Journal articles: 'Women – Social conditions – Maldives'

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Ali, Parveen, and Roger Watson. "Spousal Violence: A Mokken Scaling Analysis of Attitudes of South Asian Men and Women." Violence and Victims 35, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 656–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-18-00043.

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Attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) are usually explored by asking participants to respond to some statements describing various instances or situations. Currently, we do not know if responses to such questions or statements are random, leading to a total score which is hard to compare between respondents, or in a hierarchical manner which makes such comparison much more meaningful. The study was conducted to explore the structure of an “attitudes to intimate partner” violence scale used in the Demographic and Health Surveys Program (DHS), for a hierarchy of items according to the criteria of Mokken scaling. Secondary analyses of the data related to attitudes to IPV of South Asian men and women, collected by the DHS from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Maldives, and Nepal between 2006 and 2014. A strong Mokken scale was apparent in the data with IPV by men being most justified in cases where the wife neglected the children and least endorsed in the case of refusing to have sex. Men and women endorsed the items in the same order, but some inter country differences were apparent.

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Shim, Jin-Keong. "Women as Social Conditions― Focused on roman à clef Based on New Women." DAEDONG MUNHWA YEON'GU ll, no. 82 (June 2013): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18219/ddmh..82.201306.77.

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Patil, Savita, and Haji Begum. "Study of social conditions and economic problems of employed women." ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/arjss/9.2/230-234.

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ACHING, Michele Carmona, and Tania Mara Marques GRANATO. "The good enough mother under social vulnerability conditions." Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 33, no. 1 (March 2016): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752016000100003.

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Abstract The present qualitative study aims to understand the affective and emotional attitudes that support the maternal experience in precarious conditions by articulating the maternal ideals of socially vulnerable women through the Winnicottian concept of the good enough mother. We used a procedure called Interactive Narrative to facilitate a less defensive and more ludic approach to the studied theme and invited women sheltered in an institution for pregnant and puerperal women to complete a story that had been written by the researcher. In the second stage, we formed a discussion group to gain insight into participants' conceptions of motherhood. The material produced was analyzed as a collective production so that we could identify underlying affective and emotional aspects of the group's imaginative elaborations about motherhood in precarious conditions. Feelings of helplessness, abandonment and loneliness were as present in the narrative productions as the idea that having a child creates opportunities for the development of maternal capabilities.

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Kahf, Mohja. "Women and Social Justice." American Journal of Islam and Society 8, no. 2 (September 1, 1991): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v8i2.2633.

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The task undertaken in this book, the development of a “third approach”to the issue of women’s oppression superceding both feminism and traditionalism,is much needed and much neglected in the Islamic movement.Specifically, Ahmad analyzes the impact of the introduction of hudud (Islamicpenal code) laws in Pakistan and makes policy recommendations for theirreform. Although his analysis is not limited in usefulness to Pakistan, it islimited, however, by several shortcomings in argument, structure, and language.Ahmad’s strong points emerge in his empirical study of Pakistani familylaw. While he attempts to refute the criticism that the hudud laws discriminateagainst women, he also recognizes that the application of these laws in alegal patchwork fraught with contradictions has not helped women. For example,the Family Laws Ordinance of 1961 requires all marriages to be officiallyreported but, with common and Islamic opinion being contrary, thislaw is frequently neglected. So when the hudud laws of 1979 made adulterypunishable, women living in Islamic but unreported marriages were reportedfor adultery by vengeful ex-husbands. This particular problem would be solved,Ahmad argues, by punishing such men for slander, a neglected aspect ofthe Shari‘ah’s approach to adultery which is to women’s advantage. He arguesfor an end to “this vicious circle of immediacy, adhocism and temporarysolutions” (p. 48) in the application of the Shari‘ah, and for a more creative,comprehensive reform. His use of statistics from Pakistani courts is an attemptto ground his analysis in the living reality of Pakistani women, anattempt which is only infrequently made by Islamist writers on women’s issues,who usually hide behind obscure generalizations about the ideal society.It is also edifying to see an Islamist writer admit that “we should notdoubt the intent and motive of those who talk on these issues and take adifferent position” (p. 11). Too often this debate over the status of womenresults in bitter and useless finger-pointing in which the advocates of changein women’s conditions are labelled “Western,” as if one had to be Westernto see anything exploitative about the present treatment of Muslim women.Unfortunately, Ahmad does not stick to his promise and succumbs to a defensivediatribe against his ideological opponents, calling them ‘‘crypto-colonialists’’and emphasizing their emergence from the upper classes. The same charge ...

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Gajewski, Mariusz. "Social and personal aspects of single motherhood: pedagogical and social contexts." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 591, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1536.

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The article addresses the issue of single motherhood for women in individual, social and pedagogical aspects. The personality and social conditions of single motherhood were analysed. Two main contexts of experiencing motherhood by contemporary women were pointed out, which are social norms and cultural patterns as well as individual, intrapsychic conditions of perceiving oneself as a mother. Social references and pedagogical conditions of single motherhood were shown. It was pointed out that the way women experience motherhood depends to a large extent on family, professional, colleague situations and random events. While discussing the issues of loneliness and solitude, the pedagogical aspect of this phenomenon and the multitude of possible attitudes and references to motherhood experienced were pointed out. The article indicates that social expectations for single mothers imply how women perceive their motherhood and how it affects the pedagogical dimension of its implementation. Motherhood as a conscious decision of a woman and as an undesirable state, as a consequence of events over which the woman-mother has no influence – these are other versions of motherhood described and analysed in the article. The article ends with considerations on the pedagogical dimension of the implementation of motherhood, and therefore on the role and place of children and family as the closest environment of women-mothers. The final part also indicates the need for institutional support for single mothers and their families.

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Banks, Lena Morgon, Shaffa Hameed, Sofoora Kawsar Usman, and Hannah Kuper. "No One Left Behind? Comparing Poverty and Deprivation between People with and without Disabilities in the Maldives." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 2066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052066.

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The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals call for the disaggregation of all indicators by disability and other characteristics so as to “leave no one behind” from development progress. Data on disability, however, is acknowledged to be lacking, which is essential for informing policy and planning. Consequently, this study estimates the prevalence of disability in the Maldives and compares indicators of poverty and living conditions between people with and without disabilities, using nationally-representative, population-based data (n = 5363). The prevalence of disability was estimated at 6.8%. Overall, this research finds that people with disabilities are at risk of being left behind from progress across multiple Sustainable Development Goal domains, including in combatting income poverty, food insecurity and exclusion from health, education, work and social participation, and vulnerability to violence. Further, amongst people with disabilities, people with cognitive and mental health impairments, people living outside the capital, Male’, and children and working-age adults tend to face the highest levels of deprivation.

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Thi, Mai Le. "Social Capital, Migration, and Social Integration." GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol.6(1) Jan-Mar 2018 6, no. 1 (February 18, 2018): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609//gjbssr.2018.6.1(1).

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Objective - This paper focuses on exploring the ways in which social capital is utilised to promote the integration of Vietnamese women who married Taiwanese husbands into host families and the host. Methodology/Technique - Data was derived from a case study undertaken in 2014 on the Penghu Islands and in Taipei, Taiwan, with interviews and the observation of 31 people including Vietnamese women who married Taiwanese husbands, local people. Findings - Findings reveal the values and norms of responsibility of Vietnamese women in family that were educated themselves, have been practiced effectively by Vietnamese women married to Taiwanese husbands to integrate into their families. Research limitations/implications - The regulations and legal environment for immigrants have created favourable conditions for their integration into the host families. Traditional Vietnamese cooking skills are chosen by many Vietnamese women as a kind of social capital for their access to the Taiwanese job market. The social integration is reflected through social-economic, culture integration, and citizenship. Originality/value - It is hoped that study results will serve as the useful scientific basis for developing policies that promote the social integration of immigrants for the development of individuals and the social community. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Social Capital; Social Integration; Migration Marriage. JEL Classification: C31, O15

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Miller, Gary M. "Bourbon Social Engineering: Women and Conditions of Marriage in Eighteenth-Century Venezuela." Americas 46, no. 3 (January 1990): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007014.

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Historians have long debated the relationship between the Spanish Crown and its colonial subjects. The issue has taken on an additional dimension as our knowledge of the lives of women expands. Recently published works describe the statutes promulgated by royal authorities to regulate the institution of marriage. But what was the actual result of these laws once they crossed the Atlantic Ocean? Were they followed to the letter, partially enforced, or ignored? Did they apply to some groups and not to others? In order to answer these and other questions it seemed appropriate to focus upon the laws governing marriage and the effect of their implementation on a specific group of women—the wives of regular army officers who served in Venezuela during the last half of the eighteenth century.

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Kihato, Caroline Wanjiku. "Invisible lives, inaudible voices? The social conditions of migrant women in Johannesburg." African Identities 5, no. 1 (April 2007): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725840701253787.

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Garstecki, Dean C., and Susan F. Erler. "Personal and Social Conditions Potentially Influencing Women’s Hearing Loss Management." American Journal of Audiology 10, no. 2 (December 2001): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2001/007).

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Little gender-specific data related to hearing loss and hearing loss management are available. The purpose of this investigation was to examine personal and social conditions affecting women at selected stages of the adult life course that may influence hearing loss management. In all, 191 women in three age groups, ranging from 35 to 85 years old, participated. None reported hearing problems. Participants completed a demographic data form and were given a standard audiometric evaluation to confirm age-normal hearing. Each completed assessments of speech understanding in quiet and noise, auditory signal duration discrimination, and binaural processing. Measures of hearing knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes; health-related locus of control; ego strength; and, social support were administered. Results revealed that although some variables deteriorate among subsequent age groups (i.e., hearing thresholds, central auditory processing, and ego strength), the reverse is true for others (i.e., social interaction and satisfaction with income). Age-specific sociodemographic burdens that may interfere with hearing loss management were noted. New psychosocial data are revealed against which women and men with impaired hearing may be compared.

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Smits, Luc J., Willianne L. D. M. Nelen, Maurice G. A. J. Wouters, Huub Straatman, Piet H. Jongbloet, and Gerhard A. Zielhuis. "Conditions at conception in women with recurrent miscarriage." Social Biology 45, no. 1-2 (March 1, 1998): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19485565.1998.9988969.

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Zuckerman, Miron, Chen Li, and Edward F. Diener. "Societal Conditions and the Gender Difference in Well-Being." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 3 (January 11, 2017): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216684133.

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Findings from a meta-analysis on gender differences in self-esteem (Zuckerman et al., 2016) suggest that the relation between the degree to which societal conditions are favorable to women and gender difference in self-esteem might be quadratic; when conditions improve, women’s self-esteem (relative to that of men) trends downward but when conditions continue to improve, women’s self-esteem begins to trend upward. Testing whether these relations generalize to subjective well-being, the present study found a quadratic relation between improving societal conditions and the gender difference in life satisfaction and positive affect (women are lower than men when societal conditions are moderately favorable compared to when they are at their worst and at their best); the relation was linear for negative emotion (women report more negative emotions than men when societal conditions are better). Directions for future research that will address potential explanations for these results are proposed.

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Allen, Justine B., and Sally Shaw. "An Interdisciplinary Approach to Examining the Working Conditions of Women Coaches." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 8, no. 1 (March 2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.1.1.

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윤지현. "Working Conditions and Social Status of Korean Women Service Employees in the 1920s~30s." Women and History ll, no. 10 (June 2009): 93–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.22511/women..10.200906.93.

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Watkins, Christopher D., Lisa M. DeBruine, Anthony C. Little, and Benedict C. Jones. "Social Support Influences Preferences for Feminine Facial Cues in Potential Social Partners." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 6 (January 1, 2012): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000162.

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Most previous studies of individual differences in women’s and men’s preferences for sexually dimorphic physical characteristics have focused on the importance of mating-related factors for judgments of opposite-sex individuals. Although studies have suggested that people may show stronger preferences for feminine individuals of both sexes under conditions where social support may be at a premium (e.g., during phases of the menstrual cycle where raised progesterone prepares women’s bodies for pregnancy), these studies have not demonstrated that perceptions of available social support directly influence femininity preferences. Here we found that (1) women and men randomly allocated to low social support priming conditions demonstrated stronger preferences for feminine shape cues in own- and opposite-sex faces than did individuals randomly allocated to high social support priming conditions and (2) that people perceived men and women displaying feminine characteristics as more likely to provide them with high-quality social support than those displaying relatively masculine characteristics. Together, these findings suggest that social support influences face preferences directly, potentially implicating facultative responses whereby people increase their preferences for pro-social individuals under conditions of low social support.

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Zakharova, E. I. "Negative Attitude towards Motherhood in Modern Women: Settings and Conditions." Cultural-Historical Psychology 11, no. 1 (2015): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2015110106.

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The author addresses the issue of attitudes towards motherhood in modern women of reproductive age. The paper focuses on the phenomena that give evidence of unfavorable social tendencies referring to partial or com¬plete withdrawal of women from fulfilling the social role of mother. A study that involved 40 mothers of infants enabled the author to outline significant differences in the subjects' performances of their roles as mothers. For instance, some of the women tended to minimize their participation in caring for the child. The analysis of the reasons for such behavior suggests that they are rooted not so much in the social conditions of the women's lives, but rather in the personalities of the latter. In accordance with the general idea of the research, the author proceeds with a group of childfree women who made a conscious decision not to have children. The study involved 43 women of reproductive age. This time the exploration of reasons behind such refusal revealed a spe¬cific value orientation of the respondents. The author concludes that the development of certain features of personality contributing to an individual's negative attitude towards motherhood may be determined by a number of characteristics typical of the modern sociocultural space.

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O.V., Sheviakov, and Shramko I.A. "SIMULATION OF SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR WOMEN IN THE CONDITIONS OF DYNAMIC SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEM." Scientic Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Psychological Sciences, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2312-3206/2020-4-16.

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Метою статті є з’ясування особливостей соціально-психологічного забезпечення життєдіяльності жінок в умовах динамічних соціотехнічних систем управління. Методи. За допомогою методів анкетування та структурного моделювання, оцінювання напру-женості психологічних функцій (тест М. Люшера, cоціометрія, увага, мислення, частота серцевих скорочень, тремор, динамометрія) виявлено зміну стомлення, що зростає, під час роботи досліджуваних в умовах динамічних соціотехнічних систем діяльності. Обстежено 500 досліджуваних (оператори, фахівці) у віці від 18 до 46 років (усі жінки) у динамічних автоматизованих системах управління. Як оптимізуючий метод використано довільну психічну саморегуляцію життєдіяльності. Виявлено та скореговано негативні функціональні стани жінок шляхом оволодіння ними навичками саморегуляції (аутотренінг, ідеомоторне тренування). Програма містила вправи-розминки, тренінгові вправи, дискусії, міні-лекції, роботу в парах і малих групах. Опановувалися м’язова релаксація, самонавіювання, активація рефлексивної зони свідомості. Результати. Схарактеризовано соціально-психологічні особливості взаємодії та взаємовпливу компонентів динамічних соціотехнічних систем діяльності. Здійснено психологічний аналіз тен-денцій розвитку таких систем. В емпіричному дослідженні визначено особливості забезпечення життєдіяльності жінок на робочих місцях. Розроблено й апробовано концепцію соціальної підтримки їхньої життєдіяльності. Спрогнозовано роботоздатність жінок і можливі зміни їхнього функціонального стану. Здійснено обґрунтування соціально-психологічного забезпечення розвитку соціотехнічних систем діяльності, яке допоможе подолати негативні наслідки функціонування таких систем і зумовить їх подальший розвиток за нових (ринкових) умов. Перспектива продовження дослідження вбачається в розробленні психологічної теорії оптимізації процесу діяльності жінок у динамічних соціотехнічних системах. Висновки. Проведена дослідницька робота щодо вивчення особливостей життєдіяльності й роботоздатності жінок у динамічних соціотехнічних системах, виявлення прояву їхнього функ-ціонального стану. Розроблено та апробовано структурно-функціональну модель соціально-психо-логічного забезпечення життєдіяльності жінок стосовно наявних стадій діяльності в динамічних соціотехнічних системах. Ключові слова: система, автоматизована діяльність, неперервна інформація, користувачі, психологічна готовність. The purpose of the article is to clarify the features of socio-psychological support of women's lives in a dynamic socio-technical management systems.Methods. Using methods of questionnaires and structural modeling, assessment of psychological and functional stress (M. Luscher test, sociometry, attention, thinking, heart rate, tremor, dynamometry) revealed a change in increasing fatigue in the study of dynamic sociotechnical systems. 500 subjects (operators, specialists) aged 18 to 46 years (all women) in dynamic automated control systems were examined. Arbitrary mental self-regulation of vital activity is used as an optimizing method. Negative functional states of women, tasks by mastering their skills of self-regulation (autotraining, ideomotor training) are revealed and corrected. The program included warm-up exercises, training exercises, discussions, mini-lectures, work in pairs and small groups. Muscle relaxation, self-suggestion, activation of the reflex zone of consciousness were mastered.Results. Socio-psychological features of interaction and mutual influence of components of dynamic sociotechnical systems of activity are characterized. The psychological analysis of tendencies of development of such systems is carried out. The empirical study identified the features of women's livelihoods in the workplace. The concept of social support of their vital activity is developed and tested. The working capacity of women is predicted, and changes in their functional state are possible. The substantiation of social and psychological support of development of sociotechnical systems of activity which will help to overcome negative consequences of functioning of such systems and will lead to their further development under new (market) conditions is carried out.The prospect of continuing the study is seen in the development of psychological theory for optimizing the process of women's activities in dynamic socio-technical systems.Conclusions. Research work has been carried out to study the peculiarities of life and work capacity of women in dynamic socio-technical systems, to identify the manifestation of their functional state. A structural and functional model of social and psychological support of women's life in relation to the existing stages of activity in dynamic socio-technical systems has been developed and tested.Key words: system, automated activity, continuous information, users, psychological readiness

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Kim, Mikyong Minsun. "Institutional Effectiveness of Women-Only Colleges: Cultivating Students' Desire to Influence Social Conditions." Journal of Higher Education 72, no. 3 (May 2001): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649333.

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Teshaboyeva, Sh. "Social Considerations For Women's Participation." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 03 (March 8, 2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue03-05.

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Varvin, Sverre, and Eivor Lægreid. "Traumatised women—organised violence." Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy in China 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ppc.v3n1.2020.92.

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This article focuses on the conditions for the development of organised violence to women and children with the ensuing traumatic effects, and details the situation of the affected persons. The claim is that present situations of social unrest, wars, and persecution produce conditions where archaic images of male dominance and entitlement are likely to emerge. When these are justified by some religious–political ideology, atrocities are particularly likely to follow. In the same way that ethnic groups may be targeted, women and girls may be the chosen objects of repression and aggression.

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Azwar, Welhendri. "Women in the "Kerangkeng" of Tradition: the Study on the Status of Women in Minangkabau." Ijtimaiyya: Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam 10, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ijpmi.v10i2.2368.

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The system of values, norms and some stereotypes attached to women are one of the factors that giving influences on the position and relationships of women with men in the existing social structure. Each person embraces the system of values or norm which is a consensus and constructed by the community itself than from generation to generation. The emergence of social construction on the status and role of women is the result of the perspective of a community towards their biological differences between men and women. The perspective which then results in oppression, exploitation, and subordination of women in social relations are contextually strongly related to socio-cultural conditions at that time. This section will discuss how women are positioned in the social life and the perspective of the culture of its subordination. Next, it is also described how the emergence of patriarchal ideology, a system that accommodates the interests of men to dominate and control women, as a consequence of the understanding of the nature of women which biologically different to men. The hegemony of patriarchal ideology brings the social awareness for women to accept the conditions of subordination as a natural thing, which is wrapped by the products of culture and tradition. It includes how patriarchal ideology is giving the effect on the system and the tradition of marriage.

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O.V., Sheviakov, and Shramko I.A. "PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL SUPPORT OF LIVES OF WOMEN IN CONDITIONS OF DYNAMIC SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEM." Scientic Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Psychological Sciences, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2312-3206/2020-1-23.

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Torres-Arreola, LDP, and JP Villa-Barragán. "PIH11 WORKAND HEALTH CONDITIONS DURING PREGNANCY IN WOMEN OF THE MEXICAN SOCIAL SECURITY INSTITUTE." Value in Health 8, no. 6 (November 2005): A55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)67307-x.

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Choi, Misei. "Feminism music research -through the socialization process of women, educational conditions and social recognition-." Journal of Humanities 33 (August 31, 2021): 321–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31658/dshr.33.11.

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Manzoor, Seema, Asma Manzoor, Dua-e. Rehma, and Samina Saeed. "A Study Of Health Conditions Of Women Working At Karachi Fisheries." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v11i1.218.

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This study aims to establish the understanding about the health conditions of women working at Karachi fisheries. The study has also tried to analyze the issues which affect the life of women working at fisheries in their working hours, within the family, while communicating with people around them and in their social life. By using quantitative research method researcher has analyzed different factors and circumstances which these women are experiencing, and the universe of population for this study is chosen as private fisheries near Fish Harbour, West Wharf, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Whereas, convenience and purposive sampling techniques of non-probability sampling method are used in order to collect the data by hundred respondents from various private fishing companies at Karachi fisheries. In Pakistan now more women are connected to labour force due to increased employment opportunities, on the other hand women are doing work outside their homes to gain their economic independence and the rights and social standing like men in the family and society.

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Lennon, Mary Clare. "Women, Work, and Well-Being: The Importance of Work Conditions." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 35, no. 3 (September 1994): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137278.

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Lee, Hang-Shim, and Lisa Y. Flores. "Testing a Social Cognitive Model of Well-Being With Women Engineers." Journal of Career Assessment 27, no. 2 (December 27, 2017): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072717748668.

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The present study tests the utility of the Social Cognitive Model of Well-Being (SCWB) in the context of work, with a sample of 348 women engineers. Using structural equation modeling, we examined the relations of positive affect, self-efficacy, work conditions, goal progress, and environmental supports and barriers that were assumed to account for job satisfaction and life satisfaction of women engineers. Overall, the model provided a good fit to the data, and SCWB predictors accounted for a significant amount of variance in job satisfaction (63%) and life satisfaction (54%) with our sample of women engineers. As expected, most paths of the SCWB model were significant; however, we also found nonsignificant relations among variables in the model. In particular, goal progress did not play a critical role in the present study. In addition, we examined the indirect effects of environmental variables (e.g., supports and barriers) on job satisfaction via sociocognitive variables (e.g., self-efficacy and perceived work conditions) in the engineering work domain. Implications for practice, theory, and future vocational and organizational research in engineering are discussed.

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Lane, William A., and Kristie L. Seelman. "The Apparatus of Social Reproduction." Affilia 33, no. 2 (January 10, 2018): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109917747614.

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The apparatus of social reproduction describes the process by which knowledge production contributes to oppressive conditions. This article explains and defines this process through the application of a critical theoretical lens informed the Foucauldian concept of apparatus or dispositif and social reproduction as developed by feminist activists and intellectuals. This process has a notable influence on the political economic conditions of transgender women, conditions that include disproportionate reliance on the use of criminalized economies such as sex work. Social workers inadvertently influence this process through an overreliance on broad categorizations for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer populations, which impede our ability to adequately assess such complex oppressive social relationships. Increasing the profession’s familiarity and competence with critical theory is necessary to reduce our participation in such processes and identify effective interventions for this population. Presenting a review of social work literature and a discussion of the proposed lens, the following seeks to illuminate the apparatus of social reproduction and explain how broad social categorization of transgender women is problematic. The authors recommend the adoption of the proposed lens as a tool social workers can use to better assess their research and practice and better understand the complexities of power and exploitation.

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Lillie-Blanton, Marsha, Rose Marie Martinez, Andrea Kidd Taylor, and Betty Garman Robinson. "Latina and African American Women: Continuing Disparities in Health." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 3 (July 1993): 555–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mncj-nb8e-m0wa-1fgm.

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Women of all races have faced incredible challenges as they sought to realize the promises of America. For women of color, these challenges were compounded by the second-class citizenship of U.S. racial and ethnic minority population groups. In an effort to assess the quality of life experienced by Latina and African American women, this article provides descriptive information on racial/ethnic differences in women's social conditions, health status, exposure to occupational and environmental risks, and use of health services. When possible, indices are stratified by family income to limit the effects of social class on the comparison of racial differences. The authors provide evidence that Latina and African American women are more likely than nonminority women to encounter social environments (e.g., poverty, densely populated neighborhoods, hazardous work conditions) that place them at risk for ill-health and injury. Although persistent racial disparities in health are often attributed to the lifestyle behaviors of racial minority populations, they are undoubtedly a consequence of poorer social conditions as well as barriers in access to quality health services. To achieve further gains, public policies must reduce social inequalities (i.e., by gender, race, and social class) and assure greater equity in access to resources that facilitate healthier environments and lifestyles. Public health initiatives should be community-based, reflecting a shared partnership that actively engages minority women in decision-making about their lives.

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Samuelsson, Gillis, Bo Hagberg, and Ove Dehlin. "Retirement Status Predicting Health Conditions 16 Years Later." Ageing and Society 14, no. 1 (March 1994): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00000040.

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ABSTRACTAll 67-year-old pensioners in a primary care district (N = 142) participating in a multi-disciplinary population study were followed until the age of 83. At 83 years of age, 65 persons had survived and continued to take part in the study. Social, psychological and medical factors predicting survival during the period have previously been reported (Samuelsson et al. 1992). In the present analysis, the same variables at age 67 were used to predict health, measured with six different health indicators, at 83 years. The analysis has been performed separately for women and men. Variables at 67 years of age as determinants for health at age 83 have been identified and ranked through successive selection in a step-wise discriminatory analysis. For women, reported diseases at 67 was a very strong predictor but quite the contrary for men. Blood pressure and sleep medication were strong predictors for men but not for women. Psychological factors were more frequently included in the predictive models for women than for men. Social factors were of comparatively less importance for both men and women. There was greater accuracy in the prediction of health for women. The individual variables most often included in the predictive model for women were coping and reported health at age 67. For men, blood pressure, sleep medication and intelligence were the most frequent predictors. The analysis demonstrated clear sex-specific prediction patterns. When comparing predictors for survival and predictors for differentiated health in the same population no similarities were found.

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Olson, Jan. "Book Review: Economic and Social Security and Substandard Working Conditions: Women and Social Security: Progress towards Equality of Treatment." ILR Review 47, no. 1 (October 1993): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304700118.

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Bryngelson, Anna. "Long-term sickness absence and social exclusion." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 37, no. 8 (September 2, 2009): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494809346871.

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Background: In previous research, ill-health and marginalization from the labour market have been pointed out as potential triggers for being marginalized from other spheres of society as well, e.g. economic, political and social, i.e. social exclusion. However, very few studies have examined the consequences of long-term sickness absence. Aim: The research question raised here is therefore to examine the relationship between long-term sickness absence (≥60 days) and social exclusion among individuals. Methods: The logistic regression analyses are based on longitudinal data (n = 3,144) from the Swedish Level of Living Survey linked to register data. Results: The results suggest that both women and men have higher odds of having no excess cash (‘‘cash margins’’) after their long-term sickness absence, compared with people with no such sickness absence. Women seem more likely to have no cash margins combined with being single/unmarried and having no close friends after long-term sickness absence, than do women without such sick-listing. The results indicate a slight mediating effect of employment status on the odds ratios for these economic and social conditions. Conclusions: The present study suggests that long-term sickness absence increases the risk of adverse economic and social conditions among individuals. That these conditions can be seen as indicators of social exclusion is more doubtful.

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Wetzel, Janice Wood. "Women and mental health." International Social Work 43, no. 2 (April 2000): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087280004300206.

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This article is based upon the author’s presentation at the UN Third Annual World Mental Health Day, the first Day to be devoted to women and mental health. The author argues that the psychosocial conditions commonly shared by women throughout the world result in their universally high rates of mental illness and emotional distress. Solutions are global in origin, based upon a comprehensive personal, social and economic model for the prevention of mental illness and the promotion of mental health.

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Cozzolino, Elizabeth, Kate C. Prickett, and Robert Crosnoe. "Relationship Conflict, Work Conditions, and the Health of Mothers With Young Children." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 12 (May 28, 2018): 3177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18776415.

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Past research has shown that marital conflict is associated with poorer health among women and that new children come with declines in relationship quality and increased stress. The primary aim of this study was to explore how these two patterns converge—and what might buffer the risks of both to women’s health. We do so by examining the potential for paid work, more often thought of as a stressor for women managing family roles and relationships, to help women weather tensions at home while raising young children. Drawing on the work–family facilitation and research substitution perspectives, structural equation modeling analyzed integrated data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort and the Occupational Information Network database. The models revealed evidence that work characteristics can be protective. Specifically, the negative association between relationship conflict and mothers’ health was weaker when mothers or their partners worked in jobs with positive social–psychological conditions, such as feelings of sociability and support. These findings highlight the potential for work–family facilitation among new mothers.

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Mahmoodi, Masoomeh. "Social Criticism on Works of Contemporary Women Story Writers." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.4p.50.

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Goldmann's genetic structuralism approach is one of the literary critique approaches and believes that the literary text are derived from the ideology governing the classes of society, and focuses on study of stories and their structures to know the social structures. A review of the changes made in the themes and subjects of the works of the Iranian story writers that most of them are from the middle class of society, indicates the growth of awareness and understanding of Iranian women about their identity and individuality and the achievement of conditions beyond what they are. Although in popular stories, most Iranian female storytellers are still interested in the reproduction of traditional gender stereotypes, but female storywriters in the field of transcendental literature have entered the changes made in their cognitive realm to the actions of characters of their stories. This reveals that they seek to understand their own self and place in the world around them. Love and loneliness resulted by the confrontation between men and women are a common theme in these works that have been narrated on the various issues arising from the family and social relationships of women.

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Hlatshwayo, Mondli. "The Trials and Tribulations of Zimbabwean Precarious Women Workers in Johannesburg: A Cry for Help?" Qualitative Sociology Review 15, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.15.1.03.

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There is a growing literature on the conditions of Zimbabwean women working as migrant workers in South Africa, specifically in cities like Johannesburg. Based on in-depth interviews and documentary analysis, this empirical research paper contributes to scholarship examining the conditions of migrant women workers from Zimbabwe employed as precarious workers in Johannesburg by zooming in on specific causes of migration to Johannesburg, the journey undertaken by the migrant women to Johannesburg, challenges of documentation, use of networks to survive in Johannesburg, employment of the women in precarious work, and challenges in the workplace. Rape and sexual violence are threats that face the women interviewed during migration to Johannesburg and even when in Johannesburg. The police who are supposed to uphold and protect the law are often found to be perpetrators involved in various forms of violence against women. In the workplace, the women earn starvation wages and work under poor working conditions. Human rights organizations and trade unions are unable to reach the many migrant women because of the sheer volume of violations against workers’ rights and human rights.

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Scott, Samuel, Phuong Nguyen, Sumanta Neupane, Priyanjana Pramanik, Priya Nanda, Purnima Menon, Zulfiqar Bhutta, and Kaosar Afsana. "How Has Early Marriage, a Critical Social Determinant of Child Stunting and Wasting, Changed over a Decade in South Asia? Trends, Inequities and Drivers, 2005 to 2018." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_112.

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Abstract Objectives In South Asia, many women are married before their 18th birthday and give birth soon after. Delaying marriage is an attractive nutrition policy target as previous research shows that early marriage (EM) is associated with poor child growth outcomes, operating through many pathways. We sought to describe the prevalence, trends, inequities and predictors of EM in South Asia. Methods We used Demographic and Health Survey data available in the last 15 years for 7 South Asian countries: Afghanistan (AF; 2015), Bangladesh (BG; 2007, 2014), India (IN; 2006, 2016), Maldives (MV; 2009, 2017), Nepal (NP; 2005, 2016), and Pakistan (PK; 2007, 2018). EM was defined as the percentage of women aged 20–24 years who were married before 18 years of age. Our analyses included 133,680 women. The prevalence and absolute burden in terms of number of individuals affected were estimated for each survey round. Relative trends were examined using average annual rate of reduction (AARR). Inequities were examined by geography, wealth, place of residence, and education. Regression decomposition was used to examine the contribution of improvements in wealth and education to EM reductions. Results The most recent rounds of data show that EM is common in BG (69%), AF (52%), NP (52%), IN (41%), and PK (37%) but not MV (4%). IN accounts for 68% of the regional burden, with 21.9 million women married early in 2016. The fastest reductions in EM have occurred in IN (59% to 41% over 10 years, an AARR of −3.8% per year), PK (−2.8% per year), and BG (−1.5% per year). EM prevalence varies subnationally, e.g., from 5% to 52% for states within IN in 2016. Equity analysis shows that EM disproportionately burdens women who are poor, uneducated, and live in rural areas. Progress in narrowing these inequalities has been slow in the past decade. When examining predictors of EM, completion of secondary school was associated with a 20% (PK) to 36% (NP) lower EM prevalence. Decomposition analysis shows that improvements in wealth and education alone predicted between 46% (PK) and 96% (NP) of the actual EM reduction. Conclusions EM remains highly prevalent in South Asia and trends indicate an enduring problem. The nutrition community should invest in building linkages with researchers and practitioners to further understand and address this important social determinant of poor child growth. Funding Sources A4NH/IFPRI.

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Venancio, Kelly Cristina Maxima Pereira, and Rosa Maria Godoy Serpa da Fonseca. "Women working at university restaurants: life and work conditions and gender-based violence." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 47, no. 5 (October 2013): 1016–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420130000500002.

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This is an exploratory and descriptive study with a quantitative approach that aimed to understand the social production and reproduction processes of women working at university restaurants and the occurrence and the magnitude of gender-based violence committed against them by their intimate partners. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The analysis categories used were social production and reproduction, gender and gender-based violence. The interviewees held a subordinate social position during the productive and reproductive periods of their lives. Approximately 70% reported having experienced gender-based violence from an intimate partner (66% psychological violence, 36.3% physical violence and 28.6% sexual violence). Most of the health problems resulting from violence were related to mental health. The results indicate that the situation requires immediate interventions, mostly guided by the instrumentalization of these women and the support by the state and the university as appropriate to address violence.

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Fields, Marjory Diana. "Women in American Labour Movement." International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 3, no. 2 (July 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2019070104.

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In this article, the author examines the history of exclusion and sex-based discrimination against U.S. women workers seeking to join unions established by men. The author describes how groups of women and girls working in fabric mills in the 19th Century took strike action against work speed up and increased production requirements, making demands for higher wages, equal pay with men, improved working conditions, clean water, health care and time off. Then, in the early 20th century, women teachers formed their own unions to gain increased pay and pension plans, and for social justice. These unions continue to the present seeking also social justice and exercising political power.

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Titova, А. А., А. I. Efremov, and O. R. Shakulova. "Effect of social and hygienic factors on reproductive function of women." Kazan medical journal 80, no. 1 (January 15, 1999): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj65168.

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The dependence of the initiation of pregnancy and birth pathology on social, economic and hygienic factors is established. Using the three-factor dispersion analysis of qualitative signs the factors playing the leading part in the initiation of complications during pregnancy and in birth are revealed. The factors of industrial environment, and social and economic trouble are in the first group, the anatomic and physiologic peculiarities of young organism and bad social conditions are in the second group.

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Tsaritsentseva, O. P., and M. N. Chekhovskaya. "Social and Demographic Characteristics of the Women Focused on Career of Different Type." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-1-152-163.

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The article features the phenomenon of career in modern social and economic conditions. The research studied career orientations of the personality, e.g. its definitions and role in career planning. The authors proved the relevance of studies in career orientation for social and professional development of women. The empirical research involved career orientations of women with inclination to a certain type of career in the context of their social and demographic characteristics. The authors analyzed such social and demographic characteristics as age, qualifications, work experience, marital and parental status, occupation, the sphere of employment, and income level. The research revealed specific features of women characterized by domination of a certain career orientation type, i.e. horizontal, vertical, or conditions-oriented. 18– 21-year-old unmarried childless women appeared to be focused on vertical career, competition, overcoming, difficult tasks, etc. 22–35- year-old mothers were more likely to reveal orientation to the horizontal type of career planning. Divorcees and widows tended to be conditions-oriented. The obtained data can be used in career guidance.

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Uddin, M. Shams, and Abida Parveen. "Communication Development And Women Rights." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 1, no. 1 (March 8, 2008): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v1i1.253.

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The prime factor in fostering change and development can be planned by systematic use of communication to help individuals, communities, and societies to accept and introduce changes in a democratic way. Communication is the basis to create awareness, for consensus building, to generate participation in the process of change and development for making informed decision as well as resolving conflicts. It can help individuals to change their attitudes and behaviour patterns, introduce new ideas and practices into their lives to improve their economic and social conditions and to make a positive impact on the society in general. This paper tries to discuss the larger human group of the society as social unit and the effects of development through communication in bringing the social change as well as the women rights recognized by civil and religious laws.

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Brand, Charlotte O., Gillian R. Brown, and Catharine P. Cross. "Sex differences in the use of social information emerge under conditions of risk." PeerJ 6 (January 3, 2018): e4190. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4190.

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Social learning provides an effective route to gaining up-to-date information, particularly when information is costly to obtain asocially. Theoretical work predicts that the willingness to switch between using asocial and social sources of information will vary between individuals according to their risk tolerance. We tested the prediction that, where there are sex differences in risk tolerance, altering the variance of the payoffs of using asocial and social information differentially influences the probability of social information use by sex. In a computer-based task that involved building a virtual spaceship, men and women (N = 88) were given the option of using either asocial or social sources of information to improve their performance. When the asocial option was risky (i.e., the participant’s score could markedly increase or decrease) and the social option was safe (i.e., their score could slightly increase or remain the same), women, but not men, were more likely to use the social option than the asocial option. In all other conditions, both women and men preferentially used the asocial option to a similar degree. We therefore found both a sex difference in risk aversion and a sex difference in the preference for social information when relying on asocial information was risky, consistent with the hypothesis that levels of risk-aversion influence the use of social information.

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Kamilova, Markhabo Yadgarovna, Dil’noza Manonovna Rakhmatulloeva, and Farangis Rustamovna Ishan-Khodzhaeva. "Medical and social factors of placental insufficiency in pregnant women in modern conditions of Tajikistan." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 64, no. 6 (December 15, 2015): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd64626-30.

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Background. Actuality of the conducted research is concerned with the need of research of the development risk factors of placental insufficiency (PI), considering the regional specialties of Tajikistan for the development of preventive activities, aimed to decrease frequency of PI, which leads to negative perinatal outcomes. Methods. There was conducted a retrospective analysis of 2907 labor histories of pregnant women to assess the social and medical development risk are being labor migrants. The most efficient development risk factors of PI are the following social and medical factors - multireproduction in anamnesis, in the age of 18, labor migration of husbands during the current pregnancy, preeclampsiya, polyhydroamnios, iodine dericency disorders and anemia. Conclusion. Factors for PI. Risk assessment was carried out by calculating the relative risks (RR) and confidence intervals (CI), indicating contingency of the magnitude of the RR in the range calculated interval.

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Graham, Laurie. "Book Review: Economic and Social Security and Substandard Working Conditions: Women, Work and Trade Unions." ILR Review 54, no. 4 (July 2001): 894–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390105400414.

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Beller, Andrea H. "Book Review: Economic and Social Security and Substandard Working Conditions: The Economic Emergence of Women." ILR Review 41, no. 2 (January 1988): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398804100220.

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Dementyeva, Irina. "Social well-being of women in economic conditions of 2015 (On the example Vologda region)." Woman in russian society, no. 1 (March 25, 2017): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21064/winrs.2017.1.4.

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Lennon, Mary Clare, and Sarah Rosenfield. "Women and Mental Health: The Interaction of Job and Family Conditions." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 33, no. 4 (December 1992): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137311.

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Osirim, Mary Johnson, Josephine Beoku-Betts, and Akosua Adomako Ampofo. "Researching African Women and Gender Studies: New Social Science Perspectives." African and Asian Studies 7, no. 4 (2008): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921008x359560.

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Abstract Research on African women and gender studies has grown substantially to a position where African-centered gender theories and praxis contribute to theorizing on global feminist scholarship. Africanist scholars in this field have explored new areas such as transnational and multiracial feminisms, both of which address the complex and interlocking conditions that impact women's lives and produce oppression, opportunity and privilege. In addition, emergent African-centered research on women and gender explores those critical areas of research frequently addressed in the global North which have historically been ignored or marginalized in the African context such as family, work, social and political movements, sexuality, health, technology, migration, and popular culture. This article examines these developments in African gender studies scholarship and highlights the contributions that new research on understudied linguistic populations, masculinity, migration, political development and social movements and the virtual world are making to global feminist discourse.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Women – Social conditions – Maldives'

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