Journal articles on the topic 'Women soldiers – crimes against'
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1
Rosellini, A. J., J. Monahan, A. E. Street, S. G. Heeringa, E. D. Hill, M. Petukhova, B. Y. Reis, et al. "Predicting non-familial major physical violent crime perpetration in the US Army from administrative data." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 2 (October 6, 2015): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001774.
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Background.Although interventions exist to reduce violent crime, optimal implementation requires accurate targeting. We report the results of an attempt to develop an actuarial model using machine learning methods to predict future violent crimes among US Army soldiers.Method.A consolidated administrative database for all 975 057 soldiers in the US Army in 2004–2009 was created in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Of these soldiers, 5771 committed a first founded major physical violent crime (murder-manslaughter, kidnapping, aggravated arson, aggravated assault, robbery) over that time period. Temporally prior administrative records measuring socio-demographic, Army career, criminal justice, medical/pharmacy, and contextual variables were used to build an actuarial model for these crimes separately among men and women using machine learning methods (cross-validated stepwise regression, random forests, penalized regressions). The model was then validated in an independent 2011–2013 sample.Results.Key predictors were indicators of disadvantaged social/socioeconomic status, early career stage, prior crime, and mental disorder treatment. Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.80–0.82 in 2004–2009 and 0.77 in the 2011–2013 validation sample. Of all administratively recorded crimes, 36.2–33.1% (male-female) were committed by the 5% of soldiers having the highest predicted risk in 2004–2009 and an even higher proportion (50.5%) in the 2011–2013 validation sample.Conclusions.Although these results suggest that the models could be used to target soldiers at high risk of violent crime perpetration for preventive interventions, final implementation decisions would require further validation and weighing of predicted effectiveness against intervention costs and competing risks.
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Ferizović, Jasenka. "The Case of Female Perpetrators of International Crimes: Exploratory Insights and New Research Directions." European Journal of International Law 31, no. 2 (September 2020): 455–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa037.
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Abstract Although conflicts are often considered to be an exclusively male domain, historical records of conflicts throughout the 20th century show that women also actively participate in warfare – not only as peace activists, humanitarian workers, health care providers, politicians and soldiers but also as perpetrators of crimes. Nevertheless, the participation of women in the commission of international crimes, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, has long been considered an anomaly that falls beyond the ‘normal’ scope of conflict-related criminality. Consequently, this topic has been deemed marginal in scholarly circles and, until recently, has remained significantly under-researched. This article contributes to the existing research by presenting an original analysis of the characteristics of conflict-related criminality among women and of criminal prosecutions of female perpetrators of international crimes in modern conflicts, primarily focusing on World War II, and the wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. It further offers a first systematic overview and analysis of domestic trials of women prosecuted for international crimes before the courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia.
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Deepak, Kashyap. "Indian Women in World War II: The Air Raid Precaution ‘Comfort’ Women." Indian Historical Review 48, no. 2 (October 17, 2021): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836211052097.
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The main focus of this article is on the war-stricken ecology of World War II and the notable role played by Indian women as Air Raid Precaution Wardens. They gave their unmatched services in the air raid–prone areas and earned a name. However, until the close of the war, they were reduced to not more than ‘comfort women’ for British officers and soldiers. Simultaneously, the article explains how the women’s influential roles are sidelined by giving too much preference to the topic such as rape, abduction and war crimes against women. The critics and historians remain busy in criticising other armies on the atrocities inflicted upon women by them. The conclusion exposes the double standard of the academic world: first, they criticise Japan over the issue of ‘comfort women’, but they close their eyes towards Indian women. The article explains how the British too exploited Indian women, but they remain hidden from the eyes of critics due to their gentlemen status.
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Zavorotko, Inna. "Ukrainian Women are Raped, Men are Killed: The Russian Federation Violates International Law." International and Comparative Law Review 23, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2023-0010.
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Summary The large-scale use of rape against women and the murder of men by the Russian armed forces has been widely documented since it first invaded Ukraine in February 2022. Consequently, many Ukrainian families have been affected both physically and mentally by the use of sexual and gender-based violence as a method of war. This paper presents a detailed analysis of these ‘classical’ sexual and gender-based violence cases from the perspective of grave breaches of international humanitarian law. According to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and case law, these cases constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide. Investigations have already commenced into cases of sexual and gender-based violence on both the national and international level. The first Russian soldier formally accused of raping a female (wife) and killing her husband, is already standing trial before the Ukrainian courts. The International Criminal Court, within the ad hoc jurisdiction given by Ukrainian authorities, as well as specially established mechanisms and law enforcement agencies of foreign states; have also begun investigations into cases of ‘classical’ sexual and gender-based violence on the international level.
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Wingfield, Nancy M. "The Enemy Within: Regulating Prostitution and Controlling Venereal Disease in Cisleithanian Austria during the Great War." Central European History 46, no. 3 (September 2013): 568–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893891300099x.
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During summer 1917, civilians using the city baths in Olmütz, Moravia, demanded that soldiers stationed at the local Emperor Francis Joseph infantry barracks cease swimming nude in the March River opposite the city baths, especially during the women's swimming hour. In addition to those of soldiers, the bathing habits of other culprits offended the good citizens of the city. One resident complained that children, adolescent boys and girls, and even some grown-ups, among them “buxom” prostitutes, were swimming nude in the March and thus offending the morals of others. “Flashers” also caught the attention of the public and the police, including the unknown man who made “immoral,” but unrecorded, remarks and exposed himself to the women who frequented the promenade under the Freundschaftshöhe in the western Bohemian spa town, Karlsbad, during the summer. The offended women provided the police with a good description of this man, said to be between forty-five and fifty years old, of average size, with gray, grizzled hair, a graying mustache, and a goatee. They described his clothing, a dark suit with knee-length pants, knee-high stockings, hiking boots, and a panama hat. (Records do not indicate whether police apprehended the suspect.) In the Bukovinian provincial capital Czernowitz, an eighteen-year-old electrical technician accused a forty-seven-year-old man from Saxony who allegedly propositioned him on the city's Ringplatz one late summer's evening in 1918 of “crimes against nature.” The most common “morals” problem to preoccupy the police and the military during the Great War, however, was neither flashers nor nude bathers; it was prostitution.
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Habibi, Mohammad Khalid. "Investigating the adverse consequences of armed conflict on the socio-economic status of women." Volume-3: Issue- 1 (January) 3, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36099/ajahss.3.1.1.
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Conflict is an open clash between two opposing individuals, groups, organizations, ethnics and states. In conflict times, the violence against women assumes the form of savagery, soldiers, militias, or gunmen from both sides ravage women and rape them and the law comes to a standstill and there is no punishment for crime. But the important question is why women are violated and harassed during conflict time? It is estimated that millions of people around the world have lost their lives in various wars over the past century. Although men and women go through similar experiences and traumas in the midst of these conflicts, the type of death is often different. In times of war, all men and women are forced to leave their homes and livelihoods, are injured or lose their lives and find it difficult to make a living during, and even after the conflict. But during regional wars, the fate of women is often disproportionately affected by the conflict between the groups involved, and the experience of women and children in these periods is fundamentally different from that of men.
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Oosterveld, Valerie. "Forced Marriage and the Special Court for Sierra Leone: Legal Advances and Conceptual Difficulties." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 2, no. 1 (2011): 127–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187815211x587727.
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AbstractForced marriage was endemic during the Sierra Leonean conflict. Girls and women forced to serve as 'wives' to rebel soldiers were usually expected to submit to ongoing rape and to provide domestic labour to their 'husbands'. Many of these 'wives' suffer from continuing stigmatization. The Prosecutor of the Special Court for Sierra Leone brought forced marriage charges as a crime against humanity through the category of inhumane acts against Brima, Kamara and Kanu, affiliated with the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), and Sesay, Kallon and Gbao, affiliated with the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). This article considers two benefits stemming from the resulting jurisprudence: the naming of forced marriage as an inhumane act and the acknowledgement of forced marriage as a violation not captured by other legal terms. However, conceptual difficulties remain: how should forced marriage be defined so as to fulfil the principle of nullum crimen sine lege? Is forced marriage more accurately labelled as enslavement? And, is conjugality accurately captured as a defining feature of forced marriage? If forced marriage is to be successfully prosecuted in other contexts – for example, in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia – then more attention must be paid to resolving these questions.
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Ensor, Marisa. "Climate Disasters, Mass Violence, and Human Mobility in South Sudan: Through a Gender Lens." Genocide Studies and Prevention 16, no. 1 (July 2022): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.16.1.1844.
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This article examines the links between gender, mass violence, climate change, and displacement in South Sudan. I argue for risk-informed gender-sensitive strategies that incorporate local capacities and sources of resilience. When civil war engulfed South Sudan again in 2013, egregious human rights violations, including sexual and gender-based violence, were perpetrated with near complete impunity. As the national army was divided along Dinka-Nuer ethnic lines, soldiers from each faction turned against each other in a deadly pattern of revenge and counter-revenge attacks that soon spread across the national territory. Inter-communal conflicts also intensified, often centering on competition over land for pasture, cattle raiding, and the abduction of women and children. Additionally, environmental challenges, including both droughts and severe flooding, as well as locust swarms, have resulted in widespread crop loss and property damage. Famine was declared in 2017, with current conditions classified as widespread acute food insecurity and acute malnutrition. The intersection of these multiple crises has displaced nearly 4 million people. Despite these seemingly insurmountable challenges, South Sudanese women have made significant strides in their push for inclusion in national peace processes.
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Nwaogu, Dandy Chidiebere. "WARTIME SEXUAL VIOLENCE OFFENCES: QUEST TO UNRAVEL THE ASSOCIATED CONSEQUENCES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW." UCC Law Journal 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 75–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/ucclj.v2i2.1119.
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Despite increasing awareness and the huge condemnation of sexual violence during armed conflicts in the last decades, the bodies of women and girls continue to be regarded as spoils and bonus of war globally. Warring parties often engage the use of rape and other forms of sexual violence, as a tool to punish, terrorize and destroy targeted ethnic populations. In other instances, rebels and terrorist groups engage sexual violence as a weapon and strategy to advance their mundane objectives. the paper aims at examining the consequences and impact of wartime sexual violence on women, and men as well as the impact of such violence on their family and immediate society during armed conflicts. The paper finds that despite efforts made by the international community through the enactment of laws and resolutions in curtailing the scourge of sexual violence during wartime, rape and other forms of sexual violence are still being employed during armed conflict situations as weapon and tactics of war by soldiers and other armed groups. The paper relies on primary and secondary information such as International Conventions and Treaties, Books, Journal Articles, Judicial Precedents and Internet Materials. Flowing from the above, the paper concludes that the desired need to end sexual violence generated impunity is possible through sensitization and propaganda vide non-governmental organizations, accountability and coordinated enforcement through both domestic and international institutions. The paper further recommends that women and other victims of wartime violence who steps out to speak and report the crime of sexual violence committed against them should be protected and rewarded as this would lead to the massive reporting, arresting and prosecuting of perpetrators of conflict-related sexual violence.
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Forslund, Morris A., William J. Bopp, and James J. Vardalis. "Crimes Against Women." Contemporary Sociology 17, no. 1 (January 1988): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069440.
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Bopp, William J., and James J. Vardalis. "Crimes against Women." Family Relations 37, no. 1 (January 1988): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/584443.
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Brandt, Doug. "Crimes Against Women." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 107, no. 8 (August 2007): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000282292.95817.14.
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Kehoe, Thomas J., and E. James Kehoe. "Crimes Committed by U.S. Soldiers in Europe, 1945–1946." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 47, no. 1 (May 2016): 53–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00941.
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Accounts from victims and observers, including new research in the U.S. National Archives and the Bavarian National Archives, suggest that American soldiers committed crimes against persons—especially rape and various forms of assault—and against property in Europe after World War II more often than statistics about charges and prosecutions at the time indicated. More importantly, previously unexamined statistical summaries of crimes committed by American troops, as recorded by the U.S. Provost Marshal, provide unprecedented quantitative information about these crimes in the European Theater of Operations (eto) during the first postwar year, May 1945 to June 1946. The absolute number of crimes decreased as the number of troops declined, but the rate of crime (number per 10,000 troops) increased during the same period.
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Sutejo and Mohammad Saleh. "Penanganan Perkara Tindak Pidana Narkotika Yang Di Lakukan Oleh Prajurit TNI Angkatan Laut." Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik 4, no. 3 (April 27, 2024): 480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/jihhp.v4i3.1957.
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The involvement of Navy soldiers in narcotics and Psychotropic crimes requires consistent efforts for their prevention and eradication. The consistency of the TNI leadership in efforts to prevent the involvement of TNI soldiers in narcotics and Psychotropic crimes is carried out by issuing regulations, either in the form of Telegram letters (ST) of the TNI commander or decisions of the Chief of Naval Staff. For Navy soldiers who are proven to be involved in abuse, depositors, dealers and manufacturers of narcotics and Psychotropic Substances must be held legally responsible. As for the form of responsibility, it also varies depending on the degree of guilt, it starts to be rehabilitated, the investigation process is carried out by the pom TNI, until the case is submitted to military justice and is proposed to be fired. The purpose of this study was to analyze the handling of cases of narcotics and Psychotropic crimes committed by Navy soldiers and law enforcement against cases of narcotics and Psychotropic crimes committed by Navy soldiers.
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Bergoffen, Debra. "February 22, 2001: Toward a Politics of the Vulnerable Body." Hypatia 18, no. 1 (2003): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb00782.x.
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On February 22, 2001, three Bosnian Serb soldiers were found guilty of crimes against humanity. Their offense? Rape. This is the first time that rape has been pros-ecuted and condemned as a crime against humanity. Appealing to Jacques Derrida's democracy of the perhaps and Judith Butler's politics of performative contradiction, I see this judgment inaugurating a politics of the vulnerable body which challenges current understandings of evil, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
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Maskun, Maskun, and Setiyono Setiyono. "Prosedur Penyelidikan terhadap Tindak Pidana yang Dilakukan oleh Anggota TNI AD (Studi di Subdenpom V/4-3 Pamekasan)." MLJ Merdeka Law Journal 3, no. 2 (November 20, 2022): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/mlj.v3i2.9432.
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This study aims to examine and analyze the Investigative Procedures Against Criminal Acts Performed by Indonesian Army Soldiers in Subdenpom V/4-3 Pamekasan and the obstacles in the Investigation Procedures Against Crimes Performed by Indonesian Army Soldiers in Subdenpom V/4-3 Pamekasan. Using the interactive analysis model or Interactive Model of Analysis, it was found that the procedure for investigating crimes committed by TNI AD Soldiers at Subdenpom V/4-3 Pamekasan was in accordance with what was mandated in Chapter IV Part One Articles 69 to 98 of Law Number 31 of 1997 regarding military justice which contains an investigation starting from the existence of a police report, requirements for a police report, summons to suspects and witnesses, examination of suspects and sanctions, arrest and detention and carrying out of investigations. Obstacles in Investigating Procedures for Crimes Performed by Indonesian Army Soldiers are the lack of witness participation in providing information in the investigation process, there are still some investigators whose education level is still low, the limited number of personnel and the lack of budget for investigations.DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/mlj.v3i1.9432
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Kumar, Vinod. "Crimes Against Women in India." Studies in Law and Justice 2, no. 4 (December 2023): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/slj.2023.12.13.
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Crime against women arises as a direct result of violence against them. The issue of violence against women has been the most important issue of women’s movement in India since 1974-75. First it was the ever-increasing number of ‘dowry deaths’. Then, from 1980, different rape cases for grounded rape as a major issue. This was followed by the revival of the ancient custom of Sati. The limelight next shifted to female infanticide as well as female foeticide. There was the advent of ultra modern medical forms of violence against females through bio medical practices, such as amniocentesis. Domestic violence, sexual harassment at work Crimes against women, like all other acts of violence and crimes, have to be seen in the social, economic and political contexts of power relations. It occurs within class and caste because of patriarchal social relations under which male power dominates. A narrow view of crime and violence sees it merely an act of illegal, criminal use of physical force. But a broader view includes exploitation, discrimination, upholding of unequal economic and social structures, the creation of an atmosphere of terror, threat or reprisal and all forms of religio-cultural and political violence. This research paper will concern with the crimes identified in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and also those which come under Special Law (SL).
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Đozić, Adib. "Identity and shame – How it seems from Bosniaks perspective. A contribution to the understanding of some characteristics of the national consciousness among Bosniaks." Historijski pogledi 4, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 258–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2021.4.5.258.
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The relationship between identity and national consciousness is one of the important issues, not only, of the sociology of identity but of the overall opinion of the social sciences. This scientific question has been insufficiently researched in the sociological thought of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and with this paper we are trying to actualize it. Aware of theoretical-methodological and conceptual-logical difficulties related to the research problem, we considered that in the first part of the paper we make some theoretical-methodological notes on the problems in studying this phenomenon, in order to, above all, eliminate conceptual-logical dilemmas. The use of terms and their meaning in sociology and other social sciences is a very important theoretical and methodological issue. The question justifiably arises whether we can adequately name and explain some of the “character traits” of the contemporary national identity of the Bosniak nation that we want to talk about in this paper with classical, generally accepted terms, identity, consciousness, self-awareness, shame or shame, self-shame. Another important theoretical issue of the relationship between identity and consciousness in our case, the relationship between the national consciousness of Bosniaks and their overall socio-historical identity is the dialectical relationship between individual and collective consciousness, ie. the extent to which the national consciousness of an individual or a particular national group, political, cultural, educational, age, etc., is contrary to generally accepted national values and norms. One of the important factors of national consciousness is the culture of remembrance. What does it look like for Bosniaks? More specifically, in this paper we problematize the influence of “prejudicial historiography” on the development of the culture of memory in the direction of oblivion or memory. What to remember, and why to remember. Memory is part of our identity. The phrase, not to deal with the past but to turn to the future, is impossible. How to project the future and not analyze the past. On the basis of what, what social facts? Why the world remembers the crimes of the Nazis, why the memory of the Holocaust and the suffering of the Jews is being renewed. Which is why Bosniaks would not remember and renew the memory of the genocides committed against them. Due to the Bosniak memory of genocide, it is possible that the perpetrators of genocide are celebrated as national heroes and their atrocities as a national liberation struggle. Why is the history of literature and art, political history and all other histories studied in all nations and nations. Why don't European kingdoms give up their own, queens and kings, princesses and princes. These and other theoretical-methodological questions have served us to use comparative analysis to show specific forms of self-esteem among Bosniaks today. The concrete socio-historical examples we cite fully confirm our hypothesis. Here are a few of these examples. Our eastern neighbors invented their epic hero Marko Kraljevic (Ottoman vassal and soldier, killed as a “Turkish” soldier in the fight against Christian soldiers in Bulgaria) who killed the fictional Musa Kesedzija, invented victory on the field of Kosovo, and Bosniaks forgot the real Bosniak epic heroes , brothers Mujo and Halil Hrnjic, Tala od Orašac, Mustaj-beg Lički and others, who defended Bosniaks from persecution and ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian Krajina. Dozens of schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been named after the Serbian language reformer, the Serb Vuk Stefanović Karađić (1787-1864), who was born in the village of Tršić near Loznica, Republic of Serbia. Uskufije (1601 / 1602.-?), Born in Dobrinja near Tuzla. Two important guslars and narrators of epic folk songs, Filip Višnjić (1767-1834) and Avdo Medjedović (1875-1953), are unequally present in the memory and symbolic content of the national groups to which they belong, even if the difference in quality is on the side of the almost forgotten. Avdo Medjedovic, the “Balkan Homer”, is known at Harvard University, but very little is known in Bosnia and Herzegovina. And while we learned everything about the murderer Gavril Princip, enlightened by the “logic of an idea” (Hannah Arendt) symbolizing him as a “national hero”, we knew nothing, nor should we have known, about Muhamed Hadžijamaković, a Bosnian patriot and legal soldier, he did not kill a single pregnant woman , a fighter in the Bosnian Army who fought against the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. When it comes to World War II and the fight against fascism are full of hero stories. For one example, we will take Srebrenica, the place of genocidal suffering of Bosniaks. Before the war against Bosnian society and the state 1992-1995. in Srebrenica, the elementary school was called Mihajlo Bjelakovic, a partisan, born in Vidrići near Sokolac. Died in Srebrenica in 1944. The high school in Srebrenica was named Midhat Hacam, a partisan born in the vicinity of Vares. It is not a problem that these two educational institutions were named after two anti-fascists, whose individual work is not known except that they died. None of them were from Srebrenica. That's not a problem either. Then what is it. In the collective memory of Bosniaks. Until recently, the name of the two Srebrenica benefactors and heroes who saved 3,500 Srebrenica Serbs from the Ustasha massacre in 1942, who were imprisoned by the Ustashas in the camp, has not been recorded. These are Ali (Jusuf) efendi Klančević (1888-1952) and his son Nazif Klančević (1910-1975). Nothing was said about them as anti-fascists, most likely that Alija eff. Klančević was an imam-hodža, his work is valued according to Andrić's “logic” as a work that cannot “be the subject of our work” In charity, humanitarian work, but also courage, sacrifice, direct participation in the fight for defense, the strongest Bosniaks do not lag behind Bosniaks, but just like Bosniaks, they are not symbolically represented in the public space of Bosnia and Herzegovina. We had the opportunity to learn about the partisan Marija Bursać and many others, but why the name Ifaket-hanuma Tuzlić-Salihagić (1908-1942), the daughter of Bakir-beg Tulić, was forgotten. In order to feed the muhadjers from eastern Bosnia, Ifaket-hanum, despite the warning not to go for food to Bosanska Dubica, she left. She bravely stood in front of the Ustashas who arrested her and took her to Jasenovac. She was tortured in the camp and eventually died in the greatest agony, watered and fried with hot oil. Nothing was known about that victim of Ustasha crimes. Is it because she is the daughter of Bakir-beg Tuzlić. Bey's children were not desirable in public as benefactors because they were “remnants of rotten feudalism”, belonging to the “sphere of another culture”. In this paper, we have mentioned other, concrete, examples of Bosniak monasticism, from the symbolic content of the entire public space to naming children.
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Anchan, Tanushri. "Crimes Against Women: A Statistical Analysis." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/feb2014/35.
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Graham, Nadine. "Cyber crimes against women in India." Asian Journal of Women's Studies 24, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2018.1496783.
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GHOSH, DURBA. "Household Crimes and Domestic Order: Keeping the Peace in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1770–c. 1840." Modern Asian Studies 38, no. 3 (July 2004): 599–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x03001124.
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During the early years of British expansion in Bengal, from the 1770s to the 1840s, British courts ruled on at least three dozen domestic violence cases. In the process of ruling on crimes in which native women were victims of burglary, rape, and murder at the hands of European men, judges on the Supreme Court of Calcutta became intimately involved with enforcing domestic peace and containing the social threat posed by interracial conjugal relationships between lower-class European soldiers and merchants and the native women with whom they cohabited or married. While high-ranking, upper-class men may have also physically abused native women with whom they were intimate, these relationships were rarely the subject of judicial scrutiny. Through criminal trials of domestic crimes or ‘intimate violence’, British judges and magistrates, who were among the highest status positions in the civil service, managed the sexual and familial transgressions of lower-ranking European soldiers, merchants and civil employees, thereby ‘making empire respectable,’ while simultaneously enabling lower-ranking men to enjoy continued sexual access to local women.
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Nilsson, Marco. "Muslim Mothers in Ground Combat Against the Islamic State." Armed Forces & Society 44, no. 2 (March 24, 2017): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17699568.
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This study analyzes the experiences and identities of Kurdish women fighting the Islamic State (IS) in northern Iraq as part of the Peshmerga Army. The case is especially interesting because these women have engaged in ground combat and because there is an empirical gap in knowledge, especially concerning Muslim women’s experiences as soldiers. Wars bring great destruction but can also catalyze social change. While seeking balance between their identities as good mothers and professional soldiers, many Kurdish women see their war participation as a chance to increase their agency and improve equality in society, as combat operations create a window of opportunity to change perceptions of women’s roles. Women soldiers still face prejudices and feel that they must prove their worth as fearless warriors in ground combat. However, interviewed soldiers said that they were not striving for equality but equivalency, stressing those qualities that women in particular can contribute in battle.
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KILLEAN, RACHEL, EITHNE DOWDS, and AMANDA KRAMER. "Soldiers as Victims at the ECCC: Exploring the Concept of ‘Civilian’ in Crimes against Humanity." Leiden Journal of International Law 30, no. 3 (February 23, 2017): 685–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156517000048.
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AbstractThe inspiration for this article came from a call for amicus curiae briefs issued in April 2016 by the Office of the Co-Investigating Judges in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). The call sought guidance on: whether, under customary international law applicable between 1975 and 1979, an attack by a state or organization against members of its own armed forces may amount to an attack directed against a civilian population for the purpose of constituting a crime against humanity under Article 5 of the ECCC Law. We argue that customary international law justifies a finding that an attack on members of the armed forces can constitute crimes against humanity. In particular, the article focuses on the importance placed on the persecution element of crimes against humanity in the post-Second World War jurisprudence, and the broad interpretation of the term ‘civilian’. The article also examines the jurisprudence of contemporary international courts, finding that in some cases the courts have interpreted the term ‘civilian’ as incorporating hors de combat. However, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Court (ICC) have moved towards a more restrictive interpretation of the term ‘civilian’, potentially excluding members of the armed forces. We argue that this move is regressive, and against the spirit in which the offence of crimes against humanity was created. The ECCC has an opportunity to counter this restrictive approach, thereby narrowing the protection gap which crimes against humanity were initially created to close.
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Shah, Baharuddin, and Chingiz Khan. "Trend Analysis of Crime against Women in Manipur, India." Feminist Research 5, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj2.21050102.
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The issue of women in Manipur is ascribed to two points. One point relates to the positive aspects of women such as their responsible roles in economy, polity and socio-cultural affairs in the state. The other point is focused on the crimes against women in the state. There are many crimes against women in the state such as sexual harassment, rape, molestation, domestic crimes, intimidation, kidnapping, attempt to rape, attempt to molestation, etc. All the major indigenous communities in the state namely Meitei, Muslims locally known as Pangal, tribes such as Naga and some sections of Kuki are the victims of such crimes. This paper is focusing on various forms of crimes against women. In this piece, an attempt has been made to scrutinize the different aspects of crimes against women in Manipur.
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Wharton, Sara. "The Evolution of International Criminal Law: Prosecuting 'New' Crimes before the Special Court for Sierra Leone." International Criminal Law Review 11, no. 2 (2011): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181211x559662.
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AbstractThe Special Court for Sierra Leone has been noted for becoming the first international court to convict accused of the crimes of sexual slavery, the use of child soldiers, 'forced marriage', and intentionally directing attacks against peacekeepers. This article analyzes how prosecutions of some of these supposedly 'new' crimes were found not to be in violation of the principle of legality, nullum crimen sine lege. In particular, this article will focus on the crimes of 'forced marriage', intentionally directing attacks against peacekeepers, and sexual slavery: the judgments in the RUF case (Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon and Gbao) and the AFRC case (Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara and Kanu) together reveal two different processes through which the law has proven able to evolve and adapt to accommodate so-called 'new' crimes without violating the principle of legality.
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Chauhan, Sukriti. "Armed Conflict and Women." Jindal Journal of Public Policy 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjpp.v2i1.136.
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Violence against women in conflict ridden zones has a multidimensional impact, not only on the woman but on her family and community as a whole. Violence against women in conflict zones is merely dismissed as a natural consequence of war, leading to impunity against the crimes, in many cases leading to gender based violations in the post conflict communities. Further, the legal characterization of crimes against woman in conflict zones as crimes of sexual violence alone and not as an attack on her ‘honour’ exclusively. Defining rape as a crime against honour and understanding it from a male perspective shows a failure to recognize the violent and discriminatory nature of the offence. There is a need to redefine women’s rights as human rights and not as ‘private’ or ‘cultural’ rights.
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Fiske, Lucy, and Rita Shackel. "Ending Rape in War: How Far Have We Come?" Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 6, no. 3 (February 4, 2015): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v6i3.4183.
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The rape of women has for centuries been an endemic feature of war, yet perpetrators largely go unpunished. Women were sanctioned as the spoils of war in biblical times and more recently it has been claimed that it is more dangerous to be a woman than a soldier in modern conflict. Nevertheless, until the establishment of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia – there was very little concern regarding the need to address the rape of women in conflict.This paper briefly maps historical attitudes towards rape in war, outlines some analyses and explanations of why rape in war occurs and finally turns more substantively to recent efforts by the international community to prosecute rape as a war crime and a crime against humanity. We argue, that while commendable in some ways, contemporary approaches to rape in war risk reinforcing aspects of women’s status which contribute to the targeting of women for rape and continue to displace women from the centre to the margins in debates and practices surrounding rape in both war and peace time. We conclude by arguing that criminal prosecutions alone are insufficient and that, if we are to end the rape of women and girls in war (and peace) we need a radical restructuring of gender relations across every sphere of social and political life.
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Sarkar, Sukanta. "AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON CRIME AGAINST WOMEN IN STATES OF WESTERN AND NORTHERN REGIONS OF INDIA." International Journal of Management, Economics and Commerce 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2024): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.62737/h94m1q50.
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The paper discussed the crimes against women in states of western and northern regions of India. It has found that Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra has higher incidences of crimes against women then other states in the regions. Goa, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand has comparatively lower incidences of crimes against women. Uttar Pradesh has the highest incidences and victims of SLL crimes against women, followed by Maharashtra and Rajasthan On the other hand, least incidences and victims of such crimes is reported in Goa preceded by Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. Uttar Pradesh also has the highest incidences and victims of total crime against women (IPC+SLL) followed by Maharashtra and Rajasthan. On the other hand, least incidences and victims of total crime against women (IPC+SLL) reported in Goa preceded by Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Therefore, Governments of the concern states should implement proper policies and regulations for minimizing the incidences of crime against women.
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Boukemidja, Nadjiba Badi. "Cyber Crimes against Women: Qualification and Means." European Journal of Social Sciences 1, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejss.v1i3.p34-44.
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Crimes against women are constantly changing, especially with the emergence of electronic means to express them. Thus, violence against women using electronic means, has become a phenomenon with multifaceted manifestations and causes also multiple, it must be measured in all its aspects to combat it effectively. Of course, violence also takes place in the context of a relationship of power and domination, which explains why electronic violence predominates over female violence, which remains largely contained. This violence can be psychological, it consists in denigrating, humiliating, degrading the woman in her human value. It is manifested by verbal attacks, insults, threats, pressure, blackmail, control of activities, isolation of relatives, friends and the outside world. Also, verbal abuse in electronic form, which is the constant repetition of insulting words or insults to a woman. In mistreating the woman, the person behind the screen hurts her as much as if she hit her, because the woman in this case loses self-esteem. Verbal abuse can lead to a range of behavioral, emotional and physical problems. Violence in this context results in the use of hurtful or humiliating words, such as naming a person who is ridiculous, insulting the woman, making racist comments or incessant teasing. In addition to general harassment and sexual harassment more specifically, who may be subject to violence against women, by electronic means. The problem concerns the legal qualification of this kind of violence, what the old texts are enough, then they apply automatically; or the new texts are needed.
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Lau, Martin. "Honour. Crimes, paradigms and violence against women." Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Online 11, no. 1 (2004): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22112987-91000118.
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Angel Hernández, Greta E. "Terror through rape: Sexual violence inflicted in the context of the Mexican drug war." Civitas Hominibus. Rocznik Filozoficzno-Społeczny 18 (November 16, 2023): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25312/2391-5145.18/2023_05ga.
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This essay examines the violent conflict between the Mexican government and cartels operating inside Mexico, which is still not legally recognized as a war. The result is the inability to punish soldiers-aggressors who commit rape as an official crime against humanity. Keywords: sexual violence, war crimes, conflict, feminism
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Suyunova, Dilbar. "FEATURES OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN." Criminology and Criminal Justice 2, no. 2-3 (May 11, 2022): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./mpua3668.
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The article analyzes the responsibility for crimes against women under the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. For the first time, the norms of the Criminal Code are evaluated from the point of view of finding the features of legal regulation due to the gender and family differences of subjects in it. The analysis of criminal legislation concerning crimes against women helped not only to see the real content of criminal law norms, but also to analyze gaps in the law, and where legal regulation is insufficiently socially conditioned. The study of the genesis of criminal law norms on responsibility for crimes against women also made it possible to trace changes in the law concerning such objects of criminal law protection as life, health, gender freedom and gender integrity, honor, and dignity of a woman, the interests of the family and its members. The paper makes some comparisons with the legislation of foreign countries of criminal liability for crimes against women and presents practical recommendations for improving the criminal legislation of Uzbekistan.
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Abir, Saloua, and Hassan Zrizi. "Violence Against Women (VAW) as Gendered Hate Crimes." International Journal of Arts and Humanities Studies 3, no. 2 (April 18, 2023): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijahs.2023.3.2.4.
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Violence against women (VAW) is a deeply rooted form of misogyny that has always been universally predominant. It targets women and girls from all socio-cultural backgrounds and impacts their self-fulfillment at the personal and professional levels. The utmost manifestation of gendered hatred and sexism, VAW has evolved into a pandemic phenomenon. This paper is based on two main premises. Gender is a risk factor in crimes that women are exposed to, such as rape, femicide or even domestic violence. For this reason, violence against women in all its forms should be legally dealt with under the scope of hate crimes. This article aims at defining the various types of VAW and studying their in-depth impact on the victims. It analyses some statistics based on the United Nations and the World Health Organization reports. It historicizes the concept of hate crimes scrutinizing its relationship with VAW. It argues for the legal relabeling of violence against women (more particularly, femicide and rape) as subcategories of hate crimes, hence the urgency to a legal reform that would protect women worldwide from such a social plight.
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Sánchez Sánchez, María José. "La relevancia de haber sido niño soldado para la atribución de la responsabilidad penal por crímenes internacionales de miembros de grupos armados." REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES 43, Junio 2022 (June 30, 2022): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17103/reei.43.10.
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The criminal liability of child soldiers has been extensively addressed in recent years, given the growing interest in child soldiers as a research topic. However, one aspect was relatively unexplored: the relevance of being a former child soldier in the attribution of criminal liability for international crimes committed by members of an armed group. This changed when in December 2016, Dominic Ongwen’s case started before the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and war crimes. For the Counsel for the Defence, the fact of his recruitment at age 9 by the Lord’s Resistance Army in Uganda was essential. In this regard, the issue consisted in determining whether being a former child soldier is relevant for excluding criminal responsibility, as a mitigating factor for the determination of the penalty, or if it is not relevant. The purpose of this article is to elucidate this issue through a critical legal analysis of the t Trial Judgment and the Sentence in this case, with the aim to contribute elements to the developing discussions in appeals before the International Criminal Court and before national tribunals as the Special Jurisdiction for Peace in Colombia.
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Souza, Gregório. "Krieg und Glaube. Die Revue Spirite 1870/1871." Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 61, no. 2 (2009): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007309787838908.
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AbstractIn 1870, the most important journal of Allan Kardec's spiritist school, the "Revue Spirite", ascribes a superlative role to France in the intellectual world and encourages soldiers to defend their fatherland. The defeat against Prussia is interpreted as a punishment for crimes of the Premier Empire. The journal recognizes the necessity of reforms, but it does not support the Commune in 1871.
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Timang, Yulianto, Widayati Widayati, and Nanang Sri Darmadi. "The Criminal Policy in Efforts to Overcome Crimes Perpetrated by the Indonesian National Army." Law Development Journal 4, no. 3 (August 25, 2022): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ldj.4.3.480-494.
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This study aims to find out and analyze and seek answers to criminal policies in an effort to tackle crimes committed by the Indonesian National Armed Forces and to find out and analyze and seek answers to policies for regulating criminal law enforcement against TNI soldiers in the future. The results and discussion of the research show that Criminal Policy in Efforts to Overcome Crimes Committed by the Indonesian National Armed Forces is subject towetboek van Militair Strafrecht (WvMs)/Stb.1934 Number 167 in conjunction with UURI Number 39 of 1947, which was translated into the Military Criminal Code (KUHPM). Its enforcement is the same as in law in Indonesia, if the Criminal Procedure Code is a material criminal law, then Act No. 6 of 1950 in conjunction with Act No. 1 Drt of 1958 concerning Military Criminal Procedure Code which was later revised and set forth in Chapter IV of Article 264 of the Law. Law on Military Courts, while Act No. 31 of 1997 applies as a formal criminal law, and the realization of the revision of Act No. 31 of 1997 concerning Military Courts. Criminal Law Enforcement Against Indonesian National Army Soldiers in the Future.
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Nisha, Shwet, Umesh Kumar, Anurag Ambasth, Preetish Ranjan, Arundhati Sharma, Rajesh Mahadeva, Vinay Gupta, Shivani Kampani, and Saurav Dixit. "Assessing The Issues of Honour and Violence Against Women: A Human Rights Discourse Framework for The Detection of Violence Against Women." BIO Web of Conferences 86 (2024): 01114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248601114.
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The term 'Honour Killing' is conventionally used to denote a specific category of extralegal killings where the act of murder is seen to have been motivated by pre-modern affiliations/sentiments of some sort. Acts of violence committed against people for marrying outside of caste/religion/ethnicity or other similar infringements where they are seen by their actions to have besmirched the honour of the family and the larger community come under the broad rubric of honour crime. Implicit in using the term are assumptions that mark it as different from other crimes. Honour is defined in terms of women assigned sexual and familial roles as dictated by traditional family ideology. Thus, adultery, premarital relationships (which may or may not include sexual relations), rape, and falling in love with an "inappropriate" person may constitute violations of family honour. 'Crimes of honour' as a form of violence against women does not imply that men also are not subjected to such crimes. In cases of forced marriage or interference with the right of choice and whom to marry, pressure from older family members over younger members will apply to men as well as to women. However, women remain the victims and survivors of 'crimes of honour' and have fewer available remedies.
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Singh, Hansdeep. "Critique of the Mrkšić Trial Chamber (ICTY) Judgment: A Re-evaluation on Whether Soldiers Hors de Combat Are Entitled to Recognition as Victims of Crimes Against Humanity." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 8, no. 2 (2009): 247–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180309x451105.
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AbstractOn 27 September 2007, the Mrkšić Trial Chamber held that the unlawful killing of soldiers hors de combat ("out of the battle") did not entitle them to recognition as victims of crimes against humanity under Article 5 of the ICTY Statute. This article critically analyses the Court's mischaracterization of precedent, revealing both historical and contemporary support for a broader definition of "civilian population" under Article 5. Moreover, by looking at case law and statutes from Nuremberg, foreign countries, and international courts, a continuous pattern that encompasses soldiers hors de combat within the definition of "civilian population" begins to emerge. Ultimately, to validate the increasing role of international humanitarian and human rights law, international criminal law must provide greater protections for those most vulnerable, in this case, soldiers hors de combat.
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Cusack, Simone, and Rebecca J. Cook. ""Honour": Crimes, Paradigms, and Violence against Women (review)." Human Rights Quarterly 29, no. 2 (2007): 524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2007.0015.
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MAHMUD, N. "Crimes Against Honour: Women in International Refugee Law." Journal of Refugee Studies 9, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/9.4.367.
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Mota, Jurema Corrêa da, Ana Gloria Godoi Vasconcelos, and Simone Gonçalves de Assis. "Correspondence analysis: a method for classifying similar patterns of violence against women." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 24, no. 6 (June 2008): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008000600020.
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Violence against woman has received relatively little debate in society. It includes physical, psychological, and sexual abuse that jeopardizes the victim's health. Multivariate correspondence analysis and cluster analysis were applied to crimes reported to the Integrated Women's Aid Center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to investigate associations between injury and define criteria for classifying the aggressions. Three groups of abuse were identified, differing according to the nature (physical, psychological, or sexual) and severity of the crimes. Less serious crimes consisted of threats and moderate physical injuries. The intermediate severity group included serious physical assault and threats. More serious crimes included death threats, rape, and sexual assault. The method thus allowed classification of the crimes in three groups according to severity.
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Sarkar, Sukanta. "CRIME AGAINST WOMEN IN STATES OF SOUTHERN REGION OF INDIA: REALITY VS. GOVERNMENT POLICIES." International Journal of Management, Public Policy and Research 3, no. 2 (June 2, 2024): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55829/ijmpr.v3i2.219.
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The paper discussed crime against women in states of southern region of India. It has found that comparatively more crimes are registered in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana than the other states in the region. Least number of crime are reported in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Highest cases of murder with rape/gang rape are reported in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Kerala and Telangana has the highest incidences and victims of rape. The highest incidences of IPC crimes against women is reported in Andhra Pradesh followed by Telangana and Karnataka. On the other hand, least incidences of such crime is reported in Tamil Nadu preceded by Kerala. The highest incidences of total SLL crimes against women is reported in Karnataka followed by Tamil Nadu and Kerala. On the other hand, least incidences and victims of such crime is reported in Andhra Pradesh preceded by Telangana. Andhra Pradesh has the highest incidences of total crime against women (IPC+SLL) followed by Telangana and Karnataka. On the other hand, least incidences and victims of such crimes is reported in Tamil Nadu preceded by Kerala. Although Government has passed and implemented various regulations and laws, but violence against women is still exist. Therefore, there should be proper implementation and amendment of laws for reducing crimes against women in the society.
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Sołowiej, Łukasz. "Legal characteristics of offences against military discipline." Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa 13, no. 13 (March 5, 2023): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2895.
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Military discipline is one of the indispensable institutions belonging to the military sphere. It manifests itself first in the existence of a hierarchical relationship of subordination between soldiers of lower rank and their superiors. The notion of military discipline includes the acceptance of a certain system of values and the observance of the rules of military institutions. The necessity of ensuring an acceptable level of military discipline is inseparably connected with the system of institutional criminal-military responsibility. This paper indicates and describes acts recognised by the Polish legislator as crimes against the principles of military discipline and presents evaluation of the adopted regulations both for the time of peace and a hypothetical armed conflict.
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Kapuria, Monica, and Edward R. Maguire. "Performance Management and the Police Response to Women in India." Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020058.
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Crimes against women have critical implications, not only for victims but also for overall community health and safety. Communities entrust law enforcement agencies with the responsibility to safeguard vulnerable people through effective and efficient policing approaches that provide a safe environment. Enhancing and improving the efficiency and performance of the police is an important part of preventing and reducing crimes against women. One approach to addressing specific performance targets is to adopt a performance management strategy. This paper examines survey data from 310 police officials in northern India about one such strategy: the balanced scorecard (BSC). Our analysis illuminates police perspectives about the perceived benefits of a generalized performance management strategy such as the BSC for improving police performance in addressing crimes against women and the needs of female citizens. Our findings reveal that respondents’ assessments of all four dimensions of the balanced scorecard are associated with their degree of optimism that performance measurement can improve the police response to crimes against women.
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Prosenjit Murmu. "Crime against women in India: A geographical appraisal." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 537–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0078.
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Crimes against women are one of India's most serious social issues. Women's status in traditional Indian society is appalling in the twenty-first century. Despite the existence of numerous laws and penalties, rape, murder, dowry deaths, human trafficking, kidnapping, and abductions against women are on the rise. In 2021, the rates of lifelong physical or sexual intimate partner violence and child marriage were 28.8 percent and 27.3 percent, respectively. India’s global gender gap index is 0.63, which leads the country to rank 140th out of 156 countries. Every sixteen minutes, a woman in India is raped, and every four minutes, a woman is abused by her in-laws. The current study seeks to investigate the six major types of crimes against women, including "dowry death," "cruelty by husband or his relatives," "kidnapping and abduction of women," "human trafficking," "rape," and "assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty." The study also analyses the spatio-temporal variations and trends of these types of crimes based on the data provided by the National Crime Records Bureau from the years 2014 to 2019. Basic statistical techniques such as percentage, average, standard deviation, coefficient of variance, and z-score are used to analyse the data.
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Rathod, Dr Vibha, and Ms Richi Simon. "Effect of Covid-19 Lockdown on Crimes Against Women in India." BSSS Journal of Social Work 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51767/jsw1501.
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The issue of crimes against women has been a matter of concern, and the COVID-19 pandemic has only worsened this situation. The United Nations has labeled this surge in gender-based violence cases as the "Shadow Pandemic," particularly noting the alarming rise within homes. This research seeks to comprehend the scale of crimes against women in India and compare the situations before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. To achieve this, the study employs a descriptive research design and quantitative analysis, drawing mainly from secondary sources like the National Crime Records Bureau. The analysis sheds light on various forms of violence against women, including rape-murder, dowry deaths, abetment to suicide, and other types of abusive behaviors. During the lockdown period, there was a significant decrease in reported cases, with the exception of cyber-crimes, which saw a notable 45% increase. However, after the lockdown, the number of crimes against women rose once again. The study underscores the urgent necessity to address and prevent such offenses to safeguard the safety and wellbeing of women.
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Rathod, Dr Vibha, and Dr Richi Simon. "Effect of Covid-19 Lockdown on Crimes Against Women in India." BSSS Journal of Social Work 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51767/jsw1512.
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The issue of crimes against women has been a matter of concern, and the COVID-19 pandemic has only worsened this situation. The United Nations has labeled this surge in gender-based violence cases as the "Shadow Pandemic," particularly noting the alarming rise within homes. This research seeks to comprehend the scale of crimes against women in India and compare the situations before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. To achieve this, the study employs a descriptive research design and quantitative analysis, drawing mainly from secondary sources like the National Crime Records Bureau. The analysis sheds light on various forms of violence against women, including rape-murder, dowry deaths, abetment to suicide, and other types of abusive behaviors. During the lockdown period, there was a significant decrease in reported cases, with the exception of cyber-crimes, which saw a notable 45% increase. However, after the lockdown, the number of crimes against women rose once again. The study underscores the urgent necessity to address and prevent such offenses to safeguard the safety and well-being of women.
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Ragunathan, Aarthee, and Ezhilmaran Devarasan. "Data hiding the truth for the last few years: a panel data analysis of crimes against women." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 5, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-01-2019-0007.
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PurposeThe offence against femininity has not only destroyed India’s development but also its future. When it comes down to the most important factor like sex, the social evils like “sati” and “dowry” that had been plaguing our country have been banned in India. India is the most dangerous nation in regard to sexual violence against women, according to the summary of the Thomson Reuters Foundation, 2018. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between the total populations of women with other different types of women crime in all states in India.Design/methodology/approachThis paper will review existing panel data analysis literature and apply this knowledge in finding the highly occurred women crimes in India. Using R software the following models are analysed: pooled ordinary least squares, fixed effects models and random effects models for analysing the women crimes in India.FindingsIn this paper, the authors identify that the fixed effects model is more appropriate for the analysis of women crimes in India.Practical implicationsViolence against women is a social, economic, developmental, legal, educational, human rights and health issue. This paper can be used to find the importance of women crime types. Moreover, the police or legal department can take actions according to the crime types.Originality/valueThere is a lack of literature considering the crimes against women. This will help the society to understand women crime types because the only type of violence that has received much attention by the media is rape. But, through our panel data analysis, we conclude that kidnapping, abduction and dowry death are the most occurred crimes against women in India.
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Iyer, Lakshmi, Anandi Mani, Prachi Mishra, and Petia Topalova. "The Power of Political Voice: Women's Political Representation and Crime in India." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.4.4.165.
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Using state-level variation in the timing of political reforms, we find that an increase in female representation in local government induces a large and significant rise in documented crimes against women in India. Our evidence suggests that this increase is good news, driven primarily by greater reporting rather than greater incidence of such crimes. In contrast, we find no increase in crimes against men or in gender-neutral crimes. We also examine the effectiveness of alternative forms of political representation. Large scale membership of women in local councils affects crime against them more than their presence in higher-level leadership positions. (JEL D72, J16, K42, O15, O17)
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Vasetsky, V. Y. "The basis of the legal consequences of the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine: the need to punish criminals." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE, no. 13 (October 1, 2022): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2022-13-32.
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Summary: The paper in connection with the war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine analyzes the grounds of existing legislation and the practice of its application to convict criminals. The war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine is an event of such magnitude that, after the undoubted defeat of the Russian Federation in many areas, it will have significant consequences, including in the legal sphere. The aim of the work is to study the composition for which it is necessary to meet with the occupiers of the Russian Federation, compliance with the main features of crimes, show support for international institutions and politicians, as well as the need to improve international and national legislation against aggressors. Crimes committed and continue to be committed by Russia, its military and political leadership, individual perpetrators not only in the military sphere, but also in the propaganda and also economic fields in international law can be defined as war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, crimes of aggression and more. The full list of crimes, as well as the punishment for them is contained in the Statute of the International Criminal Court (“Rome Statute”). Signs of Nazi Germany’s war against humanity can also be seen in the war waged by the Russian Federation in Ukraine. The assessments given to this war by the most authoritative authors testify to its inhuman character, which is unacceptable in the civilized society of the XXI century. Crimes fall under the definitions contained in the list of crimes contained in the Rome Statute. Signs of Nazi Germany’s war against humanity can also be seen in the war waged by the Russian Federation in Ukraine. The assessments given to this war by the most authoritative authors testify to its inhuman character, which is unacceptable in the civilized society of the XXI century. Crimes fall under the definitions contained in the list of crimes of the Rome Statute. From a legal point of view, the issue is not only about the qualification of crimes, it is necessary to work towards creating conditions to prevent such in the future. There is no doubt about the responsibility for this at all levels - government agencies, civil servants, starting with the President of the Russian Federation, specific perpetrators, ordinary soldiers who killed, tortured civilians, committed acts of looting and more. Key words: Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, qualification of crimes, responsibility according to the international legislation.