Academic literature on the topic 'Women Sex relations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Women Sex relations"
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Mulia, Nina. "Questioning Sex: Drug-Using Women and Heterosexual Relations." Journal of Drug Issues 30, no. 4 (October 2000): 741–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260003000405.
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Kuther, Tara L. "Sex and Sex-Role Differences in Locus of Control." Psychological Reports 82, no. 1 (February 1998): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.188.
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The relations among of sex, measures of sex-role orientation, and locus of control were examined with 240 undergraduates (150 women and 90 men). Although there were no sex differences on mean locus of control scores, a significant relation between scores on sex-role orientation and locus of control was observed for women but not for men.
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Galvão, Marli Teresinha Gimeniz, and Jussara Marcondes-Machado. "Use of a condom in sex relations by HIV carriers." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 34, no. 2 (April 2001): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822001000200005.
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The frequency with which condoms are used in sex relations by subjects with HIV was determined by interviewing 132 individuals, 82 men and 50 women, most of them from São Paulo state and some from other regions of the country, all of them seen at an outpatient clinic of the School of Medicine in Botucatu. The women were younger, were of lower educational level and had poorer professional qualification than men. Also, a greater proportion of women were widowed, separated or divorced. We observed that 43.9% of men and 72% of women had been contaminated by the sexual route, but only 41.2% of the men and 31.8% of the women reported the use of a condom after the diagnosis of infection, with most men and women preferring sexual abstinence. The results enable the conclusion that there is still a need to continue to provide information about the use of condoms and to guarantee their free-of-charge distribution due to the low levels of education and professional qualification of the individuals studied. The data also suggest that campaigns for the dissemination of preventive measures should consider the social and cultural differences of infected women.
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Simkhada, Padam, E. Van Teijlingen, P. Regmi, P. Bhatta, R. Ingham, and N. Stone. "Nepalese Trekking Guides: A Quantitative Study of Sexual Health Knowledge & Sexual Behaviour." Health Renaissance 12, no. 3 (July 25, 2016): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v12i3.15319.
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Background: Tourism, a global industry, brings with it a number of public health problems, one of which is the spread of sexually transmitted infections transmitted between travellers and hosts. Previous studies have largely focused on sex workers and sex tourists.Objective: To assesses sexual behaviour, knowledge and condom use among male trekking guides in Nepal.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey (n=324) was conducted using snowball sampling amongst men working as mountain trekking guides in Nepal. Results: Most respondents (59%) had initiated sex before the age of 18. Most (84 %) reported sexual relations with a woman other than their partner, 46% reported foreign partners, 43% had Nepalese partners, and 28% had concurrent foreign and Nepalese partners. Most (70 %) reported ever having sex with a foreign woman and two-thirds had had sexual intercourse with foreign women in the previous 12 months. Participants’ age, education status, age of first sex, smoking and drinking habits and English proficiency were significant predictors of having sex with foreign women. About 60% reported condom use during their most recent occasion of extra-martial sex. A similar proportion had used a condom during last sexual intercourse with a foreign woman. The likelihood of condom use was associated with a guide’s age, educational level, ethnicity, age of first sex and work experience.Conclusions: Most trekking guides reported sexual relations with foreign women as well as irregular use of condoms. Although sexual health knowledge about among trekking guides is high, some misconceptions still result in unsafe sex. Hence there is an urgent need to revise the existing training for trekking guides and implement appropriate health promotion programmes.Health Renaissance 2014;12(3): 180-189
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Simkhada, P., E. Van Teijlingen, P. Regmi, P. Bhatta, R. Ingham, and N. Stone. "Nepalese Trekking Guides: A Quantitative Study of Sexual Health Knowledge And Sexual Behaviour." Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences 1, no. 4 (February 1, 2015): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i4.12000.
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Tourism, a global industry, brings with it a number of public health problems, one of which is the spread of sexually transmitted infections transmitted between travelers and hosts. Previous studies have largely focused on sex workers and sex tourists. This study assesses sexual behavior, knowledge and condom use among male trekking guides in Nepal. A self-administered questionnaire survey (n=324) was conducted using snowball sampling amongst men working as mountain trekking guides in Nepal. Most respondents (59%) had initiated sex before the age of 18. Most (84 %) reported sexual relations with a woman other than their partner, 46% reported foreign partners, 43% had Nepalese partners, and 28% had concurrent foreign and Nepalese partners. Most (70 %) reported ever having sex with a foreign woman and two-thirds had had sexual intercourse with foreign women in the previous 12 months. Participants’ age, education status, age of first sex, smoking and drinking habits and English proficiency were significant predictors of having sex with foreign women. About 60% reported condom use during their most recent occasion of extra-marital sex. A similar proportion had used a condom during last sexual intercourse with a foreign woman. The likelihood of condom use was associated with a guide’s age, educational level, ethnicity, age of first sex and work experience. Most trekking guides reported sexual relations with foreign women as well as irregular use of condoms. Although sexual health knowledge about among trekking guides is high, some misconceptions still result in unsafe sex. Hence there is an urgent need to revise the existing training for trekking guides and implement appropriate health promotion programmes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i4.12000Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health SciencesVol. 1, Issue 4, 2015Page: 35-42
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Zegers, Lara DA, and Richard HC Zegers. "(Un)safe sex in James Bond films: what chance for sex education?" Scottish Medical Journal 63, no. 4 (November 2018): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036933018809601.
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Background and aims Many women in Bond films make love to James Bond (alias 007). Our objective was to quantify the practice of (un)safe sex in Bond films. Methods and results All 24 Bond films were watched together by the authors and the following data were recorded: if the women had sex with 007, whether the women consumed any alcohol before they had sex, whether contraceptives were mentioned and/or used by 007 or the women and whether the women survived the film. Bond had sexual relations with a total of 58 different women. Twenty-two percent of the women had consumed alcohol. In none of the films was any type of contraception mentioned or used. A total of 28% women did not survive the film. Conclusion If he were real, Bond outnumbers the British men at least fivefold when it comes to the number of sexual partners over a lifetime. Nevertheless, over time casual sex is becoming less frequent for 007. Sexually transmitted diseases, safe sex and (unwanted) pregnancies seem not to exist in the films. Some suggestions were made to promote safe sex in future Bond films as movies can play an important role in sex education.
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Daugherty, Timothy K., and Linda M. McLarty. "Religious Coping, Drinking Motivation, and Sex." Psychological Reports 92, no. 2 (April 2003): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.2.643.
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The relations for religious coping with types of drinking motivation were examined in 178 college students. Participants completed the Ways of Religious Coping Scale and the Drinking Motives Questionnaire. As expected, correlations suggested that amount of alcohol used as well as social and enhancement motives for using were negatively related to religious coping scores. These relations were more clearly evident among women than among men. Coping motivation for alcohol use and religious coping were not significantly correlated.
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Young, Gay, Mona J. E. Danner, Lucía Fort, and Kim M. Blankenship. "Gender and Sexual Practice in Structural Context: Condom Use among Women Doing Sex Work in Southern India." Gender & Society 32, no. 6 (July 20, 2018): 860–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243218787757.
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In this study, we elaborate connections among gender, structure, and practice to suggest how social structural relations shape social sexual practice and, in the process, reshape gender relations. Using survey data from a study of a community mobilization intervention, we investigate the connection between institutional arrangements and condom use practice in sexual encounters with commercial clients and intimate partners among 410 women engaged in sex trade in a semiurban town in southern India. Multinomial logistic regression analysis uncovers the effects of 16 measures of gendered structural relations in three contexts—livelihood resources, household circumstances, and community mobilization intervention priorities. We compare women who practice either consistent or inconsistent condom use with both clients and partners with a reference group of women who practice consistent condom use with clients but not with partners. Results reveal the importance of household and community relations for consistent safer sex practice over and above the organization of sex trade. Our analysis advances gender theory in two interrelated ways: We contribute to gender theorizing in the implementation of health interventions, and to gender change more generally by thinking through possibilities emerging from recursive influences between reordered institutional configurations and altered expectations in interaction.
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Lavacca, Jeanine, and Wesley A. Kayson. "Relations of Story Wording and Sex to a Recommended Prison Sentence." Psychological Reports 70, no. 3 (June 1992): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.3.883.
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The purpose of this experiment was to see whether the wording of a story, the sex of the subject, and sex of the person committing a murder would affect the recommended prison sentence. A questionnaire contained a story about a youth committing a murder. The same story was told in three different ways changing the name of the youth in each; one showed the student in a favorable light, one in a negative light, and one in a neutral manner. The sex of the student was changed, and the sex of the participant was also studied. Subjects were asked to sentence the youth. It was hypothesized that the favorable account would elicit a more lenient prison sentence than the neutral account or negative account, also that the women would be more lenient and that female murderers would be treated more leniently. The design was a 2 × 2 × 3 mixed design. The hypothesis for wording of the story was confirmed. Sex of subject and of murderer were not significant. It was concluded that the wording of a story affects subjects' judgment. Further research should be conducted.
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LUEPTOW, LLOYD B., MARGARET B. GUSS, and COLLEEN HYDEN. "Sex Role Ideology, Marital Status, and Happiness." Journal of Family Issues 10, no. 3 (September 1989): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251389010003005.
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Research suggests that women's, but not men's, sex role ideology may be negatively related to marital happiness and stability. Analysis of General Social Survey data from 1974 to 1986 supports that proposition. Nontraditional women are less happy and more likely to be separated or divorced. These relations are stronger for attitudes about women's personality than about roles, and are not eliminated by controls for age, year, education, or work status. They are also stronger for women constrained in marriage by opposition to divorce. All in all, the results are consistent with the idea that modern sex role ideology is negatively related to marital success for women.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Women Sex relations"
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Arnot, Madeleine M. "Feminist issues in education : developing a theory of class and gender relations." n.p, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Bryant, Joanne. "Sex, subjectivity and agency a life history study of women's sexual relations and practices with men /." University of Sydney. Behavioural and Community Health Sciences, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/575.
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This study explores women’s experiences of sex with men. It is based on qualitative data collected from eighteen life history interviews. Such an approach provides means for examining women’s sexual experiences over time. The study finds that women give meaning to their sexual experiences through two main discursive representations: the passive, “proper” and sexually obliging girlfriend or wife, and the active and “sexually equal” woman. However, these representations do not capture the entirety of women’s sexual experiences. The life history analysis demonstrates that women are not simply inscribed by discourse. Rather, they are embodied beings actively engaged in pursuing sexual identities. Central to the process is a relationship between the practice of sex and self-reflexivity over time. Finally, the study demonstrates how the process of gaining sexual subjectivity is shaped by the material conditions of women’s lives. For instance, the praxeological circumstances of women’s class or race are powerful in recasting discourses of feminine sexuality, the meanings women ascribe to them, their access to broader sexual experiences, and the kinds of relationships they have with their male partners.
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Brien, Donna Lee. "The case of Mary Dean : sex, poisoning and gender relations in Australia." Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16340/.
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The genre of biography is, by nature, imprecise and limited. Real lives are lived synchronously and diversely; they do not divide spontaneously into chapters, subjects or themes. All biographers construct stories, in the process forcing the disordered complexity of an actual life into a neat literary form. This doctoral submission comprises a book length creative work, Poisoned: The Trials of Mary Dean, and a reflective written component on that creative work, Writing Fictionalised Biography. Poisoned is a biography of Mary Dean, who, although repeatedly poisoned by her husband at the end of the nineteenth century, did not die. This biography, presented in the form of a first-person memoir, is based closely on historical evidence and is supported with discursive notes and a select bibliography. The reflective written component, Writing Fictionalised Biography, outlines the process and challenges of writing a biography when the source material available is inadequate and unreliable. In writing Poisoned my genre solution has been fictionalised biography - biography which is historically diligent while utilising fictional writing strategies and incorporating fictional passages. This written component reflectively discusses how I arrived at that solution. It includes discussion of the sources I utilised in writing Poisoned, including the limitations of trial transcripts and other court records as biographical evidence; useful precursors to the form; the process wherein I located both a form for my fictionalised biography and a voice for my biographical subject; possible models I considered; how I distinguished established fact from speculative supposition in the text; as well as some of the ambivalences and ethical concerns such a narrative process implies.
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Lewis, Shannon FitzPatrick. "Gender representation trends and relations at the United States Naval Academy." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1721.
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This study employed quantitative and qualitative methods to examine gender trends and the quality of gender interactions at the United States Naval Academy (USNA). In addition to gender, midshipmen demographics, experiences, personality types, interests, and graduation outcomes were compared within and across gender for graduation years, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2004. Representation of women has increased to the current high of around 16%. Further, the data revealed similarities and differences between men and women in terms of their non-gender characteristics. Women's SAT scores and Cumulative Quality Point Ratios (QPRs) are on par with the men's. Proportionally, women are more likely to be extroverts and varsity athletes than are men. Women are less likely to be technical majors. Women are being afforded leadership experiences to the same extent as men. Perceptions regarding gender relations and cohesion were assessed through focus groups conducted with 110 midshipmen. Although gender representation has increased, and the Administration is credited with improving the explicit climate, there does not yet exist a completely gender-neutral or women "friendly" climate. The preponderance of findings regarding gender interactions at the Naval Academy suggests that male midshipmen have yet to fully accept female midshipmen. The Naval Academy must continue to confront the subsurface issues and dynamics persisting amongst male and female midshipmen. Recommendations include making an institutional commitment to improving gender interactions and company cohesion, securing alumni cooperation, and involving midshipmen in improving the gender climate.
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Wetstein-Kroft, Susan Beth. "Same-sex social support and the enhancement of well-being." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27673.
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The investigator tested propositions derived from theories of male (Lipman-Blumen, 1976) and female (Bernard, 1976) same-sex bonding against propositions derived from theories of male (Bell, 1981; Safilios-Rothschild, 1981) and female (Bell, 1981; Lipman-Blumen, 1976) cross-sex bonding and, against propositions derived from a general theory of social relationships (Weiss, 1974). The purpose of the study was to determine the relevance of the variables, "sex of respondent" and "relationship gender composition" to the attainment of social support and to the relationship between social support and global well-being.
The study was divided into three parts. In part one the investigator tested opposing propositions related to differences between the sexes in the overall level of social support provided by same-sex and cross-sex bonds. Lipman-Blumen (1976) has proposed that, in the overall attainment of social support, men's same-sex bonds are stronger than women's same-sex bonds; that men's same-sex bonds are stronger than men's cross-sex bonds; and that women's cross-sex bonds are stronger than women's same-sex bonds. Conversely, Safilios-Rothschild (1981) has suggested that men's same-sex bonds are weaker than women's same-sex bonds; that men's same-sex bonds are weaker than men's cross-sex bonds; and that women's cross-sex bonds are weaker than women's same-sex bonds.
In part two, the investigator tested opposing propositions related to differences in the individual dimensions or provisions of social support provided by men's and women's same-sex and cross-sex bonds. Theorists emphasizing same-sex bonds have suggested that women's (Bernard, 1976) or men's (Lipman-Blumen, 1976) same-sex bonds provide higher levels of certain dimensions of social support than do women's or men's cross-sex bonds. Conversely, cross-sex bonding theorists have suggested that women's (Bell, 1981, Lipman-Blumen, 1976) or men's (Bell, 1981, Safilios-Rothschild, 1981) cross-sex bonds provide higher levels of certain dimensions of social support than do women's or men's same-sex bonds. In contrast to both the same-sex and cross-sex bonding theorists, Weiss (1974) has implied that women's and men's same-sex and cross-sex bonds provide equivalent levels of specific dimensions of social support.
In part three, the investigator tested opposing propositions related to differences between the sexes in the relationship between the overall attainment of social support to their sense of global well-being. Bernard (1976) and Miller (1976) have proposed that this relationship is stronger for women than it is for men. Conversely, Weiss (1974) has implied that the relationship between social support and well-being is the same for men and women. The investigator also tested opposing propositions related to within sex differences in the relationship between the overall attainment of social support and global wellrbeing. Bernard (1976) and Miller (1976) have proposed that women's same-sex bonds are more strongly related to their sense of well-being than are women's cross-sex bonds. Conversely, Lipman-Blumen (1976) has suggested that women's cross-sex bonds are more strongly related to their sense of well-being than are women's same-sex bonds. Lipman-Blumen (1976) has also proposed that men's same-sex bonds are more strongly related to their sense of well-being than are men's cross-sex bonds. Conversely, Safilios-Rothschild (1981) has suggested that men's cross-sex bonds are more strongly related to their sense of well-being than are men's same-sex bonds. In contrast to the same-sex and cross-sex bonding theorists, Weiss (1974) has implied that men's and women's same-sex and cross-sex bonds are equally associated with their sense of well-being.
The investigator tested these propositions by having 101 married women and 101 married men, who attended the University of British Columbia summer school session, fill out a series of questionnaires on social support and well-being. All subjects were between the ages of 25 and 45. None of the subjects were married to one another.
Respondents completed the Social Provisions Scale (Russell & Cutrona, 198*) designed to assess Weiss's (1974) six dimensions or provisions of social support. These provisions are: attachment, social integration, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, help and guidance, and, the opportunity for nurturance. The respondents completed the Social Provisions Scale twice, once for their same-sex relationships and once for their cross-sex (non-marital) relationships. Respondents also completed six measures of well-being: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1969); the Spheres of Control Scale—personal efficacy and interpersonal control dimensions (Paulhus 6c Christie, 1981); the Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener, 1984); the UCLA Loneliness Scale—Revised-Abbreviated Version (Russell, 1980); and, the Hakstian-McClean Depression Scale (Hakstian & McClean, 1979). The six measures of well-being were statistically combined, forming a molar variable identified as "global well-being". Concerning the attainment of social support, the results of this study indicate that, overall, women's same-sex bonds provide higher levels of social support than do men's same-sex bonds. Women's same-sex bonds also provide higher levels of social support than do women's cross-sex bonds. Men's same-sex and cross-sex bonds appear to provide equivalent levels of social support, overall. These results indicate partial support for propositions arising from Safilios-Rothschild's (1981) theory and fail to support propositions arising from Lipman-Blumen's (1976) theory.
In addition, the women's same-sex bonds provide higher levels of several provisions of social support than do women's cross-sex bonds, which supports Bernard's (1976) theory. Men's same-sex bonds provide higher levels of two dimensions of social support than do men's cross-sex bonds, which indicates only partial support for propositions arising from Lipman-Blumen's (1976) and Weiss's (1974) theories.
Concerning the relationship between social support and global well-being, the results of this study indicate that social support appears to be equally related to men's and women's sense of global well-being, supporting propositions implied by Weiss's (1974) theory. Moreover, both same-sex and cross-sex bonds appear to be strongly, but equally associated with men's and women's sense of well-being which again supports propositions implied by Weiss's (1974) theory.
In conclusion, the variables of "sex of respondent" and "relationship gender composition" appear to be more relevant in the attainment of social support than in the relationship between social support and well-being. The impact of these results on Weiss's (1974) theory of social relationships, on Bernard's (1976) and Lipman-Blumen's (1976) theories of same-sex bonding, on theories of social support, and on theories of adult development are discussed. The practical implications of these results for counsellors and for future research investigations are outlined.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
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Vong, Sonia. "The impact of a growing number of female public relations agency owners on public relations industry in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1874175.
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Lewis, Joshua Reid Lewis Shannon FitzPatrick. "Gender representation trends and relations at the United States Naval Academy /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FLewis%5FJ.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Leadership and Human Resources Development)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Janice H. Laurence, Gail F. Thomas. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-96). Also available online.
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Lewis, Joshua R. Lewis Shannon FitzPatrick. "Gender representation trends and relations at the United States Naval Academy." access online version, LEAD access online version, DTIC (Note: may not work with Internet Explorer), 2005. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA435528.
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Muhanna, Aitemad. "Gender relations and women's agency during the second intifada in Gaza." Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678677.
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Brien, Donna L. "The case of Mary Dean: Sex, poisoning and gender relations in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/117977/1/T%20%28CI%29%2094%20-%20THE%20CASE%20OF%20MARY%20DEAN.pdf.
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The genre of biography is, by nature, imprecise and limited. Real lives are lived synchronously and diversely; they do not divide spontaneously into chapters, subjects or themes. All biographers construct stories, in the process forcing the disordered complexity of an actual life into a neat literary form. This doctoral submission comprises a book length creative work, Poisoned: The Trials of Mary Dean, and a reflective written component on that creative work, Writing Fictionalised Biography.
Poisoned is a biography of Mary Dean, who, although repeatedly poisoned by her husband at the end of the nineteenth century, did not die. This biography, presented in the form of a first-person memoir, is based closely on historical evidence and is supported with discursive notes and a select bibliography.
The reflective written component, Writing Fictionalised Biography, outlines the process and challenges of writing a biography when the source material available is inadequate and unreliable. In writing Poisoned my genre solution has been fictionalised biography biography which is historically diligent while utilising fictional writing strategies and incorporating fictional passages. This written component reflectively discusses how I arrived at that solution. It includes discussion of the sources I utilised in writing Poisoned, including the limitations of trial transcripts and other court records as biographical evidence; useful precursors to the form; the process wherein I located both a form for my fictionalised biography and a voice for my biographical subject; possible models I considered; how I distinguished established fact from speculative supposition in the text; as well as some of the ambivalences and ethical concerns such a narrative process implies.
Books on the topic "Women Sex relations"
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Sigel, Roberta S. Ambition & accommodation: How women view gender relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
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Rebecca, Grant, and Newland Kathleen, eds. Gender and international relations. Milton Keynes: Open University Press in association with Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 1991.
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Rebecca, Grant, and Newland Kathleen, eds. Gender and international relations. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
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Usha, Bambawale, ed. Women in court. Pune: Streevani/Ishavani Kendra and Snehavardhan Pub. House, 1997.
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Gowing, Laura. Gender relations in early modern England. Harlow, England: Pearson, 2012.
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Somsawat, Wīradā, Theobald Sally, Mahāwitthayālai Chīang Mai. Sūn Sattrīsưksā., and International Conference on Thai Studies (6th : 1996 : Chiang Mai, Thailand), eds. Women, gender relations, and development in Thai society. [Chiang Mai]: Women's Studies Center, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 1997.
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Yenshu, Emmanuel. Gender relations in Cameroon: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Mankon, Bamenda, Cameroon: Langaa Research & Publishing CIG, 2012.
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Woodhouse, Annie. Fantastic women: Sex, gender and transvestism. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1989.
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Woodhouse, Annie. Fantastic women: Sex, gender, and transvestism. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
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León, Céline. The neither/nor of the second sex: Kierkegaard on women, sexual difference, and sexual relations. Macon, Ga: Mercer University Press, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Women Sex relations"
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Patnaik, Shriya. "Exploring the Contested and Controversial Nature of the Sex Industry in India: Experiential Encounters by Sex-Workers from the Periphery." In South Asian Women and International Relations, 261–87. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9426-5_15.
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Montgomery, Maxine Lavon. "Looking for Love in All the Wrong Places: Same-Sex Relations in the Fiction of Gloria Naylor." In Women & Others, 67–81. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230607323_4.
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Earnshaw, Sarah. "Solidarity in Sweatshops and Sex Work." In K'Universale - Interdisziplinäre Diskurse zu Fragen der Zeit, 55–76. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839461013-005.
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Sarah Earnshaw directs attention toward cultural production to explore the tensions and transformative relations of solidarity through the documentary films Live Nude Girls Unite! (2000) and Made in L.A. (2007). Documents of mobilisation by women worker organisers in sex and garment work, the films mediate the material and social relations of class across multiple lines of oppression and centre workers often left out of frame in mainstream labour discourse. Exploring the documentary form as suturing class struggle while retaining recognition of differentiation, the chapter discusses screening labour before turning to narrative strategies of storytelling and negotiations of public/private, finally considering the role of place in filmic practices as mapping solidarity from below.
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Halson, Jacqui. "Young Women, Sexual Harassment and Heterosexuality: Violence, Power Relations and Mixed-Sex Schooling." In Gender, Power and Sexuality, 97–113. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21241-5_6.
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Pachauri, Saroj, Ash Pachauri, and Komal Mittal. "Female Sex Work Dynamics: Empowerment, Mobilization, Mobility." In SpringerBriefs in Public Health, 43–60. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4578-5_4.
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AbstractUNAIDS defines sex work as selling sexual services (Ditmore in Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS, 2008, [1]). Sex workers involved in sexual relations with multiple partners are a key group of women who need access to comprehensive sexual health services, including HIV prevention, treatment, and care (Lafort et al. in Reproductive health services for populations at high risk of HIV: performance of a night clinic in Tete province, Mozambique. BMC Health Services Research, 2010, [2]). There are a broad range of sex workers in various locations including those who are street-based and brothel-based, those who work as escorts, and those who work from their own homes.
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Chipenembe, Maria Judite, Chia Longman, and Gily Coene. "Normative Violence, Traditional Healing, and Harm Regarding Same-Sex Relations among Women in Mozambique." In Religion and Gender-Based Violence, 133–57. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003246046-8.
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Danaj, Ermira. "Introduction." In IMISCOE Research Series, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92092-0_1.
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AbstractInternational and internal migration have characterised Albania since 1990, when the communist regime established in the aftermath of the Second World War was on its last legs. While the number of studies on Albanian migration, both national and transnational, has grown, only a few adopt the perspective of gender. Employing a gender perspective on migration is not only about using sex-disaggregated statistics but also explaining the processes and discourses in migration involving women and men, their relations to each other (Erel et al., 2003) and among women themselves (Parreñas, 2009)
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Le Bail, Hélène, and Marylène Lieber. "Sweeping the Streets, Cleaning Morals: Chinese Sex Workers in Paris Claiming Their Belonging to the Cosmopolitan City." In IMISCOE Research Series, 127–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67365-9_10.
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AbstractSince 2016, hundreds of Chinese migrants selling sexual services in Paris have been the target of systematic control operations by the police, whose clear objective is to “sweep” prostitution out of some neighbourhoods. In reaction to these measures, a group of Chinese women organized their own collective, The Steel Roses (Les Roses d’Acier), and asked the local government to better prevent violence against sex workers, rather than fight sex workers themselves. By doing so, they tried to embody political agency, and asked for the local government to include them as part of the “local diversity” and as legitimate city users. In a context of local gentrification, where diversity is presented as an important characteristic of these multicultural neighborhoods, such a mobilization by migrant sex workers underlines the ongoing controversy around the definition of diversity, as well as controversy in terms of who is legitimate to embody urban imaging. This chapter proposes to describe the controversy launched by the Chinese sex workers in some districts of Paris as another case study of the ways political power relations contribute to the definition of what is diversity and who belongs to a city defined in terms of cosmopolitanism.
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Doignon, Yoann, Isabelle Blöss-Widmer, Elena Ambrosetti, and Sébastien Oliveau. "Sex Ratio, Age Structure and Population Ageing." In Population Dynamics in the Mediterranean, 33–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37759-4_3.
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AbstractIt is vital to examine the population composition, i.e. how the population being studied is structured. In demography, to understand the phenomena studied (firstly, births and deaths), it is common practice to examine the number of women in relation to the number of men and to distinguish the distribution of individuals by age. The most common representation of this gender and age composition is the “age pyramid”. It is important to know the age and gender composition, as this largely determines a population's demographic dynamics. Elements relating to gender and age composition will enable better understanding of the dynamics outlined in the following chapters. In this chapter therefore, we will present the composition of the Mediterranean population from the perspective of sex ratios on the one hand, and the age distribution of populations on the other. We will also consider the implications of differences between countries at the sub-national level.
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"Social Relations of Men and Women." In Sex And Sex Worship, 189–222. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315828251-18.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Women Sex relations"
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Carabelli, Marina. "Women’s board presence and firm performance: Evidence from a sample of Italian listed companies." In Corporate governance: An interdisciplinary outlook. Virtus Interpress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgaiop2.
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This study analyzes the relationship between the presence of women on the board of directors and the performance results achieved by a sample of listed companies on the Italian stock market. Although many studies have investigated the relationship between women on board and corporate governance effectiveness, research results are inconclusive regarding their impact on corporate performance. The article analyzes a set of board attributes in relation to the presence of women on the board for 47 Italian listed companies for the years 2018 and 2019. Preliminary results show a positive correlation between the participation of women on the board of directors and sampled companies’ performance. Therefore, the results confirm the importance of women’s presence on the board of directors in influencing the financial performance of companies
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Lin, Jennifer-Hsiang-Ling, Shumin Zhang, Kathy Rexrode, JoAnn Manson, Chan Andrew, Kana Wu, Shelley Tworoger, et al. "Abstract LB-338: A prospective evaluation of circulating sex hormones in relation to colorectal cancer risk in men and women." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-lb-338.
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Nolêto, Mariana Ribeiro Jacinto Barros, and Felipe Barros Nolêto. "Profile of hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use in Maranhão." In V Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvmulti2024-047.
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The use of alcohol and other drugs is linked to health problems and causes financial and family losses. Between 2010 and 2020, there were 423,290 hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use in Brazil. The objective of the study is to evaluate and discuss the profile of hospitalizations for alcohol use disorders in Maranhão. This is an epidemiological study of hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use between 2013 and 2023 in Maranhão. The data were taken from the SUS Hospital Information System and stratified into: age group, sex, race/color and type of care. 7,689 people were hospitalized for alcohol-related disorders. In the age group, 30-39 years old (29.9%), 40-49 years old (25.6%) and 20-29 years old (20.4%) stood out, and 2023 with both highest percentages per year: 40-49 years old (27.9%) and 30-39 years old (26.8%) - follow the national parameter of emphasis for age groups. In terms of sex, there was an increasing trend for both sexes in most of the annual analysis, with a predominance of males (82.06%) in relation to females (17.9%) in the general analysis, a predominance that follows the literature. In terms of color/race, there was a predominance of white women (58.3%) in relation to brown women (23.9%) and black women (0.56%), with emphasis on the percentage without information (14.1%). Regarding the nature of care, emergency services (80.6%) stood out in relation to elective services (19.4%). Therefore, people between 30-39 years old, male, white and in emergency care represent the predominance of hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders caused by alcohol in Maranhão. The predominance of men and young people and the year 2023 stand out as factors that reflect the contemporary importance of increasing specific policies to improve public health and safety and, therefore, reduce the number of hospitalizations for alcohol use.
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Kitada, Momoko. "Gender Based Violence at Sea: Collective Actions for Collective Trauma." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003735.
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Gender Based Violence (GBV) has been a priority agenda in the international maritime community in recent years when GBV was anonymously reported through social media. GBV is particularly a challenge for young women seafarers who are more likely to experience sexual harassment than their male counterparts. Nevertheless, GBV is a common problem for all seafarers on board where a hostile environment and hierarchical and male-dominated work cultures may foster GBV. A similar term, sexual assault and sexual harassment (SASH) is used during the meetings of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), in relation to a new mandatory training on the prevention of bullying and harassment including SASH. The paper also used a theory of “collective trauma” which refers to how silently GBV or SASH had been practised and unchallenged in the culture of seafaring.
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Rocha, Alice Hueb Castanheira, Victorya Gomes de Souza, Paula de Freitas Ribeiro, and André Luiz Guimarães de Queiroz. "Perception of quality of life between different genders in patients with multiple sclerosis." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.401.
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Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, demyelinating, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Quality of life (QoL) is significantly impaired in patients with MS. Motor disability only partially explains the reduction in QoL, as symptoms such as depression, fatigue and mood disorders also exert influence. Several characteristics in a patient with MS have been associated with worse QoL, including advanced age, late diagnosis and progressive form of the disease. Objective: We evaluated in this review possible impacts of gender on QoL. Methods: The database PubMed was searched for studies indexed from the year 2000 with the following descriptors: multiple sclerosis, quality of life, gender, sex. Results: The impact of the reduction in QoL is worse for men than for women with MS in relation to motor function, vitality, sociability, emotional well-being and mental health. Men seems to have a greater cognitive decline, with worsening performance in verbal memory and executive function. Interestingly, gender and marital status can influence social support. Women had more support networks as they reported better availability from friends than from their male caregivers. It was also noted that men without a spouse feel less social support. Regarding non-motor symptoms, women feel more pain and have a higher prevalence of depressive and/or anxiety disorders. However, regarding sphincter and sexual disorders, the impact on QoL is greater in men. Women with high motor disability seem to maintain psychological well-being better than male patients. Conclusion: Men seeking help later may be a factor influencing the natural history of MS. The diagnosis of a chronic disease for men seems to be faced differently due to cultural factors. The different impact of disabilities between genders makes us understand that the management must be specific for each sex to better meet the needs of patients.
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Štefančič, Eva, Maša Kovač, Klara Zalokar, Vito Milošević, and Marko Milanovski. "Prevention and Management of Stress Relating to Work." In Challenges in Economics and Business in the Post-COVID Times. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.5.2022.48.
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The main purpose of the paper is to examine stress in the workplace, with a focus on researching stress related to age and sex. 22% of employed people in the European Union face stress. The consequences of stress are manifested in forms of sick leave, the avoidance of certain work tasks, inefficiency and reduced productivity, dissatisfaction with work and with themselves. If a person does not face up to their problems, it can lead to deep frustration, exhaustion and even burnout syndrome, which is easily expressed on a physical level in the form of psychosomatic diseases. There are strategies for overcoming stress at the individual and organisational level, however sometimes, despite these strategies and techniques, stress appears in all its forms and causes health problems, therefore it is necessary to seek medical and other professional help (psychologist, psychotherapist). The authors of this paper found that the level of stress among employees in organisations is high, women are more likely to experience stress in an ‘emotional way’, while men are more likely to suffer physical illnesses because of stress, and secondary school/university students are the most stressed.
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Vallés, J., M. M. Santos, and J. Aznar. "EFFECT OF AGE AND SEX ON THE PLATELET FATTY ACID (FA) COMPOSITION AND IN ITS MODULATION BY PLASMA FA." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644492.
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Age, sex and platelet hyperactivity are factors that condition the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Platelet function is believed to be influenced by its FA pattern, which can be modulated by the FA composition of plasma lipid fractions. Therefore, it seemed of interest to evaluate the effect of age and sex on platelet FA and ascertain whether the plasma influence on platelet FA is modified by age and sex. The study has been performed in 98 subjects, 49 couples, men (M) and women (W), living together and with the same dietary habits. The subjects were divided into three age groups : G I:16-40, GII:40-60,and G III: 60. Plasma and platelet FA of phospholipids (PL), triglycerides, and free FA fractions were evaluated by gas-chromatography. The results showed scarce differences in platelet FA in relation to sex. With respect to age, the percentages of 18:2 and 20:5 in most platelet lipid fractions both in M and in W decrease with age. More interesting are the differences in correlation found between plasma and platelet FA, particularly in the PL fraction, with age and sex. In this respect an increase in the correlation coefficient was found for 16:0,18:0 and 20:4 and a decrease for 20:5 in middle aged men and postmenopausic women (Table). The similarity between these two groups of subjects may have a physiopathological meaning, if we take into account that both are more susceptible to CHD and that an increase in 16:0, 18:0 and 20:4 as well as a decrease in 20:5 may condition a platelet hyperfuntion, circumstance that may be more easily produced by plasma influence in those subjects.The results of the present study also confirm that that in general plasma greately influences the platelet content in 18:1, 18:2 and to a lower extent the saturated FA.
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Miyaki, Hikaru, and Atsushi Sakuma. "Diagram Design of Weaving Process for Touch-Feel Estimation of Plain-Woven Fabrics by Finite Element Method." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24563.
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Abstract Digital evaluation of touch-feel in textiles is useful to design fundamental functions of clothing. Here, it is necessary to design textiles for a detailed evaluation of the sensitivity in human’s feelings to consider the life-style creation in various aspects. Then, the objective of this paper is to propose a design method for plain-woven fabrics by touch-feel estimation considering the weaving process with the constitutive relations of yarn. Here, a diagram for control weaving is defined by the diameter of the yarn and displacement quantity of the weaving and the cramping by defining the theoretical thickness. For the effective design to consider various processes, unit-cell of plain-woven structures are fundamentally classified as open set models and closed set models. One of the unit-cell models in the finite element method (FEM) for the plain-woven structure is adopted because the adopted model can consider initial-stress distribution in the weaving process. For touch-feel estimation, an analysis model is constructed by warp, weft, and plungers that cramps the woven structure. A series of diagrams to compress with plungers is shown after constructing a plain-woven structure. As for analyzing the weaving process and the touch-feel estimation in one model, realization of the effective engineering is enabled. This procedure yields that the relationship between the displacement and simulation time suggests for consideration of initial-stress.
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Králíčková, Zdeňka. "The Missing Concept of Cohabitation of the Couples of the Opposite-Sex in de facto Unions in the Czech Civil Code." In COFOLA 2021. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9981-2021-4.
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The paper deals with couples in de facto unions, especially the ones formed by a man and a woman. It seeks to define cohabitation and differentiate the rights and duties of cohabitees from the ones connected with the status relations between both the opposite-sex couples (marriage) and the same-sex couples (registered partnership). As there are seldom any kinds of agreements between cohabitees, special attention is devoted to the relevant legal rules in all the Books of the Czech Civil Code and their applicability to cohabitees during their relationship and after the break-up or upon the death of one of them. It is stressed that there is no difference between children born out of wedlock and within marriage. Once parenthood is legally established, there is no discrimination of non-married mothers and non-married fathers towards the children. And besides, there are special provisions that protect the weaker party: property claims of the non-married mother from the child´s father for a reasonable time and within adequate limits.
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Silveira, Clara, Leonilde Reis, Rita Costa, and Maria José Costa. "How ICT Encourages Informal Mentoring Networks to Promote Gender Equality in Times of Pandemic." In 7th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2021.11.
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Gender equality promotion initiatives are increasingly needed to foster the choice of the scientific area of engineering. Currently, in higher education, it is observed that regarding engineering courses women practically have no representation in relation to the number of male students. The article presents the problem in the field of Gender Equality interrelating with the Sustainable Development Goals. The research methodology adopted is Design Science Research, given the specificity of the problem. The main results and contributions are the literature review in the field of the theme under study, as well as the various initiatives in the national Portuguese context and focus on a set of instruments of debate and dissemination involving testimonies of former students and the community. These initiatives promote Gender Equality in engineering courses in Higher Education, enhancing the choice of these courses.
Reports on the topic "Women Sex relations"
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Rodrigues-Moura, Enrique, and Christina Märzhauser. Renegotiating the subaltern : Female voices in Peixoto’s «Obra Nova de Língua Geral de Mina» (Brazil, 1731/1741). Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-57507.
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Out of ~11.000.000 enslaved Africans disembarked in the Americas, ~ 46% were taken to Brazil, where transatlantic slave trade only ended in 1850 (official abolition of slavery in 1888). In the Brazilian inland «capitania» Minas Gerais, slave numbers exploded due to gold mining in the first half of 18th century from 30.000 to nearly 300.000 black inhabitants out of a total ~350.000 in 1786. Due to gender demographics, intimate relations between African women and European men were frequent during Antonio da Costa Peixoto’s lifetime. In 1731/1741, this country clerk in Minas Gerais’ colonial administration, originally from Northern Portugal, completed his 42-page manuscript «Obra Nova de Língua Geral de Mina» («New work on the general language of Mina») documenting a variety of Gbe (sub-group of Kwa), one of the many African languages thought to have quickly disappeared in oversea slaveholder colonies. Some of Peixoto’s dialogues show African women who – despite being black and female and therefore usually associated with double subaltern status (see Spivak 1994 «The subaltern cannot speak») – successfully renegotiate their power position in trade. Although Peixoto’s efforts to acquire, describe and promote the «Língua Geral de Mina» can be interpreted as a «white» colonist’s strategy to secure his position through successful control, his dialogues also stress the importance of winning trust and cultivating good relations with members of the local black community. Several dialogues testify a degree of agency by Africans that undermines conventional representations of colonial relations, including a woman who enforces her «no credit» policy for her services, as shown above. Historical research on African and Afro-descendant women in Minas Gerais documents that some did not only manage to free themselves from slavery but even acquired considerable wealth.
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Cortázar, René. Labor Market Institutions in the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008756.
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The objectives of improving competitiveness and reducing unemployment, in particular among the young and women, are a part of the economic and the political agenda of most Caribbean countries. Labor market institutions play a crucial role. This study analyzes six types of institutions: (i) labor legislation, related to collective bargaining and termination of contracts; (ii) minimum wages (iii) vocational training; (iv) industrial relations; (v) social dialogue, and (vi) the role of the Ministry of Labor, and proposes policies that could contribute to employment and competitiveness. The report adopts a political economy approach and puts forward a characterization of reforms in terms of their potential impact and viability. It concludes that the Caribbean countries have many assets and also some liabilities.
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Saldanha, Ian J., Wangnan Cao, Justin M. Broyles, Gaelen P. Adam, Monika Reddy Bhuma, Shivani Mehta, Laura S. Dominici, Andrea L. Pusic, and Ethan M. Balk. Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer245.
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Objectives. This systematic review evaluates breast reconstruction options for women after mastectomy for breast cancer (or breast cancer prophylaxis). We addressed six Key Questions (KQs): (1) implant-based reconstruction (IBR) versus autologous reconstruction (AR), (2) timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, (3) comparisons of implant materials, (4) comparisons of anatomic planes for IBR, (5) use versus nonuse of human acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) during IBR, and (6) comparisons of AR flap types. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, Embase®, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to March 23, 2021, to identify comparative and single group studies. We extracted study data into the Systematic Review Data Repository Plus (SRDR+). We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020193183). Results. We found 8 randomized controlled trials, 83 nonrandomized comparative studies, and 69 single group studies. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. KQ1: Compared with IBR, AR is probably associated with clinically better patient satisfaction with breasts and sexual well-being but comparable general quality of life and psychosocial well-being (moderate SoE, all outcomes). AR probably poses a greater risk of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (moderate SoE), but IBR probably poses a greater risk of reconstructive failure in the long term (1.5 to 4 years) (moderate SoE) and may pose a greater risk of breast seroma (low SoE). KQ 2: Conducting IBR either before or after radiation therapy may result in comparable physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, and patient satisfaction with breasts (all low SoE), and probably results in comparable risks of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE). We found no evidence addressing timing of IBR or AR in relation to chemotherapy or timing of AR in relation to radiation therapy. KQ 3: Silicone and saline implants may result in clinically comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence regarding double lumen implants. KQ 4: Whether the implant is placed in the prepectoral or total submuscular plane may not be associated with risk of infections that are not explicitly implant related (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence addressing the comparisons between prepectoral and partial submuscular and between partial and total submuscular planes. KQ 5: The evidence is inconsistent regarding whether human ADM use during IBR impacts physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, or satisfaction with breasts. However, ADM use probably increases the risk of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE) and may increase the risk of infections not explicitly implant related (low SoE). Whether or not ADM is used probably is associated with comparable risks of seroma and unplanned repeat surgeries for revision (moderate SoE for both), and possibly necrosis (low SoE). KQ 6: AR with either transverse rectus abdominis (TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but TRAM flaps probably increase the risk of harms to the area of flap harvest (moderate SoE). AR with either DIEP or latissimus dorsi flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but there is insufficient evidence regarding thromboembolic events and no evidence regarding other surgical complications. Conclusion. Evidence regarding surgical breast reconstruction options is largely insufficient or of only low or moderate SoE. New high-quality research is needed, especially for timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, for comparisons of implant materials, and for comparisons of anatomic planes of implant placement.
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Mader, Philip, Maren Duvendack, Adrienne Lees, Aurelie Larquemin, and Keir Macdonald. Enablers, Barriers and Impacts of Digital Financial Services: Insights from an Evidence Gap Map and Implications for Taxation. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.008.
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Digital financial services (DFS) have expanded rapidly over the last decade, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. They have been accompanied by claims that they can alleviate poverty, empower women, help businesses grow, and improve macroeconomic outcomes and government effectiveness. As they have become more widespread, some controversy has arisen as governments have identified DFS revenues and profits as potential sources of tax revenue. Evidence-based policy in relation to taxing DFS requires an understanding of the enablers and barriers (preconditions) of DFS, as well as the impacts of DFS. This report aims to present insights from an Evidence Gap Map (EGM) on the enablers and barriers, and subsequent impacts, of DFS, including any research related to taxation. An EGM serves to clearly identify the gaps in the evidence base in a visually intuitive way, allowing researchers to address these gaps. This can help to shape future research agendas. Our EGM draws on elements from the systematic review methodology. We develop a transparent set of inclusion criteria and comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant studies, and assess the confidence we can place in their causal findings. An extensive search initially identified 389 studies, 205 of which met the inclusion criteria and were assessed based on criteria of cogency, transparency and credibility. We categorised 40 studies as high confidence, 97 as medium confidence, and 68 as low confidence. We find that the evidence base is still relatively thin, but growing rapidly. The high-confidence evidence base is dominated by quantitative approaches, especially experimental study designs. The geographical focus of many studies is East Africa. The dominant DFS intervention studied is mobile money. The majority of studies focus on DFS usage for payments and transfers; fewer studies focus on savings, very few on credit, and none on insurance. The strongest evidence base on enablers and barriers relates to how user attributes and industry structure affect DFS. Little is known about how policy and politics, including taxation, and macroeconomic and social factors, affect DFS. The evidence base on impacts is strongest at the individual and household level, and partly covers the business level. The impact of DFS on the macroeconomy, and the meso level of industry and government, is very limited. We find no high-confidence evidence on the role of taxation. We need more higher quality evidence on a variety of topics. This should particularly look at enablers, constraints and impacts, including the role of taxation, beyond the individual and household level. Research going forward should cover more geographic areas and a wider range of purposes DFS can serve (use cases), including savings, and particularly credit. More methodological variety should be encouraged – experiments can be useful, but are not the best method for all research questions.
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Forced sexual relations among married young women in developing countries. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1007.
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Recent research in developing countries suggests that a considerable number of young women may experience forced sex within marriage, but most women may be inhibited from reporting these experiences due to shame, fear of reprisal, or deep-rooted unequal gender norms. In September 2003, a global consultative meeting on nonconsensual sex among young people in developing countries was held in New Delhi, India. The meeting was organized by the Population Council in collaboration with World Health Organization/Department of Reproductive Health and Research, and Family Health International/YouthNet. Participants included researchers, legal analysts, representatives from community-based NGOs, policy-makers, and young people themselves. Papers highlighting the nature and prevalence of coercion among married young women were presented. Sessions examined the following issues in relation to nonconsensual sex: experiences of young females and males: prevalence, forms, and contexts; youth perspectives; patterns of transactional sex; roles of the legal system; outcomes of coercion at the individual and community level; interventions to prevent nonconsensual sex and to support and treat victims; and research design and methods. Several recommendations for action to address factors that heighten young women’s vulnerability to coercive sexual relationships within marriage were presented.
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Comparing quality of reproductive health services before and after clinic-strengthening activities: A case study in rural Burkina Faso. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1998.1006.
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Much literature has been written about improving the quality of reproductive health (RH) care at service delivery points (SDPs) because women deserve quality services, and as a means of increasing use of family planning (FP) and other RH services. There are six fundamental dimensions of quality of care: choice of methods, information given to clients, technical competence, interpersonal relations, mechanisms to encourage continuity, and an appropriate constellation of services. Improving these elements is thought to increase client satisfaction, resulting in an increase in contraceptive use and eventually fertility decline. Existing research has not convincingly demonstrated this link between quality of care and client outcomes. Training service providers on FP and communication skills and improving clinic infrastructure/equipment are ways of possibly improving aspects of nearly all elements of quality. An intervention in a rural field research station in Burkina Faso was designed to supply RH training and basic medical equipment to 13 SDPs. This paper details an operations research project that tests the strength of community-based and clinic interventions on RH knowledge, attitudes, and practice, and assesses overall contraceptive prevalence in the area.