Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Women singers Indonesia Java'

Using the 1976 Indonesia Fertility Survey data, this study aims to identify which factors are most important in explaining the variation in the duration of breastfeeding and birth intervals, and to examine the patterns of breastfeeding and birth interval duration according to those factors. The factors that have been included are: place of residence, wife's and husband's education, age of mother, birth order and sex of the infant, method of contraception used and duration of breastfeeding. Place of residence, wife's and husband’s education are found to have the greatest contribution in explaining the variation of the duration of breastfeeding. Shorter durations of breastfeeding are associated with urban residence and higher education. Age of mother and sex of the infant do not show a significant association with the duration of breastfeeding. Birth order and contraceptive use are also found to be associated with the duration of breastfeeding, however, their contributions in explaining the variation are not as great as either place of residence or wife's or husband’s education. In the case of birth interval length, factors that are found to be most important in explaining the variation are the duration of breastfeeding and contraceptive use. Longer duration of birth intervals are associated with longer duration of breastfeeding and use of contraception. Factors of maternal age and birth order and sex of the infant do not have an association with the duration of birth intervals. Place of residence and wife's education, before controlling for other factors, seem to have a strong association with the duration of birth intervals. However, after controlling for other factors, the associations are likely to disappear. Presumably, the associations between these factors and the duration of birth intervals mainly are through the breastfeeding variable. Surprisingly, husband’s education has a quite strong association with the duration of birth intervals. It is presumed that the association is not related to the husband's education per se but it is related to the dominant opinion of the husband in decision making about having children.

Background: Domestic violence has been recognized globally as one of the most important Public Health concerns with severe negative health consequences for the exposed women. Through UN bodies several international milestones have successfully pushed attention towards worldwide improvements in the life situations of women. Since the ratification of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 1984, significant positive changes towards equality between men and women in Indonesia have been initiated, one being the enactment of the Domestic Violence Act in 2004. However, there is still a need to improve the knowledge about what preventive measures that are feasible and work in different settings. This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of appropriate prevention strategies against domestic violence in rural Indonesia by exploring: i) risk factors for domestic violence; ii) women’s ways of coping with exposure to violence; iii) men’s views on masculinity and violence within marriage; and iv) challenges faced by local service agency in managing services for women survivors of domestic violence. Methods: Data from a cross sectional population based study was used to analyze risk factors for physical and sexual abuse among a cohort of pregnant women in Purworejo district. Further, a qualitative phenomenological interview study was conducted to reveal the dynamics of coping among women survivors of domestic violence in the same district. A Grounded Theory study based on focus group discussions with men formed the basis for a situational analysis of the linkage between masculinity and the use of violence within marriage. Finally, a qualitative case study was performed to explore the management practices of a local service agency in the district, to understand the challenges faced in their efforts to address domestic violence. Results: Sexual violence was associated with husbands’ demographic characteristics (age and low educated) and women’s economic independence. Exposure to physical violence among women was strongly associated with husbands’ personal characteristics. The attitudes and norms expressed by women confirmed unequal gender relationships. Experiencing violence led women to using an elastic band coping strategy, moving between actively opposing the violence and surrendering or tolerating the situation. The national gender equality policies were shown to have played a crucial role in transforming gender power relations among men and women (the gender order) in the Indonesian society. Three different positions of masculinity were identified, the traditionalist, the egalitarian, and the progressive, with different beliefs about men’s role within marriage and with various levels of accepting the use of violence. Long term structural preventive efforts and individual interventions targeted to the conflicting couples were preferred over reporting the abuser to the authorities. The major challenges faced by the local service agency were the low priority given by the authorities, mirrored also in low involvement in the daily service by the assigned volunteers. The local agency also stammered in translating the current law and policies into a society that held on to traditional and religious norms regulating the relationships between men and women. Conclusion: Overall, this thesis illustrates that sociocultural traditions and religious teaching still viscously influence people’s attitudes and beliefs about the use of violence within relationships. Domestic violence has not been accepted as a criminal act but is still to a large extent seen as a private family affair. Culturally sensitive programs aimed to bridging the gap between the current laws and policies and the socio-cultural traditions need to be further developed to protect women from domestic violence and increase gender equity in the Indonesian setting.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University.
This dissertation examines the ways changing Muslim-Christian relations and new gendered norms constitute the identities of orthodox Muslims and charismatic Christians in Java, Indonesia. The research is based on 12 months of fieldwork between 2009 and 2010 in the multi-religion city of Salatiga. Working with two middle-class Pentecostal congregations, with memberships of 400 and 150 individuals respectively, as well as two middle-class Muslim woman's Koranic sermon groups that involved about 70 households each, this research expands the ongoing discussion of gender politics and religious movements in modern pluralistic societies, and suggests we re-examine religious identities through the lens of inter-religious relations, particularly the role of women in them. The dissertation begins with ethnographic scenes where women and Christians figure prominently in Muslim-majority public rituals, in order to highlight the centrality of women and minorities in constructing religious pluralism. Chapter 1 presents a history of religious diversity in Java, and argues that over the last three decades, the children of Javanist Muslims have become brthodox Muslims, while the offspring of mainline Protestants have become born-again Christians. Chapter 2 elaborates on the transformation of Salatiga's landscape by the proliferation of worship facilities and ascendant inter-religious tensions. Building on this foundation, Chapter 3 focuses on women and neighborhood sociality. Here I argue that an unexpected outcome of recent religious change has been women's expanded public roles and a re-alliance of traditionalist and modernist Muslims in the presence of a strong Christian minority. Chapter 4 explains Muslim women's choices of embracing veiling and de-legitimizing polygamy in the context of cultural change, and demonstrates the social and political nature of the changing interpretations of religious knowledge. Chapter 5 turns to Christians' congregational lives, and illustrates the Pentecostal training of "sacrificial agency" among both men and women in order to fulfill "successful families." Finally, Chapter 6 examines the routine interactions between Muslim and born-again Christian women, and discusses their unequal social footings in Salatiga's pluralism. In conclusion, this dissertation contends that pluralism in Salatiga involves unequal power relations and dialectical negotiations between religious communities, in which gendered identities and cross-religious relations are integral components of religious subjectivity.

This thesis is an ethnographic study of five women???s organisations in Malang, Indonesia. The contemporary significance of local women???s organisations in the lives of kampung women in Indonesia is revealed through an investigation of the relationship between the Indonesian state, local communities and women. This study sets contemporary women???s organisations in the context of their changing historical role and relationship with the state. Women???s organisations have been a part of the Indonesian political and social landscape since the early twentieth century. They played an important role in mobilising women during the struggle for independence. Under Sukarno???s policy of Guided Democracy, restrictions were placed on the political mobilising role of all organisations, including those for women. These restrictions were taken much further under Suharto???s New Order government when many were proscribed. Only state-approved and controlled organisations were accepted. The New Order era essentially undermined the credibility of women???s organisations as vehicles for promoting women???s interests, instead they were generally regarded as ???tools of the state???. Indonesianists and feminists have been especially critical of state-run women???s organisations arguing they have offered Indonesian women ???no path to female power???. This perception of state-sponsored women???s organisations has continued in the post-Suharto era even though their links to the state have changed radically. They now exist alongside a range of NGOs, religious and social women???s organisations. The crucial question that this thesis addresses is why these state-sponsored organisations continue to exist and what motivates women???s participation in these organisations? Through membership in local women???s organisations women enter into a complex relationship with the state, local society and the socio-religious and political institutions within the wider society. The membership status women enjoy provides them with opportunities to engage in a social bargain. Through this bargaining process, local women make social, religious, personal and romantic gains for themselves. The results of the social bargaining process depend largely on the particular organisation to which women belong but they remain strongly oriented towards their local kampung worlds. The thesis provides an alternative way of thinking about the complex role that women???s organisations play in Indonesian society and what function they may continue to have within Indonesia???s post-Suharto future.

This thesis was designed to examine the experience of work-family conflict and social support mechanisms used to manage work-family conflict by married women academics with children in Java, Indonesia. A mixed methods study using three stages was designed to address the research questions. Cultural factors are considered to be critical factors in understanding work-family conflict and are used to describe the social support mechanisms used by female academics in Java Indonesia.

This research was conducted in order to address two major research questions: 1) To what extent and in what ways are a cohort of female factory workers in Sundanese West Java influential in the cultural, social and economic development of the geographic area in which they live and more specifically within their own households? 2) To what extent does the Indonesian state support or inhibit such development? In order to answer these and other secondary research questions I conducted qualitative and quantitative research. I used a theoretical framework which directed the methodology, questionnaires and both qualitative and quantitative data was collected whilst in the field in rural West Java. In this thesis I studied a cohort of female factory workers from rural West Java. The research provides more accurate data on the household status and position of young women involved in the industrialisation process in West Java and provides a better understanding of the outcomes and problems of this same process on a regional and national level. 323 women were included in the study, as were their families, during eight months fieldwork carried out in 1996/97 in Banjaran, West Java. This region is undergoing rapid industrial development and as a result is absorbing tens of thousands of young women from traditional lifestyles into factory employment. This transition has significant implications for the status of women in the region, and in Indonesia in general. The measurement of the impacts of industrial capitalism (positive and negative) upon the household, village, regional and national status of such women is the most important way in which this research analyses the implications of factory employment upon women's lives. I argue that Sundanese factory women are extremely important to their household and nation and without their loyalty to both, industrial development would not be successful in contemporary Indonesia. However, Indonesian factory women are heavily inhibited by a repressive and corrupt state. I have argued in this thesis that, more than any other factor (globalisation, modernisation, capitalism), the state in Indonesia is the most inhibitive phenomenon interfering with factory women's ability to share in the benefits of development and at the same time forge a new and improved status for themselves and others. More specifically, the state in Indonesia is structurally organised within strict and traditionally-oriented patriarchal parameters. The failure of this patriarchy to protect its own female factory workers, while at the same time making huge profits from their hard work, is at the centre of discussion within this thesis. It is ironic that this same state (patriarchy) demands the loyalty, discipline and respect of Indonesian women and places the responsibility for the successful development of Indonesian society and economy fairly on their shoulders. However, at the same time, state elites benefit enormously from factory women and women in general, yet provide them no protection and allow only a few to honestly share in the benefits of development. The position of Sundanese factory women vis-a-vis the state and industrial capitalism is discussed with the aid of major development theories, original research and data from similar studies to cement clearly in the minds of the readers the notion that, more than any other factor, the Indonesian state is failing most Indonesian people and specifically failing Indonesian factory women. In this thesis, the status and position of factory women act as delicate indicators of the levels of social justice and injustice in Indonesia and the extent to which major groups in Indonesian society are excluded from sharing fully in the benefits of development.

This study is concerned with 92 inscriptions from the 9th to early 10th century A.D. The main topic of this study is to analyze the Old Javanese women's roles in the society. 29 inscriptions show women from this period can be categorised into high and low status groups. Both groups are found involved in social, administrative, religious, economic, and juridicial activities. The result of this study shows that Old Javanese women seem to have been less equal to men, especially when we analyze how many women were actively taking part in each activity. Almost in every activity where women participated actively or passively, they are mentioned as the wife of someone and usually their name appeared after their husband's. This situation seems to indicate that in the majority cases, women's titles function as the status markers rather than role and function markers. The other important finding is that the information given in those inscriptions relates mainly to high status women and only for a very limited range of situations.

碩士
國立臺北護理健康大學
護理助產研究所
103
Background: Fear is a stage of emotion commonly experienced during pregnancy. Several factors are involved in the rise of fear of childbirth. Studies conducted in various places in Nordic countries showed that fear of childbirth happens to almost every pregnant women. Furthermore, this event impacts on maternal postpartum mental health and childcare. Purpose: This study was proposed to analyze the factors related to fear of childbirth among third trimester pregnant women in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. Method: This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. The study conducted in an outpatient department of one public health service and three private maternal clinics in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia from July to September 2014. Perceived Social Support from Family developed by Procidano & Heller (1983) and Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire Version A, an instrument developed by Klaas Wijma (1998) were applied to this study. ANOVA, t-test, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data. Result: A total of 156 respondents participated in this study. As many as 78.2% (n= 122) of respondents showed an excellent support level and 5% (n= 9) of respondents showed a severe fear of childbirth. Perceived social support and fear of childbirth showed a negative relationship (r=-.316; p<.01). Ethnicity (t= 8.353; p<.001), current pregnancy complications (t=-3.839; p<.001), occupation (t=-2.205; p=.029), income (t=-3.265; p=.001), previous delivery attendants (F= 5.794; p=.004), and previous delivery places (F=5.548; p=.005) were statistically significant to fear of childbirth. Other factors such as age (F=0.636; p=.531), education (t=0.291; p=.727), religion (t=-1.137; p=.257), parity (t=-0.692; p=.490) and previous delivery methods (F=2.976; p=.531) showed a non-significant result in fear of childbirth. Multiple linear regression showed that support from family (p=.001) and ethnicity (p<.001) were two most contributed factors to fear of childbirth level. The increase of one score support level, reduce 0.3 point fear of childbirth level. The relation of the ethnicity and family support need to be analyzed deeper to understand the actual pattern happening in the community, so that the maternal care can be specified to a specific ethnicity based on their cultural believe. Conclusion: Low number of people with severe fear of childbirth doesn’t mean they do not experience any fear at all. It is important to emphasis that each of the ethnicity exist in Indonesia might have its own culture to be integrated in the health care. Support is even more important to be emphasized in the family. The presence of the husband in each of the antenatal visit is important, so that the problem might arise during pregnancy will be the responsibility of both, husband and wife. Antenatal classes might also be very helpful solution for the couple.

University of Technology, Sydney. Institute for International Studies.
NO FULL TEXT AVAILABLE. This thesis contains 3rd party copyright material. The hardcopy may be available for consultation at the UTS Library.
NO FULL TEXT AVAILABLE. This thesis contains 3rd party copyright material. ----- This thesis focuses on the dynamic lives of Indonesian Muslim women, within the particular context of pesantren education. Amidst the critics who decry the non-egalitarian gender relationships and teachings within pesantren education, and the preserved paternal leadership in which men are given more priority, there are certain pesantren women leaders who are able to "negotiate" their way within the power structures of the increasing numbers of pesantrens for females. This thesis is based on fieldwork which was undertaken in Jombang, East Java province, Indonesia. Jombang is a district in Indonesia which is most well known as a kota santri (a town of a pesantren students). In the fieldwork area, I focused on the pesantren female leaders primarily and secondarily on the pesantren female students. Their lives reflected a fusion of the public and private domains within the lived reality of the pesantren institution. Within a pesantren context, a kiai is usually the central figure (Dhofier, 1982). He has the highest religious authority and leadership within his pesantren, and to some extent also within the society. In a pesantren context, the female members of a kiai's immediate family, namely nyais also have considerable derivative power in their own ways. Their kin relationship to the kiai provides those women with particular [religious and other] privileges within the pesantren context and even beyond. This power is similar to the ibuism/priyayization concept of Djajadiningrat (1970), in which although ibu can be literally translated as mother, the term does not convey women's lives within the private domestic sphere. With her status, an ibu or nyai may attain access to the "leadership" of a female pesantren. Their status as a nyai also sanctions them with religious and social responsibility. The nyais' roles and experience within and outside the pesantren suggests the interplay of public and private practice that intersects with patriarchal notions of authority that exist in a pesantren tradition. Within that context a nyai is "negotiating" a space with the leader of a pesantren and the system of a pesantren to act effectively in her public roles and activities. Nevertheless, nyais in this position have several "pre-requisites", for instance to keep a balance so that her family domestic duties are not neglected. Besides, she must be seen to attach importance to the notion of honour and modesty. Within the educational setting of the pesantren with its boarding school system.

This study is a longitudinal descriptive study conducted in eight villages of Banten province, Indonesia. The research describes the nutritional status of two groups of pregnant village women and investigates the implementation and impact of an intervention to improve nutrition in pregnancy. The intervention aimed to improve the effectiveness of village midwives and cadres by improving the nutrition of pregnant women, particularly iron deficiency, through the use of a community development approach. The thesis identifies the importance of good nutrition during pregnancy and some of the factors, which influence it in the context of this study. It examines the health promotion programs for improving iron intake and nutrition in developing countries and specifically examines the programs that are used in Indonesia. A small decrease in the rate of anaemia appears to have occurred due to these programs, but the anaemia rate remains high. There has been little systematic examination of the cultural and social factors that may influence nutrition in pregnant women in Indonesia and few studies, which have measured the nutritional status of pregnant women. The goals of the study are to: * Describe the social and cultural factors that influence nutrition, under nutrition and iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy and to measure the nutritional status of rural women in Banten Province, Indonesia. * Improve the knowledge and skills of village midwives and cadres in using community development and effective communication to improve iron supplementation and nutrition. The conceptual framework for the study was derived from principles of health promotion, in particular the 'Proceed and Proceed' model (Green & Kreuter 1991). The study took place in eight villages in Banten province, Indonesia. Four of the villages received a community development intervention and four villages were used for comparison. The study was undertaken in three stages: Stage 1 - Baseline Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection; Stage 2 - Intervention; and Stage 3 - Follow Up Evaluation. The intervention was guided by the results of Stage 1 and consisted of a two-day workshop aimed to improve their knowledge, communication skills of the midwives and cadres and their ability to use a community development approach to improving nutrition in the villages. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the research at Stage 1 and Stage 3. Ethnographic methods of interview, observation, field notes and survey were used to collect information about the cultural and social factors that influence nutrition and nutritional practices during pregnancy. The knowledge and practices of midwives and cadres were also explored. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Forty pregnant women (20 from the intervention villages and 20 from the comparison villages) participated in the qualitative component of the research before the intervention (Stage 1). The follow up evaluation occurred 12 months later, and a different group of 35 pregnant women (20 from the intervention villages and 15 from the comparison villages) participated in the qualitative component of the research at Stage 3. The same eight midwives and 16 cadres participated in the qualitative research at Stage 1 and Stage 3. Quantitative data collected at Stage 1 and Stage 3 included socio demographic data, obstetric information and nutritional data (haemoglobin level, body mass index, and the weight gain of pregnant women). Data was collected from 210 women before the intervention and 189 women after the intervention. Some changes in the practices of midwives and cadres were apparent after the intervention with midwives building better rapport, communicating more effectively and providing more information and support to pregnant women. Cadres also talked more about nutrition in community meetings. Changes in the behaviour and approach of village midwives and cadres' in relation to nutrition education resulted in improved nutritional behaviour of pregnant women to some extent, but poverty and culture restricted the ability of pregnant women to access better food. The intervention did not effect the overall nutritional status of the pregnant women. Because of time and logistical constraints, the intervention was not able to influence the community's health in the medium term in the intervention villages. The results of this study showed that the comparison villages sometimes had better results than the intervention villages. A possible explanation is that the systematic evaluation of nutritional status may have increased the awareness and practice of the better-educated and more knowledgeable midwives who were located in the comparison villages. The comparison midwives had a better basic education in midwifery when compared to the intervention midwives. It appeared these better-educated workers responded positively to the research even without exposure to the intervention. The study showed that the position of the pregnant woman is low within the hierarchy of both the health care system and the power structures of the broader community. Husbands, mother-in-law, village midwives, cadres and village leaders all have more power to determine what pregnant women can and cannot eat and drink than women do themselves. However, some women tried to access better food after the intervention by subverting culture and the authority of husbands and mother-in-law and eating nutritious food in secret.