Academic literature on the topic 'Women, warung, informal sector, urban poverty'
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Journal articles on the topic "Women, warung, informal sector, urban poverty"
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Khan, Tasnim, and Rana Ejaz Ali Khan. "Urban Informal Sector: How Much Women Are Struggling for Family Survival." Pakistan Development Review 48, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 67–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i1pp.67-95.
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The paper analyses the contribution of informally employed women (for the age group of 16-60 years) to their household budget. The urban informal sector largely absorbs women workers. We examine the determinants of their contribution to their household budgets for the survival of the families. Applying the OLS model to 937 observations, it is found that women as heads of household, women’s education, and ownership of assets by woman have a positive effect on their contribution. The burden of the large family size, household poverty, and loans availed by the household are shared by the informally employed women, as these variables positively affect their contribution. Age of the woman has a non-linear effect on woman’s contribution. The contribution first increases and then decreases by an increase in the age of the woman. Married women and women living in nuclear families contribute more to the household budget. The household per capita income and number of children (5-15 years) in the household have shown a negative effect on the contribution of women to the household budget. The household’s economic vulnerability due to unemployment of husband and lower productivity caused by lower education of husband are also largely shared by the urban informally employed women, i.e., they struggle more for family survival. However, the number of adult males in the household decreases the volume of contribution by women and the burden on women is relaxed.
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Fitsum, Ghebregiorgis, Tekie Mehreteab Habteab, and Hailemariam Stifanos. "Employment creation, income generation, poverty and women in the informal sector: Evidences from urban Eritrea." International Journal of Peace and Development Studies 7, no. 5 (August 31, 2016): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijpds2015.0243.
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Rokisa, Rohaiza. "Social Enterprising Observance among B40 Urban Women for Socioeconomic Sustainability." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n5p397.
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This article explores the enterprising capabilities of economically challenged women in the urban city of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The study assumes that entrepreneurial awareness and entrepreneurial intention are good predictors of women who are socioeconomically sustainable. The study sample comprises the B40 women in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The B40 group refers to the "bottom 40 percent" members of the population, with a monthly household income of RM3,855 and below (USD9451 and below). A total of 404 B40 urban women are drawn from a clustered random sample of four so-called "poor" municipal residents in Kuala Lumpur. A questionnaire survey is used to study their levels of entrepreneurial awareness and intention, administered via the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22. The data are analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation. The findings indicate a significant relationship between their levels of entrepreneurial awareness and entrepreneurial intention with being socioeconomically sustainable. Four important indicators are deduced: 1) upholding economic justice for B40 urban women; 2) reducing urban poverty concentration among women; 3) innovating new working avenues for women homemakers in the informal work sector; and 4) enhancing moral responsibility towards sustaining the natural environment. Based on these empirical outcomes, the research also recommends a suitable approach to social entrepreneurship among women of different ethnic groups. Significantly, it will contribute to the pursuit of community development and national unity.Keywords: B40 women, Entrepreneurial awareness, Entrepreneurial intention, Malaysia, Social enterprising, Sustainability, Urban poverty
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OTOO, MIRIAM, JOAN FULTON, GERMAINE IBRO, and JAMES LOWENBERG-DEBOER. "WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN WEST AFRICA: THE COWPEA STREET FOOD SECTOR IN NIGER AND GHANA." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 16, no. 01 (March 2011): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946711001732.
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Women entrepreneurship in the informal sector, such as street food vending, is important for poverty alleviation in West Africa. The street food sector provides employment for women and inexpensive and nutritious food for the urban poor. In this paper, we determine the importance of the cowpea street food sector, evaluate the determinants of successful enterprises and ascertain the impact of economic, cultural, religious and geographic differentials between enterprises in Niamey, Niger and Kumasi, Ghana. Data were collected through in-person interviews with 114 and 122 women street food entrepreneurs in both countries in 2009. Results revealed that women entrepreneurs engaged in the cowpea street food sector can earn incomes 4 times and 16 times higher than the minimum legal wage in Niamey and Kumasi, respectively. Incomes earned from these entrepreneurial activities contribute directly to health, education and needs of their families. OLS regression results indicate that lack of financial resources, stable business locations and religious beliefs are important entrepreneurial success factors. Cross-country comparisons revealed enterprises in Kumasi are larger and more successful than those in Niamey.
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Mots’oene, Keneuoe Anacletta. "Analyzing Gender Disparities in the Labour Market in an Urbanizing City- Maseru, Lesotho." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 8, no. 1 (April 24, 2017): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v8i1.1614.
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The study aimed at investigating the gender differences in the labour market of the urban formal sector in Maseru. The research was undertaken to illustrate the existing gender gap between men and women both in occupation and remuneration thus exposing inequality manifestations particularly in an urbanizing city, Maseru. The assessment was carried out in Maseru urban formal sector in three government entities: the National Manpower Development Secretariat, Office of the Auditor General and Ministry of Labour. The three government entities were purposively selected because of easy access of documented data and availability of resource persons to assist during data collection exercise. While at the same time a few interviews were conducted with men working in the taxi industry and the informal sector. Observations as well formed part of approach to the study to ascertain the validity of information obtained from the documented data and interviews. The main finding of the paper is that women in Lesotho the paper concludes that the formal labour market in Maseru is characterized by gender gaps where women occupy well salaried positions as opposed to their male counterparts with these low income jobs thus making men live in vicious cycle of poverty.
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Bisaga, Iwona, Priti Parikh, and Claudia Loggia. "Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Urban Farming in South African Low-Income Settlements: A Case Study in Durban." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 14, 2019): 5660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205660.
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Growing urban centres have been attracting ever higher numbers of rural migrants, including small-scale farmers, looking for better opportunities due to the rise of large-scale farming, loss of land and climate change. Consequently, there has been an increase in the number of spontaneous and informal settlements being constructed as cities do not keep up with the planning and infrastructure development for new arrivals. Urban dwellers in informal, unplanned settlements where issues of land tenure and access to services are prevalent have, consequently, been exposed to precarious living conditions with limited access to food and water scarcity. Urban agriculture (UA) strategies have been adopted by those residents to alleviate poverty and food insecurity, and have been seen to perform other functions, such as environmental, social, cultural and developmental. This study explores challenges and opportunities for sustainable urban farming as an integrated environmental management strategy for the upgrading of informal settlements in three case studies in Durban. This paper demonstrates the need for municipalities to support community driven processes to ensure sustainability of UA initiatives and sustained investment for maintenance. Policy makers need to create an enabling environment for academics, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the private sector to co-develop water efficient solutions to manage the food-water nexus and capitalise on localised community structures and groups, such as co-operatives and women groups.
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Wango, Nyagwegwe Chaulo, Winston Edward Massam, Tatu Mtwangi Limbumba, Colman T. Msoka, and Wilbard Kombe. "Exploring Social Protection Opportunities through Everyday Navigations of Women Informal Workers: The Case of Buguruni Food Vending Network in Dar Es Salaam." International Journal of Regional Development 9, no. 2 (June 6, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v9i2.19749.
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The contribution of social networks in providing insurance against various urban vulnerabilities cannot be underestimated among workers. Urban residents working in the informal sector face everyday challenges related to public spaces and harassment from police and local authorities, low incomes, and poverty when they cannot work due to sickness or accidents. Women workers face additional hardships due to their reproductive roles when choosing between going to work or caring for children or their health during maternity periods. Social networks have a significant role in cushioning the urban residents against financial insecurity, ultimately reducing the harsh outcomes of insecure employment activities and poverty. This paper intends to highlight how such social networks assist in insurance against risks associated with working on the streets. The study adopted a qualitative technique to collect Buguruni Food vending network data. Interviews (47 participants), documentary reviews and non-participatory field observation were applied. Findings showed increasing evidence that networks are critical to poor people due to their flexible operations and significant contributions to promoting access to capital required to boost food vending operations. Since communities are vulnerable to risks, social networks have become one of the essential factors for reducing the shock or stress to members. Social networks play a significant role in initiating collective solutions that have an effect and, in the end, influence change in the community. Eventually, the initiative is undertaken as a community plan.
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Dr. Deepali Bhide. "The ‘Changing Status’ of Women w.r.t. Gentrified Urban Spaces of Mumbai." Creative Launcher 6, no. 4 (October 30, 2021): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.4.12.
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Reinforcement of inequality and rise in human conflict across society, culture, political economy and gender relations is a characteristic feature of globalisation which is an apparent process of development. This inequality becomes more evident in a globalising city like Mumbai because the capitalist expansion within Mumbai has been defragmented and worrisome. Girangaon in Mumbai (spread over E, F and G wards within MCGM- Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai) is a case reflecting a similar inconsistency because this is a core area which has been undergoing so called urban renewal since the closure of cotton textile mills since 1980s. More livelihood opportunities in Mumbai have been created in the informal tertiary sector as compared to the formal traditional occupations. Urban poverty, income disparities and deprivations are issues which remain unaddressed. Women who are an important part of the urban economy and who remain behind the veils when it comes to assessment and calculation of real income are not left behind from this brunt. The present paper therefore is an attempt to understand the participation and contribution of women in Mumbai’s economy. It also tries to study whether there has been any change in the socio-economic status of women from Girangaon especially with two important processes- closure of mills and the initiation of gentrification. For this purpose a questionnaire survey was conducted in Girangaon and the collected data has been analysed qualitatively to understand the dynamics of capital and gender relations.
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Gaiha, Shivani Mathur, and Katja Gillander Gådin. "‘No time for health:’ exploring couples’ health promotion in Indian slums." Health Promotion International 35, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day101.
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Summary Joint involvement of couples is an effective strategy to increase contraceptive use and improve reproductive health of women. However, engaging couples to understand how their gender attitudes affect their personal and family health is an idea in search of practice. This mixed-methods study explores opportunities and barriers to couples' participation in health promotion in three slums of Delhi. For each couple, surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted with husbands and wives individually to contrast self and spousal work, time, interest in health, sources of information related to health and depth of knowledge (n = 62). Urban poverty forces men to work long hours and women to enter part-time work in the informal sector. Paid work induces lack of availability at home, lack of interest in health information and in performing household chores and a self-perception of being healthy among men. These factors inhibit men's' participation in community-based health promotion activities. Women's unpaid work in the household remains unnoticed. Women were expected to be interested in and to make time to attend community-based health-related activities. Men recalled significantly less sources of health information than their spouse. Men and their wives showed similar depth of health-related knowledge, likely due to their spousal communication, with women acting as gatekeepers. Health promotion planners must recognize time constraints, reliance on informal interpersonal communication as a source of health information and the need to portray positive masculinities that address asymmetric gender relations. Innovative, continuous and collaborative approaches may support couples to proactively care about health in low-resource settings.
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Pearce, Tola Olu, Olufemi O. Kujore, and V. Aina Agboh-Bankole. "Generating an income in the urban environment: the experience of street food vendors in Ile-Ife, Nigeria." Africa 58, no. 4 (October 1988): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160348.
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IntroductionThe economic condition of workers in the fast-growing urban centres of African countries is of concern to scholars and policymakers interested in developing programmes to alleviate the persistent poverty. However, there is a dearth of micro-level research on the economic activities of the numerous occupations to be found in these settings. This information would provide a more realistic basis for policies and the assessment of competing theoretical models of social change (Moser, 1980). The aim of the present paper therefore is to provide baseline data on the economic situation of one group of workers within the urban economy—vendors of street foods. Street foods are defined as edibles which have been prepared outside the consuming household and are ready for consumption at point of purchase; however, the buyer may take them elsewhere. The study does not include those ready-to-eat foods prepared within the confines of modern establishments with four walls. Modern restaurants and the cafeteria sections of hospitals, prisons, colleges and universities were therefore excluded. The small-scale businesses under study are part of what is known as the informal sector. The study was conducted in Ile-Ife, a university town in Oyo State (Yorubaland). Among the Yoruba, women became active in small-scale trade following changes in the patterns of international trade and in farming since the fifteenth century. This process was also facilitated by colonial penetration into the socioeconomic fabric of the society (Afonja, 1981). Within the trading business the marketing of street foods was dominated by women (Bascom, 1951; Marshall, 1964; Fadipe, 1970). Central to the concerns of this paper therefore are the levels of income generated by these women, the problems associated with the enterprise and possible recommendations on how to improve the situation of food vendors in the urban economy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Women, warung, informal sector, urban poverty"
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Indraswari, Indraswari, and indrayayan@yahoo com. "Women and Warung in an Urban Kampung." The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Department of Anthropology, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20091022.173123.
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This thesis is a study of women, warung (small shops) and Cicadas kampung community of Bandung, West Java. Data on warung, women, and the Cicadas kampung is based on 12 months fieldwork in 2002. To collect the data, a combination of in-depth interviews, observation and participant observation were adopted. In this research I explore the warung issue from the perspective of warung owners and other members of the kampung.
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From the owners point of view the main reason to establish warung is to extend the limited income produced by their family members to make ends meet. Other reasons are the possibility to combine income earning activities with domestic chores and social prestige. Having a warung gives more social prestige to a woman warung owner than being a domestic helper. On the other hand, having a job in the formal sector is considered better than conducting a warung business.
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From the kampung residents point of view, the reasons to shop at warung are mainly related to certain services offered by warung which are not available in other trading sectors. Warung offer small quantities of goods and credit. These services match the socioeconomic condition of the people, who are mostly low income. For the poor, warung indeed support them by providing these affordable services which are in accord with their purchasing power. Moreover shopping at warung enables the people to save, especially when buying cooked food. For kampung people, cooking may lead to a higher cost. Proximity is another reason people shop at warungwhich could be as close as next doorand this saves them transportation costs.
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Warung are also a social centre where people interact and discuss community affairs. Buying snacks (jajan) and credit (nganjuk) are important practices which mark the relationship between warung owners and their customers. These practices are less likely to characterize other trading sectors.
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More women than men run warung because having a warung enables women to combine reproductive and productive work, though this leads to the women working extremely long hoursup to 16 hours a dayto perform both tasks. Warung can also be seen as an extension of womens domestic responsibilities, by reinvesting money and providing meals for their family.
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Indraswari. "Women and Warung in an Urban Kampung." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49336.
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This thesis is a study of women, warung (small shops) and Cicadas kampung community of Bandung, West Java. Data on warung, women, and the Cicadas kampung is based on 12 months fieldwork in 2002. To collect the data, a combination of in-depth interviews, observation and participant observation were adopted. In this research I explore the warung issue from the perspective of warung owners and other members of the kampung. ¶ From the owners’ point of view the main reason to establish warung is to extend the limited income produced by their family members to make ends meet. Other reasons are the possibility to combine income earning activities with domestic chores and social prestige. Having a warung gives more social prestige to a woman warung owner than being a domestic helper. On the other hand, having a job in the formal sector is considered better than conducting a warung business. ¶ From the kampung residents’ point of view, the reasons to shop at warung are mainly related to certain services offered by warung which are not available in other trading sectors. Warung offer small quantities of goods and credit. These services match the socioeconomic condition of the people, who are mostly low income. For the poor, warung indeed ‘support’ them by providing these affordable services which are in accord with their purchasing power. Moreover shopping at warung enables the people to save, especially when buying cooked food. For kampung people, cooking may lead to a higher cost. Proximity is another reason people shop at warung - which could be as close as next door - and this saves them transportation costs. ¶ Warung are also a social centre where people interact and discuss community affairs. Buying snacks (jajan) and credit (nganjuk) are important practices which mark the relationship between warung owners and their customers. These practices are less likely to characterize other trading sectors. ¶ More women than men run warung because having a warung enables women to combine reproductive and productive work, though this leads to the women working extremely long hours - up to 16 hours a day - to perform both tasks. Warung can also be seen as an extension of women’s domestic responsibilities, by reinvesting money and providing meals for their family.
Books on the topic "Women, warung, informal sector, urban poverty"
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Henda Ducados Pinto de Andrade. Women and development: Women, poverty, and the informal sector in Luanda's peri-urban areas. Luanda: Development Workshop, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Women, warung, informal sector, urban poverty"
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Dao, Nga. "Money Pools (Hụi/Họ) in the Mekong Delta." In Community Economies in the Global South, 187–206. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865629.003.0010.
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Across Vietnam, and for poor people in particular, there is demand for loans that are below market rates and less risky than those given by private lenders. The rural financial sector in Vietnam presently has three sub-sectors: formal, semi-formal, and informal. All of these sub-sectors have provided poor households with microfinance services in different forms and approaches. While examining rural finance in Vietnam in general, this chapter pays particular attention to one aspect of it—the informal sub-sector. Through hundreds of years, informal saving has existed in every corner of Vietnam, from rural to urban, and is getting more diversified in its structure. However, until 2006, rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) were not recognized as legal activities. While ROSCAs or money pools have brought positive results to a number of people, they have also been seen as an evidence of trust degradation and a rotten morality in many other cases. Based on interviews with local people, focus-group discussions, and government and non-governmental organization (NGO) documents, the authors examined the ROSCAs system in Vietnam. Findings show how popular ROSCAs have been in rural Vietnam, especially in the Mekong Delta, and that even though incidents happen, ROSCAs remain a good way for women in that region to create an income and to help their families out of poverty. This practice will keep proliferating through time, and help strengthen tight connections among local communities.