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Journal articles on the topic 'Women – Poland – Social conditions'
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1
Melich-Iwanek, Krystyna. "ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION IN POLAND – SELECTED PROBLEMS AND CONDITIONS." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 22, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4216.
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The aim of the article is to analyze, from statistical and econometric perspectives, the dynamics of Poles’ economic activity, in particular, an attempt at a statistical measurement of the impact of select phenomena conditioning the labor market. Key considerations are preceded by a presentation the historical and current demographic situation in Poland. Problems of foreign migration and the aging of the Polish society were investigated. Moreover, impact of social policies on the labor market was analyzed, including the “Family 500+” program as well as regulations concerning retirement age. The study utilizes quantitative methods of time series analysis, including the time series models taking into account the occurrence of turning points. The results of research show, that: in the near future the Polish demographic situation will not improve, the lowering of retirement age is a threat to the labor market, the “500+” program not only did not influence a rise in fertility rate but lowered the rate of economic activity of women.
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Rokicka, Magdalena. "Transition out of self-employment – evidence from Poland." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 12 (December 5, 2016): 1254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2014-0097.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of self-employment exit in Poland and its determinants. Design/methodology/approach The author examines the outflow from self-employment into different labour market status: employment, unemployment, inactivity using multinomial logistic regression. The analysis is conducted separately for men and women using Polish Labour Force Surveys (LFS) (2001-2007). Findings Results indicate that personal and family characteristics have different impact on self-employment exit for men and women. However, unfavourable macroeconomic conditions have similar impact regardless gender. The author’s results show that higher local unemployment rate reduces the likelihood of self-employment exit into employment, while conducting business in a sector affected by economic downturn increase outflow from self-employment for both men and women. Research limitations/implications Certain limitations of the study arise from the design of the Polish LFS. It is a rotating panel with relatively few time periods, so it can only allow the author to analyse the outcomes in short-term perspectives. Practical implications Those results provide some background for potential policy interventions. In the context of persistent, high unemployment rates in Poland, there is need for some policy incentives which reinforce self-employment – an important alternative form of the labour market participation. Originality/value Majority of previous studies focusses on self-employment creation, as policy incentives do. However, very little is known about the reasons for leaving self-employment. The author fills this gap analysing the outflow and transition from self-employment to different labour market status.
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Gutor, Taras G., Natalia I. Zaremba, Oksana R. Kovalska, Dzvenyslava Je Moskviak-Lesniak, Iryna M. Gerasymovych, Oleh Ja Kobyletskyy, and Yaryna V. Nahurna. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN SOCIAL HEALTH DETERMINANTS OF LIFE EXPECTANCY AND INFANT MORTALITY IN UKRAINE AND POLAND." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 3 (2021): 750–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202103235.
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The aim: To analyze the data of social health determinants – life expectancy of population and infant mortality in neighboring countries: Ukraine and Poland in cut-away of territory habitation. Materials and methods: The statistical materials of the Ukrainian and Polish information sources were used in this work: SI “The center of medical statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine”, The state statistics service of Ukraine, The central statistical management of Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny). Methods of system approach, bibliosemantic, statistical, analytical were used for analysis. Results: In both countries, Poland and Ukraine, the general dynamics as to the growth of an average life expectancy (ALE) among men and women was observed during 28 years of surveillance, and in both countries it was revealed that the ALE indices in women were much higher than in men. Within the last five years, there is a considerable tendency of decrease in the infant death rate in Ukraine, while in Poland this index is particularly invariable. This may be due to the fact that the level of infant mortality in Poland is half the level in Ukraine; moreover, this correlation is approximate within the last five years of observation. A significant place in the structure of all the causes of infant mortality in 2019 is occupied by the ХVІ chapter in accordance with ICD-10 “Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period” – 54.39 % in Ukraine and 53.05 % in Poland, the last – “Diseases of the Urogenital system” (chapter ХІV) – 0 % and 0.7 %, correspondingly. Conclusions: With a view of an incessant improvement of a high-quality information which is registered when the statistical data are formed, it is necessary to promote a broad intersector cooperation inside the countries and international collaboration between the countries.
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Flaszyńska, Ewa Karolina. "Strenghthening Women’s Opportunities in the Labour Market – the Case of Poland." Olsztyn Economic Journal 15, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 181–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.5782.
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Poland is one of the countries which has made the most progress in making the labour market more available and friendly for women. The concept of supporting women is a collection of interconnected devices that create a system which is specific for Poland and which, despite functioning well in Poland, would not necessarily work well in other countries. The policy of equalisation of opportunities for women in the labour market involves many entities – not only state institutions and the state as such, but also local authorities, social partners and non-governmental organisations. Money spent on realising this policy is never regarded as wasted.
The article is a review. The article presents examples of Polish solutions, which on one hand facilitate women’s inclusion into the labour market, and on the other hand, reduce unfavourable factors which constitute barriers to access to employment. It is not only support in the field of professional activation, but also a number of legal and systemic solutions. These are mainly activities aimed at creating favourable conditions for reconciling work and family life, such as the availability of childcare points, government programs, introducing paternity leave, or encouraging women to acquire qualifications.
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Dajnowicz, Małgorzata. "Polish Writers and their Influence on Women’s Public Activity: A Case Study of Józefa Kisielnicka and Eliza Orzeszkowa." Respectus Philologicus 27, no. 32 (April 25, 2015): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2015.27.32.4.
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Józefa Kisielnicka (1865–1941) created a new model of a woman in the society, a woman that is actively involved in the public life and concentrates on the charity work and educational needs of the people in their close environment. Her attitude towards women’s involvement in the public life was greatly appreciated by both men and women, especially among the gentry class. In her literary works (published, e.g., in Warsaw Courier and Daily Courier), she depicted women’s everyday life. The general image of her characters was very negative.
Eliza Orzeszkowa (1841–1910) can be described as a great activist in initiating and developing the idea of gender issues, both in her written works and everyday life duties. Her political views, social involvement, and literary achievements were widely recognized among women representing liberal political views. Her numerous works (for example, A Few Words about Women) related to the place of the women in the society and the issues of gender equality. Eliza Orzeszkowa considered the cultural and social conditions, which influenced the possibilities of women in their pursuit of equality.
The two women writers Józefa Kisielnicka and Eliza Orzeszkowa set a new pattern of initiating and shaping the public involvement of women in the northeastern province of Poland.
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Przybysz, Klaudia, and Agnieszka Stanimir. "Tourism-Related Needs in the Context of Seniors’ Living and Social Conditions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 15325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215325.
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Significant changes are taking place in the structure of tourism participants. Due to the ageing of societies, the tourism sector has to respond to the increasing tourist activity of seniors. The main aim of our research was the recognition of the needs of senior tourists from selected regions of Poland, considering their health and financial situation as well as their physical activity. The study shows how to combine the knowledge of assumptions of active ageing with the actual views of senior tourists on tourism and active leisure. An additional objective was to determine the reasons why seniors gave up tourism and to compare the reasons why seniors from selected regions of Poland and seniors from other European countries did not participate in tourism. Based on Eurostat data, we identify the most common reasons for people not participating in tourism who are over 65 years of age. In 2020, we surveyed seniors. The respondents for the sample were selected as 65 years and older. In order to compare countries due to exclusion and non-participation of seniors in tourism, the results classification was used. To analyse the touristic behaviours of Polish seniors, we used correspondence analysis. As indicated by analysing the reasons for the non-participation of Europeans aged 65 and over in tourism, in most countries, financial and health reasons are ranked first or second in 2016 and 2019. In a survey of Polish seniors, except for the financial reasons responsible for non-participation in tourism, an additional obstacle was the language barrier in foreign tourism. The analysis of physical and tourist activity showed that non-participation in tourism is associated with low physical activity. Women reported that they were satisfied with their financial independence and most often used the opportunity of short-term tourism. The people who are fully or largely involved in organising their trips also willingly change their locations during their next travels.
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Dziadek, Magdalena. "Polish Female Composers in the Nineteenth Century." Musicology Today 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/muso-2019-0002.
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Abstract The article discusses the activities of selected women-composers who worked in Poland in the 19th century. They have been presented in a broad social-political context. Specific historical conditions have been taken into account, which have contributed to the perception of women’s creativity as a mission. The model of women’s activity discussed in the categories of social and political mission influenced the shape and forms of Polish women’s creativity in the first half of the century. In the second half of the century, women’s access to education increased and finally a milieu of professional women-composers emerged. Among them, we should distinguish the group of women born into musical families, due to the fact that some among them took up the profession of composer.
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Yolkin, Anatolii. "Russian Women in Emigration in Poland during the 1920s – 1940s." Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: History, no. 61 (June 27, 2022): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2220-7929-2022-61-09.
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The article examines the situation of Russian women-emigrants who found themselves on the territory of Poland in the 1920s – 1930s. Almost all categories of the population of the former Russian Empire were represented among the refugees in Poland. Among the ranks of the exiles there were also women who had to adapt to the difficult social conditions of their stay in the country. During the 1920s – 1930s, of the total number of emigrants (50-60 thousand people who stayed in the country) about 30 % were women and children. In 1919–1920, Poland was one of the centers of the anti-Bolshevik struggle. Therefore, the Russian emigrants gave their support to the Poles. For instance, Z. Gippius took part in the publication of the newspaper and the formation of Russian military units. After the end of the Soviet-Polish War, the soldiers and officers of these units were interned in camps. Among them were nurses, as well as women and children. The families of the internees were housed in common barracks, often women and children had to sleep on the floor. The Russian Red Cross Society, headed by L. I. Lyubimova, tried to provide the internees with food, clothing, medical care, and find work. By the mid-1920s, it became clear that the stay of exiles abroad could lasted for many years. Therefore, the main attention of the emigrant organizations were paid to cultural and educational activities. It was carried out through the Russian houses that appeared in Warsaw, Vilna and other cities. There women took an active part in the work of various circles, libraries, theater studios. In families, wives and mothers tried to maintain not only the home comfort, but also to educate children in the spirit of national traditions. So far as women in exile often had to support unemployed husbands or disabled people, they tried to find a job. But most of them could only hope for odd jobs in sewing workshops or trade.
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Lorentzen, Catherine Anne Nicole, and Berit Viken. "Immigrant women, nature and mental health." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 16, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-11-2019-0089.
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Purpose There is a need for cost-effective strategies to counteract mental health challenges among immigrant women. This study aims to identify how nature might improve the mental health status of immigrant women residing in Norway. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative data were gathered through individual interviews with 14 immigrant women from Iran (2), Poland (2), Palestine, Afghanistan, Congo, Kenya, Thailand, Russia, Portugal, Latvia, Colombia and Bulgaria. Findings The qualitative content analysis revealed that interaction with nature positively influenced the immigrant women’s mental health. This occurred because of the following: exposure to nature itself, leading to mood enhancements; familiarization with the new country’s culture, nature, climate and language, facilitating feelings of mastery, attachment and belonging; social interactions, promoting immediate well-being and future social support; interacting with nature in familiar ways, reducing feelings of alienation/loss; and physical activity, improving mood and stress-related conditions. These mental health improvements were a result of interactions with various types of natural environments. Originality/value This study supports the promotion of interaction with nature among immigrant women as part of low-cost public health work. Practitioners should consider multiple arenas for potential nature-related mental health gains.
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Miodowski, Adam. "The monthly magazine «Praca Kobiet» about the activities of organizations related to the Women’s International Democratic Federation (March – December 1946)." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-2-71-83.
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The research on women’s history presented in this publication supplements the gap existing in polish historiography. The gap includes not only knowledge about the activities of women's organizations associated in the Women’s International Democratic Federation (including the polish Social-Civic League of Women). The same applies to the assessment of the role of women in political, social and cultural changes taking place in Poland (and in the world) in the first years after the end of World War II. The main purpose of this publication is to show the historical conditions of the activities of the Social-Civic League of Women, as well as similar organizations in other European, African and North American countries. The basic source used in the research process is the monthly «Praca Kobiet» (and additionally the periodical «Nasza Praca»). The work uses a methodology typical for studies based on press sources. Their list includes the following methods: analytical-empirical, deductive-nomological, deductive-hypothetical and classical method of content analysis. The effect of the undertaken research is to establish that the information articles on the activities of organizations associated in the Women’s International Democratic Federation published on the pages of the «Praca Kobiet» monthly were in fact agitation and propaganda. The polish feminist press manipulated facts and thus influenced the formation of pro-communist and anti-Western views of women. The topic is not exhausted and needs to be continued. Further research will require a wider use of press sources not only from Poland, but also from other countries.
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Idem, Magdalena. "Post-war fashion tips in the popular fashion press in Poland: A source of psychological support in the 'struggle for femininity'." Critical Studies in Fashion & Beauty 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/csfb_00003_1.
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Abstract Social conditions in Poland were harsh at the conclusion of World War II. Surprisingly, interest in fashion revived quickly after the war, giving rise in 1945 to a hugely popular fashion press, avidly read by Polish women. The independent magazine Fashion and Practical Life (Moda i Życie Praktyczne), launched in December 1945, was the first of its kind in Poland after the war, and quickly gained a large readership of urban and rural women (and significant numbers of men). It centred on fashion tips ‐ from practical advice on how to remodel existing material into new clothing to more aspirational ideas, crossing over from the necessities of dress or clothing into the more imaginary realm of 'fashion'.Unlike readers of the fashion press before the war, the readership of this magazine was not leisured or highly literate, but largely 'ordinary' women trying to deal with the realities of their circumstances and to find relief from them. Letters from readers were the centre of the magazine in its early years. They shared their experiences and solutions. This article explores the phenomenon of a genre of publishing for women in Poland through analysis of Fashion and Practical Life from its inception into the early 1950s. It examines the contexts in which it operated and its role in the representation and self-identity of Polish women within this time of transition. The article identifies two key typologies for fashion tips: 'poor fashion' (how to make available materials into liveable garments) and 'imaginary fashion' (the aspirations that Polish women had but could not attain at that time). It also shows that apparently emancipatory trends for women were short-lived. By the early 1950s the narrative of the fashion press reinscribed Polish women back in the home, as housewives.
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Pokrzywa, Magdalena. "Families Benefiting from Social Assistance in Poland - Strategies and Barriers to Poverty Reduction." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n4p199.
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The article aims to characterize the remedial strategies undertaken by Polish families using social assistance to minimize material deprivation and the main barriers to empowerment of such families. The source of data are the results obtained as part of the author's own research, which were conducted with social workers in Poland and had quantitative (500 CATI) and qualitative (90 IDI) nature. In families living in difficult economic conditions, both active and passive activities are used to obtain the missing funds. Active strategies include taking up a job (permanent, additional or occasional, legal or in the so-called ‘gray area’), selling or exchanging skills, time and goods, borrowing money, or applying for support to institutions (which is mainly a female domain). Women also implement many passive strategies that involve saving or reducing consumption by, for example, preparing dishes from cheap products, shopping in places with the lowest prices, buying second-hand items, etc. The main barriers to minimizing the poverty of families benefiting from social assistance in Poland are related to their life attitude and the gender of its members. Remedial strategies for difficult financial situations undertaken by poor families benefiting from social assistance vary depending on the type of family, problem(s) they experience and the resources they have. The strategies undertaken also depend on the gender of family members experiencing poverty.
Keywords: poverty, family, social assistance, social worker, gender
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Książkiewicz, Izabela. "Lokalne instytucje pomocy społecznej w procesie aktywizacji społeczno-zawodowej bezrobotnych kobiet." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 3 (December 3, 2012): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2012.3.4.
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Contemporary theories of politics, and social assistance – stress that the effectiveness of social programs in the field of community work with groups at risk of marginalization processes is determined by quality of service provided in this area at the level of local institutions. The financial crisis of the welfare state – has highlighted the weakness of the central management of social programs, at the level of individual regions, and thus the need for a new approach to the problems of the excluded. Long-term unemployment, disability, many children and sex are those factors that promote the processes of exclusion – in Poland, a group particularly at risk are women who live outside large cities. The analysis shows that the appropriate support by local aid institutions – raises the prospect of becoming independent women still excluded from the labor market. However, in order to be successful, must be complied with certain conditions into account the local conditions of socio-economic potential. A chance for the preparation of programs targeted to a specific group, including its characteristics and needs – are carried out from 2008 projects under the Human Capital Operational Programme, funded by the European Union. In this elaboration I present the experience of three municipalities voivodeship with the implementation of programs for the group of unemployed women.
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Teleszewska, Magdalena. "The Conditions and Procedure for the Admission of Children of Incarcerated Mothers to Mother-and-Baby Units at Prisons in Poland." Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza 7 (September 15, 2017): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppuam.2017.7.18.
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The admission of mother and child to the a mother-and-baby unit has a positive effect on both the development of the child as well as the social rehabilitation of the mother. Children in mother-and-baby units are provided the right conditions for development. The mother learns to fulfill her parental responsibilities. In addition, incarcerated women who are in prison with their children want to change for the better, in order to provide their children a better future.
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Świgost-Kapocsi, Agnieszka. "200 Years of Feminisation of Professions in Poland—Mechanism of False Windows of Opportunity." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 8179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158179.
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This paper presents the problem of the female labour market in Poland and the phenomenon of the feminisation of selected occupations. The main aim was to identify the mechanisms behind the feminisation of occupations in Poland and its consequences by combining considerations of labour market theory with development path theories. This research employed various methods such as the method of analysis of secular trends, as well as a critical reinterpretation of the literature review. Data from the 19th century to 2019 were analysed. The textile industry, education, local public administration, and social care are included in the analysis. The research motivation was to answer the question as to when and under what conditions the selected occupations were feminised. The mechanism of false windows of opportunity was identified, as well as times when the windows of opportunity to enter a given occupation opened and closed for women. Specifically, the research findings described that the female labour market is dependent on the male labour market and thus windows of opportunity offer new employment opportunities but with limited possibilities and under poorer conditions.
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Paniotto, Vladimir, Melvin Kohn, Valeriy Khmelko, and HO-Fung Hung. "Social Structure and Personality During the Process of Radical Social Change: A Study of Ukraine in Transition." Comparative Sociology 3, no. 3-4 (2004): 239–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569133043019735.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the relationships of social structure and personality during a period of radical social change attendant on the early stages of the transformation of Ukraine from socialism to nascent capitalism. It does so by analyzing data secured from face-to-face interviews with a representative sample of urban Ukrainian men and women in 1992-93, together with a follow-up survey three to three and a half years later of all those respondents who at the time of the initial survey either were employed or were seeking paid employment.We found that the over-time correlations – the stabilities – of two underlying dimensions of personality – self-directedness of orientation and a sense of well-being or distress – were startlingly low, by comparison not only to the United States at a time of much greater social stability, but also to Poland at the same time as the Ukrainian study, albeit at a later stage of transition. The stability of a third fundamental dimension of personality – intellectual flexibility – was higher than those of self-directedness of orientation and distress, but considerably lower than past research had led us to expect. Still, despite massive changes in social and economic conditions and great instability of personality, the relationships of social structure with personality were remarkably consistent over time and, with the partial exception of those with the sense of wellbeing or distress, were quite similar to those of both socialist and advanced capitalist societies during times of apparent social stability. Our analyses suggest that consistency in the relationships between social structure and personality despite great change both in social structure and in personality results from the continued stability of proximate conditions of life that link position in the larger social structure to individual personality, and the continued strength of those linkages. Notable among these proximate conditions, for those people who were employed at the times of both the baseline and follow-up surveys, is the substantive complexity of their work.
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Ilska, Michalina, Anna Kołodziej-Zaleska, Anna Brandt-Salmeri, Heidi Preis, and Marci Lobel. "Pandemic Stress and Its Correlates among Pregnant Women during the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Poland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 23, 2021): 11140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111140.
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Background: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has created numerous stressful conditions, especially for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women. Pandemic-related pregnancy stress consists of two dimensions: stress associated with feeling unprepared for birth due to the pandemic (Preparedness Stress), and stress related to fears of perinatal COVID-19 infection (Perinatal Infection Stress). The purpose of our study was to elucidate the association between various factors—sociodemographic, obstetric, pandemic-related, and situational—and pandemic stress in its two dimensions during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Polish pregnant women. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a total of 1119 pregnant women recruited during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland (between November 2020 and January 2021). Participants were recruited via social media to complete an online study questionnaire that included sociodemographic, obstetric, situational, and COVID-19 pandemic factors, as well as the Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress Scale (PREPS). Results: Nearly 38.5% of participants reported high Preparedness Stress; 26% reported high Perinatal Infection Stress. Multivariate analyses indicated that lack of COVID-19 diagnosis, higher compliance with safety rules and restrictions, and limited access to outdoor space were independently associated with moderate to severe levels of Infection Stress. Current emotional or psychiatric problems, nulliparity, limited access to outdoor space, and alterations to obstetric visits were independently associated with moderate to severe Preparedness Stress. Conclusion: Study findings suggest that particular attention should be focused on the groups of pregnant women who are most vulnerable to pandemic-related stress and therefore may be more prone to adverse outcomes associated with prenatal stress.
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Jurewicz, Joanna, and Dorota Kaleta. "Correlates of Poor Self-Assessed Health Status among Socially Disadvantaged Populations in Poland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041372.
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Self-assessment of health is recommended as valuable source of information about subjective health status. The present study was performed to evaluate the correlates of self-rated health status among beneficiaries of social care in Poland. This assessment could be crucial for the implementation of targeted preventive measures among this valuable population. The study population consisted of 1710 beneficiaries of social care from the Piotrkowski District. The relationship between self-rated health status and its correlates (sociodemographic, lifestyle factors, and health conditions) was examined using logistic regression, with a poor health rating as the outcome. Overall, 11% of respondents declared poor self-assessed health status. Men more often rated health status as poor (15%) as compared to women (8.5%) (p < 0.001). The odds of a poor assessment of health increased with age, being unemployed or disabled/retired (OR = 2.34 95%CI (1.34–4.19) or OR = 9.07 95%CI (3.68–22.37), respectively), and additionally with poor life satisfaction (OR = 5.14 95% CI (1.94–13.64)). Regarding lifestyle characteristics, only binge drinking was associated with poor health status assessment (OR = 12.62 95%CI (3.71–42.87)). In addition, having any illness or health problems decreased health status (OR = 4.26 95%CI (1.36–13.31)). Socially-disadvantaged populations, especially men who poorly rated their health status, still constituted a large percentage of the population, which is an important public health problem. Increasing knowledge about the correlates of health status will allow greater prevention strategies to be developed for the population.
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Kozłowski, Mateusz, Paula Gargulińska, Łukasz Ustianowski, Roksana Lewandowska, Sebastian Kwiatkowski, and Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska. "Sexuality of Women after Gynecological Surgeries." Healthcare 8, no. 4 (October 10, 2020): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040393.
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(1) Background: Disorders of sexual life negatively impact self-esteem and social relationships. This problem affects patients after gynecological surgery. Providing access to specialist sexologist care constitutes an important aspect of support for this patient group. (2) Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the sexual life of women depending on the time since surgery, extent of gynecological surgery and postoperative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. (3) Methods: The study included 136 patients from gynecological outpatient clinics in Szczecin, Poland. The women answered questions from a special three-part questionnaire. Participation was anonymous and voluntary. The data obtained in the survey were subject to statistical analysis. (4) Results: Among patients with a sparing of the cervix, most have never or almost never experienced discomfort or pain during intercourse, and believe that the quality of their sex life has not deteriorated after surgery. It was found that cervical removal, despite the existence of other conditions, increases the chance of pain during sexual activity 11 times. We found that the removal of adnexa did not increase the risk of changing sexual activity. In patients who had not undergone postoperative chemo- and/or radiotherapy, sexual activity did not change after surgery, and they never or almost never experienced discomfort or pain during intercourse. On the other hand, it was shown, despite the smaller study group, that patients treated with postoperative chemo- and/or radiotherapy did not initiate sexual intercourse. (5) Conclusion: The more extended the gynecological surgery of the uterus, the greater the limitation of sexual life.
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DROZD-LIPIŃSKA, ALICJA, EWA KLUGIER, and MAŁGORZATA KAMIŃSKA-CZAKŁOSZ. "SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES IN CHILD MORTALITY IN CENTRAL POLAND AT THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 4 (September 18, 2014): 449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000376.
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SummaryAnalyses of historical or modern populations indicate a strong relationship between mortality level and standard of living, measured, among other factors, by degree of urbanization. The aim of this study was to assess mortality rates in children of up to 5 years of age in two populations living under different conditions in central modern Poland at the end of the 19th century: the rural parish of Kowal, under Russian partition, and Toruń, an industrial and urbanized centre under Prussian partition. Data on births and deaths were taken from birth certificate registries and from the Prussian statistics yearbooks for 1876–1894. Death rates of children aged 0–5 years were calculated, and also for annual age ranges. The urban population had lower birth rates (37.19‰), natural increase rates (8.0‰), population dynamics rates (1.26‰), which provide information about the relation between two components of a natural increase, i.e. births and deaths, and an over-mortality of boys in relation to girls. In the rural population these values were all higher: 53.67‰, 18.11‰ and 1.59‰ respectively. No impact was found of social stratification on child mortality in the wide age group of 0–5 years. However, for subsequent one-year age groups significant relationships between mortality level and size and industrialization level of the population centres were noted. The living conditions of infants in Toruń, although being in a better position as an area annexed by Prussia, were markedly worse than those of rural Kowal Parish. In the urban centre infant mortality was slightly over 269 for 1000 live born, and in Kowal Parish it was 163 for 1000 live born. The high infant mortality was balanced in Toruń by the higher mortality levels of children aged 2–5 years compared with Kowal Parish. Natural selection in the city had the greatest impact on infants, who did not have the protective influence of breast-feeding because women had to return to work shortly after giving birth. The lower infant mortality of mothers in the countryside due to longer breast-feeding led to larger family sizes. In 1871–1890 in the villages the number of children per women was about 7.42, whereas in Toruń it ranged from 4.4 to 5.2. The probability of death among children who survived the first year of life was higher in the countryside than the town. In the rural parish, perhaps because of cultural factors such as breast-feeding or working practices making full-time baby-sitting possible, children who did not reach the age of 1 year were not subjected to such intensive natural selection. Overall, differences in child mortality in the two centres in 19th central Poland resulted from ecological and cultural conditions, rather than from social and economical reasons (living under different partitions).
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Greselin, Francesca, and Alina Jȩdrzejczak. "Analyzing the Gender Gap in Poland and Italy, and by Regions." International Advances in Economic Research 26, no. 4 (November 2020): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11294-020-09810-3.
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AbstractHigh-income inequality, accompanied by substantial regional differentiation, is still a great challenge for social policymakers in many European countries. One of the important elements of this phenomenon is the inequality between income distributions of men and women. Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, the distributions of income for Italy and Poland were compared, and the gender gap in these countries was assessed. No single metric can capture the full range of experiences, so a set of selected tools were adopted. The Dagum model was fitted to each distribution, summary measures, like the Gini and Zenga inequality indices, were evaluated, and the Zenga curve was employed to detect changes at each income quantile. Afterward, empirical distributions were compared through a relative approach, providing an analytic picture of the gender gap for both countries. The analysis moved beyond the typical focus on average or median earnings differences, towards a focus on how the full distribution of women’s earnings relative to men’s compares. The analysis was performed in the different macroregions of the two countries, with a discussion of the results. The study revealed that income inequality in Poland and Italy varies across gender and regions. In Italy, the highest inequality was observed in the poorest region, i.e. the islands. On the contrary, in Poland, the highest inequality occurred in the richest region, the central one. The relative distribution method was a powerful tool for studying the gender gap.
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Borysławski, Krzysztof, Karolina Szaliłow, Grzegorz Bielec, Aneta Omelan, and Robert Podstawski. "The human body’s response to the conditions in the sauna." Physical Activity Review 9, no. 2 (2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2021.09.17.
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Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 15-minute bathing session in a Finnish sauna on changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), heart rate (HR), and body mass. The effects of grouping variables (age, sex, BMI, frequency of sauna use, history of sauna use) were taken into account in the analysis. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 women (33.6±13.1) and 42 men (33.8±12.5) aged 17 to 79 participated in one 15-minute sauna session (temperature: 90-91°C; relative humidity: 14-16%) in December 2019, in the city of Wrocław, Poland. The participants’ body mass, SBP, DBP and HR were measured before and after sauna. Body height was measured only before sauna. Results: Sauna induced significant changes in the participants’ physiological parameters. Systolic blood pressure decreased (p<0.05) in both sexes, in older participants (p<0.001) regardless of their BMI, and in participants who had rarely used sauna and had used sauna for a minimum of several years. A significant decrease in DBP (p<0.001) and HR values and a significant loss of body fluids (p<0.001) was noted in both sexes regardless of age, BMI, frequency and history of sauna use. Conclusions: A 15-minute sauna session has a beneficial effect on the circulatory system and can be incorporated into cardiovascular therapies. Regular sauna use is an important factor, and optimal results can be achieved by visiting sauna several times a week.
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Szeremeta, Katarzyna, Renata Grzywacz, and Wojciech Czarny. "Functional fitness of people over 65 participating in physical activities organized by the Universities of the Third Age and Seniors’ Clubs in South-Eastern Poland." Anthropological Review 83, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2020-0030.
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Abstract The subject of the research was to assess the level of functional physical fitness of people aged 65 and over, taking into account the sex of the respondents, and to estimate the direction of changes in the functional physical fitness of the respondents as a result of participation in programmed physical activities of a University of the Third Age. The research on the level of functional physical fitness was carried out both among men and women aged 65 and over (104 men – 29% of the respondents and 251 women – 71% of the respondents), in total 355 people who are members of the Universities of the Third Age in Rzeszów, Mielec, Jasło, Zamość, and Seniors’ Clubs in Rzeszów, Stalowa Wola, Przemyśl, Krosno and Lubaczów. The Functional Senior Fitness Test by Rikli and Jones (1999) was used to objectively analyse the level of functional physical fitness in the study group. The individual tests of the Functional Senior Fitness Test give the opportunity to assess the muscle strength of the lower and upper body, flexibility in the upper and lower body areas, agility and dynamic balance as well as the aerobic endurance of the senior citizen. The research procedure assumed two studies to assess the level of functional physical fitness of people over 65 using the Functional Senior Fitness Test among seniors who are members of Universities of the Third Age participating in physical activities. Study 2 was conducted 6 months after study 1. In order to obtain reliable and credible results of individual tests and to maintain similar conditions for all participants, study 1 was conducted at the University of the Third Age at the beginning of the winter semester, and study 2 at the end of the first half of the academic year. The number of respondents was n = 86. Men showed statistically significantly higher results in muscle strength in upper and lower parts of the body and aerobic endurance, women in flexibility of upper and lower parts of the body. Regular participation in physical activities among people over 65 has a significant statistical impact on the achievement of higher results in individual motor skills. Sex significantly differentiates the level of functional physical fitness in selected age groups. A significantly higher level of functional physical fitness was presented by men in the test of muscle strength in in upper and lower parts of the body, agility and dynamic balance, and aerobic endurance, while women showed higher results in flexibility of upper and lower parts of the body. The analysis of the results of the preliminary (study 1) and repeated (study 2) functional fitness level allows us to find significant differences in the results of the Functional Senior Fitness Test. It is worth noting that the regular participation in programmed physical activities organized at U3A contributed to an improvement in individual motor skills, such as the strength of the lower and upper body and aerobic endurance.
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Piekut, Marlena. "Between Poverty and Energy Satisfaction in Polish Households Run by People Aged 60 and Older." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 6032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196032.
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The household sector contributes significantly to a country’s energy consumption. Energy carrier expenses are the highest expenditures in Polish household budgets. Households run by individuals aged 60 and older are heavily burdened with energy expenditures. The scientific aim of the research is to present and assess housing conditions, with particular emphasis on energy poverty in households run by individuals aged 60 and older. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to conduct the research objectives (cluster methods, variance methods, regression methods). This paper identifies a new index—one that has been applied to the situation in Poland. Households that consist of elderly people are strongly diversified in terms of housing conditions (including energy conditions). There are concerns that some households are not able to access energy services that are required to satisfy basic human needs, particularly individuals with low levels of education, living on social benefits, with low disposable incomes, or living in the countryside. Households represented by men aged 60 and older have better energy supply than households run by women. The older the individual representing the household, the greater the likelihood that his/her energy service needs are not met.
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Lopuszanska-Dawid, Monika. "Trends in Health Behavior of Polish Women in 1986–2021: The Importance of Socioeconomic Status." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 3964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053964.
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In the last 35 years Poland has undergone a series of fundamental economic, social, and biological transformations. With the transition from a centrally planned to a free-market economy, a period of economic and social transformation, Poland’s accession to the European Union, and the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, living conditions in the country have seen dramatic changes. The aim of this study was to assess whether there were changes in the basic health behaviors of Polish women, and if so, in what directions and with what strength, and whether there were differences in these changes depending on the socioeconomic status. Information on basic lifestyle factors (drinking alcohol, smoking, coffee drinking, and physical activity) and socioeconomic status (level of education, Gini coefficient, Gender Inequality Index, women total employment, employed women being in managerial positions, women among scientists) of 5806 women aged 40–50 years were analyzed. During the 1986–2021 period, based on the same methodology, team of technicians and research tools, six birth cohorts of women were examined in 1986, 1991, 1996, 2006, 2019 and 2021. Highly statistically significant changes were found in the frequencies of declared health behaviors from 1986–2021, according to the order of significance in coffee and alcohol consumption, physical activity levels, and smoking and smoking intensity. In subsequent cohorts, there were fewer and fewer women who did not drink coffee and alcohol, while more drank more than two cups of coffee a day and drank alcohol more often than 2× a week. Furthermore, they were more likely to be physically active, and slightly fewer were smokers. The lifestyles of the women were less likely to depend on their socio-economic status than the cohorts. In 1991 and 1996, there was a marked intensification of unhealthy behavior. Changes in the analyzed health behaviors may have been caused by adaptation to the high level of psychosocial stress observed during the transition of the 1986–2021 period and may result in changes in the biological condition and quality and length of life of Polish women. Research on social differences in health behavior provides an opportunity to analyze the biological effects of changes in the living environment.
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Musiała, Anna. "IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVE (EU) 2019/1158 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL OF 20 JUNE 2019 ON WORK-LIFE BALANCE OF PARENTS AND CARERS, REPEALING COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2010/18/EU ‒ POLISH IMPLEMENTATION." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa specjalny II, no. XXI (December 30, 2021): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6384.
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The purpose of this article is to analyse the possible effects of the implementation by the Polish legislator of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) 2019/1158 of 20 June 2019 on work-life balance of parents and carers, repealing Council Directive 2010/18 / EU. In accordance with the provisions of the recitals of the Directive, its aim is to improve the functioning of States in the field of equal opportunities on the labour market and the treatment of women and men at work because of their family and carer responsibilities. The Directive responds to the needs related to demographic changes also affecting Poland, the necessity to deepen the functioning of the principle of gender equality resulting from legal acts adopted for the community, the needs related to the professional activation of women and the fight against exclusion caused by guardianship of minors. The Directive addresses issues that are to be understood as social norms and these are mainly issues related to the concern for the sustainable development of all children and for guaranteeing stable conditions to parents and carers whose work also helps support their children.
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Michalik-Marcinkowska, Urszula, Aleksandra Kiełtyka, and Bartłomiej Buława. "The Impact of Place of Residence on the Sense of Coherence of Population Aged 60–89: Evidence from Poland." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010515.
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Place of living is one of the most important socio-demographic factors which characterizes the lives of older people. The importance of with whom and under what conditions older adults live to a large extent determines their health and standard of living. The goal of the study was to find the relationship between the place of residence and housing condition of older adults in Poland and their sense of coherence and health problems. The 29-item Antonovsky SOC questionnaire was used. In the research 303 people (76% women and 24% men) aged 60–89 were evaluated: 158 lived in their own houses/flats, while 145 resided in Daily Homes of Social Assistance (DPS). The overall result for the sense of coherence was 129.65 for older adults living in their own homes and 126.48 for these living in DPS. Statistical dependence between the place of residence and sense of manageability and meaningfulness was found. There is no dependence between gender and the overall score, nor the three components of the sense of coherence. Statistical dependence was determined in the criterion of age. A higher level of meaningfulness was observed in people aged 60–74. Taking into account the place of residents, 52% of the respondents living in their own houses/flats experience loneliness and among the people living in Daily Homes of Social Assistance, 46% experience loneliness. The type of place of residence is one of the most important personal factors affecting the sense of coherence, chronic health problems, and sense of loneliness. The last factor, especially, can adversely affect community sustainability and undermine social cohesion.
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Kempińska, Urszula, and Mykola Rudenko. "Domestic violence against women during COVID-19 pandemic. Support options." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 615, no. 10 (December 31, 2022): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2193.
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Domestic violence is a common phenomenon all over the world and in every environment, regardless of the level of education, material conditions, place of residence, race, or even religion. Historically viewed as a private issue, domestic violence is now recognized as a gender-based crime and is a significant public health problem affecting the well-being of victims, their families and communities. Numerous evidence shows that domestic and sexual violence escalate in times of disasters and pandemics. One of the main reasons for the escalation of domestic violence during the period of anomie is social isolation, economic instability, loss of income and related stress, as well as chaos and change of legislation, including the introduction of introduction of restrictions. Such periods of forced intimacy between partners extend the time they spend together and make it more difficult for victims of domestic violence to “escape” from home. The aim of the article is to present both the scale of the phenomenon of violence in a global perspective and the actions taken in selected countries, including Poland and Ukraine, for the victims of domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research focuses on the following questions: What is the scale of the phenomenon of violence during a pandemic? What measures have countries taken to support victims of violence? The article is based on the monographic method, an analysis of available scientific sources (published in English, Polish and Ukrainian) describing the diagnosed phenomenon. The article may contribute to further research and reflection on this issue, especially in the current political situation in the world (war in Ukraine), which is conducive to aggressive behaviour.
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Laskowska, Iwona. "The impact of health on professionally active people's incomes in Poland. Microeconometric analysis." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 13, no. 1-2 (October 14, 2010): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0034-3.
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In contemporary world human capital is one of the basic elements of development. In a broad understanding it means “the resource of knowledge, skills, health and stamina in the society” (Domański, 1993). Health, besides education, is one of the determinants of its quality. It determines work efficiency, physical and intellectual development, and conditions the average lifespan. It is the resource influencing the functioning of individuals, enterprises - having a connection with their competitiveness - and the whole economy. The impact of health on economic processes may be observed both on macroscale level and on the level of individuals. In the presented research an attempt was made to verify the hypothesis that the state of health is one of the factors determining professionally active people’s incomes. It was assumed, that there is a possibility of the health state impact on decreasing incomes, not only on their complete loss. In the analysis the micro data gathered in the research “Social Diagnosis 2009” were used. The function was estimated basing on Mincerian wage equation with the logarithm of personal income as a dependent variable and respondents characteristics (gender, work experience, practiced profession) as independent variables. Above all, however, variables connected with respondents health were included in the model. The outcome of the research confirms the occurrence of positive interaction between professionally active people’s incomes and the self-assessed state of health. People declaring a bad state of health have incomes by 20% on average lower than people who enjoy good health (assuming that the remaining characteristics of the surveyed person are the same). In case of men, the impact of health state on incomes is slightly greater than in case of women.
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Ilczak, Tomasz, Małgorzata Rak, Kacper Sumera, Carl Robert Christiansen, Esther Navarro-Illana, Pasi Alanen, Juha Jormakka, et al. "Differences in Perceived Occupational Stress by Demographic Characteristics, of European Emergency Medical Services Personnel during the COVID-19 Virus Pandemic—An International Study." Healthcare 9, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111582.
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Objectives: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought commercial, social, and economic consequences in every country that has experienced substantial SARS-CoV-2 infection rates. The complete change in the environment that took place due to the outbreak of the pandemic can lead to stressful situations, especially among healthcare personnel. Material and methods: The research were conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic between the 27 March 2020 and the 20 April 2020. The research included 1984 employees of emergency medical systems in seven European countries. An internet-based questionnaire format was adopted for the study (ΩMc-Donald > 0.7). Results: The highest level of stress was experienced by personnel in the United Kingdom M = 4.03, and the lowest by Norwegian employees M = 2.89. High levels of stress were also experienced by nurses from Spain and Poland. Women actively working in the healthcare system during the pandemic experienced higher stress levels than men. Conclusions: Women working in European emergency medical systems are more vulnerable to work-related stress, while carrying out emergency medical procedures during the pandemic. Differences in the level of stress experienced while carrying out duties in pre-hospital conditions were only found among Spanish emergency medical system personnel.
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Rynkiewicz, Agnieszka, Izabela Łucka, Gabriela Grylowska, Magdalena Szura, and Katarzyna Plata-Nazar. "The future of telehealth for patients with autism spectrum disorder based on the example of Extension for Community Health Outcomes (ECHO) Autism – a global model introduced in Poland." Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 22, no. 2 (September 20, 2022): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2022.0014.
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Autism spectrum disorders are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with deficits in social, communication and behavioural functions. It is estimated that 1–2% of the global population is affected by autism spectrum disorders, with girls and women still representing a highly underestimated group of autistic patients. Patients with autism spectrum disorder require comprehensive care and often have difficulty accessing high-quality healthcare services due to the shortage of well-trained specialists. Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) Autism is a global program that allows autism spectrum disorder experts to share their knowledge and skills with professionals in local communities. The ECHO project is a mentoring model in which an interdisciplinary team of experts plays a supreme role and provides practical information to specialists in local communities. ECHO Autism is not a form of telemedicine but a telementoring model, where specialised knowledge is delivered to local specialists. Experts teach how to investigate and diagnose autism spectrum disorder as well as how to deal with co-occurring conditions in these patients. ECHO Autism is useful in meeting the complex needs of patients with autism spectrum disorders from their childhood to late adulthood. It provides the best possible care for these patients and their families, expands practical knowledge and awareness of the disorder, while reducing the inequalities that often occur in rural and neglected communities. The ECHO Autism model is disseminated globally due to its flexibility in adapting to local and regional differences in social norms and constructs. The model is now for the first time introduced in the field of medicine in Europe, with Poland being the first country to adopt it. The aim of this paper is to briefly present the ECHO Autism model and to announce its development in Poland.
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Fialová, Kamila, and Martina Mysíková. "Intra-household distribution of resources and income poverty and inequality in Visegrád countries." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 914–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2020-0671.
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PurposeThe authors aim to demonstrate the impact of allowing for unequal intra-household distribution of resources on income poverty and income inequality.Design/methodology/approachThe paper applies a collective consumption model to study the intra-household distribution of resources in Visegrád countries (V4). It utilises subjective financial satisfaction as a proxy for indirect utility from individual consumption to estimate the indifference scales within couples instead of the traditional equivalence scale. The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2013 and 2018 data are applied.FindingsThis study’s results indicate substantial economies of scale from living in a couple that are generally higher than implied by the commonly applied equivalence scale. The sharing rule estimates suggest that at the mean of distribution factors, women receive a consumption share between 0.4 and 0.6; however, some of the results are close to an equal sharing of 0.5. The female consumption share rises with her contribution to household income. Regarding income poverty and inequality, the authors show that both these measures might be underestimated in the traditional approach to equal sharing of resources.Originality/valueThe authors add to the empirics by estimating indifference scales for Czechia (CZ), Hungary (HU), Poland (PL) and Slovakia (SK), countries that have not been involved in previous research.
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Jusko, P., K. Kaczmarek, and R. Sivok. "Experiencing Loneliness by Seniors during the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Example of Poland and Slovakia." Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22359/cswhi_12_3_13.
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Loneliness - a subjective, emotional state of feeling social isolation and being cut off from others. It comes and goes when life situation changes. In the case of chronic loneliness, it is experienced no matter what the circumstances. Loneliness functions in the temporal (time) dimension: it can be continuous, but it can also occur temporarily. The feeling of loneliness occurs in situations where the emotional bond is broken or in the case of isolation. The aim of this article is to address the problem of seniors' loneliness which is caused by the limitations of the Covid-19 pandemic. The participants of the study are seniors living in Poland and Slovakia. Research conducted in Poland, with two elderly women over 70, living in a small fishing village in the north of the country, shows that they experience unpleasant states of loneliness despite having adequate relationships with other people. As observations show, the increase in loneliness is caused by conditions that require the observance of precautionary measures related to the pandemic and restrictions on socializing and conducting classes in senior clubs. The above factors result in shallowing interpersonal interactions; weakening interpersonal relations; contribute to more superficial contacts mainly by telephone. Seniors who are in care at the Retirement Home and Nursing Home in Slovakia also admit to feeling lonely, though not directly. From the conversation, however, it can be concluded that this condition does not result directly from pandemic limitations, but rather from too little contact with loved ones. The presence of other residents and staff, contact with people, meals, activities and conversations significantly fill the time during the day. The study was aimed at checking the facts of loneliness faced by seniors living in Slovakia and Poland as well as providing information about their views on their situation. The aim of the study is also to indicate the direction that will be helpful in combating and preventing such a pejorative phenomenon as loneliness. The research was conducted in the form of an interview. In order for the quality of the interviews to be as high as possible, the respondents were selected from various backgrounds. In Poland, there were two single women, aged over 70, living in a tiny fishing village; in Slovakia they were clients of the Retirement Home and the Nursing Home in Rimavska Sobota. The authors of the texts on the situation in Poland and Slovakia would like to add that the respondents waited with interest for contact from the authors of the publication; were happy that they could speak; that there were people who were interested in their problems. The researchers tried to comprehensively present the analysis of the obtained data, situations and statements of the respondents and, using the bricollage technique, to interpret it in detail. The most important issues raised in the interviews were additionally summarized in the conclusions.
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Szuster, Ewa, Paulina Kostrzewska, Anna Pawlikowska, Amanda Mandera, Małgorzata Biernikiewicz, Małgorzata Sobieszczańska, Krystyna Rożek-Piechura, Grażyna Jarząbek-Bielecka, Agnieszka Rusiecka, and Dariusz Kałka. "Depressive and Sexual Disorders during the First and Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic among Young Polish Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031887.
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We investigated whether long-term social restrictions and COVID-19 exposure have different impacts on the mental and sexual health of Polish women compared to the effects experienced at the beginning of the pandemic. An online survey was conducted among Polish women via Facebook groups. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) scores were compared for the first wave (April–May 2020) and the second wave (November 2020 to February 2021) of the pandemic. We enrolled 1644 participants (mean age 25.11 ± 7.09 years) during the first wave and 720 participants (mean age 23.23 ± 5.34 years) during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Significant differences were observed in libido levels and frequency of sexual activity before and during the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (both p < 0.001). The percentage of participants under psychiatric or psychological care increased from 6.5% to 14.44% and those who were anxious about the health conditions of loved ones increased from 57.5% to 65.14%. BDI scores increased significantly from 11 (IQR 5–18) to 12 (IQR 7–20). The change in the FSFI score was not significant (27.01 ± 7.61 vs. 26.38 ± 7.76). The COVID-19 pandemic affected various aspects of human life, including sexual life. The data obtained during the first and the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland showed that female sexual dysfunction did not differ, but depressive symptoms and fear intensified.
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Foryś, Iwona. "The perspective of coworking offices in the context of the small business development." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022134.
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Abstract Basing on the experience of countries where coworking is developing dynamically, the study assesses the development prospects of coworking in Poland. It identified the opportunities and threats as well as strengths and weaknesses of this form of approaching office space in the conditions of the Polish real estate market. SWOT analysis is used as a methodology to capture the advantages of new concept of business office. To this end, statistical and econometric tools were used. The study revealed strong entrepreneurs' attachment to the ownership of office buildings used for their own purposes and the correlation between the number of coworking facilities and the number of small companies, especially in the service sector. The advantages and disadvantages of coworking offices were also pointed out, in the context of the expectations of modern lessees. The opinions of women and men about the features typical of coworking offices vary considerably, which also may be a subject for further research. The existing surveys from the local market were also referred to, which may serve as a premise for further studies. This requires a global research to capture the change and its implication on real estate market in Poland and its impact on office market. The study recommendation is to celebrate and entrepreneurial activity and introduce entrepreneurial studies at schools to influence a positive change. Research indicates that the working culture is changing, which are reflected in the use of office space, and that after a period of social distancing the approach to shaping social relationships within office work will change as well. The research might therefore assist in revealing further “understanding” forms of interactions and mechanisms of decisions about best form of office space. The study findings fill the research gap in the field of office space sharing. They are also an important indication for potential investors who are looking for new investment areas in the times of pandemic. Moreover, the analyses results will allow lessees of traditional office space to consider alternative solutions for the future while seeking to improve their business situation after restrictions imposed in 2020. In this study, has enabled new insights into the coworking office and social role this form of work, which capture the behavioral and cultural factors.
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Czepczor-Bernat, Kamila, Viren Swami, Adriana Modrzejewska, and Justyna Modrzejewska. "COVID-19-Related Stress and Anxiety, Body Mass Index, Eating Disorder Symptomatology, and Body Image in Women from Poland: A Cluster Analysis Approach." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041384.
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To limit the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), many countries have introduced mandated lockdown or social distancing measures. Although these measures may be successful against COVID-19 transmission, the pandemic and attendant restrictions are a source of chronic and severe stress and anxiety which may contribute to the emergence or worsening of symptoms of eating disorders and the development of negative body image. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to: (1) classify different conditions associated with COVID-19-related stress, COVID-19-related anxiety, and weight status; and (2) analyze and compare the severity of dimensions typically related to eating disorders symptomatology and body image in individuals with different COVID-19-related stress, COVID-19-related anxiety, and weight status. Polish women (N = 671, Mage = 32.50 ± 11.38) completed measures of COVID-19-related stress and anxiety along with body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and bulimia symptomatology subscales of the Eating Disorders Inventory, and the appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, and body areas satisfaction subscales of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. The following four clusters were identified through cluster analysis: (a) Cluster 1 (N = 269), healthy body weight and low COVID-related stress (M = 3.06) and anxiety (M = 2.96); (b) Cluster 2 (N = 154), healthy body weight and high COVID-related stress (M = 5.43) and anxiety (M = 5.29); (c) Cluster 3 (N = 127), excess body weight and high COVID-related stress (M = 5.23) and anxiety (M = 5.35); (d) Cluster 4 (N = 121), excess body weight and low COVID-related stress (M = 2.69) and anxiety (M = 2.83). Our results showed that Clusters 3 and 4 had significantly greater body dissatisfaction and lower appearance evaluation and body areas satisfaction than Clusters 1 and 2. Cluster 3 also had a significantly higher level of drive for thinness, bulimia, and overweight preoccupation than Clusters 1 and 2. These preliminary findings may mean that the COVID-19 pandemic and attendant anxiety and stress caused by the pandemic are exacerbating symptoms of eating disorders and negative body image, with women with excess weight particularly at risk.
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Goniewicz, Krzysztof, Patrycja Misztal-Okońska, Patryk Rzońca, Klaudia Lulek, Kamil Bednarz, and Mariusz Goniewicz. "Analysis of the effectiveness concerning initiatives for pedestrians’ safety on roads: a questionnaire survey." Polish Journal of Public Health 127, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjph-2017-0035.
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Abstract Introduction. One of the most important issues and challenges of public safety policy in highly developed countries is the problem of ensuring road safety, along with dealing with health and material losses resulted from accidents. Unfortunately, Poland, in comparison to other EU countries, has one of the worst statistics regarding accidents and mortality ratios, therefore it is essential to undertake long-term actions aimed at improving road safety, as well as educating drivers and pedestrians. Aim. The purpose of this study is to analyse the problem and to investigate whether traffic safety campaigns are effective, and if they reach young audience. Material and methods. The research was conducted in the first quarter of 2018 among the students of Faculty of Health Sciences of the Medical University of Lublin. The study method applied was a diagnostic survey, and the tool was an original questionnaire. The participation was voluntary and anonymous. The obtained results were the subject of later statistical analysis. As many as 153 young respondents aged between 18 and 25 were tested, out of whom 73.68% were women and 26.32% were men. Results. Over half of the surveyed (56.3%) declared walking as the main form of participation in traffic, and 25.9% of the surveyed used public transport. The most numerous group of the examined (34.21%) thought that the Polish roads were rather unsafe. As the reasons for the low safety on the Polish roads the respondents identified: bad condition of the roads (69.1%), drivers’ recklessness (67.1%), and maladjustment of the driving style to weather conditions (60.5%). All respondents have encountered campaigns concerning road safety, however not too often (56.58% less than once a month). The surveyed encountered these social campaigns on TV (88.2%), on the Internet (54.6%), and on billboards (23.7%). Conclusion. Promotional campaigns concerning road safety have a greater impact on women. In the examined group, around 67% of women changed their behaviour as a result of the campaigns, and only 42.5% of men. Social campaign which was best remembered, and had the biggest influence on the respondents (50.3%) was „Say STOP to reckless driver you love”.
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Imideeva, Irina V. "EMPLOYMENT OF MONGOLIAN CITIZENS IN OUTSIDE COUNTRIES: STATUS AND REASONS." Today and Tomorrow of Russian Economy, no. 105-106 (2021): 38–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/1993-4947-2021-105-106-04.
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This article examines the processes of emigration of Mongolian citizens and their problems, including during a pandemic. Research and analysis were carried out in relation to the choice of the country of permanent or temporary residence, gender and age ratio, reasons for emigration, and living conditions. Today the trend is as follows, including during a pandemic, thousands of people move from one country to another and from one region to another, changing cities and places of residence for the sake of well-being, decent wages, in search of better living conditions. However, personal safety, the safety of families and children began to be felt more during the pandemic, this became the reason for the majority of citizens to return home. It has been 20 years since Mongolian citizens began to freely move around the world, for example, according to official data, at the end of 2020, more than 101 thousand Mongolians live and work abroad, one third of which are in South Korea. In the years before the pandemic, the number of Mongols living and working in other countries grew steadily, but due to a number of reasons, including the pandemic, some citizens began to return to their homeland. For example, on the part of employers, there are violations of labor contracts, living conditions, etc. The government of Mongolia has taken a number of measures to return its citizens to their homeland. So, to date, this figure is more than 40 thousand people, leaving work, study, treatment, residence abroad. In this regard, the subject of this research is the study of the emigration process of Mongolian citizens in the context of past periods. The purpose of studying this direction is to study and identify the main difficulties and problems of the emigration process over a twenty-year period and present a comprehensive analysis. Thus, the relevance of this study is to study and clarify the nature of the reasons for the departure of Mongolian citizens from the country. The study and analysis of the emigration of the population has been facilitated to this day by various reasons, such as environmental, political, economic, social, cultural and others. The methodological part of the study included the use of sampling methods, the use of methods for collecting and analyzing data, as well as empirical research. The study of the number of emigrating citizens was carried out in the period from 2010 to 2020, the data of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia, the official population census and the property fund of the country were compared. Depending on the country of residence, the largest number of people study in India, China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Japan, Germany and Ireland, and leave for permanent residence in Poland, Great Britain and the USA. In countries such as South Korea, the Czech Republic and Hungary, they work more under contracts. Turkey, South Korea, Sweden, Czech Republic, Switzerland and Poland are chosen as self-employment. The studied population group was studied in relation to travel purposes, including: training, permanent residence, contract work, work on a business trip, self-employment, living with family members, etc. The largest number of respondents leave for study, in 2020 their number was 35.8 percent, in second place is self-employment. In terms of the ratio of men and women living abroad, 80 percent are women. Due to the lack of a complete information field, a system for the movement of Mongolian citizens, it is difficult to determine the complete provision on international migration and their employment. There is no assessment of international migration and its situation in general. There is a very general number of different sources on labor migration, where only the total number of Mongols living and working abroad is indicated. Thus, a more transparent system is needed for the formal collection of information on external labor migration, and these are the tasks of emigration, including information on working and living conditions, problems, difficulties and consequences of migration, using them to analyze and develop further political regulation. Thus, we will determine the economic, social, environmental, political and social goals of the emigration outflow of the population. It is worth paying attention to the official and complete collection of data in this area. As suggestions and recommendations, it is necessary to establish an official information base for the governing bodies regarding the international migration of Mongolian citizens.
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Gerlach, Iryna, and Olha Ryndzak. "Ukrainian Migration Crisis Caused by the War." Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs 26, no. 2 (July 26, 2022): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.2.2022.2.
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The open Russian military invasion of Ukraine supported by Belarus launched in February 2022 has changed the usual state of affairs and caused the economic, humanitarian, and migration crises. Several millions of Ukrainian people had to move to safer regions of the country, and a significant share of them (mostly women, children, and elderly people) have left abroad in search of safer living conditions, which has become the worst migration crisis since the World War II. Many Ukrainian citizens have been forced to move to Russia. Poland hosts the largest number of Ukrainian citizens among the EU countries (about 60% of all refugees), much less left for Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and Germany. Almost every European country helps Ukraine in some way or another, hosting its residents and providing asylum. The aim of this article is to investigate the tendencies and changes of forced migration in Ukraine in the conditions of war. The collective protection of displaced persons allows immediate assistance to many people in conditions of emergencies and reduces pressure on the system of asylum provision authorities. This decision provides the right to Ukrainians to live, work, and receive assistance in the EU countries avoiding the lingering process of asylum application submission and long waiting for the respective decision. The article highlights the comparison of standards for providing temporary protection of displaced persons in the EU countries that have accepted most of them. Certainly, the situation with the mass movement of people or leaving abroad will have negative consequences for Ukraine. The return of forcibly displaced from Ukraine will depend on what way of legal stay abroad they choose (status of “forced” tourist, refugee, or temporary protection). Moreover, the duration of hostilities and effi ciency and complexity of actions taken by state and local authorities to implement economic and social reforms will have much effect. The article offers various development scenarios for Ukraine and ways and incentives for returning Ukrainian citizens to their Motherland.
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Wasilczuk, Julita, and Oleh Karyy. "Youth attitude to entrepreneurship in Eastern and Central European countries: Gender aspect." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 3 (July 19, 2022): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(3).2022.07.
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Current business conditions pose new challenges to youth entrepreneurship, which is a significant component of countries’ economic growth. In addition, Generation Z differs from previous generations and requires new approaches. In this context, a comprehensive study of the peculiarities and various aspects of youth entrepreneurship development is highly-demanded and relevant. Furthermore, the lower representation of women among entrepreneurs prompts the study to seek answers about the causes of this phenomenon.This study aims to investigate the gender aspect of young people’s attitude (students who just started their university education) from Eastern and Central European countries to entrepreneurship. Notably, their entrepreneurial intentions, attitudes toward entrepreneurship, perceived threats of setting up the business, and determination to start/run a family business compared to working for a big corporation, from a gender perspective, are worth investigating. The study employed the survey with structured printed questionnaires spread in campuses among 3,636 first-year (bachelor) students of technical universities in Ukraine, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria. The results show that male students are more determined to set up firms; however, the difference compared to the females is only 3.3%. No gender differences were observed in the vision of the attractiveness of running own business or in the perception of threats in running a business. Students of both genders do not suppose that working in a corporation is more attractive than a family business. Nevertheless, respondents of both genders gave the maximum score for the statement that corporations provide more excellent opportunities to develop competencies.
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Siemienska, Renata. "Women and social movements in Poland." Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 6, no. 4 (1986): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1554477x.1986.9970468.
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Suprun, Mikhail N., and Alena I. Gerasimova. "Poles in the Arkhangelsk exile during the Second World War (a case study of the special settlements of Uima and Koskovo)." Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 5, no. 4 (2021): 1294–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2021-5-4-6.
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After the outbreak of the Second World War, the eastern territories of Poland were occupied by the Soviet troops (and the new Soviet-Polish border was removed far to the West). Almost 320 thousand Polish citizens who resided in these territories were arrested and sent to the camps and special settlements in the remote regions of the USSR. Of them, almost 58 thousand people were deported to Arkhangelsk Oblast. Based on the materials of two special settlements of Primorsky Raion of Arkhangelsk Oblast, this article considers the process of deportation of Polish citizens, the conditions of their accommodation and labor, their legal status, and repatriation. The authors made an attempt to identify social groups, establish the sex and age composition of the deportees, describe the process of their adaptation to the new conditions and labor efficiency, and point out the peculiarities of the application of amnesty and repatriation. According to the results of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that the conditions in the special settlements under study were such that the death rate among Polish settlers there in the first winter was almost 10% despite the territorial proximity of these settlements to the regional center. Of the survivors, only 20% of working-age men could be involved in the work in the forest. The rest of the exiles consisted of women and children, more than half of whom (47%) were children under the age of 14. In violation of the law, another 15–20% of this number could be sent to work, but in any case, the labor efficiency of such workers was minimal. The situation was aggravated by the lack of normal working and living conditions, which entailed high disease incidence and, as a result, absence from work. Such a contingent became burdensome for logging enterprises. Even with the lowest wages, special settlers’ labor was unprofitable. Meanwhile, even after the 1941 amnesty, the authorities did everything they could to keep the special settlers in the USSR. The authors explain this fact by an attempt to make Polish citizens hostages in resolving the “Polish issue,” i.e. recognition of the new Soviet-Polish border by the West and the Polish Government-in-Exile in London. As soon as an agreement with the allies on the western border of the USSR was reached and the special settlers got an opportunity to leave the USSR, there was no single Polish citizen who wanted to stay in the Soviet Union, and all of them hastened to leave for their homeland.
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Kola, Anna Maria. "SUICIDES IN POLAND AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM AND SOCIAL PHENOMENON." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (May 26, 2016): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol3.1452.
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According to police statistics in 2013 in Poland there has been a sharp increase in the number of suicides among men, compared to previous years and to the number of suicides among women. Unfortunately, this trend continues to grow each year. Hence the idea of the article is to present problem and to shed some light on the phenomenon and try to characterise it, referencing the statistics and academic studies of suicides.
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Wiktorowicz, Justyna. "Professional deactivation in Poland." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 60, no. 4 (April 28, 2015): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0852.
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A longer working life is one of the major objectives pursued by social policy developed in Poland and other European countries. A considerable, even though decreasing, proportion of older adults takes advantage of early retirement or special solutions that allow them to retire much earlier than the mandatory retirement age. As a result, every third Pole aged 45–69 years is retired. The purpose of the article is to analyse the scale and extent of economic inactivity among men and women aged 45–69 years and its determinants. The article is mainly based on the results of a Poland-wide study the “Diagnosis of Current Situation of Women and Men Aged 50+ on the Labour Market in Poland” financed from the Operational Programme Human Capital.
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Mazur, Rafał, Sebastian Masternak, Michał Pająk, Nikodem Skoczeń, Ewelina Soroka, and Marcin Olajossy. "Can the use of varenicline improve the efficacy of pharmacotherapy for nicotine addiction?" Current Problems of Psychiatry 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2019-0002.
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Abstract Introduction: Smoking is a huge medical and social problem in Poland, with as many as about 24% of Poles being addicted to nicotine. Approximately 6 million people worldwide die every year from conditions that are closely related to tobacco addiction, such as cancer and cardiovascular, metabolic or lung diseases. The difficulty in combatting nicotine dependence is largely due to the complex mechanism of this addiction. The motivation of a patient to quit smoking is of great importance in the difficult withdrawal process. Strengthening this motivation is one of the most important tasks of physicians and addiction therapists. Overview of literature: Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has been the most widely known way to break away from smoking addiction for many years now. It involves delivering nicotine to the body in ways that are less harmful than through tobacco smoke. As a consequence, the cravings for nicotine are reduced, making it easier for the patient to break with the addiction. Clinical trials have shown that the use of NRT is associated with a 50-70% increased chance of maintaining abstinence from smoking compared to placebo. There are many NRT products, including nicotine chewing gum, nicotine patches, lozenges, dissolvable nicotine sticks, or inhalers. Bupropion is a selective dopamine–noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. This drug is one of the most commonly used in the pharmacotherapy of depression in the United States. At the same time, it has been found to have a positive effect on people trying to break up with the habit of smoking cigarettes. The mechanism of action remains unknown in this case, but studies clearly indicate the efficacy of bupropion, which is comparable to the efficacy of NRT. Varenicline is a partial agonist selective for α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It has a higher affinity for these receptors than nicotine. By stimulating them, it causes an increase in dopamine secretion (but to a lesser extent than cigarette smoking), helping in this way ease withdrawal symptoms. Conclusions: Varenicline has higher efficacy than bupropion and NRTs. Simultaneous use of two NRT forms increases the effectiveness of this method to a level comparable to varenicline. Contrary to previous reports, it seems that varenicline does not increase self-aggressive behaviour and the risk of suicide. The effectiveness of antinicotinic drugs depends on the sex of the patient. For both sexes, the most effective drug is varenicline. It is slightly more effective in women than in men. By contrast, NRT and bupropion show greater therapeutic potential in men.
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Jankowska, Katarzyna, and Piotr A. Woźniak. "Hormonal conditions of postpartum depression." Wiedza Medyczna 2, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36553/wm.62.
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The sudden drop in the level of postpartum certain hormones, especially estrogens and progesterone, promotes mood disorders. Some women may have severe symptoms of postpartum depression, that need timely diagnosis and proper treatment. Women with premenstrual syndrome symptoms are particularly at risk of depression.
To prevent the dangerous consequences of unrecognized postpartum depression, a requirement was introduced in 2019 in Poland for gynecologists to interview pregnant women and to exclude the occurrence of depression in the postpartum period.
The aim of the study is to present the hormonal determinants of postpartum depression with particular attention to risk factors.
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ŁĄCKA, IRENA. "SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN RURAL AREAS IN POLAND." sj-economics scientific journal 27, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v27i4.86.
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The article discusses the problem of social exclusion in rural areas in Poland as well as theuse of social entrepreneurship to limit it. The purposes of this paper is to present theoretical aspects ofsocial and economic exclusion (especially in the countryside) as well as social entrepreneurship.In addition, the study discusses the socio-economic situation in rural areas of WestPomerania and social cooperatives operating there. The article also presents the conditions for theircreation and an example of such an enterprise in the Choszczno powiat. While working on theresearch problem, national and foreign literature as well as public statistics data were used. Amongthe applied research methods are: literature study, comparative analysis and descriptive method.
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Organiściak-Krzykowska, Anna, and Marek Piotrowski. "Conditions and Scale of Foreigners' Employment in Poland." Olsztyn Economic Journal 10, no. 3 (November 30, 2015): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3148.
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Free movement of production factors is one of the main conditions of effective economy. This applies to capital as well as knowledge and labour. However, an influx of foreigners to the given country may lead to consequences which are compatible or incompatible with its economic and social interests. These consequences depend on the specific situation of the given country in various areas connected with the state of labour resources, economic trends and strategy, or the situation on the labour market. The principal aim of the present article is to provide an insight into the rules for offering jobs to foreigners in Poland and to describe the phenomenon of their employment based on the data aggregated by the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. On the basis of the research conducted, a systematic increase in foreigners' employment in Poland could be observed in recent years (particularly as a part of the so-called simplified procedure applied to short-term employment). The largest group of foreigners are Ukrainians, who work mainly in agriculture, forestry, fishery, hunting, construction, retail and in household employing workers.
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Lipczik, Agata. "Making a Name in a Male-dominated Industry: Women Jewelers in Poland Before 1939." Załącznik Kulturoznawczy, no. 9 (2022): 803–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zk.2022.9.40.
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The article aims to present the opportunities for women’s professional development in the jewelry industry in prewar Poland. By analyzing the biographies of selected women jewelers who trained in the 1930s, the career paths available at that time were indicated. The article also tries to answer the question of how the conditions in which the jewelry industry in Poland operated at that time influenced the situation of women entering the profession. It can serve as a reference point for further research on the presence of women in jewelry in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe.
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Krymkowski, Daniel H., and Henryk Domaáski. "Social change and status attainment among men and women in contemporary Poland." Social Science Information 36, no. 4 (December 1997): 641–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901897036004004.
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This paper tests hypotheses concerning the relationship between social change and occupational and earnings attainment among men and women in contemporary Poland. Utilizing national-level survey data from 1982, 1987, and 1991—3, we examine the effects of social background, educational attainment, and work experience on occupational prestige and earnings. Findings from regression and multilevel models reveal complex patterns of stability and change over time, and a number of interesting results emerge. Most significantly, the effect of years of education on both earnings and occupational prestige was fairly stable before 1989, but has been increasing — concurrently with the rise in the share of the private sector — since the end of state socialism. This increase occurred only among workers outside the service sector of the economy, however. In addition, the results for men and women are highly similar.