Journal articles: 'Women social reformers Australia'

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Grimshaw, Patricia. "Colonising motherhood: evangelical social reformers and Koorie women in Victoria, Australia, 1880s to the early 1900s." Women's History Review 8, no. 2 (June 1999): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612029900200203.

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Macarthur, John. "Colonies at Home: Loudon's Encyclopaedia, and the architecture of forming the self." Architectural Research Quarterly 3, no. 3 (September 1999): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135500002074.

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In the early nineteenth century, the small house in its own garden formed a crucial image of agricultural reform in Britain and in the aspirations of those leaving for North America and Australasia. The material and social technologies of the ‘cottage’ became not only equipment for the colonial enterprise, but a kind of colonization of the home by a new kind of family. These issues are apparent in J. C. Loudon's Encyclopaedia where the whole gamut of architecture is re-examined as a subject of interest to agricultural reformers, colonists, democrats and homemakers, especially women.

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Doyal, Lesley. "Keynote Addresses: What Makes Women Sick? Promoting Women's Health: The Changing Agenda for Health Promotion." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 3 (1998): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98027.

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The creation of a National Women's Health Policy in 1989 put Australia at the forefront of developments in women's health. By contrast, in the United Kingdom there is still no clear strategy for improving gender equity in the health service, and many of the principles taken for granted in Australia are not even on the National Health Service agenda. The current reforms of our health service do reflect a backing away from the 'quasi markets' of the Conservative era. However, little attention has been paid during this process to the specific needs of women. So Australia is still ahead, with Victoria in particular playing a key role in disseminating examples of good practice, both at home and internationally. The Australian Women's Health Policy and Program provides a fertile environment for innovation in good practice, but this does not mean that there is nothing left to achieve. Indeed, it may well require considerable effort just to maintain what has already been put in place. To move forward will mean continuing to confront those challenges in trying to improve women's health around the world. These are addressed by looking at three key themes: reconfiguring medicine; dealing with diversity; and gendering the social model of health. In each case these themes are placed in a global context.

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Whitehead, Kay. "Kindergarten teachers as leaders of children, makers of society." History of Education Review 43, no. 1 (May 27, 2014): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-09-2012-0030.

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Purpose – In Australia as elsewhere, kindergarten or pre-school teachers’ work has almost escaped historians’ attention. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the lives and work of approximately 60 women who graduated from the Adelaide Kindergarten Training College (KTC) between 1908 and 1917, which is during the leadership of its foundation principal, Lillian de Lissa. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a feminist analysis and uses conventional archival sources. Findings – The KTC was a site of higher education that offered middle class women an intellectual as well as practical education, focusing on liberal arts, progressive pedagogies and social reform. More than half of the graduates initially worked as teachers, their destinations reflecting the fragmented field of early childhood education. Whether married or single, many remained connected with progressive education and social reform, exercising their pedagogical and administrative skills in their workplaces, homes and civic activities. In so doing, they were not only leaders of children but also makers of society. Originality/value – The paper highlights the links between the kindergarten movement and reforms in girls’ secondary and higher education, and repositions the KTC as site of intellectual education for women. In turn, KTC graduates committed to progressive education and social reform in the interwar years.

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sinha, Dr Poonam. "WOMEN AND SOCIAL REFORMS." GENESIS 7, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47211/tg.2020.v07i03.020.

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Social Reformers faced so many legal problems for women welfare in our society. They want to reform the condition of women in our society. There are so many bad traditions enforced on women who force them to follow rules which are against their development in our society, society never wants reforms to their condition which is against women but some social reformers fight against the law which is made by society for women. It is very clear they never want to change the Law against women which was fabricated by them but some social reformers fight against those Law which was made by the society. They also knew that all these laws which were imposed on women, that are the cruelty of society under which women can never develop in our society. Gradually, the awareness in women increased and she felt that all these laws were against her.

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Adhikari, Anasuya, and Birbal Saha. "Lesser Known Indian Women Educators and Reformers." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 9 (September 29, 2021): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210956.

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India can presently be called a leading nation while considering the field of women education. But the scenario was not always the same. Women had to struggle to reach this summit. The path was not easy and smooth. Interestingly enough, eminent women themselves played a crucial role in not only establishing themselves, but also in promoting women’s education, health, shelter homes, care for the orphans etc. They established schools and other institutes to promote education to not only the women but also to the weaker section of the society and fight against the injustice. This paper is an attempt to remember few of these eminent women, like Tarabai Modak, Durgabai Deshmukh, Anutai Wagh, Pandita Ramabai, Pandita Brahmacharini Chandbai, Nawab Begum Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan, who were path breakers in their attempt to transcend the homely domain and set a new milestone. This paper also attempts to credit these noteworthy women for their extraordinary contribution to social services. Keywords: Women Educators, Women Reformers, Female Education, Indian Women.

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MACPHERSON, ANNE S. "Citizens v. Clients: Working Women and Colonial Reform in Puerto Rico and Belize, 1932–45." Journal of Latin American Studies 35, no. 2 (May 2003): 279–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x0300676x.

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Marked differences in mid-twentieth-century reformers' approaches to politically active working women in Belize and Puerto Rico help to explain the emergence of colonial hegemony in the latter, and the rise of mass nationalism in the former. Reformers in both colonies were concerned with working women, but whereas British and Belizean reformers treated them as sexually and politically disordered, and aimed to transform them from militant wage-earners to clients of state social services, US and Puerto Rican reformers treated them as voting citizens with legitimate roles in the economy and labour movement. Although racialised moralism was not absent in Puerto Rico, the populism of colonial reform there helped cement a renegotiated colonial compact, while the non-populist character of reform in Belize – and the wider British Caribbean – alienated working women from the colonial state.

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Fishback, Price V., and Shawn Everett Kantor. "“Square Deal” or Raw Deal? Market Compensation for Workplace Disamenities, 1884–1903." Journal of Economic History 52, no. 4 (December 1992): 826–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070001192x.

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Early twentieth-century social reformers claimed that public insurance was necessary because employers ignored the financial needs of their unemployed, injured, or ill workers. Reformers dismissed the idea that competition in the labor market would boost the wages of workers who faced greater chances of job-related financial distress. This article reports a test of the compensating-wage-difference hypothesis on wage samples of men, women, and children from 1884 to 1903. We found mixed support for the reformers' claims: unemployment risk tended to be fully compensated; accident risk was only partially compensated; and occupational illness went unremunerated.

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Carlton-LaNey, Iris, and Vanessa Hodges. "African American Reformers’ Mission: Caring for Our Girls and Women." Affilia 19, no. 3 (August 2004): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109904265853.

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O’Neill, Deirdre, Valarie Sands, and Graeme Hodge. "P3s and Social Infrastructure: Three Decades of Prison Reform in Victoria, Australia." Public Works Management & Policy 25, no. 3 (January 15, 2020): 214–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x19899103.

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Once regarded as core public sector business, Australia’s prisons were reformed during the 1990s and Australia now has the highest proportion of prisoners in privately managed prisons in the world. How could this have happened? This article presents a case study of the State of Victoria and explains how public–private partnerships (P3s) were used to create a mixed public–private prison system. Despite the difficulty of determining clear and rigorous evaluation results, we argue that lessons from the Victorian experience are possible. First, neither the extreme fears of policy critics nor the grandiose policy and technical promises of reformers were fully met. Second, short-term success was achieved in political and policy terms by the delivery of badly needed new prisons. Third, the exact degree to which the state has achieved cheaper, better, and more accountable prison services remains contested. As a consequence, there is a need to continue experimentation but with greater transparency.

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Young, Janette, and Richard McGrath. "Exploring discourses of equity, social justice and social determinants in Australian health care policy and planning documents." Australian Journal of Primary Health 17, no. 4 (2011): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py11038.

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The Australian National Health Reform agenda includes aims to reduce health disadvantages and provide equitable access. However, this reform will be implemented through state and territory governments, and as such will be built on existing conceptualisations of health as a social justice concept (core to understandings of social determinants). A selection of state and territory health policy documents were analysed within a critical discourse framework focussing on their use of terms relating to social determinants. Analysis revealed that the understandings of social justice concepts vary across Australia and are generally apolitical, belying core concerns inherent in a social determinants understanding. Such differentiation bears recognition by reformers seeking to implement national consistency. This paper also considers how health professionals might become aware of their own cultural enmeshment in neo-liberal frameworks of understanding, recognising a social determinants framework as counter-cultural and hence requiring radical thinking.

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Datta, Sudhangsu Sekhar, and Kaushik Mukherjee. "Women Education in Colonial Bengal: Retrospection." BSSS Journal of Social Work 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51767/jsw1301.

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Modern education came to Bengal though the East India Company. The missionaries also landed up for proselytising activities. They were perturbed by the backwardness of the Indian society especially the plights of women. The people of Bengal came in touch with the western ideas as Calcutta was made the capital of colonial India. The influence of liberalism and modern education brought in by the Britishers transformed a section of Bengal society. Bengal became the cradle of social reforms. The outcome of missionary’s activities and reforms brought by social reformers opened the gate of educational institution for the women. Though the conservative and orthodox Bengal society did not allow female education initially, gradually female education gained momentum and took steps in the right direction. Commissions constituted by the Britishers also facilitated the progress of female education. An attempt has been made to retrospect the situation of female education in colonial Bengal.

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CLEMENTS, K. A. "THE NEW ERA AND THE NEW WOMAN." Pacific Historical Review 73, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 425–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2004.73.3.425.

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Lou Henry Hoover, wife of Herbert Hoover, demonstrated the strengths and limitations of the expanded social de�nition of womanhood that had been won by reformers during the Progressive Era and World War I. As a leader of several business and women's social welfare organizations, she urged young women to follow her example in seeking professional education and careers as well as upholding traditional domestic roles. Protected by wealth and social status from the most burdensome aspects of domesticity, her public position emphasized the opportunities but understated problems faced by the "new women" in the 1920s and later generations.

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KELLEY, MARY. "BOOKS AND LIVES, READING AND ACHIEVEMENT." Modern Intellectual History 10, no. 1 (April 2013): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244312000418.

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This deeply researched and beautifully crafted study takes as its subject a generation of women who came to maturity in America's Gilded Age. They were scientists and social workers, physicians and educators, and, perhaps most notably, Progressive reformers engaged in the pursuit of social justice. Claiming the newly available opportunities for higher education and professional employment, these women successfully pursued lives in uncharted territory. Barbara Sicherman introduces us to a less visible but equally salient factor in their journey to public identities marked by achievement and acclaim—their sustained and sustaining engagement with reading.

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McMichael, Celia, and Lenore Manderson. "Somali Women and Well-Being: Social Networks and Social Capital among Immigrant Women in Australia." Human Organization 63, no. 1 (March 2004): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.63.1.nwlpjdj4d4l9756l.

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Razack, Sherene. "From Consent to Responsibility, from Pity to Respect: Subtexts in Cases of Sexual Violence Involving Girls and Women with Developmental Disabilities." Law & Social Inquiry 19, no. 04 (1994): 891–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00943.x.

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How might feminist law reform serve all women? The author explores this question within the context of sexual violence involving girls and women with developmental disabilities. She presents the difference impasse as a theoretical tool for understanding how women are positioned in law differently and unequally in relation to each other. She explores how, within the consent framework of a rape trail, competing social narratives or subtexts about race, class, gender, and disability circulate in the courtroom. She also explores the issue of pity in rape traiIs and argues that focusing on interlocking systems of domination and on our complicity in maintaining categories of women in law and law reform is a useful approach for feminist law reformers.

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Manoharan, Karthick Ram. "Radical freedom: Periyar and women." Open Research Europe 1 (March 24, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13131.1.

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This paper looks at South Indian social reformer and anti-caste radical Periyar E.V. Ramasamy's approach to the women's question. Periyar was not just an advocate of social and economic equality between the sexes but espoused a radical concept of sexual freedom for women, which is central to his concept of liberty as such. While the anti-colonialists of his period defended native traditions and customs, Periyar welcomed modernity and saw it laden with possibilities for the emancipation of women. Likewise, where other social reformers addressed the women's question within the ambit of the nation and/or the family, Periyar saw both nation and family as institutions that limited the liberties of women. This paper compares his thoughts with The Dialectic of Sex, the key work of the radical feminist Shulamith Firestone, and highlights the similarities in their approach to women's liberation and sexual freedom, especially their critique of child-rearing and child-bearing. It explores Periyar's booklet Women Enslaved in detail and engages with lesser known, new primary material of Periyar on the women's question, concluding with a discussion of his perspective of the West.

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Wright, David, and Cathy Chorniawry. "Women and Drink in Edwardian England." Historical Papers 20, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030935ar.

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Abstract In Victorian England excessive drinking was seen as almost exclusively a male prob- lem, but around 1900 the issue of female intemperance began to be widely discussed. In the first years of the twentieth century concern about women's drinking habits was voiced by an otherwise disparate group which included temperance workers, eugeni- cists, social reformers, imperialists and members of the medical profession. It is by no means certain that women were in fact using and abusing alcohol to a significantly greater extent than before: the evidence was and remains inconclusive. The Edwardian outcry against female intemperance derived its intensity less from the known dimen- sions of the problem than from the broader concerns of the time. Foremost among these were doubts about Britain's economic and imperial future, fears that her urban-based population was in the process of physical decline, and uncertainties in the face of challenges to traditional nineteenth-century assumptions about the place of women in society.

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DeVault, Ileen A. "“Everybody Works but Father”: Why the Census Misdirected Historians of Women's Employment." Social Science History 40, no. 3 (2016): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.10.

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Because the US Census Bureau changed the way they reported workers’ marital status, the subfield of US women's labor history unwittingly perpetuated a key misinterpretation of women's labor force participation, allowing historians to believe that women in the workforce between 1880 and 1920 were overwhelmingly young and single women: the daughters of their families rather than the mothers and wives. This change in census reporting was reinforced and promulgated by Joseph A. Hill's 1929 work, Women in Gainful Occupations, 1870–1920. Why was this change made? This article argues that this change came about because of a confluence of various factors, including the Census Bureau's continual struggles with organizational and technological changes, the beginning of World War I, and reformers’ arguments about the efficacy of pushing for maternity insurance for women workers. The story of this change once again reminds us that statistics are never neutral nor apolitical.

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Banks, Nina. "Retrospectives: Sadie T.M. Alexander: Black Women and a “Taste of Freedom in the Economic World”." Journal of Economic Perspectives 36, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.4.205.

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The employment history of African American women is notable because of their higher labor force participation rates compared to other women in the US. This essay discusses Sadie T.M. Alexander’s analysis of Black women and work based on her 1930s speeches and writings. Alexander assessed Black women workers’ contribution to Black American living standards and national output. A proponent of women’s gainful employment and economic independence, Alexander’s views on the benefits of industrial employment for women and family life stood in stark contrast to White social welfare reformers who discouraged maternal employment in favor of households with male breadwinners. Alexander criticized the unequal treatment of Black and White women under protective labor law, particularly with respect to domestic servants’ exclusion from New Deal minimum wage and maximum hour protections. The legacy of discriminatory policies continues to affect the economic status of African American women today through racial disparities in social welfare provisions and worker benefits.

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Xu Lu, Sidney. "Good women for empire: educating overseas female emigrants in imperial Japan, 1900–45." Journal of Global History 8, no. 3 (October 2, 2013): 436–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022813000363.

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AbstractThis article examines two tutelage campaigns launched by Japanese social reformers targeting Japanese emigrant women in Manchuria and California in the first two decades of the twentieth century. It reveals how these two middle-class-based social campaigns jointly paved the way for the Japanese state's ‘continental bride’ policy in the late 1930s, which mobilized and exported women from across the nation to Manchuria on an unprecedented scale. Synthesizing the stories of Japan's colonialism in Manchuria and Japanese labour migration to the American Pacific coast, this study traces the convergence and flows between the women's education campaigns in Japanese communities on both sides of the Pacific. It moves the debate of Japanese imperialism beyond Asia and situates it in a transnational space encompassing the local, the national, and the global.

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R, Suresh. "Dravidian Movement and Arangannal." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 4 (October 14, 2022): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22422.

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Human society was degraded by superstitious practices without intellectual awareness. The society of the day was subjected to decline and suffering. The social reformers who emerged among the communities guided the people. Among them, Jesus, Prophet, Buddha, Gandhi, and others are notable. From time-to-time reformers appeared to reform society on the soil. Because of the illiteracy of the people, inequality and atrocities in society took place every day. Communalism and caste oppression swelled, and women and the downtrodden suffered from irrational acts. There are plenty of intellectual organizations on the soil that have arisen to reform human society to recover from them. The purpose of this article is to study the Dravidian movement that reformed the people against the atrocities of caste, religion, labour exploitation, and bonded labour in southern Tamil Nadu, and the creator Arangannal, who assimilated and spoke and wrote Dravidian ideology.

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Sudalai Moni, T. "Political and Social Status of Women in Pre and Post Independent India." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i2.3289.

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Women’s involvement in socio-political life is a desideratum for the progress of not only the women folk but also the development of the nation as a whole. During ancient and medieval times, women from orthodox families actively participated in social activities, but their overall position and status gradually deteriorated. The Modern era meant for women ushered in during the dawn of the 19th century when social reformers paid special attention to enhance the social status of women. For instance, the promulgation of the Widow Remarriage Act, implementation of the Civil Marriage Act 1872 mentions a few of them. Ever since the formation of the Indian National Congress, several remarkable changes took place in the socio-political status.Moreover, women franchise induced their effective participation in the Freedom Movement of India. They were accorded equal political status on par with men only after independence, which has been enshrined and enumerated in the provisions of fundamental rights of the Indian constitution. In the new millennium, there has been constant demand to accord 33 percentages of reservations to enhance the status of women in the political arena as well as to increase their social statues. This paper attempts to indicate the socio-political status of women over the period in the Indian context during the Pre and Post Independent India.

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Dr. Ravi Kumar Tyagi, Tripti Sharma, and Vinod Kumar. "Empowering Muslim Women in Indian." Legal Research Development 2, no. III (March 30, 2018): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v2n3.05.

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Women have become equal partners in many ways at all levels community. The future will see many women going to normal places ruled by people. Various social reformers have tried to raise public conditions legal women and legal cases have played an important role in her development. Due to global cohesion, women have left their traditional activities building a house and raising children in resolving social and business solutions. But the community has become it is even more unsafe for women who do not have to change And talking about Islamic Muslim rights is a way to go back there It is a conflict between his rights and his own law. We are a proud nation claims that he has the highest human rights in the world, which guarantees the protection of equal rights to all our citizens while holding fast the high flag of being a nation. However, under all sharp claims, are wounded by the abuse of discrimination and abuse personal laws that divide the basis for equality in our great nation built up? The most abusive way of oppressing Muslim women based on the past is a damaging practice of Talaq triple or more known as "a quick divorce." Then there are his rights to obtain, care, maintenance, etc. where there is direct discrimination. List has never been to eliminate the point of empowering and protecting its rights.

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Sultan, Rana Saba, and Irshad Bibi. "Socio-Economic And Psychological Perspectives Of Female Crimes." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 3, no. 1 (March 8, 2010): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v3i1.372.

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Until a few decades ago, crime was considered to be a predominantly male phenomenon, but as women increasingly joined the mainstream of society, their share in crime increased considerably the world over. The family unit has been torn apart because of economic necessity, increasing awareness of women’s rights and the need to step out of home to reach the work place. In fact the growing rate of woman prisoners can be linked to social changes, especially in urbanization and new agents of social control such as urban police and moral reformers. The fewer job opportunities and lower wages for women resulted in economic marginalization and increased the need for women to resort to crimes such as prostitution, especially during wars, when men were not able to support their families. Prostitution was often, the most readily available way for women to support themselves and their children.

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Bhaskar, Anurag. "Ambedkar, Lohia, and the Segregations of Caste and Gender: Envisioning a Global Agenda for Social Justice." CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v1i2.208.

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Dalit women in India suffer multilayered form of marginalization. They are discriminated not only based on their gender, but also because of their caste identity. This impacts their literacy, life expectancy, among other human indicators. Despite the emphasis on the intersectionality between caste and gender by Dr. BR Ambedkar and later by other social reformers like Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, the mainstream movements have failed to provide a separate discourse on safeguarding the rights of Dalit women. The question of caste-based discrimination has by and large focused on the identity of a Dalit, irrespective of the gender, and the injustices inflicted on the social group as a whole. The upper caste led feminist discourse has been equally ignorant of the multiple oppressions faced by Dalit women. This paper deals with the critique of the Dalit movement as well as the feminist movement, and attempts to envision a broader global social justice by reading the ideas of Ambedkar and Lohia together.

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Mindel, A., C. Marks, R. Tideman, J. Taylor, C. Seifert, G. Berry, B. Trudinger, and A. Cunningham. "Sexual behaviour and social class in Australian women." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203321605567.

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Sexual behaviour is determined by social, cultural and personal factors. Sexual behaviour studies have been conducted in many countries. However, information from Australia is limited. This study was conducted in Obstetrics Department, Westmead Hospital, Sydney. Questionnaire-derived demographic and behavioural characteristics for public and private patients were compared using bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Of the patients, 3036 were public, and 595 private. On bivariate analysis some significant differences were private patients more likely to be born in Australia and have a higher education level whereas public patients were more likely to have had a greater number of lifetime sexual partners and younger age at first sex. Public patients were more likely to be herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) antibody positive (12%) than private patients (6%). On logistic regression significant variables included country of birth, being HSV-2 antibody positive, and age at first sex. A number of sexual and social variables were significantly different, comparing patients in the public and private sectors. Evaluation of interventions to reduce the sexual risk to women in the public sector should be considered, including encouraging young women to delay their sexual debut, and reducing the number of sexual partners.

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Johnston, Madeleine. "The Role and Regulation of Child Factory Labour During the Industrial Revolution in Australia, 1873–1885." International Review of Social History 65, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 433–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859020000322.

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AbstractThis study investigates child factory labour in Victoria, the most populous and industrialized colony in Australia in the second half of the nineteenth century. Three sources of primary data are analysed: Royal Commission reports, texts of bills and statutes, and parliamentary and public debates. The findings inform current academic debates by enhancing understanding of the role played by child workers during industrialization. They show that children were low-cost substitutes for adult males and that child labour was central to ongoing industrialization. A wide range of industries and jobs is identified in which children were employed in harsh conditions, in some instances in greater proportions than adults. Following the reports of the Royal Commission, the parliament of Victoria recognized a child labour problem serious enough to warrant regulation. While noting that circumstances were not as severe as in Britain, it passed legislation in 1885 with provisions that offered more protection to children than those in the British factory act of 1878. The legislation also offered more protection than factory laws in other industrializing colonies and countries. The findings throw light on the character of colonial liberal reformers in a wealthy colony who sought to create a better life for white settlers by adopting policies of state intervention.

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Travers, Max. "Business as Usual? Bail Decision Making and “Micro Politics” in an Australian Magistrates Court." Law & Social Inquiry 42, no. 02 (2017): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12264.

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Between the 1970s and 1990s, political scientists in the United States pursued a distinctive research program that employed ethnographic methods to study micro politics in criminal courts. This article considers the relevance of this concept for court researchers today through a case study about bail decision making in a lower criminal court in Australia. It describes business as usual in how decisions are made and the provision of pretrial services. It also looks at how traditionalists and reformers understood business as usual, and uses this as a critical concept to make visible micro politics in this court. The case study raises issues about organizational change in criminal courts since the 1990s, since there are fewer studies about plea bargaining and more about specialist or problem-solving courts. It is suggested that we need a new international agenda that can address change and continuity in criminal courts.

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Ikegami, Robin. "Femmes‐hommes,she‐bishops, and hyenas in petticoats: Women reformers and gender treason, 1789–1830." Women's Studies 26, no. 2 (February 1997): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.1997.9979161.

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U., Robin C., and Dr G. Parvathy. "Gender Distinction And Women Empowerment In R. K. Narayan’s The Dark Room." Think India 22, no. 3 (September 21, 2019): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8349.

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As far as the life of human being is concerned there are many challenges and inner-struggles in the emerging world society namely: uncertainties of life, inequality, gender distinction, frustrations, distress, tensions, anxieties, anguish, fear, alienation, infidelity, misunderstanding and delusion. Among the struggles gender distinction has a lasting impact on the whole of human being, which prevents all types of human progress. For a woman, as for a man, the need for self-fulfilment - autonomy, self-realisation, independence, individuality, self-actualization is as important and inevitable. After the Second World War there are many women writers, social reformers and political figures and intellectual giants who could contribute outstanding performances in highlighting the competitive equality. The present article attempts to discuss the gender distinction and the empowerment of women through the writing of R K Narayan.

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Walker, Rae, Lee Koh, Dennis Wollersheim, and Pranee Liamputtong. "Social connectedness and mobile phone use among refugee women in Australia." Health & Social Care in the Community 23, no. 3 (November 27, 2014): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12155.

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Browder, Dorothea. "WORKING OUT THEIR ECONOMIC PROBLEMS TOGETHER: WORLD WAR I, WORKING WOMEN, AND CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE YWCA." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14, no. 2 (April 2015): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781414000814.

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AbstractThis article examines how a group of Black and White YWCA staff members seized the opportunities of World War I to advance a racial justice agenda through Young Women's Christian Association programs for working women. First, they created YWCA program work for thousands of Black working women that paralleled the YWCA's Industrial Program, which followed YWCA segregation policies. Second, they made claims for social justice based on Black women's labor contributions, in contrast to both earlier reformers' focus on elite Black women and other wartime activists' focus on soldiers' service. Finally, in a period best known for White people's violent resistance to Black advances, they fostered a program culture and structures that encouraged White working-class women to view African American coworkers as colleagues and to understand racial justice as part of a broader social justice agenda. Arguing that interracial cooperation among working people was crucial to social progress, they made African American laboring women and White working-class allies both symbolically and literally crucial to wartime and postwar civil rights efforts. Their efforts contribute to our understanding of the changing discourse of “respectability” and the impact of World War I on the Black Freedom Struggle.

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Livesey, Ruth. "Reading for Character: Women Social Reformers and Narratives of the Urban Poor in Late Victorian and Edwardian London." Journal of Victorian Culture 9, no. 1 (January 2004): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jvc.2004.9.1.43.

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Shepard, Christopher. "A liberalisation of Irish social policy? Women’s organisations and the campaign for women police in Ireland, 1915–57." Irish Historical Studies 36, no. 144 (November 2009): 564–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400005885.

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For much of the twentieth century, Ireland was quite unusual in comparison with other western European nations in its exclusion of women from policing. By the time women were allowed to join the national police force, the Garda Síochána, in 1957, women were already established in the police forces of Britain, Germany and France, as well as that of Northern Ireland. Further afield, women were already employed in police forces in Poland, New Zealand and the U.S. The appointment of women police was a major demand of feminists, moral campaigners and social reformers during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, all of whom sought better protections for women. As in the U.K., U.S. and many European countries, women’s organisations in the Irish Free State were to the forefront of the debate over the need for women police. Beginning with the Irish Women’s Suffrage and Local Government Association (I.W.S.L.G.A.) in 1915, women’s organisations such as the National Council of Women, Joint Committee of Women’s Societies and Social Workers (J.C.W.S.S.W.), and the Catholic Women’s Federation campaigned relentlessly for nearly half a century in the face of governmental indifference and obstruction. When the first class of ‘experimental’ women police emerged in 1958 from the Garda training college in Templemore, County Tipperary, women’s organisations hailed it as a victory.

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Black, Chad Thomas. "The Usual Suspects: Bourbon Quito through the Visita de Cárcel, 1732–1791." Hispanic American Historical Review 102, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 223–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-9653478.

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Abstract This article analyzes weekly visita de cárcel records from the Audiencia of Quito covering the years 1732–91. The first section considers the jail census as a manuscript form and performative practice. The second section identifies patterns in the visitas that document shifting carceral priorities during periods of political crisis and reform, increased detention of women, and the function of racial categories. These patterns suggest that Bourbon reformers used policing power as a form of social control while the visitas continued to operate as a performance of royal authority.

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CORTI, BILLIE, DEBRA BLAZE-TEMPLE, PETER HOWAT, COLIN BINNS, and TONY RADALJ. "Alcohol consumption patterns of women in Perth, Western Australia." Drug and Alcohol Review 9, no. 1 (January 1990): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595239000185041.

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Dulta, Aditya Singh. "Breaking the Fetters and Taking Charge: A Reading of an Aboriginal Woman’s Memoir." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (2022): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.72.46.

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Twenty-first century Australia is a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic democracy, a developed and prosperous nation. However, it’s history of ‘settler colonialism’ has its own shades of grey. The original inhabitants of Australia were the Aboriginals who resided in the island territory for about more than 40,000 years till 1788, that is, about 234 years from now. However, their share in the total population of Australia has dwindled to about 2.5%. Even today, they are at the fringes of society, both economically and politically. The mainstream discourse, which is white, male and written from a Euro-centric perspective, brushes under the carpet such inconvenient facts. The dominant narrative presents a much distorted picture of Australian history and culture, eulogizing the colonizers and demonizing the Aboriginals as barbarous heathens who were in dire need of being reformed, civilized, cultured and Christianized. Few Aboriginals, who have managed to ascend the economic ladder take this responsibility of speaking up and revealing their community’s story, history, culture and what was and is being done to them. The present paper is a reading of one such memoir by an Aboriginal woman, Am I Black Enough for You? (2012) by Anita Heiss. What is unique about Heiss is that unlike majority of her people, she is educated, urban, economically independent, an academic and an established author. Her predicament is also unique, which is, the accusation from her white peers of false claims to Aboriginal heritage for upward mobility by grabbing government doles for the minorities. The paper is a humble attempt to contest the pervasive cultural stereotype which portrays the Aboriginal race as primitive, backward, illiterate, unhygienic, savage and doomed to extinction. The paper attempts to analyze the historical, social and economic reasons for their post-1788 disadvantageous position. The paper also strives to emphasize that with support from the government and the people, the same Aboriginal race could once again be an engine for nation-building. Moreover, besides demolishing the lies propagated by the colonizers and presenting their own truth, authors like Heiss reach out to the larger community beyond the individual self.

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Tranter, Bruce, and Ruby Grant. "A class act? Social background and body modifications in Australia." Journal of Sociology 54, no. 3 (January 29, 2018): 412–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783318755017.

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Are we witnessing the democratisation of body modification in Australia? The prevalence and social background of body modifications is examined using national and state-level survey data from Australia. We find body modifications to be more prevalent among younger, less educated, working-class, non-conservative Australians. Women are far more likely than men are to have body piercings, although in Queensland, young women are more likely than young men to be tattooed. Important life events such as pregnancy, separating from a long-term partner or experiencing violence are also associated with body modifications. While body modifications may be on the rise, social factors still influence the uptake of body modification practices in Australia, suggesting these are socially circumscribed taste-based practices, and should not yet be described as normative.

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Breton, Rob. "Women and Children First: Appropriated Fiction in the Ten Hours’ Advocate." Victorian Popular Fictions Journal 3, no. 2 (December 17, 2021): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46911/fsmi1264.

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This article examines interclass strategies to bring about reform in mid-nineteenth century England. It specifically explores the way the Ten Hours’ Advocate, a paper written for the working classes, looked to present itself as a middle-class periodical in order to further the argument for factory reform. In reproducing fiction filched from middle-class periodicals, the Advocate performed its argument for the Factory Bill: that the Bill would ease social tensions, dissipate the Chartist or radical threat, and ensure a “return” to traditional gender roles. The appropriated fiction is mild, rather bland; the non-fictional argument for reform is direct and unapologetic. That the Advocate was opportunistic in the way it made the case for reform is an example of the advantages provided to reformers by the absence of strict copyright laws and by Victorian periodical culture in general. But it also contextualises the debate over the family-wage argument and the working-class role in hardening the Victorian sexual division of labour.

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Warne, Ellen, Shurlee Swain, Patricia Grimshaw, and John Lack. "Women in conversation: a wartime social survey in Melbourne, Australia 1941-43." Women's History Review 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612020300200372.

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Dawson, Maria Teresa, and Sandra Margaret Gifford. "Social Change, Migration and Sexual Health: Chilean Women in Chile and Australia." Women & Health 38, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j013v38n04_03.

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Feldman, Susan, Julie Byles, Gita Mishra, and Jenny Powers. "The health and social needs of recently widowed older women in Australia." Australasian Journal on Ageing 21, no. 3 (September 2002): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2002.tb00434.x.

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Arul Paramanandam, D., and P. Packirisamy. "An empirical study on the impact of micro enterprises on women empowerment." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 9, no. 4 (October 12, 2015): 298–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-08-2014-0017.

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Purpose – This study aims to find whether the micro-enterprises lead to women empowerment and entrepreneurship and make them to be wholly involved in income-generating activities by having them choose a business venture of their own. Design/methodology/approach – Women empowerment is very important for the acceleration of economic growth. The economic empowerment of women is being regarded these days as a sine qua non of progress for a country; hence, the issue of economic empowerment of women is of paramount importance to political thinkers, social scientists and reformers. The self-help groups (SHGs) have paved the way for economic independence of rural women. The members of SHGs are involved in micro-entrepreneurships. Empowerment is intellectual capital. Capital is a life blood of any industry. Findings – Without women development, economic development will not take place. Women should be imparted technical knowledge, skill training and marketing techniques in the process of establishing an enterprise by them for more sustainability. Originality/value – Micro-enterprises add values to a country’s economy by creating jobs, enhancing income, strengthening purchasing power, lowering costs and adding business convenience.

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Maxwell, Hazel, Carmel Foley, Tracy Taylor, and Christine Burton. "Social Inclusion in Community Sport: A Case Study of Muslim Women in Australia." Journal of Sport Management 27, no. 6 (November 2013): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.6.467.

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This paper considers how organizational practices facilitate and inhibit the social inclusion of Muslim women in a community sport setting. A case study of social inclusion practices in an Australian community sport organization (CSO) was built through interviews, focus groups, secondary data, and documentary evidence. Drawing on the work of Bailey (2005, 2008) the analysis employed a social inclusion framework comprised of spatial, functional, relational, and power dimensions. Findings indicated that there are a range of practices which facilitate social inclusion. Paradoxically, some of the practices that contributed to social inclusion at the club for Muslim women resulted in social exclusion for non-Muslim women. Examining each practice from multiple perspectives provided by the social inclusion framework allowed a thorough analysis to be made of the significance of each practice to the social inclusion of Muslim women at the club. Implications for social inclusion research and sport management practice are discussed.

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Dahlan, Moh. "Paradigma Ijtihad Munawir Sjadzali dalam Reaktualisasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia." AT-TURAS: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.33650/at-turas.v7i2.1504.

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Social change has driven Islamic law reform. The reform of Islamic law has encouraged one of Indonesia's Islamic law reformers, Munawir Sjadzali, to re-realize Islamic law in the distribution of inheritance in Indonesia. By using the contemporary paradigm, the results of this study indicate that Munawir Sjadzali's ijtihad paradigm has given birth to a new spirit to implement ijtihad in Islamic law reform in Indonesia, namely the renewal of inheritance law by reinterpreting the Qur’an text about 2: 1 between men and women become equal between the two. The provisions of the inheritance law are formulated and applied based on the consideration of the true sense of justice and the benefit of human life.Keywords: Social Change, Ijtihad, Reactualization, Islamic Law, Custom, and Inheritance.

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C, Dhamayanthi. "Emphasis on Gender Equality in the Novels of Thilagavathi." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-3 (July 16, 2022): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s327.

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In this era too, where technology has developed and our education and basic needs are fulfilled through the internet, we see that women slavery prevails at many levels. Women's life has been continuously regressed in many stages till this century, such as being treated as secondary in the position of raising female children from birth to upbringing, being held back in educational opportunities and subsequent employment opportunities, living up to family responsibilities, and valuing men's views in public life. Apart from that, women are being used as consumer goods promoters at the social level and as household goods at the family level. It is because of the ideas that have been ingrained in women's minds for a long time. But nowadays, due to the subtle awareness of women and the bold revolutionary voices, changes have taken place in these situations. However, the attempt to change the status of women slavery (gender inequality), which was deeply rooted in social, political, religious, and family platforms, has not achieved full success in society till date. Just as the efforts of feminist theorists and social reformers to achieve partial status in the creation of gender equality have made an essential contribution, literature has also contributed to social change. Based on that, the creator, Thilagavathi, has created awareness among women to get gender balance by symbolising the existing gender inequality in society through her novels. This article attempts to explain it in detail.

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Houston, Fleur. "Reformation: a Two-edged Sword in the Cause of the Ministry of Women." Feminist Theology 26, no. 1 (August 22, 2017): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0966735017711870.

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When Martin Luther mounted an attack on the industry of Indulgences, he affirmed key Reformation principles: human beings are saved by God’s grace alone and the priesthood of all the baptised gives all followers of Christ equal status. This was in conformity with an earlier generation of reformers who saw the Bible as ultimate authority and witnessed to biblical truth against corruption. The logical consequence of this should have been the enabling of women who were so disposed to exercise a theological vocation. In practice, the resulting rupture in religious and social life often affected women for the worse. Educational formation and leadership opportunities were restricted by the closure of convents. While the trade guilds, with their tightly regulated social systems, did not allow scope for women who transgressed normative expectations, their suppression was not necessarily liberating for women. The new social model of the home replaced that of convent and guild and marriage was exalted in place of celibacy. Changes in devotional practice involved loss and gain. Women who did not conform to the domestic norm were treated at best with misogyny and female prophets of the radical Reformation paid for their convictions with their lives. In education, leadership, piety and radical social challenge, women’s options were restricted. However, the key Reformation principles ultimately enabled the development of women’s ministry which was marked by the ordination of Constance Todd 400 years later.

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D, Jayavelu, and Mamta Pillai. "Women Empowerment in Amish’s The Ramchandra Series: A Dharmic Narrative." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v3i1.507.

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The portrayal of women in literary texts over the centuries has been stuck in the conviction that women are enormously subjugated, but now repetition of the same is considered unjustified. The canon of reformers in the literary world has started to interpret feminism from various perspectives. Women characters are reformulated and rethought by the new emerging authors and those authors reinforce a new dimension to the status and moral experience of women which was largely criticized in the domain of traditional literature. The present research, therefore, intends to elicit the narrative technique of Amish’s writings and his treatment of women characters in his novels. Amish’s women characters falsify the claims of traditional portrayal. The female protagonists of his novels highlight the punctuated identities of Indian women. They are strong, challenge traditional norms. In this regard Amish’s the Ram Chandra Series is a mythical fiction based on mythology of Ramayana with a multilinear narrative. This paper is intended to provide a brief and authentic exposition of status of women in India during the Vedic times with reference to the women characters in Amish’s the Ram Chandra Series in every aspect of social order like education, philosophy, religion, administration and warfare.

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Bryson, Lois. "The Women's Health Australia Project and Policy Development." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 3 (1998): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98031.

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The Women's Health Australia (WHA) project plans to follow the health of a national sample of around 42,000 women who, in 1996, were in the age cohorts 18-22, 45-49 and 70-74. The multi-disciplinary research team adopts a social approach to health, focuses on biological, psychological, social and lifestyle factors and their relationship to physical health and emotional wellbeing, and is examining the use of, and satisfaction with, health care services. Base-line survey data highlight diversity and the need for health policy to tailor communications to the different age groups. In terms of general wellbeing and service appropriateness, the young are the most problematic, the mid cohort next, while older women indicate fewest problems. Young women experience the highest levels of stress, often suffer from tiredness and are over-concerned with their weight and shape. They are also most dissatisfied with GP services. Issues of employment and health are also central. In general employment is associated with good health, but strains are evident when there are family commitments. As employment becomes increasingly normalised for women, health policy must be mindful of these effects and the significant difficulties faced by a small group of women whose health precludes employment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Women social reformers Australia'

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