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Journal articles on the topic 'Women soldiers Australia History'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Walker, Carole, and Jane L. Littlewood. "A Second Moses in Bonnet and Shawl: Caroline Chisholm, 1808–1877." Recusant History 22, no. 3 (May 1995): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200001989.

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Caroline Chisholm was a Victorian philanthropist designated by the Australian Encyclopaedia as ‘the greatest of women pioneers in the history of Australia’. She was born in Northampton in 1808, the daughter of William Jones, hog-jobber of some substance. She married Archibald Chisholm in 1830, a lieutenant in the East India Company Army, ten years her senior, on the understanding that she be allowed to undertake philanthropic works. It is assumed she converted to her husband's Roman Catholic faith either just before or after the marriage. It was in Madras, where her husband was based, that her philanthropic endeavours began and she founded a ‘school of industry for the daughters of European soldiers’. The school educated the sadly-neglected girls in general education and domestic duties.

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2

Zernetska, O. "The Development of Australian Culture in the XX Century: Australian Film Industry." Problems of World History, no. 11 (March 26, 2020): 174–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-11-10.

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This article represents the first attempt in Ukraine of complex interdisciplinary investigation of the history of Australian film development in the XX-th century in the context of Australian culture. Analysing films in historical order the peculiarities of each decade are taken into consideration. The periods of silent films, sound films and colour films are analysed. The best film productions, their film directors and prominent actors are outlined. Special attention is paid to the development of feature films and documentaries. The article concentrates on the development of different film genres beginning with national historical drama, films of the first pioneers’ survival, adventure films. It is shown how they contribute to the embodiment in films of the main archetypes of Australian culture, the development of Australian identity. After World War I and World War II war films appear to commemorate the courage of the Australian soldiers in the war fields. Later on the destiny of the Australian women white settlers’ wives or native Australians inspired film directors to make them the chief heroines of their movies. A comparative analysis of films and literary primary sources underlying their scripts is carried out. It is concluded that the Australian directors selected the best examples of Australian national poetry and prose, which reveal the historical and social, cultural and racial problems of the country's development during the twentieth century. The publication dwells on boom and bust periods of Australian film making. The governmental policy in this sphere is analysed. Different schemes of film production and distribution are outlined to make national film industry compatible with the other film industries of the world, especially with the Hollywood. The area of a new discipline - Australian Film Studios - is studied as well as the works of Australian scholars. It is clarified in what Australian universities this discipline is taught. It is assumed that the experience of Australia in this sphere should be taken by Ukraine.

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3

Harris, Rachel. "“Soldier Struck”: Public Discourses, Women and American Servicemen in World War II South Australia." Journal of Australian Studies 45, no. 4 (October 2, 2021): 560–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2021.1990107.

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4

Moss, Tristan. "‘Fuzzy Wuzzy’ soldiers: Race and Papua New Guinean soldiers in the Australian Army, 1940–60." War in History 29, no. 2 (April 2022): 467–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09683445211000375.

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This article examines the most militarily important indigenous units formed by Australia, arguing that racially based assumptions played a central role in how Papua New Guinean soldiers were conceptualized and used by the Australian Army during the 1940s and 1950s. Equally, while the perception of Papua New Guinean soldiers was heavily racialized, there was no construction of a martial race myth by Australians, in contrast to many colonial armies. Instead, Australia reluctantly recruited Papua New Guineans as a form of cheap manpower familiar with local conditions and saw them as simple soldiers who were potentially a threat to colonial rule.

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5

Fell, Alison S. "The hello girls: America’s first women soldiers." First World War Studies 11, no. 2 (May 3, 2020): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2021.1893434.

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6

Greenwald, Maurine W. "The Hello Girls: America's First Women Soldiers." Journal of American History 106, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 795–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaz609.

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7

Badcock, Sarah. "Women, Protest, and Revolution: Soldiers' Wives in Russia During 1917." International Review of Social History 49, no. 1 (April 2004): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859003001366.

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This study explores the role and political impact of soldiers' wives in three Volga provinces of Russia: Nizhnii Novgorod, Kazan, and Tambov between February and October 1917. Despite relatively low levels of formal organization, soldiers' wives made a significant mark on revolutionary politics at a local level. Common grievances, which centred on the inadequacy of state support in the context of rising food prices and shortages, were the defining feature of soldiers' wives as a group. Though they secured little direct representation in government, and did not affiliate with any political parties, they operated collectively to address their grievances, both in petitions and in public demonstrations. Their demands continued to escalate in 1917, and the government was unable to cushion them from Russia's profound economic crisis. Soldiers' wives rejected both Soviet and provisional government leadership as a result, and their alienation contributed to the sense of political crisis that pervaded 1917.

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8

Michaels, S. "Choosing Revolution: Chinese Women Soldiers on the Long March." Oral History Review 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohp056.

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9

Sizer, Lyde Cullen. "Behind the Rifle: Women Soldiers in Civil War Mississippi." Journal of American History 107, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa391.

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10

Sjoberg, Laura. "Women fighters and the ‘beautiful soul’ narrative." International Review of the Red Cross 92, no. 877 (March 2010): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s181638311000010x.

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AbstractThis article explores women's presence in military forces around the world, looking both at women's service as soldiers and at the gendered dimensions of their soldiering particularly, and soldiering generally. It uses the ‘beautiful soul’ narrative to describe women's relationship with war throughout its history, and explores how this image of women's innocence of and abstention from war has often contrasted with women's actual experiences as soldiers and fighters.

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11

Georgelin, Pauline. "Frenchmen in the AIF: French–Australian identities during the First World War." French Cultural Studies 30, no. 4 (October 12, 2019): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957155819861050.

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This article investigates the participation of French-born soldiers in the AIF – Australia’s volunteer army during the First World War. While the AIF counted men from many different ethnic and cultural backgrounds, the experiences of the French-born Diggers is yet to be fully explored. This article analyses the detailed profiles of these men contained in their military files and demonstrates how they are emblematic of the diverse nature of the French community in Australia. French-born residents of Australia were in a unique position, as they were also liable for French military service. This article explores the motivations and implications of their choices. It also draws on French archival sources to provide a transnational perspective, framing the soldiers’ experiences within the broader context of the conflicting demands of the French and Australian governments, and how French identity was expressed from both above and below.

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Laas, Virginia J., DeAnne Blanton, and Lauren M. Cook. "They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War." Journal of Southern History 70, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27648433.

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Mammina, Laura. "The Civilian War: Confederate Women and Union Soldiers during Sherman’s March." American Nineteenth Century History 18, no. 3 (September 2, 2017): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14664658.2017.1375745.

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Misztal, Barbara A. "Migrant women in Australia." Journal of Intercultural Studies 12, no. 2 (January 1991): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.1991.9963376.

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15

Fuentes, Andrés Reséndez. "Battleground Women:Soldaderasand Female Soldiers in the Mexican Revolution." Americas 51, no. 4 (April 1995): 525–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007679.

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Revolution and women did not mix well, at least in the eyes of most leaders of the insurrection that swept Mexico in 1910-17. Moreover, common wisdom suggested that armies were no place for the “gentler sex” and hence the two kinds of women that did accompany men to the battleground–female soldiers and soldaderas–were generally regarded as marginal to the fighting and extraordinary, or strange, in character.Female soldiers received much notice in the press and arts during the revolution and in its aftermath. They were portrayed as fearless women dressed in men's garb flaunting cartridge belts across the chest and a Mauser rifle on one shoulder. But they were invariably shown in the guise of curiosities, aberrations brought about by the revolution. Soldaderas received their share of attention too. They were depicted as loyal, self-sacrificing companions to the soldiers or, in less sympathetic renderings, as enslaved camp followers: “the loyalty of the soldier's wife is more akin to that of a dog to its master than to that of an intelligent woman to her mate.” But even laudatory journalistic accounts,corridos, and novels did not concede soldaderas a prominent role in the revolutionary process, much less in the success of the military campaigns.

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Selišnik, Irena. "Skrb v službi vojne: bolniške strežnice na Kranjskem." Contributions to Contemporary History 55, no. 2 (October 16, 2015): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.55.2.05.

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HEALTH CARE IN THE SERVICE OF WAR: WAR NURSES IN CARNIOLAEven before World War I an ongoing discussion took place in Austria whether medical nurses should be mobilised to take care for wounded soldiers in case of extensive military conflict, natural disasters or epidemics. After the outbreak of the Great War the Austrian authorities encouraged the professionalisation of nursing, and especially women were invited to join. Special conditions for schooling were enacted and the first courses were opened at local hospitals. In the Austrian Monarchy, Carniola was no exception. The Red Cross organised special courses for nurses with the promise of salary, retirement benefits and possibility of vacation. Austrian propaganda portrayed war nurses as heroines, and at least part of the public perceived them as a personification of motherly care and love which could be compared with the sacrifices of the soldiers. However, war nurses also represented modern women who successfully avoided social control and headed towards imminent danger in the battlefield. In the public doubts about their morality emerged, as nurses had direct contact with soldiers and were especially close to doctors. With their presence they invaded the dichotomy between public/battlefront-private/home front. The image of war nurses clearly reveals the awkward relationships between the attitudes to war and women as well as the rapidly changing values in times of war.

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LEE, SABINE. "A Forgotten Legacy of the Second World War: GI children in post-war Britain and Germany." Contemporary European History 20, no. 2 (April 8, 2011): 157–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077731100004x.

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AbstractWhether in war, occupation or peacekeeping, whenever foreign soldiers are in contact with the local population, and in particular with local women, some of these contacts are intimate. Between 1942 and 1945, US soldiers fathered more than 22,000 children in Britain, and during the first decade of post-war US presence in West Germany more than 37,000 children were fathered by American occupation soldiers. Many of these children were raised in their mothers’ families, not knowing about their biological roots and often suffering stigmatisation and discrimination. The question of how these children were treated is discussed in the context of wider social and political debates about national and individual identity. Furthermore, the effect on the children of living outside the normal boundaries of family and nation is discussed.

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18

Vu, Linh D. "Bones of Contention: China’s World War II Military Graves in India, Burma, and Papua New Guinea." Journal of Chinese Military History 8, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 52–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341339.

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Abstract Exploring the construction and maintenance of Nationalist Chinese soldiers’ graves overseas, this article sheds light on post-World War II commemorative politics. After having fought for the Allies against Japanese aggression in the China-Burma-India Theater, the Chinese expeditionary troops sporadically received posthumous care from Chinese veterans and diaspora groups. In the Southeast Asia Theater, the Chinese soldiers imprisoned in the Japanese-run camps in Rabaul were denied burial in the Allied war cemetery and recognition as military heroes. Analyzing archival documents from China, Taiwan, Britain, Australia, and the United States, I demonstrate how the afterlife of Chinese servicemen under foreign sovereignties mattered in the making of the modern Chinese state and its international status.

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19

Varon, Elizabeth R. "They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War (review)." Civil War History 49, no. 3 (2003): 282–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2003.0078.

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20

Deepak, Kashyap. "Indian Women in World War II: The Air Raid Precaution ‘Comfort’ Women." Indian Historical Review 48, no. 2 (October 17, 2021): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836211052097.

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The main focus of this article is on the war-stricken ecology of World War II and the notable role played by Indian women as Air Raid Precaution Wardens. They gave their unmatched services in the air raid–prone areas and earned a name. However, until the close of the war, they were reduced to not more than ‘comfort women’ for British officers and soldiers. Simultaneously, the article explains how the women’s influential roles are sidelined by giving too much preference to the topic such as rape, abduction and war crimes against women. The critics and historians remain busy in criticising other armies on the atrocities inflicted upon women by them. The conclusion exposes the double standard of the academic world: first, they criticise Japan over the issue of ‘comfort women’, but they close their eyes towards Indian women. The article explains how the British too exploited Indian women, but they remain hidden from the eyes of critics due to their gentlemen status.

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21

Coates, Donna. "Happy is the Land that Needs No Heroes." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 27/3 (September 17, 2018): 111–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.27.3.06.

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This essay interrogates two articles by the Canadian historian Jeff Keshen and the Australian historian Mark Sheftall, which assert that the representations of soldiers in the First World War (Anzacs in Australia, members of the Canadian Expeditionary Forces, the CEF), are comparable. I argue, however, that in reaching their conclusions, these historians have either overlooked or insufficiently considered a number of crucial factors, such as the influence the Australian historian/war correspondent C. E. W. Bean had on the reception of Anzacs, whom he venerated and turned into larger-than-life men who liked fighting and were good at it; the significance of the “convict stain” in Australia; and the omission of women writers’ contributions to the “getting of nationhood” in each country. It further addresses why Canadians have not embraced Vimy (a military victory) as their defining moment in the same way as Australians celebrate the landing at Anzac Cove (a military disaster), from which they continue to derive their sense of national identity. In essence, this essay advances that differences between the two nations’ representations of soldiers far outweigh any similarities.

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22

Larsson, M. "Families and Institutions for Shell-Shocked Soldiers in Australia after the First World War." Social History of Medicine 22, no. 1 (October 4, 2008): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkn099.

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23

Beorn, Waitman W. "A Calculus of Complicity: The Wehrmacht, the Anti-Partisan War, and the Final Solution in White Russia, 1941–42." Central European History 44, no. 2 (May 23, 2011): 308–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938911000057.

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On October 10, 1941, the soldiers of the 3rd Company, 691st Infantry Regiment were uneasy. The task ahead of them was something new. They were to kill the entire Jewish population of Krucha, a town in central Belarus. A few hours later, Private Wilhelm Magel stood with another soldier in front of four Jewish women and an old man with a long, white beard. The company First Sergeant, Emil Zimber, ordered the Jews to turn away from the shooters, but they remained facing the German soldiers. Zimber gave the order to fire but Magel and his colleague, a former divinity student, did not aim at their targets. They requested to be relieved from the execution detail and were assigned to guard the remaining Jews who were waiting in the village square for their turn. This German Army unit without assistance of any other organization murdered a minimum of 150 Jewish men, women, and children in Krucha that day.

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Debruyne, Emmanuel. "“Girls were seen crying when soldiers departed.” Belgian and French women and German soldiers: transgressive relationships under the gaze of the occupied population." First World War Studies 9, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2019.1651213.

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Horne, Julia. "The “knowledge front”, women, war and peace." History of Education Review 45, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-01-2016-0004.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce the idea of the “knowledge front” alongside ideas of “home” and “war” front as a way of understanding the expertise of university-educated women in an examination of the First World War and its aftermath. The paper explores the professional lives of two women, the medical researcher, Elsie Dalyell, and the teacher, feminist and unionist, Lucy Woodcock. The paper examines their professional lives and acquisition and use of university expertise both on the war and home fronts, and shows how women’s intellectual and scientific activity established during the war continued long after as a way to repair what many believed to be a society damaged by war. It argues that the idea of “knowledge front” reveals a continuity of intellectual and scientific activity from war to peace, and offers “space” to examine the professional lives of university-educated women in this period. Design/methodology/approach The paper is structured as an analytical narrative interweaving the professional lives of two women, medical researcher Elsie Dalyell and teacher/unionist Lucy Woodcock to illuminate the contributions of university-educated women’s expertise from 1914 to the outbreak of the Second World War. Findings The emergence of university-educated women in the First World War and the interwar years participated in the civic structure of Australian society in innovative and important ways that challenged the “soldier citizen” ethos of this era. The paper offers a way to examine university-educated women’s professional lives as they unfolded during the course of war and peace that focuses on what they did with their expertise. Thus, the “knowledge front” provides more ways to examine these lives than the more narrowly articulated ideas of “home” and “war” front. Research limitations/implications The idea of the “knowledge front” applied to women in this paper also has implications for how to analyse the meaning of the First World War-focused university expertise more generally both during war and peace. Practical implications The usual view of women’s participation in war is as nurses in field hospitals. This paper broadens the notion of war to see war as having many interconnected fronts including the battle front and home front (Beaumont, 2013). By doing so, not only can we see a much larger involvement of women in the war, but we also see the involvement of university-educated women. Social implications The paper shows that while the guns may have ceased on 11 November 1918, women’s lives continued as they grappled with their war experience and aimed to reassert their professional lives in Australian society in the 1920s and 1930s. Originality/value The paper contains original biographical research of the lives of two women. It also conceptualises the idea of “knowledge front” in terms of war/home front to examine how the expertise of university-educated career women contributed to the social fabric of a nation recovering from war.

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Carr, Gilly. "The Jew and the “Jerrybag”: The Lives of Hedwig Bercu and Dorothea Weber (née Le Brocq)." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 33, no. 3 (2019): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcz043.

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Abstract Locals of the Channel Islands have long perceived women who had relationships with soldiers during the German occupation as the lowest form of collaborator. The author challenges this perception through the life stories of two women: a Romanian Jew in hiding and the woman who sheltered her for the last eighteen months of the occupation. Both were in relationships with German soldiers. The families of these two women met for the first time at a recent commemoration in Jersey. The following examines the long-term impact of their “illicit” relationships on the lives of these women, and how they complicate narrow representations of the alleged “Jerrybag.”

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Damousi, Joy. "‘Women—Keep Australia Free!’: Women Voters and Activists in the 1951 Referendum Campaign." Australian Historical Studies 44, no. 1 (March 2013): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2012.760630.

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Malinen, Antti. "Marriage Guidance, Women and the Problem(S) of Returning Soldiers in Finland, 1944–1946." Scandinavian Journal of History 43, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 112–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2017.1379173.

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Heuer, J. "Hats on for the Nation! Women, Servants, Soldiers and the 'Sign of the French'." French History 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/16.1.28.

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Bongiorno, Frank. "Sex, Soldiers and the South Pacific, 1939–45: queer identities in Australia in the Second World War." Social History 41, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2016.1148356.

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Turner, Brianna J., Evan M. Kleiman, and Matthew K. Nock. "Non-suicidal self-injury prevalence, course, and association with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in two large, representative samples of US Army soldiers." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 09 (August 22, 2018): 1470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002015.

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AbstractBackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) prospectively predicts suicidal thoughts and behaviors in civilian populations. Despite high rates of suicide among US military members, little is known about the prevalence and course of NSSI, or how NSSI relates to suicidal thoughts and behaviors, in military personnel.MethodsWe conducted secondary analyses of two representative surveys of active-duty soldiers (N = 21 449) and newly enlisted soldiers (N = 38 507) from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS).ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of NSSI is 6.3% (1.2% 12-month prevalence) in active-duty soldiers and 7.9% (1.3% 12-month prevalence) in new soldiers. Demographic risk factors for lifetime NSSI include female sex, younger age, non-Hispanic white ethnicity, never having married, and lower educational attainment. The association of NSSI with temporally primary internalizing and externalizing disorders varies by service history (new v. active-duty soldiers) and gender (men v. women). In both active-duty and new soldiers, NSSI is associated with increased odds of subsequent onset of suicidal ideation [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.66–1.81] and suicide attempts (adjusted OR = 2.02–2.43), although not with the transition from ideation to attempt (adjusted OR = 0.92–1.36). Soldiers with a history of NSSI are more likely to have made multiple suicide attempts, compared with soldiers without NSSI.ConclusionsNSSI is prevalent among US Army soldiers and is associated with significantly increased odds of later suicidal thoughts and behaviors, even after NSSI has resolved. Suicide risk assessments in military populations should screen for history of NSSI.

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Ponichtera, Robert M. "Feminists, Nationalists, and Soldiers: Women in the Fight for Polish Independence." International History Review 19, no. 1 (March 1997): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1997.9640772.

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Censer, Jane Turner. "Lisa Tendrich Frank.The Civilian War: Confederate Women and Union Soldiers during Sherman’s March." American Historical Review 121, no. 1 (February 2016): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/121.1.242.

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Pushkareva, Natalia L., and Natalia A. Mitsyuk. "WOMEN OF SMOLENSK PROVINCE MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE TO WORLD WAR I FRONT-LINE SOLDIERS." Ural Historical Journal 62, no. 1 (2019): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2019-1(62)-104-112.

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Turrini, J. M. "Foot Soldiers for Democracy: The Men, Women, and Children of The Birmingham Civil Rights Movement." Oral History Review 38, no. 2 (August 12, 2011): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohr079.

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Höhn, Maria. "Frau im Haus und Girl im Spiegel: Discourse on Women in the Interregnum Period of 1945–1949 and the Question of German Identity." Central European History 26, no. 1 (March 1993): 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019968.

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Defeat after the Second World War was complete for Germany, and life for the civilian population was grim. In one of Erich Kästner's poems, read at a 1947 theater production, a war widow laments that “ganz Deutschland ist ein Wartesaal mit Millionen von Frauen.” Indeed, in 1945 there were approximately seven million more women in Germany than men. More than three million German soldiers were killed in the war. Seven million German soldiers were still prisoners of war, leaving their wives and families to fend for themselves in the rubble heaps of the German cities. Adding to the hardship of the rural areas were the twelve million refugees who had been expelled from the territories conquered by the Soviet army and then had streamed into the American and British zones of occupation to resettle. Defeated Germany was split into four zones of occupation ruled by military governments. German men who had been promised the conquest of the world returned from the war and found their treasured patriarchy undermined in the home and in the state.

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Whitney, Susan B. "Introduction." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 46, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2020.460301.

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World War I has been studied extensively by historians of France and for good reason. Waging the first industrial war required mobilizing all of France’s resources, whether military, political, economic, cultural, or imperial. Politicians from the left and the right joined forces to govern the country, priests and seminarians were drafted into the army, factories were retooled to produce armaments and other war material, and women and children were enlisted to do their part. So too were colonial subjects. More than 500,000 men from France’s empire fought in Europe for the French Army, while another 200,000 colonial subjects labored in France’s wartime workplaces. The human losses were staggering and the political, economic, and cultural reverberations long-lasting, both in the metropole and in the colonies. More than 1.3 million French soldiers and an estimated 71,000 colonial soldiers lost their lives, leaving behind approximately 1.1 million war orphans and 600,000 war widows.

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McLachlan, Fiona, and Jennifer Curtin. "Introduction: Women, Sport and History in Australia and New Zealand." International Journal of the History of Sport 33, no. 17 (November 21, 2016): 2069–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1368904.

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Lindenmeyr, Adele. "Writing Women into the Russian Revolution of 1917." Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography 13, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/22102388-01301007.

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Abstract While scholarship on Russian women’s history has flourished in recent decades, the participation of women in the 1917 Revolution continues to be under-researched and poorly understood. This article explores various reasons for the marginalization of women in studies of the revolution. It reviews promising recent research that recovers women’s experiences and voices, including work on women in the wartime labor force and soldiers’ wives, and argues for the usefulness of a feminist and gendered approach to studying 1917.

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Sherlock, Peter. "‘Leave it to the Women’ The Exclusion of Women from Anglican Church Government in Australia." Australian Historical Studies 39, no. 3 (August 18, 2008): 288–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10314610802263299.

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Schwegman, Marjan. "Amazons for Garibaldi: women warriors and the making of the hero of two worlds." Modern Italy 15, no. 4 (November 2010): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2010.506293.

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This article analyses the place and meaning of female heroism in the process of the making of modern Italy. Beginning with Garibaldi's first wife Anita in Brazil, a great number of women all over the world were attracted to Garibaldi and his movement. Theirs was a sentimental and political engagement, which in some cases turned them into real soldiers, like those who joined the ranks of Garibaldi's troops. Whereas until 1860 the Garibaldinian volunteer was not understood as an exclusively male category, this changed around that key year, both in reality and in the collective imagination of the Risorgimento. Women were denied the right to be soldiers in Garibaldi's legendary Thousand. Subsequently, stories of militant women like Anita Garibaldi were softened in the foundation fictions that narrate the birth of Italy, turning women into passive members of the Italian nation. This change is analysed in depth by focusing on the emblematic case of Esperance von Schwartz, one of Garibaldi's biographers, and for a time, one of his female companions in arms.

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Edwards, Louise. "Drawing Sexual Violence in Wartime China: Anti-Japanese Propaganda Cartoons." Journal of Asian Studies 72, no. 3 (June 20, 2013): 563–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813000521.

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During the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–45), China's leading cartoon artists formed patriotic associations aimed at repelling the Japanese military. Their stated propaganda goals were to boost morale among the troops and the civilian population by circulating artwork that would ignite the spirit of resistance among Chinese audiences. In keeping with the genre, racialized and sexualized imagery abounded. The artists created myriad disturbing visions of how militarized violence impacted men's and women's bodies differently. By analyzing the two major professional journals, National Salvation Cartoons and War of Resistance Cartoons, this article shows that depictions of sexual violence inflicted on Chinese women were integral to the artists' attempts to arouse the spirit of resistance. By comparing their depictions of different types of bodies (Chinese and Japanese, male and female, soldiers' and civilians') the article argues that the cartoonists believed that the depiction of sexually mutilated Chinese women would build resistance and spur patriotism while equivalent depictions of mutilated male soldiers would sap morale and hamper the war effort. The article concludes with a discussion about the dubious efficacy of propaganda that invokes a hypersexualized, masculine enemy other.

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Ward, Warren. "Psychiatric Morbidity in Australian Veterans of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Somalia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 2 (April 1997): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709073819.

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Objective: Since World War II, an increasing number of soldiers have been deployed in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping forces. However, little is known about the psychiatric impact of such deployments. The present study investigated the nature, prevalence, aetiology and natural history of psychiatric morbidity in Australian veterans of the United Nations peacekeeping force in Somalia. Method: Fifteen months after their return from Somalia, 117 Somalian veterans completed the 28-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the Combat Exposure Scale (CES), and a checklist of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, completed by veterans 12 months previously as part of an evaluation by the Department of Defence. Seventy-seven non-veteran controls also completed the GHQ-28. Results: Veterans scored significantly higher on the GHQ-28 than controls. Twenty-four-point-eight per cent (24.8%) of veterans were GHQ cases (using 4/5 as a cut-off point) compared to 13.0% of controls. Psychiatric morbidity in veterans was associated with combat exposure and a past psychiatric history. Levels of morbidity reduced over time, although they remained substantial at 15 months following soldiers' return to Australia, with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms being reported by approximately 20% of veterans. Conclusions: At least one-fifth of Australian soldiers who served in Somalia had significant levels of psychiatric morbidity 15 months following their return. This was almost twice that of their non-veteran peers. Risk factors for the development of psychiatric morbidity included combat exposure and past psychiatric history. Levels of psychiatric morbidity were much higher than those reported in previous studies on UN soldiers.

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Weiss, Gillian, and Marjorie Theobald. "Knowing Women: Origins of Women's Education in Nineteenth-Century Australia." History of Education Quarterly 37, no. 2 (1997): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/369369.

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Street, A. E., S. E. Gilman, A. J. Rosellini, M. B. Stein, E. J. Bromet, K. L. Cox, L. J. Colpe, et al. "Understanding the elevated suicide risk of female soldiers during deployments." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 4 (October 31, 2014): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171400258x.

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BackgroundThe Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS) has found that the proportional elevation in the US Army enlisted soldier suicide rate during deployment (compared with the never-deployed or previously deployed) is significantly higher among women than men, raising the possibility of gender differences in the adverse psychological effects of deployment.MethodPerson-month survival models based on a consolidated administrative database for active duty enlisted Regular Army soldiers in 2004–2009 (n = 975 057) were used to characterize the gender × deployment interaction predicting suicide. Four explanatory hypotheses were explored involving the proportion of females in each soldier's occupation, the proportion of same-gender soldiers in each soldier's unit, whether the soldier reported sexual assault victimization in the previous 12 months, and the soldier's pre-deployment history of treated mental/behavioral disorders.ResultsThe suicide rate of currently deployed women (14.0/100 000 person-years) was 3.1–3.5 times the rates of other (i.e. never-deployed/previously deployed) women. The suicide rate of currently deployed men (22.6/100 000 person-years) was 0.9–1.2 times the rates of other men. The adjusted (for time trends, sociodemographics, and Army career variables) female:male odds ratio comparing the suicide rates of currently deployed v. other women v. men was 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1–6.8), became 2.4 after excluding soldiers with Direct Combat Arms occupations, and remained elevated (in the range 1.9–2.8) after adjusting for the hypothesized explanatory variables.ConclusionsThese results are valuable in excluding otherwise plausible hypotheses for the elevated suicide rate of deployed women and point to the importance of expanding future research on the psychological challenges of deployment for women.

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Featherstone, Lisa. "Sexy Mamas? women, sexuality and reproduction in Australia in the 1940s." Australian Historical Studies 36, no. 126 (October 2005): 234–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10314610508682922.

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Beasley, Margo. "Soldiers of the Federation: The Women's Committees of the Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia." Labour History, no. 81 (2001): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516806.

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Gladyshev, Andrey. "A Military History Without the History of Battles." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640021037-8.

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The emergence of military-historical anthropology as an independent trend in historiography has changed the traditional image of war. In place of the history of strategic operation plans, battles, marshals and generals, and casualty counts, came the story of the everyday life of soldiers, front-line life, and the emotions of the civilians and servicemen embroiled in the conflict. The “human dimension” of the war has become a topical subject, as evidenced by the publications of Russian and international researchers on the history of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars over the last two decades. An example of this is a book by Alan Forrest, Professor Emeritus at the University of York, Napoleon's Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire, recently published in Russian. This work, like an Art Nouveau gallery in its day, is a peculiar collection of examples of new approaches and problem formulations in the field of military history. The Revolutionary and Imperial Wars are viewed as the first experience of “total war” in modern history, affecting all sections of society and serving as a catalyst for processes of national self-identification. This approach allows one to answer a number of questions which are new to military history: how perceptions of manhood, civic duty, and patriotism were formed, what role women played in these processes, what was the “war culture” in relation to prisoners of war, how attitudes to recruitment changed, what the fate of veterans was after the war, etc. As the analysis of contemporary historiography demonstrates, the turn from purely positivist approaches to constructivism, from the history of battles to presentations of personal life experiences, is accompanied by a desire to link the study of the past with the study of the collective memory of that past.

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Russell, Penny, Marian Aveling, and Joy Damousi. "Stepping Out of History: Documents of Women at Work in Australia." Labour History, no. 62 (1992): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27509120.

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Crafts, Lydia. "Making Medical Subjects: Regeneration, Experimentation, and Women in the Guatemalan Spring." Hispanic American Historical Review 102, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 251–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-9653491.

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Abstract In the 1940s, US and Guatemalan doctors working with the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB) intentionally exposed at least 1,308 Guatemalan sex workers, prisoners, hospital patients, and soldiers to three sexually transmitted infections (STIs)—syphilis, gonorrhea, and chancroid. The doctors aimed to study the transmission of disease and the effects of penicillin and other chemical solutions in preventing the spread of STIs. This article examines how US and Guatemalan doctors weaponized a bureaucratic registration system to study STIs at what they deemed their main vector—sex workers. The experiments served the purposes of the Guatemalan Revolution (1944–54), a democratizing moment when doctors and political leaders aimed to spur national regeneration. This essay argues that Guatemala's activist state was a critical enabling factor granting US researchers access to Guatemalans' genitals and blood for experimentation.

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