is different. On the background of aerotechnogenic pollution, accumulation of individual heavy metals, an increase in ash content was noted. There was revealed the anthropogenic dynamics of the accumulation of heavy metals in the wood of trees: the maximum number during the period of diesel traction; as the railway site is electrified, the accumulation of elements decreases. The obtained data can be recommended to be used for phytoremediation at sites subject to pollution. The obtained data will be the basis for assessing the phytoextractive potential of woody plants, in diagnosing aero-technogenic pollution of the environment, solving the problem of reducing environmental risks, as well as during the modernization and planning of environmental measures in the field of railway infrastructure.

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5

Li, Zheng, Duo Tao, Mengwei Li, Zhan Shu, Songshi Jing, Minjuan He, and Peng Qi. "Prediction of Damage Accumulation Effect of Wood Structural Members under Long-Term Service: A Machine Learning Approach." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081243.

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It is well known that wood structural members can stand a relatively heavy load in the short term but will gradually get weaker if the load is applied for a longer period. This phenomenon is caused by the damage accumulation effect in wood and should be appropriately considered during the design of timber structures. Although various formulation methods (also known as classical models) have been proposed to evaluate the damage accumulation effect in wood, the calibration of model parameters is very time-consuming. Our work proposes a novel method to deal with the damage accumulation effect in wood that involves the application of machine learning algorithms. The proposed algorithm considers a multi-objective optimization process with a combination of goodness-of-fit and complexity. Long-term experimental data of typical wood species are used for developing the machine learning based damage accumulation model. Compared with existing pre-formulated models, our model managed to reduce the complexity of the model structure and give sufficiently accurate and unbiased predictions. This study aims to provide a novel tool for evaluating the damage accumulation in wood structural members, and the proposed model can further support the life-cycle performance assessment of timber structures under long-term service scenarios.

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6

Maass, J. Manuel, Angelina Martínez-Yrízar, Cristina Patiño, and José Sarukhán. "Distribution and annual net accumulation of above-ground dead phytomass and its influence on throughfall quality in a Mexican tropical deciduous forest ecosystem." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 6 (September 25, 2002): 821–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002535.

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The amount and annual net accumulation of above-ground dead woody material were quantified in a tropical deciduous forest in western Mexico. Three plots were located within a small watershed (16 ha) and distributed along a 150-m-elevation gradient (Upper, Middle and Lower plot). Total amount of above-ground dead phytomass (fine + coarse) was 27.2 Mg ha-1. Coarse dead category (branches + logs) made up 70.6% (19.2 Mg ha-1) of the total. The rest comprised the fine fraction, which was lying on the forest floor as surface litter. Of the total coarse dead woody mass, 70.8% was standing, hanging or still attached to live trees (13.6 Mg ha-1). Dead wood net accumulation was 6.6 Mg ha-1 y-1; 58% of this was coarse woody material and the rest comprised the fine litterfall fraction. The amount of standing, hanging/attached dead branches (2-20 cm circumference) varied significantly among plots, with the highest value in the Upper plot. Dead wood net accumulation was similar between the Upper and Middle plots, and significantly higher than the Lower plot. Compared to the intact canopy, the removal of dead mass (hanging/attached dead branches and standing dead logs) caused a significant decrease in throughfall nutrient concentration and nutrient flux by this pathway.

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7

Storozhenko, V. G. "COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE SUCCESSION DYNAMICS OF WOOD FRACTIONS OF SPRUCE FORESTS OF THE SOUTHERN TAIGA." FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202252-109.

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Relevance. The native forests can be recognized as endangered formations of the European North of Russia. They are benchmarks of forest sustainability for comparative assessment with forests of other origin and use, what determines the relevance of research on their structural features. The purpose of the research is to conduct a comparative assessment of dynamic processes in the native forests of spruce formations of the southern taiga subzone of various successional positions (phases of dynamics) in the time trend of their development. Material and methods. Native spruce forests of different ages of the southern taiga subzone of the Central Forest Biosphere Reserve (Tver region) and the Kologrivsky Forest Reserve (Kostroma region) were researched various dynamic characteristics and successional position — climax, demutation, digressive. In the biogeocenoses of the sample areas, the age of trees and the presence of rot were determined, age series were built, the volumes of trees in age generations were calculated. All the tree fractions of the analyzed spruce forests were arranged in one time series: stands, current tree fall and deadfall — from retrospective values (– 60 years) to prospective values of the age limit of trees of the first generations of stands (+ ~ 300 years). The processes of dynamics of volumes of the wood fraction of native spruce forests of various successional positions in a long time space with different rates of accumulation and decomposition of wood biomass are described. Results and discussion. The processes of accumulation of biomass and the formation of age structures of biogeocenosis are 4 to 7 times slower than the processes of decomposition of the dying biomass of woody decay. Wood-destroying fungi of the saprotrophic complex “adjust” the activity of the decomposition process of wood decay to the dynamics of wood accumulation by the stand, maintaining the balance of accumulation and decomposition of woody biomass in the forest community. The correlation dependence of the increase in the values of tree infestation with wood-destroying fungi in age generations with an increase in their age is expressed in correlation coefficients from r — 0.89 at mr — 0.07 and t — 11.8 (spruce grove 1) to 0.99 at mr — 0.004 and t — 245 (spruce grove 4). The connection in both cases is very high, almost functional, which can be interpreted as a pattern. Conclusion. In native virgin forests, the balance of reproducible and decomposable wood is preserved as one of the most important criteria for the sustainable functioning of forest communities. This position can be regarded as an important fact of the evolutionary functional structure of forests.

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8

Pagliara, Stefano, and Iacopo Carnacina. "Influence of Wood Debris Accumulation on Bridge Pier Scour." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 137, no. 2 (February 2011): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000289.

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9

Schalko, Isabella, Lukas Schmocker, Volker Weitbrecht, and Robert M. Boes. "Laboratory study on wood accumulation probability at bridge piers." Journal of Hydraulic Research 58, no. 4 (July 18, 2019): 566–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2019.1625820.

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10

Gabriel, J., M. Mokrejš, J. Bílý, and P. Rychlovský. "Accumulation of heavy metals by some wood-rotting fungi." Folia Microbiologica 39, no. 2 (April 1994): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02906805.

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11

Скрипников, Viktor Skripnikov, Щетинкин, and Sergey Shchetinkin. "Radiation monitoring in forest ecosystems Central forest-steppe Russia." Forestry Engineering Journal 5, no. 3 (November 15, 2015): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14157.

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It was found that during the period of observation at hospitals forestry radiation monitoring in fresh upland oak forests and wet Pinetum compositum main drive radiocaesium is oak, which is connected, apparently, with its biological and ecological features. It is also clear that, along with the biological specificity of a particular tree species, an important role in the accumulation of woody plants play a cesium type of forest growth conditions (trophicity, humidity). In woody plants most contaminated surface tissues that make up the crust. Further, the degree of contamination, followed by leaves (needles), small branches, wood with bark and wood peeled, where radiocaesium virtually identified.

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12

Jansen, S., E. Robbrecht, H. Beeckman, and E. Smets. "ALUMINIUM ACCUMULATION IN RUBIACEAE: AN ADDITIONAL CHARACTER FOR THE DELIMITATION OF THE SUBFAMILY RUBIOIDEAE?" IAWA Journal 21, no. 2 (2000): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000245.

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The chrome azurol-S test, which is a chemical spot-test for Al accumulation in wood, was applied to 443 wood samples of members of the Rubiaceae. A positive reaction was found in 103 specimens. Comparison of the results with earlier analyses of leaves of Rubiaceae shows that Al accumulation occurs more frequently in leaves than in wood. The strongest Al accumulators occur in the neotropical genera Psychotria subg. Heteropsychotria, Coussarea, Faramea, and Rudgea. The distribution of Al accumulators is discussed in view of recent tribal and subfamilial classification of the Rubiaceae. The major conclusion is that Al accumulation is almost limited to the subfamily Rubioideae. Within the Rubioideae, however, not all tribes show the character, especially the predominantly herbaceous Anthospermeae, Paederieae, Rubieae, and Spermacoceae. Al accumulation in the Urophylleae, Pauridiantheae, Craterispermeae, and Knoxieae supports earlier associations of these tribes with the Rubioideae.

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13

Allard, Joshua, and Andrew Park. "Woody debris volumes and carbon accumulation differ across a chronosequence of boreal red pine and jack pine stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 8 (August 2013): 768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0100.

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Boreal forests are thought to store more than 30% of the world’s terrestrial carbon (C), much of it in the form of dead wood. Harvesting, stand transformation, and climate change the storage capacity of this carbon pool and improved quantification of C storage is needed to improve the accuracy and coverage of C accounting in Canadian forests. In this study, we compared wood volumes and C storage in coarse woody debris (CWD), fine woody debris (FWD), and standing dead wood (snags) in a 94-year chronosequence of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) stands in the Sandilands Provincial Forest, southeastern Manitoba. In our data set of 20 jack pine and 17 red pine stands, jack pine stands supported higher volumes of CWD, snags, and sparsely distributed FWD than red pine stands. Mean CWD volume and C mass were, respectively, 18.6 m3·ha−1 and 2.6 tonnes (t)·ha−1 for jack pine and 11.3 m3·ha−1 and 1.1 t·ha−1 for red pine. Snag volumes and C mass were, respectively, 1.8 m3·ha−1 and 0.25 t·ha−1 for jack pine and 0.26 m3·ha−1 and 0.04 t·ha−1 for red pine. CWD loads in jack pine stands followed a U-shaped distribution with stand age, and snag loads in jack pine increased linearly with time. No such significant trends for CWD or snags were observed in red pine. Our results confirm that stand conversion from fire-origin jack pine to red pine plantations has the potential to significantly reduce and alter temporal patterns of dead wood accumulation across the landscape.

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14

Milanez, Camilla Rozindo Dias, Carmen Regina Marcati, and Silvia Rodrigues Machado. "Trabeculae and Al-accumulation in the wood cells of Melastomataceae species from Brazilian savanna." Botany 95, no. 5 (May 2017): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0135.

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Family Melastomataceae is an important component of the Brazilian Cerrado flora, inhabiting different environments from those with well-drained soils to swamp soil sites. Several members of this family are recognized as aluminum (Al)-accumulating. We studied the wood anatomy of six species of Melastomataceae (Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana, M. fallax DC., M. chamissois Naudin, M. ligustroides (DC.) Naudin, Microlepis oleaefolia (DC.) Triana, Rhynchanthera dichotoma DC.), growing in different environments of Cerrado, exploring the occurrence of trabeculae and Al-accumulation sites. We processed the material following the usual techniques in wood anatomy and histochemistry. We used a chrome azurol-S spot-test in fresh material to detect Al-accumulation. The common features were diffuse porosity, vessel elements with simple perforation plates and vestured pits, abundant parenchyma-like fiber bands and septate fibers, axial parenchyma scanty to vasicentric, and heterocellular rays. The presence of trabeculae in vessel elements, septa in parenchyma cells, and aluminum in the G-layer of the gelatinous fiber walls, in the septa of fibers, in cambial initials and derivatives cell walls, and in the vacuole of ray cells are recorded for the first time for Melastomataceae. The results of this study indicate an additional role for gelatinous fibers in Al-accumulation, and offer a new perspective on Al-compartmentalization in the wood cells from Cerrado species.

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15

OTA, Kazuyuki, and Takahiro SATO. "INTEGRATED INVESTIGATION INTO WOOD ACCUMULATION AT BRIDGE AND A WEIR." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 76, no. 2 (2020): I_895—I_900. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.76.2_i_895.

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16

Fernandez Barrancos, Estefania P., Robert J. Marquis, and J. Leighton Reid. "Restoration plantations accelerate dead wood accumulation in tropical premontane forests." Forest Ecology and Management 508 (March 2022): 120015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120015.

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17

Wang, S. Y., G. L. Steffens, and M. Faust. "Effect of Paclobutrazol on Accumulation of Carbohydrates in Apple Wood." HortScience 21, no. 6 (December 1986): 1419–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.6.1419.

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Abstract Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Spartan’ grafted on MM 106 rootstock) planted in 1976 in an orchard at Beltsville, Md., were treated with paclobutrazol a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, in Spring 1982 and again in 1983. In 1982, paclobutrazol [50 wettable powder (WP)] was applied as a foliage spray on 4, 14, and 25 May 1982, at 333 mgliter−1. On 27 Apr. 1983, trunks of these trees were painted with 75 g·liter−1 of paclobutrazol. Paclobutrazol did not inhibit shoot growth in 1983 but it retarded the shoot growth significantly during 1984. The carbohydrate content of paclobutrazol-treated wood was generally higher at all sampling dates from the winter dormant period through growth resumption in the spring. Negative correlation coefficients were found between starch and soluble carbohydrates in the wood during the winter sampling dates, whereas positive correlation coefficients were evident during the spring growth resumption period. The increase in carbohydrates induced by the treatment was similar in both years, when growth was not inhibited (1983) or inhibited (1984), indicated that paclobutrazol has an effect on carbohydrate metabolism as well as growth. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1 -ethanol (paclobutrazol).

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18

Singh, S. P., R. K. Khanna, and J. S. Singh. "Accumulation in Wood: A Nutrient-conserving Strategy of Tropical Forests." Environmental Conservation 12, no. 2 (1985): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900015605.

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19

Meredith, Marcia L., and Ronald A. Hites. "Polychlorinated biphenyl accumulation in tree bark and wood growth rings." Environmental Science & Technology 21, no. 7 (July 1987): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00161a013.

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20

Hagemann, Ulrike, Martin T. Moroni, Johanna Gleißner, and Franz Makeschin. "Accumulation and Preservation of Dead Wood upon Burial by Bryophytes." Ecosystems 13, no. 4 (May 25, 2010): 600–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-010-9343-4.

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21

Schalko, Isabella, Lukas Schmocker, Volker Weitbrecht, and Robert M. Boes. "Hazards due to large wood accumulations: Local scour and backwater rise." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002003.

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Large wood (LW) in rivers increases the flow variability and provides habitats for various species. During flood events, transported logs can accumulate at river infrastructures and increase the flood hazard. LW accumulations result in an upstream backwater rise and may increase local scour, for instance at bridge piers. Consequently, estimates of the resulting backwater rise and local scour are necessary to improve the flood hazard assessment. This study presents the findings of flume experiments with a movable bed on local scour and backwater rise due to LW accumulations. The approach flow conditions and the bed material were varied systematically for a specific LW accumulation volume. For all experiments, the initial condition for the bed material was defined as weak transport, since the bed shear stress was slightly below the critical bed shear stress for incipient motion. The inflow Froude number was identified as the governing parameter for backwater rise due to LW accumulations. The present study confirms the hypothesis that the resulting local scour reduces backwater rise. For the local scour, the unit discharge and the grain size diameter are the decisive parameters.

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22

Mizrachi, Eshchar, Lieven Verbeke, Nanette Christie, Ana C. Fierro, Shawn D. Mansfield, Mark F. Davis, Erica Gjersing, et al. "Network-based integration of systems genetics data reveals pathways associated with lignocellulosic biomass accumulation and processing." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 5 (January 17, 2017): 1195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620119114.

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As a consequence of their remarkable adaptability, fast growth, and superior wood properties, eucalypt tree plantations have emerged as key renewable feedstocks (over 20 million ha globally) for the production of pulp, paper, bioenergy, and other lignocellulosic products. However, most biomass properties such as growth, wood density, and wood chemistry are complex traits that are hard to improve in long-lived perennials. Systems genetics, a process of harnessing multiple levels of component trait information (e.g., transcript, protein, and metabolite variation) in populations that vary in complex traits, has proven effective for dissecting the genetics and biology of such traits. We have applied a network-based data integration (NBDI) method for a systems-level analysis of genes, processes and pathways underlying biomass and bioenergy-related traits using a segregatingEucalyptushybrid population. We show that the integrative approach can link biologically meaningful sets of genes to complex traits and at the same time reveal the molecular basis of trait variation. Gene sets identified for related woody biomass traits were found to share regulatory loci, cluster in network neighborhoods, and exhibit enrichment for molecular functions such as xylan metabolism and cell wall development. These findings offer a framework for identifying the molecular underpinnings of complex biomass and bioprocessing-related traits. A more thorough understanding of the molecular basis of plant biomass traits should provide additional opportunities for the establishment of a sustainable bio-based economy.

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23

Rajanikanth, A., and Rajni Tewari. "Environmental implications of Gondwana wood studies in India." Journal of Palaeosciences 53, no. (1-3) (December 31, 2004): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2004.209.

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A synthesis of fossil gymnospermous woods from various Gondwana basins of India is presented, and characters of growth rings in the secondary wood, particularly tracheidal cell characters, are evaluated for possible palaeoclimatic signals. Permian fossil woods are mostly recorded from the Damuda, Wardha and Pranhita-Godavari basins. Growth rings are common in many of these species and suggest strong seasonality. Triassic woods are poorly known from the South Rewa Gondwana Basin; the paucity of growth rings suggests a lack of marked seasons. Available evidence on Jurassic woods from the Pranhita-Godavari Graben indicates lack of consistency in the growth ring distribution. Early Cretaceous fossil woods recorded from the Damuda, Pranhita-Godavari, East-Coast and Kutch basins mostly show growth rings, which suggest prevalence of distinct seasons. Ecological factors coupled with phenotypic plasticity, i.e., variation with the same genotype as a function of environmental differences (genetic flexibility) probably dictated wood accumulation patterns in Indian Gondwana woods. However, palaeo-latitudinal and palaeo-physiographic constraints influenced habitats, and subsequent taphonomic processes resulted in incomplete understanding of palaeoclimate. In the absence of contemporary meteorological data during Gondwana times on what is now on the Indian continent, fossil woods constitute an important tool for understanding the past impact of climate on tree growth.

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24

Kaufman, Michael G., and Robert H. King. "Colonization of wood substrates by the aquatic xylophage Xylotopus par (Diptera: Chironomidae) and a description of its life history." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 2280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-345.

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Xylotopus par populations were monitored in a central Michigan stream during the summer growth period by sampling two types of indigenous logs and four types of introduced wood block "baits." Populations of larvae in the two indigenous logs were very similar over the course of the study with regard to number of individuals, biomass accumulation, developmental rate, and spatial distribution within colonized areas. Populations of larvae in the wood baits followed trends in density and biomass accumulation that differed between wood types. A positive relationship of the parameters with substrate softness was observed. Populations of larvae in the introduced wood baits developed faster than those in indigenous logs, with portions of the bait-inhabiting populations apparently able to complete development during the summer. Populations in indigenous logs normally require a full year for development and the accelerated growth in the "fresh," introduced substrates indicates a plastic phenology that allows X. par to exploit wood of variable quality. A prerequisite for terrestrial decay in determining wood suitability for X. par is also discussed.

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25

Nzima, Muntubani D. S., George C. Martin, and Chic Nishijima. "Leaf Development, Dry Matter Accumulation, and Distribution within Branches of Alternate-bearing `Kerman' Pistachio Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 1 (January 1997): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.1.31.

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We investigated the development of leaf area (LA) and the distribution of dry matter within branches of 25-year-old, alternate-bearing `Kerman' pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) trees that were in their natural “on” (heavy) or “off” (light) bearing cycles to determine the immediate and delayed effects of fruiting on shoot growth. Compared to “off” trees, individual leaves of “on” trees were greater in number and expanded twice as fast during the first 30 days after full bloom (FB) (FB + 30). Mature, fully expanded leaves of “on” trees were smaller (124.1±3.26 cm2) than those from “off” tree (163.3±3.40 cm2), indicating delayed demands of fruiting on initial leaf growth. Total LA per current shoot was greater in “on” than “off” trees because shoots of “on” trees averaged eight leaves, compared with six for “off” trees. More inflorescence buds per shoot (seven vs. three buds) abscised from “on” than from “off” trees. About 60% of the young developing nuts had abscised by FB + 30 when they weighed <250 mg each and another 25% abscised between FB + 30 and FB + 60 when individual nuts weighed ≈400 mg. The average total dry mass (DM) of individual branches of “on” trees increased 1322% (5·9 to 83·9 g) compared to 598% (4·2 to 29·3 g) in “off” trees. Besides nuts, leaves accumulated the greatest amount of dry matter within individual branches followed in decreasing order by current wood, 1-year-old wood, and inflorescence buds. DMs of individual leaves of “on” trees averaged between 15% and 48% greater than leaves of “off” trees. “Off” trees invested 4.6 g of dry matter into individual 1-year-old wood and 2.1 g into current wood. “On” trees, however, invested 1.3 g of dry matter into 1-year-old wood and 4.3 g of dry matter into current wood. One-year-old wood was an important major source of carbohydrates for developing leaves, current wood, rachises, and nuts. The immediate demands of fruiting on individual components of a branch were measured as losses in DMs. Individual leaves, current wood, 1-year wood, and rachises lost 1.1%, 0.3%, 1.1%, and 1.0%, respectively, of the average total DMs of individual branches of “on” trees. This loss was equivalent to 5.7%, 5.9%, 26.7%, and 16.4%, respectively, of the seasonal average peak DMs of the respective individual components of the branch.

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Schilling, Jonathan S., and Jody Jellison. "Metal Accumulation without Enhanced Oxalate Secretion in Wood Degraded by Brown Rot Fungi." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 8 (August 2006): 5662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00281-06.

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ABSTRACT Brown rot fungi were incubated in agar and agar-wood microcosms containing metallic or hydroxide forms of Al, Cu, and Fe. Metal dissolution was associated with elevated oxalate concentrations in agar, but metals translocated into wood did not affect oxalate accumulation, crystal production, or decay rate, demonstrating a substrate-dependent oxalate dynamic.

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27

Li, Lamei, Guijun Xie, Wanju Li, Yixin Li, and Xingwei Li. "The effect of heat treatment on the moisture absorption characteristics of Cu-impregnated Masson’s pine wood." BioResources 15, no. 4 (September 21, 2020): 8459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.8459-8471.

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The accumulation of water inside wood creates a favorable environment not only for molds, but also for wood-decaying fungi and insects. Therefore, the ability to limit water adsorption and retention is key to the longevity and performance of wood. In this study, the effect of heat-treatment and Cu nanoparticle (CuNP) impregnation on surface contact angle, specific surface area, and hygroscopicity of Masson’s pine wood was examined. Heat-treatment caused thermal degradation of hydroxyl-rich biopolymers, leading to an increase in hydrophobicity; while the resulting breakdown and blockage of the interior cell cavity network caused a decrease in effective surface area. In turn, the hygroscopicity of the heat-treated wood was considerably lower than the untreated wood. Analysis of water adsorption isotherms enabled the differentiation between bound water and free water, where the latter was a prerequisite for mold growth. The research showed that the amount of free water was reduced by both impregnation with CuNP and heat-treatment, but the previously observed antimicrobial activity was shown to rely on the presence of CuNPs as opposed to the reduced free water content. This study presented a detailed methodology for the preparation and analysis of heat-treated, CuNP-impregnated wood, and provided further insight into the mechanism of antimicrobial action of treated woods.

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Rodkin, Oleg, Vladimir Ivanukovic, Svetlana Pronko, and Elena Kresova. "Willow wood production on radionuclide polluted areas." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 119 (2010): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1019105r.

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ABSTRACT: One of the key environmental problems in Belarus is effective use of agricultural lands contaminated by radionuclide due to the Chernobyl disaster. The alternative method to traditional agricultural crops is fast growing willow cultivation. It is possible to use biomass of willow as renewable energy source. The goal of our investigation was the estimation of environmental aspects of willow wood production on polluted areas. The field study experiments (2007-2010) were conducted at Krichev district of Mogilev region in eastern Belarus. This region characterized by high level of Cs-137 contamination as well as high level of heavy metals pollution. In the first stage of experiments, the concentration of cesium-137 in different parts of willow biomass had been measured and transfer factor calculated. The measuring had been done for leaves, roots, and wood. To control cesium-137 accumulation in willow biomass we apply different types (nitrogen N, phosphorus P and potassium K) and dose of fertilizer. The experiments show that potassium mineral fertilizer is the key factor for radionuclide accumulation control. The optimal dose of potassium is 90 kg per hectare. On the base of experimental results the model of cesium-137 accumulation in the wood for a 21 year has been developed. In accordance with calculation to the end of willow cultivation (21 year) concentration of cesium-137 in wood will not be higher than permitted even with the level of cesium-137 contamination in the soil 1480 kBq/m2 (maximum 140 kqB/m2 with permitted level for firewood is 740 Bq/kg.). The concentration of cesium-137 in the roots increases gradually and get maximum in 21 year (3000 kqB/m2). Our results confirm that in the sum about 0.8 million hectares of radionuclide polluted arable lands partly excluded from agricultural practice in Belarus could be used for willow biomass production.

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Ritschel, Franziska, Andreas J. Brunner, and Peter Niemz. "Nondestructive evaluation of damage accumulation in tensile test specimens made from solid wood and layered wood materials." Composite Structures 95 (January 2013): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.06.020.

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Mironchik, A. F. "Interspecific dynamics of accumulation 137Cs by the basic wood breeds of woods of the Mogilev region." Вестник Белорусско-Российского университета, no. 2 (2007): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53078/20778481_2007_2_176.

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Mironchik, A. F. "Interspecific dynamics of accumulation 90Sr by the basic wood breeds of woods of the Mogilev region." Вестник Белорусско-Российского университета, no. 4 (2006): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53078/20778481_2006_4_221.

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32

González-Cásares, Marcos, Marín Pompa-García, Alejandro Venegas-González, Pedro Domínguez-Calleros, José Hernández-Díaz, Artemio Carrillo-Parra, and Marco González-Tagle. "Hydroclimatic variations reveal differences in carbon capture in two sympatric conifers in northern Mexico." PeerJ 7 (June 11, 2019): e7085. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7085.

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Background Forest ecosystems are considered among the largest terrestrial carbon sinks. The dynamics of forest carbon depend on where the carbon is stored and its responses to environmental factors, as well as the physiology of the trees. Thus, threatened forest regions with high biodiversity have great scientific importance, such as the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico. A comparative analysis of tree species can expand the knowledge of the carbon cycle dynamics and ecological processes in this region. Here, we examined the growth, wood density, and carbon accumulation of two threatened species (Pseudotsuga menziesii and Cupressus lusitanica) to evaluate their hydroclimatic responsiveness. Methods The temporal variations in the carbon accumulation patterns of two co-occurring species (P. menziesii and C. lusitanica) and their sensitivity to the local climate were studied using dendroecological techniques, X-ray densitometry, and allometric equations. Results The results show that the annual carbon accumulation in C. lusitanica is positively associated with the temperature during the current fall, while the carbon accumulation in P. menziesii is correlated with the rainfall during the winter of the previous year. The climatic responses are associated with the intra-annual variations of wood density and ring widths for each species. The ring width was strongly correlated with carbon accumulation in C. lusitanica, while the mean wood density was linked to carbon accumulation in P. menziesii. Discussion This study has implications for the carbon accumulation rates of both species, revealing differences in the carbon capture patterns in response to climatic variations. Although the species coexist, there are variation in the hydroclimatic sensitivity of the annual carbon sequestered by trunks of trees, which would be associated with tree-ring width and/or wood density, i.e., directly by anatomical features. The results are relevant to analyze the response to the variability of climatic conditions expected in the near future of the tree communities of Sierra Madre Occidental. Therefore, this study provides a basis for modeling the long-term carbon budget projections in terrestrial ecosystems in northern Mexico.

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Langlois, Jeffrey D., Rakesh Gupta, and Thomas H. Miller. "Effects of Reference Displacement and Damage Accumulation in Wood Shear Walls." Journal of Structural Engineering 130, no. 3 (March 2004): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2004)130:3(470).

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Holan, Z. R., and B. Volesky. "Accumulation of cadmium, lead, and nickel by fungal and wood biosorbents." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 53, no. 2 (May 1995): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02788603.

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Švajlenka, Jozef, and Mária Kozlovská. "Effect of accumulation elements on the energy consumption of wood constructions." Energy and Buildings 198 (September 2019): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.06.006.

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Björdal, Charlotte Gjelstrup, and Yvonne Fors. "Correlation between sulfur accumulation and microbial wood degradation on shipwreck timbers." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 140 (May 2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.03.010.

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Chernykh, A. G., S. I. Mironova, E. V. Danilov, and T. A. Serova. "Influence of destructors on the dynamics of damage accumulation in wooden structures." Вестник гражданских инженеров 19, no. 3 (2022): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2022-19-3-35-43.

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The paper considers the features of wooden structures` damage in the conditions of the North. The authors present the results of exploring of a cultural heritage object of federal significance. There is disclosed the nature of the relationship between the type of wood-destroying fungus and the deterioration rate of wood strength. The relative reliability of the structure and the main reasons that have led to the damage of the historical wooden house are specified. A phenomenon is described that increases the deterioration process rate of a historical log house.

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Moliński, Waldemar, Przemysław Mania, and Gabriel Tomczuk. "The usefulness of different wood species for bow manufacturing." Folia Forestalia Polonica 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2016-0021.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to define the density and selected mechanical parameters of wood used for bow production at present, and in the past. Properties such as modulus of elasticity, bending strength and energy accumulation were determined for 11 species of wood. The analysis of results revealed that in the past, the wood used for the production of bows was not always most suitable for this application.

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Garbaruk, Dmitriy K., and Anatoliy V. Uglyanets. "WOOD AND BARK 137CS CONTAMINATION IN BLACK ALDER HIGH-AGE STANDS IN THE NEAR ZONE OF THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology., no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/2521-683x/2022-2-48-58.

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The results of the study of 137Cs contamination of wood and bark of black alder in high-age stands of the most common types of forest in the near zone of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant are presented. The parameters of the accumulation of radionuclide by these tissues by types of forest and in general by formation are determined. The connection of their accumulation of 137Cs with the soil moisture index has been established. The features of the distribution of radionuclide in the wood of trees by classes of growth and development by Craft and by the radial profile of the trunk, as well as in the fallen deadwood, are revealed. Correlations of this radionuclide content in wood and bark with the density of soil contamination 137Cs and the distance to the place of its release have been established. Despite the high levels of contamination of the area, the Belarusian hygienic standard for harvesting round timber for the construction of walls of residential buildings and fuel wood corresponds to black alder wood in 7.7 % of ripe and overripe stands, for harvesting other round timber - in 26,9 %.

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Miller, J. J., B. W. Beasley, C. F. Drury, and B. J. Zebarth. "Accumulation and redistribution of residual chloride, nitrate, and soil test phosphorus in soil profiles amended with fresh and composted cattle manure containing straw or wood-chip bedding." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, no. 6 (November 2011): 969–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2011-048.

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Miller, J. J., Beasley, B. W., Drury, C. F. and Zebarth, B. J. 2011. Accumulation and redistribution of residual chloride, nitrate, and soil test phosphorus in soil profiles amended with fresh and composted cattle manure containing straw or wood-chip bedding. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 969–984. Limited research has compared the effect of fresh versus composted beef (Bos taurus) cattle feedlot manure containing straw or wood chips on accumulation and redistribution of residual chloride (Cl), NO3-N, and soil test P (STP) in soil profiles of the Great Plains region of North America. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was grown (1999–2007) on an irrigated clay loam soil in southern Alberta where organic amendments and fertilizer were annually applied for 9 yr from 1998 to 2006. The field experiment was a factorial arrangement of two manure types (fresh versus composted feedlot manure), two bedding materials (straw versus wood-chips), and three application rates (13, 39, 77 Mg ha−1dry wt). There was also one inorganic (IN) fertilizer treatment and an unamended control. The soil profile (0–1.5 m) was sampled in the fall of 1999 to 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2007 and analyzed for residual soil NO3-N, Cl, and STP. Manure type had a significant (P≤0.05) effect on the accumulation of these chemicals, but there was an interaction with application rate (NO3-N), or with bedding and year (STP). The maximum accumulation of Cl after 9 yr was at the 0.6 to 0.9 m depth, but mean values at this depth were similar for the four organic amendments. The maximum accumulation of NO3-N after 9 yr (2007) was at the 0.3 to 0.6 m depth, and mean values at this depth were significantly greater by four- to sixfold for FM and CM with straw than wood-chips, which suggested greater N immobilization in soils with wood. Redistribution of Cl and NO3-N downward into the soil profile suggested a potential for leaching of these chemicals below the root zone. In contrast, soil test P did not accumulate below the 0.3 m depth, suggesting little potential for leaching. However, accumulation of soil test P at this depth was generally greater for the amendment treatments compared with inorganic fertilizer and was likely related to greater P applied in the amendments.

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Albrigo, L. G., J. P. Syvertsen, and R. H. Young. "Stress Symptoms of Citrus Trees in Successive Stages of Decline Due to Blight." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 3 (May 1986): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.3.465.

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Abstract Nutritional and H2O stress symptoms of 1) healthy citrus trees, 2) predecline trees (those with elevated bark Zn but no visible wilt or dieback symptoms), and 3) trees in early decline due to citrus blight were compared. All early decline trees had elevated Zn and reduced H2O uptake in the trunk; N accumulation in trunk wood, bark, and leaf tissues; and increased xylem vessel plugging and correspondingly reduced H2O conductivity compared to healthy trees. The early decline trees did not have reduced feeder root densities, and wood pH was elevated in this stage for only one of 2 locations. Generally, predecline trees had none of the drought-related or decline symptoms associated with blight and only expressed the Zn symptoms — elevated bark Zn followed by elevated wood Zn. Three or 4 of 8 predecline stage blight trees have subsequently reached the stage of blight where trunk H2O uptake is significantly reduced. Xylem plugging and drought stress followed trunk Zn accumulation. Other previously reported blight symptoms occurred only after H2O stress, leaf wilt, and canopy dieback; thus, these results support the contention that Zn accumulation in the trunk bark (active phloem tissues) is the earliest known symptom of blight.

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42

Tupper, C., A. J. Pitman, and S. M. Cragg. "Copper Accumulation in the Digestive Caecae of Limnoria quadripunctata Holthius (Isopoda: Crustacea) Tunnelling CCA-Treated Wood in Laboratory Cultures." Holzforschung 54, no. 6 (October 25, 2000): 570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.097.

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Summary To investigate the mechanisms by which the isopod Limnoria tolerates copper, chromium and arsenic when tunnelling CCA-treated wood in the marine environment, digestive caecae of specimens of L. quadripunctata from CCA-treated and untreated Pinus sylvestris sapwood were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray detection (EDX). Copper-containing granules were found to be present in the small cells of the digestive caecae (midgut) of Limnoria from both treated and untreated wood. However, individuals tunnelling treated timber contained a greater number of granules, with six types of morphology being distinguished of which only two were present in Limnoria from untreated wood. The presence of copper-containing granules in Limnoria from untreated timber may be explained by the ability of this isopod to acquire and store copper from seawater for use in enzymes and blood pigments. The increased number of copper granules in individuals tunnelling treated wood was believed to result from elevated levels of this element in the food substrate. This ability to store copper allows these organisms to tolerate this metal in the wood substrate and may explain how this organism is able to attack CCA-treated wood in service. No chromium, or arsenic, was detected in the digestive caecal cells.

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Bigler, Christof, and Thomas T. Veblen. "Changes in litter and dead wood loads following tree death beneath subalpine conifer species in northern Colorado." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 2 (February 2011): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-217.

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Litter and dead wood affect important processes in forest ecosystems such as nutrient and carbon cycling and are key influences on biodiversity and fire behavior. Increased tree mortality rates in western North America associated with climate trends and increased bark beetle activity highlight the need to better understand the dynamics of litter and dead wood following tree death. For eight old-growth stands in a subalpine forest landscape in northern Colorado (USA), we compared litter and dead wood loads beneath more than 200 dead and live Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon). The dynamics of litter and dead wood were analyzed using chronosequences of tree death dates over >100 years that we determined from tree rings. Immediately following tree death, high loads of litter accumulated, particularly for the biggest spruces, which accumulated 10 times more litter than live spruces (five times more for fir, two times more for pine). We estimated a higher decay rate of litter for spruce (half-life of four years) than for pine (15 years) and fir (19 years). The accumulation rates for dead wood following tree death were highly variable among trees, but maximum accumulation was attained during the first 50–60 years.

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44

Conde-García, M., M. Conde-García, J. A. Tenorio-Ríos, and J. Fernández-Golfín. "Experimental evaluation of the effect of different design conditions on the risk of decay in solid wood exposed to outdoor climate." Materiales de Construcción 71, no. 342 (May 20, 2021): e247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2021.12220.

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Wood decay have the greatest impact on in-service wood structural elements. In most cases, decay is associated with excessive accumulation of moisture in the wood. The structural design conditions have an effect on the wood moisture content and this affects the service life of the material. In this study, which involved an experimental trial specifically designed to embrace different structural design conditions, the moisture content evolution in different places affected by different design conditions was evaluated over a period of three years in Madrid (Spain). The effect of protection by eaves, separation from the ground and the vertical or horizontal arrangement of the wood elements on the monthly evolution of the moisture content and decay risk are assessed.

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45

YOKOYAMA, Hikari, Daisuke KOMORI, and Thapthai CHAITHONG. "EXAMINING THE MECHANISM OF WOOD ACCUMULATION AND EXPORT IN TERAUCHI DAM CATCHMENT." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 75, no. 2 (2019): I_169—I_174. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.75.2_i_169.

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46

Sornek, Krzysztof, Mariusz Filipowicz, and Kamila Rzepka. "Study of clean combustion of wood in a stove-fireplace with accumulation." Journal of the Energy Institute 90, no. 4 (August 2017): 613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2016.05.001.

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47

Gabriel, J., O. Kofro e. ová, P. Rychlovský, and M. Kren . elok. "Accumulation and Effect of Cadmium in the Wood-Rotting Basidiomycete Daedalea quercina." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 57, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900202.

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Hastrup, Anne Christine Steenkjær, Bo Jensen, and Jody Jellison. "Fungal accumulation of metals from building materials during brown rot wood decay." Archives of Microbiology 196, no. 8 (May 24, 2014): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-014-0993-z.

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49

Babushkina, Elena, Dina Zhirnova, Liliana Belokopytova, and Eugene Vaganov. "Warming induced changes in wood matter accumulation in tracheid walls of spruce." Journal of Mountain Science 17, no. 1 (January 2020): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5516-6.

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Mensah, G. W. K. "Accumulation of malathion residues in grain stored on malathion-treated wood surfaces." Pesticide Science 20, no. 3 (1987): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780200302.

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