Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wood

Academic literature on the topic 'Wood'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Wood"

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Wiemann, Michael C., David L. Dilcher, and Steven R. Manchester. "Estimation of Mean Annual Temperature from Leaf and Wood Physiognomy." Forest Science 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/47.2.141.

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Abstract There are distinct relationships among the anatomy of wood, the morphology of leaves, and the climate in which woody plants are growing. The relationships between leaf morphological characters and climate have been known for many years, but wood characters as climate indicators are less well studied. In this article, we use measurements of wood anatomy and leaf morphology from woody dicotyledonous plants, growing in Florida and Connecticut, to determine the accuracy to which statistical models can predict climate. The strength of the relationship between climate and physiognomy is important because it allows us to evaluate the phenotypic plasticity that woody plants express under various climates. In this study we use canonical correspondence and regression models to examine how precisely wood anatomical and leaf morphological characters are related to climate. For leaves, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) using 31 characters gave the closest estimate of mean annual temperature (MAT) in Connecticut, whereas a regression equation using only a single leaf character (leaf margins with no teeth) as predictor gave the closest estimate in Florida. For wood, CCA using 13 wood characters gave the closest estimate in Florida, whereas a regression equation using only a single wood character (the occurrence of vessels smaller than 100 μm) gave the closest estimate in Connecticut. CCA showed that, although MAT has a smooth and continuous relationship with leaf physiognomy, this is not the case for wood. Temperate woods form a different physiognomic population than subtropical and tropical woods, in which the physiognomy of temperate woods is more strongly influenced by MAT than is the physiognomy of subtropical and tropical woods. FOR. SCI. 47(2):141–149.
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Pinchevska, O. O., and D. L. Zavialov. "Properties of new thermal insulation material from low-quality pine wood." Ukrainian Journal of Forest and Wood Science 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/forest2020.02.091.

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Recently growing number of low quality wood in Ukraine, damaged by fungal sap color, stem rot leads to finding ways to use it. Today this wood is used mainly for the manufacture of wood-fuels facility in industrial and municipal energy. A possible way to use it is making insulation material from wood wool. The existing prototype of such material - fibrolite contains woody wool of healthy wood but during burning emits toxic chemicals. The construction of wooden wall panels, which include a frame of lumber and thermal insulation material of wood wool, made of low quality pine wood and binder. The binder used were inorganic (liquid glass) and organic-mineral (PVA) dispersion with the addition of flame retardant. Investigation of fire resistance, acoustic and thermal insulation of material from low quality pine wood have proved that it meets the regulatory requirements and can be used in building structures. To develop technological requirements for the manufacture of wall panels using low-quality pine wood, it is necessary to determine their density, sorption capacity and bio-stability. For this purpose, samples of thermal insulation material with different content of mass parts of wood wool and binder were made. The density of specimens of insulating material (145‒250 kg/m3), which is close to the popular hard thermal insulation materials, has been determined. Experimental studies of moisture absorption, sorption capacity and swelling values indicated that the effect of moisture on the properties of insulating material and its shape resistance are within the permissible values of regulatory documents for construction products. Wood treated with binders found to be used for the manufacture of insulation material has been found to have high biological resistance, which is more than 5-6 times the bio-resistance of untreated wood.
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Siegel, Carolin, Christian Korn, Sebastian Siwek, and André Wagenführ. "Technical wood wool for composites." Technologies for Lightweight Structures (TLS) 6, no. 1 (June 21, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21935/tls.v6i1.185.

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Due to its very good mechanical properties at low density, wood is a high potential and sustainable raw material for composite applications. Wood as small particles are commonly processed with polymers to Wood-Polymer-Composites (WPC). Thereby, the inherent strength of the wood is not used to its full potential. In order to transfer the strength properties of solid wood with good shaping properties to composite, wood wool properties were studied. Wood wool is a well-known raw material in the wood-processing industry and is mainly used for packaging, animal bedding and insulation boards [1, 2]. The use of wood wool as a flexible, formable reinforcement for polymer composites is not known so far. Therefore industrial wood wool and developed experimental wood wool are investigated and evaluated for their suitability as fibre reinforcement for composites. The mechanical properties, in particular the tensile strength, are the relevant factors.
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Wheeler, Elisabeth A. "Inside Wood – A Web resource for hardwood anatomy." IAWA Journal 32, no. 2 (2011): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000051.

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Inside Wood is an Internet-accessible wood anatomy reference, research, and teaching tool. The InsideWood database has coded wood anatomical descriptions based on the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification and is accompanied by a collection of photomicrographs. As of November 2010 there were over 5,800 descriptions and 36,000 images of modern woods, and over 1,600 descriptions and 2,000 images of fossil woods. CITES-listed timber species and other endangered woody plants are included in this digital collection hosted by North Carolina State University’s library. This web site has value in helping with wood identification because it has a multiple entry key that allows searching by presence or absence of IAWA features and it serves as a virtual reference collection whereby descriptions and images can be retrieved by searching by scientific or common name or other keywords.
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Mamiński, M. Ł., M. E. Król, W. Jaskółowski, and P. Borysiuk. "Wood-mineral wool hybrid particleboards." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 69, no. 2 (July 24, 2010): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0470-6.

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Adaskaveg, James E., and Robert L. Gilbertson. "In vitro decay studies of selective delignification and simultaneous decay by the white rot fungi Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-217.

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The in vitro wood decay abilities of Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) Karst. and G. tsugae Murr. were studied using the following woods in agar block decay chambers: Vitis vinifera L., Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus, Prosopis velutina Woot., Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex. Hildebr., and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Grape wood lost the most weight while mesquite the least. Ganoderma lucidum isolates generally caused greater weight loss of all woods than did G. tsugae isolates. The range of the percent weight losses varied with the wood. Both Ganoderma species caused simultaneous decay in all woods. However, chemical analyses of the decayed blocks indicated that selective delignification by both species also occurred in grape and white fir blocks. Chemical analysis of the decayed oak blocks indicated the percentages of lignin and holocellulose were not statistically different from the controls. However, there was a trend towards delignification. The analyses of the Douglas-fir blocks indicated only simultaneous decay. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated selective delignification and simultaneous decay of all woods tested. However, the extent of the delignification differed among the wood species. Delignification appeared mainly in areas of tracheids or fiber tracheids, while the rays were simultaneously decayed.
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SUN, CHENGSHUO, KANG ZHOU, ZIRUI REN, YUTANG CHEN, and BIN NA. "STEAM-PRESSING MECHANISM OF LOW DENSITY MAGNESIA-BONDED WOOD-WOOL PANEL." Wood Research 67, no. 3 (June 9, 2022): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.3.437446.

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In this paper, wood-wool panel was prepared by steam pressing as opposed to the traditional cold-pressing and hot-pressing methods in order to eliminate the shortcomings of both methods. Cold pressed wood panels have low strength. The overall performance of heat pressed wood panel was poor. The water absorption of these two panels was too large. The steam pressing mechanism was studied by the means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The surface structure, moisture absorption and mechanical properties of wood-wool panel were investigated by experimental testing and numerical analysis. The surface structure of the wood-wool panel became stable, the moisture absorption was reduced, and the mechanical properties of the wood-wool panel were enhanced. The static bending strength of autoclaved wood-wool panel was 4% higher than that of cold-pressed wood-wool panel, and 7.4% higher than that of hot-pressed wood-wool panel. And the sound absorption coefficient increased by 6.3% and 5% respectively. The thermal conductivity was 2.4% lower than that of cold-pressed wood-wool panel.
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Semple, K. E., R. B. Cunningham, and P. D. Evans. "Cement Hydration Tests Using Wood Flour may not Predict the Suitability of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita for the Manufacture of Wood-Wool Cement Boards." Holzforschung 53, no. 3 (May 10, 1999): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.053.

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Summary Wood-wool cement boards (WWCBs) are manufactured in many tropical countries which have extensive eucalypt and acacia plantations. Wood from such plantations could act as a potential raw material for WWCBs, but the suitability of most tropical eucalypts and acacias for the manufacture of such products is unknown. This study was undertaken to assess whether the standard laboratory test for wood-cement compatibility, which measures heat of hydration in wood flour-cement mixtures, is an appropriate method for screening tropical eucalypts and acacias for their compatibility with cement and suitability for the manufacture of WWCBs. Wood samples from a tropical eucalypt (E. pellita) and a tropical acacia (A. mangium) were tested in two forms, i. e. flour and wool, for their compatibility (expressed by maximum hydration temperature and CA-factor) with Portland cement. Form significantly influenced the effect of the wood on cement hydration, resulting in a different species compatibility ranking for flour and wool. As the heartwood content of wood-wool-cement hydration test samples increased, Tmax. and CA factor increased whereas the opposite occured for those containing wood flour. Tests using wood flour ranked E. pellita as being more compatible with cement than A. mangium whereas the ranking was reversed when wood-wool was used. Furthermore at low wood levels the compatibility of samples containing wood-wool or wood flour with cement was similar whereas at high wood levels, samples containing wood-wool were much more compatible with cement than those containing wood flour. Laboratory tests designed to screen eucalypts and acacias for their compatibility with cement should use wood in a coarser form with a lower surface-to-volume ratio than flour. Caution should be exercised if using results from wood flour-cement hydration tests to estimate the suitability of wood species for the manufacture of WWCBs and possibly other wood-cement composites.
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Berger, F., F. Gauvin, and H. J. H. Brouwers. "The recycling potential of wood waste into wood-wool/cement composite." Construction and Building Materials 260 (November 2020): 119786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119786.

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BEAUCHENE, Jacques, Nadine AMUSANT, Jeremy CIGNA, Soepe KOESE, and Bernard THIBAUT. "Using specimens from the CIRAD Kourou wood collection to build a database of properties." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 352 (May 1, 2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2022.352.a36936.

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A Xylarium, like the one in Kourou in French Guiana, is a unique collection of wood specimens assembled over many years that represents high interspecific diversity. In addition to the standard use of such collections for systematic anatomy, a technological database can be created using supplementary specimens taken from the same tree as the reference specimens. Physical, mechanical and durability tests were performed on wood planks measuring 10 × 60 × 100 mm3 (L is the longest direction, width and thickness are not always perfectly radial or tangential, just transverse) representing 445 woody species belonging to 63 families found in French Guiana. Wood densities ranged from 250 to 1,300 kg/m3, with an average of 786 kg/m3. The other properties also covered a wide range of values, as did the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (ranging from 0.6 to 37 GPa), as samples from lianas and palm stipes from very stiff woods were also tested. The correlations between the different parameters measured on the 445 species tested allowed us to identify some relationships between wood properties, e.g.: (i) light colored woods are less prone to shrinkage, but more prone to rot (the opposite is true for red woods); (ii) woods with a low damping coefficient are generally darker, redder, denser, and more resistant to rot. This database cannot be used to characterize a particular species as only one specimen is available for each species, but it can be used to study the relationships between properties and easily measured descriptors related to wood structure (e.g. density, modulus) or wood chemistry (e.g. color, durability). Finally, this database provides the foundation for future bigger databases including many more specimens of each species that will be useful to search for particular properties in certain families or genera, for example, high natural durability despite rather low wood density, or low damping along with a high specific modulus.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wood"

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Suttie, Edward Dominic. "The light stabilisation of wood and wood coatings." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427032.

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Braun, Moritz. "Simply Wood : Design of All-Wood Furniture Joints." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100435.

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The need for sustainability, increasingly requires developing products according to a cradle to cradle approach. For furniture, wood, being potentially renewable, is a suitable material in this regard. However, most wooden furniture today utilizes steels and synthetic polymers in the joints, which can partially be recycled, but are far from being circular materials. All-wood joints have been used in traditional furniture and construction, but they are not adapted to modern manufacturing techniques and do not fulfill the need for easy assembly.  The aim of this thesis is to explore existing solutions for all-wood joints, as well as relevant manufacturing techniques to create an approach for the development of new joints by practitioners. The research questions are: What are the principles used in existing technical solutions and how can they be used to develop new all-wood furniture joints? What are the most important manufacturing techniques for wood today and how can they be considered in the early-stage development? The general approach in this thesis is to abstract the researched existing technical solutions and manufacturing techniques, ideate on this abstract level, and then detail the concepts on a more concrete level.  As results, fourteen different principles and six different patterns of transformation were extracted from existing solutions and documented in an accessible form. Similarly, seven manufacturing techniques were collected and documented. These were then used in an ideation workshop with practitioners from IKEA, which resulted in six abstract concepts. One of the concepts was further developed into a pre-design and tested with a simulations according to strength and stability requirements from applicable standards.  The testing of the pre-design proved its practicality and a team at IKEA is continuing the development of the concept and planning to manufacture a prototype. This is a good indicator for the usefulness of the approach. Even though it worked well, further exploration of the "toolbox" is recommended, as well as the use of different ideation methods. The full environmental benefits of furniture with all-wood joints are not clear, because only resource depletion was considered and the potential effect is small compared to other industries. Despite this, the thesis shows the potential in circular furniture and encourages IKEA and other furniture companies to delve into the topic of circular furniture more deeply.
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Barulich, Nadia Stosija. "Magic Wood." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1088.

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This project is a translation of Liu Qingbang's novella 'Shénmù' from Chinese into English. It is also accompanied by an analysis of the text and Li Yang's movie 'Blind Shaft', which was based on the novella.
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Carlsson, Peter. "Optimized wood manufacturing with main focus on wood drying." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Building Sciences and Engineering, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-2940.

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Optimization is performed on two applications from woodmanufacturing, with the main focus on wood drying. As anintroductory study of optimization, the design of a modernracing ski is investigated. The skating ski, which is partlybuilt up by wood, is optimized against maximum stiffness withthe restriction of a limited upper weight.

Wood drying is treated as an optimization problem. The totaldrying time is minimized, at the same time as restrictions onmoisture content, stresses and deformations are considered. Theoutcome of the optimization is drying schedules which describethe environmental air dry temperature and relative humidity asa function of time. Design variables during optimization arethe length of the individual time steps and the air drytemperature and relative humidity connected to each time step.Convex approximation methods are used for optimization (the socalled MMA-method, Method of Moving Asymptotes). Necessarygradients are calculated with finite differences.

Optimization is performed with one- and two-dimensional (1Drespectively 2D) moisture transport models. In optimizationwith 1D analysis, moisture content and stresses are calculatedalong a line in the middle of the board, and with 2D analysisthe calculations are made in a numerical grid which covers thecross section of the board. In both cases, deformations arecalculated as the global cup deformation. All structuralcalculations are made with a FEM-program (FEM = Finite ElementMethod) where the whole cross section is modelled with onesingle element. The moisture calculations are made with aFEM-program in the 1D-case, and with a FD-program (FD = FiniteDifference) in the 2D-case. The transient solutions of thestructural and moisture problems are obtained with a timestepping procedure. It is assumed that the moisture problem canbe solved separately from the structural problem, i.e. that thestress and strain distribution during drying has no influenceon the moisture transport.

The wood material is modelled as an orthotropic materialwith main directions in the radial, tangential, andlongitudinal directions. Most material parameters vary with themain direction, the temperature and the moisture content. Thetotal strain rate in the structural calculation is assumed tobe the sum of the elastic strain rate, the moisture inducedstrain rate and the mechano-sorptive strain rate. It ispossible to vary the dimensions of the board and the growthring orientation (i.e. the pith position). In thetwo-dimensional model, it is also possible to simulatedifferent distributions of sapwood and heartwood in the crosssection.

Numerical examples are performed with both 1D and 2Danalysis. In the last example with 2D analysis, optimization isperformed as distributed computing with computers in anetwork.

The thesis shows that optimization methods work well forwood drying. Modern optimization routines offer powerful toolswhen constructing reliable drying schedules. The knowledgeobtained in this work can be used to refine existing dryingschedules, to develop schedules for new quality demands or tocreate schedules for drying kilns with improvedperformance.

Keywords:Optimization, wood drying, distributedcomputing, drying schedules, one-dimensional, two-dimensional,stresses, deformations, moisture content.

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YEH, TING-FENG. "Chemical and structural characterizations of juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11022005-202923/.

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In an effort to comprehensively study the wood property variation in juvenile wood, compression wood, and mature wood, and also to provide a rapid and cost-effective assessment tool to screening the wood chemical property variation, several loblolly pines (Pinus tadea), and transmittance near infrared spectroscopy were utilized in this study. The method development results show that a successful screening of wood chemical property variation, such as lignin and á-cellulose contents, could be adapted using stacked wood wafers microtomed from increment cores and combining with transmittance near infrared spectroscopy. The morphological, chemical, and metabolic analyses of juvenile wood and compression wood show that although compression wood and juvenile wood share some properties, they are actually distinct in their chemistry during development and in final wood chemistry and anatomy. The within tree variation analyses also show that juvenile wood from the top of the tree and that from the base of the tree are more different in morphological structures than in chemical structures. A similar pattern was found between juvenile wood and mature wood. The results obtained suggest that the within tree compression wood percentage and the fiber quality differences inherent in juvenile wood appear to have a greater influence on the final wood products.
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Duchow, Kirk J. "Dielectric characterization of wood and wood infiltrated with ceramic precursors." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19960.

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King, Bryan L. "Wood deck bridges-stress laminated wood panels on steel beams." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1860.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 157 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 96).
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Nishimoto, Atsushi. "Ecology of sunken wood community in the ocean." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188518.

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Birkhimer, Bradley Charles. "Wood ash glaze." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4573.

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Thesis (M.F.A.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 27 p. : col. ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 25).
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Larsen, Ingrid Marie Hjellset. "Norwegian Wood Innovation." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10219.

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Terrengmodellering i 3D er i dag en mye brukt måte å fremstille landskap på. Slike modeller kan man se i utallige dataspill, animasjonsfilmer, og geologiske modeller. Den vanligste måten å fremstille et 3D terreng på er ved bruk av kotekart. Mønsteret i en treplate kan minne mye om slike koter, og ved segmentering av mønsteret kan dette resultatet behandles på samme måte som et ordinært kart. Denne rapporten beskriver hvordan en finerplate kan bli ført fra treplate til trelandskap ved hjelp av generelle metoder innenfor området for bildebehandlig og 3D modellering. For sluttproduktet blir to løsninger fremstilt. Den ene er et selvlaget program kalt 3Dtre som viser modellen ved hjelp av Delauney triangulering, den andre er basert på bilblioteket SIM scenery og programvare fra Systems in Motion.

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Books on the topic "Wood"

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Watts, R. F. Wood and word turnings. Anacortes, Washington: Gray Sky Publishing, 2008.

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Davim, J. Paulo. Wood and wood products. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Davim, J. Paulo. Wood and wood products. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Edwards, Nicola. Wood. New York: Ipicturebooks, 2005.

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J, Jennings Terry. Wood. London: A & C Black, 1989.

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Langley, Andrew. Wood. New York, NY: Crabtree Pub. Co., 2009.

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Mayer, Cassie. Wood. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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Goldsworthy, Andy. Wood. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996.

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Tiner, John Hudson. Wood. Bloomington, Minn: Lake Street Publishers, 2003.

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Jakab, Cheryl. Wood. North Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wood"

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Jones, Eric L. "Resources: Wool and Wood." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 157–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68616-1_12.

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Young, Raymond A. "Wood and Wood Products." In Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, 207–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6431-4_7.

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Lai, Yuan-Zong. "Wood and Wood Products." In Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, 215–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_5.

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Young, Raymond A. "Wood and Wood Products." In Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, 207–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7691-0_7.

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Lai, Yuan-Zong. "Wood and Wood Products." In Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, 1057–115. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4259-2_28.

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Young, Raymond A. "Wood and Wood Products." In Kent and Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, 1234–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-27843-8_28.

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Kent, James A. "Wood and Wood Products." In Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, 177–242. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23816-6_7.

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Kallarackal, Jose, and Fernando Ramírez. "Wood and Wood Density." In Wood Density, 5–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61030-1_2.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "wood." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 593. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_11218.

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Lundquist, K. "Wood." In Methods in Lignin Chemistry, 65–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wood"

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Trehan, K., H. Molintas, and A. K. Gupta. "Gasification of Wood Pellets in Air and CO2." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32230.

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This paper examines the gasification of woody biomass pellets and torrefied wood pellets at different temperatures using air or CO2 as the gasifying agents. The woody biomass pellets were pyrolyzed and gasified in a controlled reactor facility that allowed for the determination of sample weight loss as a function of time from which the kinetics parameters were evaluated. The experimental facility provided full optical access that allowed for in-situ monitoring of the fate of the biomass pellets and the release of gas phase under prescribed high temperature condition. Pellet sample of known weight was placed in a wire mesh cage and then introduced instantly into the high temperature zone of the reactor at known temperature and surrounding gas composition as gasifying agent. The weight loss as function of time was examined for different gasification temperatures ranging from 600–950°C using air or CO2 as the gasifying agent. Significant differences in the weight loss were observed to reveal the fundamental pyro-gasification behavior between the wood and torrefied wood pellets. The results show enhanced gasification with air at low to moderate temperatures while at high temperatures the oxygen evolved from CO2 provided a role in oxidation. The calculated activated energy was lower for woody pellets than torrefied wood pellets and it was lower with air than CO2. These kinetic parameters help in modeling to design biomass gasifiers and combustors for increased conversion efficiency and performance using biomass or municipal solid waste pellets.
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Honig, David A., and W. A. Richards. "Why does wood look like wood?" In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1985.wd3.

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Three properties of trees produce distinctive visible characteristics of wood: the cylindrical growth rings, the vertical pores, and the radial planes that compartmentalize the tree to protect it from disease or injury. Such a model of a tree was the basis for rendering a wooden surface. With this first approximation, the growth rings will appear as elliptical contours on a planar cut, streaked by dark lines that arise from the rays, and speckled by pores. These three properties of wood capture its salient visual attributes. The particular form of the ring albedo function is not important, nor is it necessary to model the radial rays exactly. We speculate that the pattern of radial rays and elliptical rings, and possibly their intersection, allow the observer to make the inference of wood, for few other natural structures will produce this characteristic surface texture.
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Trehan, K., H. Molintas, and A. K. Gupta. "Gasification of Torrefied and Soft Wood Pellets in Air and CO2." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34020.

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This paper examines the gasification of woody biomass pellets and torrefied wood pellets at different temperatures using air or CO2 as the gasifying agents. The woody biomass pellets were pyrolyzed and gasified in a controlled reactor facility that allowed for the determination of sample weight loss as a function of time from which the kinetics parameters were evaluated. The experimental facility provided full optical access that allowed for in-situ monitoring of the fate of the biomass pellets and the release of gas phase under prescribed high temperature condition. Pellet sample of known weight was placed in a wire mesh cage and then introduced instantly into the high temperature zone of the reactor at known temperature and surrounding gas composition as gasifying agent. The weight loss as function of time was examined for different gasification temperatures ranging from 600–950°C using air or CO2 as the gasifying agent. Significant differences in the weight loss were observed to reveal the fundamental pyro-gasification behavior between the wood and torrefied wood pellets. The results show enhanced gasification with air at low to moderate temperatures while at high temperatures the oxygen evolved from CO2 provided a role in oxidation. The calculated activated energy was lower for woody pellets than torrefied wood pellets and it was lower with air than CO2. These kinetic parameters help in modeling to design biomass gasifiers and combustors for increased conversion efficiency and performance using biomass or municipal solid waste pellets.
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Kaila, Lasse, Henrik Raula, Miika Valtonen, and Karri Palovuori. "Living wood." In Proceeding of the 16th International Academic MindTrek Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2393132.2393191.

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Rogers, Y., D. Stanton, M. Thompson, M. Weal, S. Price, G. Fitzpatrick, R. Fleck, et al. "Ambient wood." In Proceeding of the 2004 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1017833.1017834.

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Cokcan, Baris, Johannes Braumann, and Sigrid Brell-Cokcan. "Performative Wood." In eCAADe 2014: Fusion. eCAADe, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.131.

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Wells, N., and R. E. Moon. "Wood Swelling: Pressures Exerted from Saturated Wood Materials." In Seventh Congress on Forensic Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479711.021.

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Storodubtseva, T. N., V. A. Morkovin, and A. A. Buryakova. "WOOD POLYMER-SAND COMPOSITE - AN ALTERNATIVE TO WOOD." In Разработка энергоресурсосберегающих и экологически безопасных технологий лесопромышленного комплекса. Воронеж: Воронежский государственный лесотехнический университет им. Г.Ф. Морозова, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58168/deseftti2022_141-147.

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MOUSAVI, MOHSEN, and AMIR H. GANDOMI. "TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR WOOD QUALITY ASSESSMENT." In Structural Health Monitoring 2023. Destech Publications, Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2023/36880.

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Different materials, including wood, have been tested using the contact Ultrasonic Testing (UT) technique. The time and velocity of the ultrasonic wave in a wood section have traditionally been monitored and correlated with wood quality. This practice, however, has not yielded satisfactory results, prompting researchers to develop new strategies to address the issue. In this study, the primary objective is to employ convolutional neural networks (CNN) to assess wood quality using the results of contact ultrasonic testing. To this end, 2D CNN models are employed to train on labeled ultrasonic signals as the training set. The developed models are thus set to solve supervised classification problems based on data gathered from testing specimens with various health conditions. The tested specimens are two types of wood with and without natural imperfections. Therefore, the size and shape of damage are different across specimens-billets harvested from trees at two sites in NSW and WA, Australia. This study aims to visualize and investigate the properties of the features extracted by the inner layers of the developed CNN models. This way, an unsupervised strategy can be devised to solve the clustering problem of woods based on their health condition.
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Zhu, Zhe, Saqib Sohail Toor, Lasse Rosendahl, Donghong Yu, and Guanyi Chen. "Experimental Study of Subcritical Water Liquefaction of Biomass: Effects of Catalyst and Biomass Species." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6708.

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In this work, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of wood industry residues (wood, bark, sawdust) and macroalgae for producing biofuels has been investigated under subcritical water conditions (at temperature of 300 °C), with and without the presence of a catalyst. The effects of catalyst and biomass type (woody and non-woody) on the biomass conversion, bio-crude yield, and the qualities of products were studied. The results suggested that the addition of potassium carbonate as a catalyst showed a positive effect on bio-crude yield, especially for wood, where it was enhanced to 47.48 wt%. Macroalgae showed a higher biomass conversion and a lower bio-crude yield than other woody biomass investigated in the present study, irrespective of whether the catalyst was used. Meanwhile, the effect of catalyst on macroalgae was less significant than that of woody biomass. The heating values and thermal stability of all bio-crudes were analyzed. The results showed that the higher heating values (HHVs) were in the range of 24.15 to 31.79 MJ/kg, and they were enhanced in the presence of a catalyst, except for that of the macroalgae. The solid residues were characterized by heating value, SEM and FTIR. It was found that the addition of K2CO3 lowered the solids quality in terms of the heating values, while it did not have apparent effect on the functional groups of solid residues. SEM analysis of the raw biomass and solid residues revealed that the char formation for wood, sawdust and macroalgae had initially finished when they were treated in hot compressed water at 300 °C, while conversion of bark had not completed yet.
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Reports on the topic "Wood"

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Forest Products Laboratory. Wood handbook : wood as an engineering material. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-113.

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Ross, Robert J., and Forest Products Laboratory USDA Forest Service. Wood handbook : wood as an engineering material. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-190.

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Orfanidou, Timokleia, Mariana Hassegawa, Pekka Leskinen, Herbert Sixta, Pekka Oinas, and Giuseppe Cardellini. Wood-based textiles & modern wood buildings. European Forest Institute, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36333/k2a06.

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McKeever, David B., and Kenneth E. Skog. Urban tree and woody yard residues : another wood resource. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-290.

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Ross, Robert J., Jiangming Kan, Xiping Wang, Julie Blankenburg, Janet I. Stockhausen, and Roy F. Pellerin. Wood and Wood-Based Materials as Sensors—A Review of the Piezoelectric Effect in Wood. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-212.

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Butcher, T., R. Trojanowski, and G. Wei. Cord Wood Testing in a Non-Catalytic Wood Stove. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1193192.

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Kvalbein, Astrid. Wood or blood? Norges Musikkhøgskole, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.481278.

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Wood or Blood? New scores and new sounds for voice and clarinet Astrid Kvalbein and Gjertrud Pedersen, Norwegian Academy of Music What is this thing called a score, and how do we relate to it as performers, in order to realize a musical work? This is the fundamental question of this exposition. As a duo we have related to scores in a variety of ways over the years: from the traditional reading and interpreting of sheet music of works by distant (some dead) composers, to learning new works in dialogue with living composers and to taking part in the creative processes from the commissioning of a work to its premiere and beyond. This reflective practice has triggered many questions: could the score for instance be conceptualized as a contract, in which some elements are negotiable and others are not? Where two equal parts, the performer(s) and the composer might have qualitatively different assignments on how to realize the music? Finally: might reflecting on such questions influence our interpretative practices? To shed light on these issues, we take as examples three works from our recent repertoire: Ragnhild Berstad’s Vevtråd (Weaving thread, 2010), Jan Martin Smørdal’s The Lesser Nighthawk (2012) and Lene Grenager’s Tre eller blod (Wood or blood, 2005). We will share – attempt to unfold – some of the experiences gained from working with this music, in close collaboration and dialogue with the composers. Observing the processes from a certain temporal distance, we see how our attitudes as a duo has developed over a longer span of time, into a more confident 'we'.
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Thomas, Bruce, Frannie Hughes, and Dorthea Adams. Fort Yukon wood Energy Program Wood Boiler Deployment (Final Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1529385.

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Zelinka, Samuel L. Corrosion of Fasteners in Wood Treated with Newer Wood Preservatives. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-220.

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Howard, James L., Rebecca Westby, and Kenneth E. Skog. Criterion 6, indicator 32 : exports as a share of wood and wood products production and imports as a share of wood and wood products production. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-318.

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