Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Women painters'

Thesis (D.C.A.)--University of Western Sydney, 2008.
A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, School of Communication Arts, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Creative Arts. Includes bibliographical references.

Grace Crowley was one of the leading innovators of geometric abstraction in Australia. When she returned to Australia in 1930 she had thoroughly mastered the complex mathematics and geometry of the golden section and dynamic symmetry that had become one of the frameworks for modernism. Crowley, Anne Dangar and Dorrit Black all studied under the foremost teacher of modernism in Paris, André Lhote. Crowley not only taught the golden section and dynamic symmetry to Rah Fizelle, Ralph Balson and students of the Crowley-Fizelle Art School, but used it to develop her own abstract art during the 1940s and 1950s, well in advance of the arrival of colour-field painting to Australia in the 1960s. Through her teaching at the most progressive modern art school in Sydney in the 1930s Crowley taught the basic compositional techniques as she had learnt them from Lhote. When the art school closed in 1937 she worked in partnership with fellow artist, Ralph Balson as they developed their art into constructive, abstract paintings. Balson has been credited with being the most influential painter in the development of geometric abstraction in Australia for a younger generation of artists. This is largely due to Crowley’s insistence that Balson was the major innovator who led her into abstraction. She consistently refused to take credit for her own role in their artistic partnership. My research indicates that there were a number of factors that strongly influenced Crowley to support Balson and deny her own role. Her archives contain sensitive records of the breakup of her partnership with Rah Fizelle and the closure of the Crowley-Fizelle Art School. These, and other archival material, indicate that Fizelle’s inability to master and teach the golden section and dynamic symmetry, and Crowley’s greater popularity as a teacher, was the real cause of the closure of the School. Crowley left notes in her Archives that she still felt deeply distressed, even forty years after the events, and did not wish the circumstances of the closure known in her lifetime. With the closure of the Art School and her close friend Dangar living in France, her friendship with Balson offered a way forward. This thesis argues that Crowley chose to conceal her considerable mathematical and geometric ability, rather than risk losing another friend and artistic partner in a similar way to the breakup of the partnership with Fizelle. With the death of her father in this period, she needed to spend much time caring for her mother and that left her little time for painting. She later also said she felt that a man had a better chance of gaining acceptance as an artist, but it is equally true that, without Dangar, she had no-one to give her support or encourage her as an artist. By supporting Balson she was able to provide him with a place to work in her studio and had a friend with whom she could share her own passion for art, as she had done with Dangar. During her long friendship with Balson, she painted with him and gave him opportunities to develop his talents, which he could not have accessed without her. She taught him, by discreet practical demonstration the principles she had learnt from Lhote about composition. He had only attended the sketch club associated with the Crowley- Fizelle Art School. Together they discussed and planned their paintings from the late 1930s and worked together on abstract paintings until the mid-1950s when, in his retirement from house-painting, she provided him with a quiet, secluded place in which to paint and experiment with new techniques. With her own artistic contacts in France, she gained him international recognition as an abstract painter and his own solo exhibition in a leading Paris art gallery. After his death in 1964, she continued to promote his art to curators and researchers, recording his life and art for posterity. The artist with whom she studied modernism in Paris, Anne Dangar, also received her lifelong support and promotion. In the last decade of her life Crowley provided detailed information to curators and art historians on the lives of both her friends, Dangar and Balson, meticulously keeping accurate records of theirs and her own life devoted to art. In her latter years she arranged to deposit these records in public institutions, thus becoming a contributor to Australian art history. As a result of this foresight, the stories of both her friends, Balson and Dangar, have since become a record of Australian art history. (PLEASE NOTE: Some illustrations in this thesis have been removed due to copyright restrictions, but may be consulted in the print version held in the Fisher Library, University of Sydney. APPENDIX 1 gratefully supplied from the Grace Crowley Archives, Art Gallery of New South Wales Research Library)

Master of Philosophy
Grace Crowley was one of the leading innovators of geometric abstraction in Australia. When she returned to Australia in 1930 she had thoroughly mastered the complex mathematics and geometry of the golden section and dynamic symmetry that had become one of the frameworks for modernism. Crowley, Anne Dangar and Dorrit Black all studied under the foremost teacher of modernism in Paris, André Lhote. Crowley not only taught the golden section and dynamic symmetry to Rah Fizelle, Ralph Balson and students of the Crowley-Fizelle Art School, but used it to develop her own abstract art during the 1940s and 1950s, well in advance of the arrival of colour-field painting to Australia in the 1960s. Through her teaching at the most progressive modern art school in Sydney in the 1930s Crowley taught the basic compositional techniques as she had learnt them from Lhote. When the art school closed in 1937 she worked in partnership with fellow artist, Ralph Balson as they developed their art into constructive, abstract paintings. Balson has been credited with being the most influential painter in the development of geometric abstraction in Australia for a younger generation of artists. This is largely due to Crowley’s insistence that Balson was the major innovator who led her into abstraction. She consistently refused to take credit for her own role in their artistic partnership. My research indicates that there were a number of factors that strongly influenced Crowley to support Balson and deny her own role. Her archives contain sensitive records of the breakup of her partnership with Rah Fizelle and the closure of the Crowley-Fizelle Art School. These, and other archival material, indicate that Fizelle’s inability to master and teach the golden section and dynamic symmetry, and Crowley’s greater popularity as a teacher, was the real cause of the closure of the School. Crowley left notes in her Archives that she still felt deeply distressed, even forty years after the events, and did not wish the circumstances of the closure known in her lifetime. With the closure of the Art School and her close friend Dangar living in France, her friendship with Balson offered a way forward. This thesis argues that Crowley chose to conceal her considerable mathematical and geometric ability, rather than risk losing another friend and artistic partner in a similar way to the breakup of the partnership with Fizelle. With the death of her father in this period, she needed to spend much time caring for her mother and that left her little time for painting. She later also said she felt that a man had a better chance of gaining acceptance as an artist, but it is equally true that, without Dangar, she had no-one to give her support or encourage her as an artist. By supporting Balson she was able to provide him with a place to work in her studio and had a friend with whom she could share her own passion for art, as she had done with Dangar. During her long friendship with Balson, she painted with him and gave him opportunities to develop his talents, which he could not have accessed without her. She taught him, by discreet practical demonstration the principles she had learnt from Lhote about composition. He had only attended the sketch club associated with the Crowley- Fizelle Art School. Together they discussed and planned their paintings from the late 1930s and worked together on abstract paintings until the mid-1950s when, in his retirement from house-painting, she provided him with a quiet, secluded place in which to paint and experiment with new techniques. With her own artistic contacts in France, she gained him international recognition as an abstract painter and his own solo exhibition in a leading Paris art gallery. After his death in 1964, she continued to promote his art to curators and researchers, recording his life and art for posterity. The artist with whom she studied modernism in Paris, Anne Dangar, also received her lifelong support and promotion. In the last decade of her life Crowley provided detailed information to curators and art historians on the lives of both her friends, Dangar and Balson, meticulously keeping accurate records of theirs and her own life devoted to art. In her latter years she arranged to deposit these records in public institutions, thus becoming a contributor to Australian art history. As a result of this foresight, the stories of both her friends, Balson and Dangar, have since become a record of Australian art history. (PLEASE NOTE: Some illustrations in this thesis have been removed due to copyright restrictions, but may be consulted in the print version held in the Fisher Library, University of Sydney. APPENDIX 1 gratefully supplied from the Grace Crowley Archives, Art Gallery of New South Wales Research Library)

Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2010.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Apr. 28, 2010). Advisor: Fred Smith. Keywords: Uli; Igbo; Nigeria; body painting; wall painting; Nsukka; traditional women painters. Includes bibliographical references (p.101-105).

This thesis is concerned with several aspects of the life and work of the Canadian painter Laura Muntz (1860--1930). It examines in particular Muntz's images of women and children both within the cultural themes and ideologies of the period and from the perspective of contemporary twentieth-century theories of gender. The introduction and literature review outline the broad issues surrounding the artist in her time and present a summary of her critical fortunes in Canadian art historical literature. Chapter one provides a discussion of Muntz's life and artistic production between 1860 and 1898, the year in which she returned to Toronto after a decade of study and work in Europe. The following two chapters are conceived as case studies of single paintings, observed in the context of various discourses that surround them. Chapter two analyses Muntz's Madonna and Child in terms of hereditarian theories, eugenics, maternal feminism and the Canadian social purity movement and considers the broader, psychological implications of gender, specifically in the fin-de-siecle associations of femininity and death. Chapter three examines the imagery in Muntz's Protection with reference to North American Symbolist painters and their relationship to the constructs of the feminine ideal. As a whole, the thesis elucidates the complex layers of meaning that Muntz's images of women and children contributed to the popular conceptions of femininity and motherhood current in her time.

Canadian artist Helen McNicoll (1879-1915) has long been neglected in art historical scholarship. Although well-known and well-regarded during her lifetime, her work has since been marginalized as feminine and dismissed as old-fashioned. Through the lens of a modernist art historical tradition that has privileged the urban and masculine above all else, McNicoll's Impressionist depictions of sunlit beaches, open fields, and rural women at work may indeed seem quaintly nostalgic. In this thesis, I argue that these images can and should be seen as both representations of modernity and assertions of feminist thought. McNicoll travelled throughout England and Europe, and across the Atlantic Ocean in search of artistic subject matter; viewed within the context of tourism---which has been theorized as a fundamentally modern activity---her images appear modern in ways that have not traditionally been recognized.

In 1988, my interest in the Twentieth Century American painter and feminist icon, Georgia O’Keeffe, was sparked by two seemingly disparate events: The Art Institute of Chicago’s first posthumous retrospective show of the painter’s works and the twentieth anniversary reunion of the original Broadway cast of Hair (of which I had been a member) that was celebrated at the United Nations in New York. Somewhere within me at that time O’Keeffe and Hair became entwined. In studying O’Keeffe’s life I sensed that her sincerity of aspiration coupled with her dogged resolve were life-lessons that might inform all artists. As a performing artist, a logical vehicle by which I could explore O’Keeffe was through the creation and performance of a play about her life. In embarking in this direction, I hoped to discover some key to creativity whereby all artists could be informed. O’Keeffe was a historical figure so my work included historical research that included autobiographical and biographical sources, videocassettes, correspondence, newspaper and magazine commentary. In addition to studying historical resources, O’Keeffe’s art was a primary resource; in particular what inspired it, how O’Keeffe painted and her philosophy of art. My research prompted the question: “At what point does the tenacious biographer leave off and the artful dramatist begin?” This question expresses the key creative and ethical problem of such a project: how much creative license can be taken with a subject who was an actual human being with a verifiable history? O’Keeffe was a creature of contradiction so rather than attempting to reconcile the contradiction between historical accuracy and creativity, I would begin by immersing myself in the known facts about my subject which I would then use as an impetus for my imaginative engagement with her life. The frisson generated by this cohabitation of contradictions could result in a release that could then be shared with audiences and, hopefully, enhance their understanding of the subject and the nature of creativity. To “dance”, so to speak, with her contradictions became my goal and methodology for writing A Brush With Georgia O’Keeffe. A part of my study also considers my experience playing the character, Georgia O’Keeffe. I had not anticipated that O’Keeffe’s emotional contrarieties would affect me personally. I had expected her mood swings to manifest within the character of O’Keeffe; in fact, they also became a part of the actor portraying her. In addition, because O’Keeffe worked and reworked her subjects, I permitted myself that luxury as a writer; however, I neglected to allow myself as the actor time to engage in a similar exploration in order to integrate the rhythm of the role into my body. By default, I also became producer for the WorkShop production of my play (overburdening myself at a time when my focus should have been on the role of Georgia). Nonetheless, O’Keeffe’s belief that one’s artistic expression must be the most perfect manifestation of one’s truth fueled my own conviction that integral to any artist of sincere aspiration was the quest for a pure form of personal expression as well as the necessity of maintaining one’s artistic vision. It was O’Keeffe’s philosophy that kept me on course as a performer. Moreover, although there is no blueprint for the creation of biographical drama, in the case of a work exploring the ambivalent O����Keeffe, embracing the dualities of historical accuracy and artistic integrity offered assurances of a probable road to travel. By embracing her inner direction and balancing her contrarieties, O’Keeffe seemingly guided my foray into her life.

Quinze femmes artistes seront admises à l’Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture entre 1663 et 1793. Depuis laRenaissance, en Europe et en France, un petit nombre de femmes bénéficie d’une certaine renommée aussi biennationale qu’internationale, dans les arts, la littérature et les sciences, ouvrant ainsi la voie à de nouveaux talents. Cesfemmes sont notamment encouragées par les thèses philosophiques de François Poulain de la Barre (1647-1723) quivont leur permettre d’occuper une place de plus en plus privilégiée au sein d’une société qui se cristallise autour dessalons. Ce sont de petites réunions où savantes et artistes invitent chez elles hommes et femmes pour discuter delittérature, de philosophie, d’art mais aussi de politique. Ces lieux très courus connaissent un grand succès à la fin duXVIIe siècle et tout au long du XVIIIe siècle. La réception des premières femmes à l’Académie se fait dans ce climattout à fait favorable aux femmes tant sur le plan social et culturel, que politique.Mais cette admission n’en reste pas moins précaire. Effectivement après l’entrée de Catherine Perrot, le 31 janvier 1682,il faudra attendre près de quarante ans, soit le 26 octobre 1720, pour que soit à nouveau admise une peintre : RosalbaCarriera. Certes, elles ouvrent les portes de cette institution, mais elles ne restent pas moins exclues de nombreusesactivités et de plusieurs privilèges. Elles n’ont pas le droit d’assister aux cours d’après le modèle vivant – lequel pose nu– leçons pourtant fondamentales dans l’enseignement promu par l’Académie, ni de concourir aux grands prix, pourtantau coeur du système d’émulation, en fait les académiciennes n’auront jamais accès aux postes à responsabilité. Pourtantelles ont contribué à réinventer le paysage artistique français et plus particulièrement le genre du portrait. Prônant lenaturel, elles contribuèrent à renouveler le vestiaire féminin avec des tenues plus légères et vaporeuses. Mal perçues parla critique, ces nouvelles chemises appelées gaules, participèrent à la simplification des portraits officiels. En mêmetemps, la féminisation des portraitistes de cour offre de plus grandes possibilités aux femmes peintres. Poussant leslimites toujours plus loin, elles réussirent par le biais des portraits historiés à investir la peinture d’histoire, genre réservéaux peintres les plus aboutis et qui maîtrisent bien l’anatomie.Leurs contemporains à travers leurs écrits ou leurs oeuvres artistiques proposèrent une image idéalisée, truquée parfoistrompée de ces académiciennes. Femmes de talent, femmes ambitieuses, les académiciennes réussirent malgré tout àimposer une nouvelle vision de la femme peintre
Fifteen women artists will be admitted to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture between 1663 and 1793. Sincethe Renaissance, Europe and France, a small number of women enjoys a certain reputation both nationally andinternationally, in arts, literature and science, thus opening the way for new talent. These women are particularlyencouraged by the philosophical theses of Francois Poulain de la Barre (1647-1723) which will enable them to occupy amore privileged in a society that crystallizes around lounges. They are small and scholarly meetings where artists invitehome men and women to discuss literature, philosophy, art but also politics. These very popular places with greatsuccess in the late seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century. The reception of the first women to theAcademy is in this climate quite favorable to women both socially and culturally, and politically.But this admission only remains precarious. Indeed after the entry of Catherine Perrot, January 31, 1682, it will takealmost forty years, October 26, 1720, that is again admitted a painter Rosalba Carriera. Certainly, they open the doors ofthis institution, but they are nonetheless excluded from many activities and many privileges. They do not have the rightto attend classes of the living model - which poses naked - yet fundamental lessons in teaching promoted by theAcademy, nor to compete with great prices, yet in the heart of the system emulation in fact the academicians will neverhave access to positions of responsibility. Yet they have helped to reinvent the French artistic landscape and especiallythe portrait genre. Advocating natural, they helped to renew the female locker room with more light and gauzy outfits.Badly perceived by critics, these new shirts called saplings, took part in the simplification of official portraits. At thesame time, the feminization of court portraitists offer greater opportunities to women painters. Pushing the limits stillfurther, they succeeded through portraits to invest storied history painting, genre reserved for the most accomplishedpainters and good command of anatomy.Their contemporaries through their writings or artistic works proposed an idealized image, faked sometimes deceivedthese academicians. talented women, ambitious women, academicians still managed to impose a new vision of thewoman painter

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Akron, School of Family and Consumer Science: Clothing, Textiles, and Interiors, 2006.
"December, 2006." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 08/20/2007) Advisor, Virginia Gunn; Faculty readers, Sandra Buckland, Teena Jennings-Rentenaar; Director, School of Family and Consumer Science, Richard Glotzer; Dean of the College, James M. Lynn; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

Ngaromoana Raureti Tomoana is a painter from the East Coast of the North Island. In more than 30 years she has produced and shown a large body of work, like many other women artists concurrently juggling motherhood and artistic performance. Over approximately the last 10 years, she has formalized her education completing the Advanced Diploma for Maori Visual Arts at Toihoukura in Gisborne as well as a Bachelor of Arts and a Masters of Maori Visual Arts at Massey University. The artist, who identifies as an Indigenous Village Artist, is hardly known outside her local area of Northern Hawkes Bay, and, apart from a short feature in Mataora , a picture in Te Ata , and various catalogue entries, little has been written about her work. This thesis introduces Ngaromoana Raureti Tomoana and explores the notion of an indigenous village art. I incorporate feminist and postcolonial discourses into a political and critical engagement with her art, which addresses issues of village and land based cultural identity as well as race and gender. I argue that her work is politically motivated and important in the context of contemporary Maori art. Furthermore, based on a holistic world view, it simultaneously reaches out into the wider, global community. Intertwining local and personal history, her oeuvre is the manifestation of a female path and a female perspective, of identification with her village and beyond.

En muchos estudios sobre la obra de Remedios Varo (Anglés, 1908 – Ciudad de México, 1963) se destacan las inclinaciones de la pintora por los saberes mágicos y herméticos, por lo oculto y lo místico. Sin embargo no se ha trabajado en profundidad ni sobre estos intereses ni sobre su presencia y representación en la obra de la artista. Asimismo, tampoco se ha investigado la relación entre los intereses de Varo por lo mágico y aquellos –¿similares?– que se desarrollaron en el seno del surrealismo. Por último, los posibles vínculos entre las prácticas mágicas y la práctica de la pintura para Varo no han sido objeto central de ninguna indagación. A ocuparme de estas lagunas dedico la presente investigación. En ella pretendo visibilizar la estrecha relación que estableció Remedios Varo entre su obra plástica y sus escritos y algunos de los saberes mágicos, de las vías de conocimiento y transformación del mundo que le interesaron, sobre las que trabajó y que además practicó. He estructurado la investigación en dos partes. En la primera, bajo el título Lugares del surrealismo y «lo mágico», me dedicaré a estudiar los contextos y los espacios geográficos y artísticos donde desarrolló –junto a otros y otras artistas– sus intereses por los saberes mágicos y los integró a su práctica artística: París y México. Esta parte se abre con un Preludio. Arte moderno, ocultismo, espiritismo, que se constituye como otro contexto más: el de la fascinación que los asuntos esotéricos tuvieron para muchos artistas modernos y de las vanguardias. Examino los intereses y prácticas surrealistas en relación a “lo mágico”: tarot, videncia, automatismo… así como su presencia en la obra temprana de Varo. En este apartado doy especial importancia al análisis de las obras europeas, muy diferentes y menos conocidas que las mexicanas, así como a las relaciones que Varo estableció con los pintores Victor Brauner y Óscar Domínguez. El segundo de los contextos trabajados será México, el país «surrealista por excelencia». En Magia y surrealismo en el exilio mexicano examino qué pudo suponer para Varo y su obra el conocimiento de la nueva y compleja realidad mexicana, sobre todo en relación a su interés por los saberes mágicos. Me detengo especialmente en analizar la relación que Varo estableció en México con la pintora inglesa Leonora Carrington. En la segunda parte de la tesis, Saberes mágicos en la obra de Remedios Varo, examino algunas palabras, representaciones y prácticas vinculadas a la magia en las obras mexicanas de Varo. En Palabras para «lo mágico» me ocupo de algunas definiciones de la magia, así como de conceptos que se han utilizado habitualmente como sus equivalentes –también en las aproximaciones a la obra variana– como «lo maravilloso» y «lo fantástico». A continuación presento a Magas y magos en la obra de Varo. Parto del análisis de las actividades «mágicas» que realizan las y los protagonistas de las pinturas, y que desatan procesos de creación, transformación y conocimiento. Se trata de actividades que se relacionan bien con lo cósmico y lo hermético, bien con prácticas artísticas y cotidianas. Vinculo estas representaciones al interés de la artista por teorías y lecturas relacionadas con la magia como vía de sabiduría y de transformación. A continuación analizo otras formas de presencia de los saberes mágicos en la obra de Varo, en este caso en relación al propio trabajo de la pintora: el uso que dio, en su obra producida en México, a los saberes recibidos en la academia y a los compartidos con el grupo surrealista en París (decalcomanía, automatismo…). Las técnicas utilizadas por Varo –y las formas en que las aplicó– han llevado a la crítica a calificar también como «mágicas» las resoluciones de sus composiciones. La última parte la dedico a trabajar uno de los saberes mágicos a los que se vincula la obra de Varo: la brujería. Dedico a la brujería una atención especial por su difícil consideración en el ámbito de la investigación académica y de la historia del arte, si intentamos aproximarnos a ella no ya como tema representado sino como práctica vinculada a la producción artística. También por su novedad: sabíamos que los hombres surrealistas habían sido compartido la identificación de «la mujer» con la bruja o la hechicera. Una investigación reciente ha abierto otra posibilidad de análisis: relacionar la obra variana con la brujería y su práctica en una forma concreta, la de la brujería wiccana. He trabajado cómo Varo significó su trabajo artístico, con la hipótesis de que la pintora «transformó» realmente su propia obra en un camino de conocimiento.
Many studies on the work of Remedios Varo (Anglés, 1908 - Mexico City, 1963) highlights the inclinations of the painter towards the magical and hermetic knowledges, the occult and the mystical.. But it isn’t an investigation that works in depth on these interests or on their presence and representation in the artist’s paintings. Also, nobody has investigated the relationship between Varo’s interests in the magical and similars that were developed within the surrealism. Finally, the possible links between magic practices and the Varo’s painting practices have not been subject of a central inquiry. To deal with these shortcomings I dedicate this research. Here I intend to make visible the close relationship established for Remedios Varo between her art work and writings and some of the magical knowledges, pathways of knowledge and transformation of the world that interested her, on which she worked and also practiced. I have structured the investigation in two parts. The first , entitled Places of Surrealism and "magic" study geographical and artistic contexts and spaces where she developed -in relationship with other men and women artists- her interests about magical knowledges and she joined it’s practice: Paris and Mexico. This first part opens with a Prelude . Modern art , occultism, spiritualism that is established as a preliminary context: the fascination that esoteric matters had for many modern men and women artists. In the second part, Magical knowledges in the work of Remedios Varo, I examine some words, representations and practices linked to the magic in Mexican Varo´s works. I analyze the words and adjectives that have been devoted to Varo´s work in relation to "magic", and also the artistical practices (automatism, decalcomania ... ) that have guided to critical writings to qualify as "magical" the resolutions of her compositions. To finish, I analyze various figures of magicians and wizards in Varo´s work, devoting special attention to one that also the Surrealists men had dedicated: the witch. In this thesis I investigate how Varo meant her artistic work with the hypothesis that she "transformed" her own work in a path of knowledge and that she made it into a creative relationship with the painter Leonora Carrington.

La communauté des maîtres peintres et sculpteurs parisiens a connu une importante évolution entre les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. La création de l’Académie royale en 1648 correspond à un temps de bouleversement : l’ancien et le nouveau corps se joignent alors, et tentent de cohabiter dans une même structure. La fin du XVIIe siècle correspond à l’essor de la population de la maîtrise, à la publication des listes de ses membres, ainsi que des statuts, dans une remise en ordre globale de la communauté. C’est donc une corporation forte d’une nombreuse population et bien organisée qui obtient en 1705 une déclaration de Louis XIV lui permettant d’ouvrir une école de dessin fondée sur le modèle vivant. La toute nouvelle Académie de Saint-Luc peut s’installer durablement dans le paysage artistique de la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle. Installée dans des nouveaux locaux dont elle se porte acquéreuse, rue du Haut-Moulin en la Cité, elle transforme considérablement ses statuts, en accordant une place importante en son sein à un corps d’artistes, chargés d’assurer l’enseignement de l’école. Les années 1750 à 1775 sont des années où les évènements se précipitent, pour l’Académie de Saint-Luc. Des expositions, suivies du public, permettent de faire connaître nombre de ses membres, et d’inscrire la petite académie dans les débats artistiques du milieu du XVIIIe siècle. Le perfectionnement de l’école d’après le modèle, permet dans les années 1765-1775 de reconnaître davantage encore un statut propre pour les artistes, au sein de la communauté. L’évolution est donc spectaculaire sur plus d’un siècle, et témoigne d’une adaptation remarquable de la vieille corporation, qui a su assimiler ainsi un fonctionnement académique à l’organisation hiérarchique d’une communauté de métier
The community of Parisian master painters and sculptors went through important evolutions between the 17th and 18th centuries. The creation of the Royal Academy in 1648 corresponds to a time of upheaval: the old and the new profession then came together and tried to coexist within the same structure. In the late 17th century, the population of the maîtrise increased and the list of its members as well as its statutes were published, in an overall re-ordering of the community. Thus, in 1705, the guild was strong in numbers and well-organised when it obtained a declaration from Louis XIV allowing it to open a drawing school based on live models : the brand-new Academy of St Luke became established in the artistic landscape of the early 18th century. It purchased new premises on rue du Haut-Moulin-en-la-Cité. From there, it significantly altered its statutes, giving an important role to a body of artists who was put in charge of teaching within its school. In the years 1750 to 1775, things moved faster for the Academy of St Luke. Several well-attended exhibitions put members of the Academy of St Luke on the map and involved the small academy in mid-18th century artistic debates. The improvement in the life-drawing school in the years 1765-1775 led to an even better recognized status for artists within the community. Over more than a century, this spectacular evolution shows the remarkable adaptation of the old guild, which thus managed to integrate its academic functioning to the hierarchical organization of a professional community

English
Ph.D.
Over the last forty years, nineteenth-century British art has undergone a process of recovery and reevaluation. For nineteenth-century women painters, significant reevaluation dates from the early 1980s. Concurrently, the growing field of interart studies demonstrates that developments in art history have significant repercussions for literary studies. However, interdisciplinary research in nineteenth-century painting and literature often focuses on the rich selection of works from the second half of the century. This study explores how transitions in English painting during the first half of the century influenced the work of British writers. The cultural authority of the writer was unstable during the early decades. The influence of realism and the social mobility of the painter led some authors to resist developments in English art by constructing the painter as a threat to social order or by feminizing the painter. For women writers, this strategy was valuable for it allowed them to displace perceptions about emotional or erotic aspects of artistic identity onto the painter. Connotations of youth, artistic high spirits, and unconventional morality are part of the literature of the nineteenth-century painter, but the history of English painting reveals that this image was a figure of difference upon which ideological issues of national identity, gender, and artistic hierarchy were constructed. Beginning with David Wilkie, and continuing with Margaret Carpenter, Richard Redgrave and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, I trace the emergence of social commitment and social realism in English painting. Considering art and artists from the early decades in relation to depictions of the painter in texts by Maria Edgeworth, Edward Bulwer Lytton, Mary Shelley, Joseph Le Fanu, Felicia Hemans, Lady Sydney Morgan, and William Makepeace Thackeray, reveals patterns of representation that marginalized British artists. However, writers such as Letitia Elizabeth Landon and Robert Browning supported contemporary painting and rejected literary myths of the painter. Articulating disparities between the lived experience of painters and their representation calls for modern literary critics to reassess how nineteenth-century writers wrote the painter, and why. Texts that portray the painter as a figure of myth elide gradations of hierarchy in British culture and the important differentiations that exist within the category of artist.
Temple University--Theses

Academic study of women and WW1 literature has taken place since the 1970s, with a focus on female novelists published pre-1939. Despite the variety of studies, questions remain as to whether the breadth of women’s roles in WW1 is accurately represented in fiction. The purpose of this study was to examine female characters in WW1 novels (published in Britain) who challenge traditional war binarisms i.e. war (male)/peace (female), by taking on war work. It specifically compared novels published pre-1939 and historical (post-1939) novels written by both female and male novelists. The methods employed were the critical reading of forty novels, as well as data collection related to the roles of female characters and the language used to describe them. he study found that there is little representation of women’s war work in the forty novels. A key factor is that they are by middle class authors and written from a middle class point of view. Although historical novels are often used to re-imagine the role of women, WW1 is an exception. Key factors here include the perpetuation of stereotype and nervousness around detracting from the horrific experiences of the male soldier. Challenges to binarisms in subsequent wars (e.g. women in the armed services) have not stimulated a re-visioning of women’s roles in WW1. Society will continue to accept and endorse traditional binarisms, if they are not challenged by cultural representations of war. There is no novel based on the female military experience of WW1. In response, I was inspired to write a historical novel: The Half-Painted War. The protagonist is a female artist who enrols in the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). It is intended as an act of remembrance but also allows the reader to consider the role of women in the military, both in WW1 and today.

This thesis explores how the fallen woman was depicted in British visual culture between the late 1840s and 1900. Previous research has focused on how the fallen woman was portrayed in art, literature, and to some extent the illustrated press but has not considered her representation in the illustrated periodicals produced by the Salvation Army or the implications of her illustration in the coverage of the Jack the Ripper murders. This thesis encompasses these neglected sources and argues that the intended audiences of these images profoundly influenced how the fallen woman was presented in each medium and how these portrayals were received. This research highlights, both thematically and chronologically, the impact which social thought had upon the portrayal of the fallen woman, the role of editors and critics in the mode and reception of works, concerns regarding the social acceptability of the fallen woman as a subject for mass consumption, and how the purpose of the image influenced its message. Chapter One explores the origins of the notion of the fallen woman and the significance of Christian tradition within Victorian culture. Chapter Two considers the portrayal of the fallen woman in painting, whilst Chapters Three and Four examine the role of the illustrated press. The thesis concludes with an examination of the publications produced by the Salvation Army during the 1890s, arguing that these periodicals purposefully adopted elements from the different mediums studied in the previous chapters so as to have the greatest impact upon their intended readers. It is my contention that the fallen woman was a malleable concept which could be subtly shaped to suit the sensibilities and pre-existing belief systems of different audiences, and that it can therefore be understood as a case study for the exploration of wider Victorian attitudes towards gender, morality, and artistic production.

Lee, Wun Sze Sylvia.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 261-268).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.

Ph.D. (Art History)
By applying Panofsky's method of iconological analysis to Maggie Laubser's interpretation of motifs I could ascertain the following: * Christian Science played a decisive role in the development of her symbolic language; * the great mother archetype, as defined by Erich Neumann, features dominantly in her art; 'k Laubser's use of light is not purely painterly, but has symbolical and mythical implications; * the scenes depicting harvesting at the Cape or in the Orange Free State have besides historical also religious and symbolic connotations.Christian Science discerns the threefold character of ·God as the Fathe~ as the Son and as; the Mother. In analyzing Laubser's interpretation of the shepherd image, the aged shepherd, who corresponds to Saturn or Father Time, is the father who disposes of life and death. The young shepherd corresponds to the Good Shepherd though he has no physical contact with the sheep in his fold. The motherhood of God is demonstated by using an African woman in the untraditional working situ~tion of herding sheep. By juxtaposing the woman, with a child on her back, and a hut the image of provision which corresponds to the image of God as Mother is procured. Laubser explores the different phases of womanhood which embraces not only motherhood but also the possibility of rebirth through woman as goddess. In portraying the divine union where earth and heaven are united in the hieros gamos, Laubser explores the different implications of light. Her use of light motifs is not restricted to the depiction of either the sun or the moon. Buddha, the Enlightened Being and symbol of radiant light is incorporated instill lives so that the sun is brought within the eonfines of the interior. The ca t , ancanLmaLias socLa ted wi th the moon, later on substitutes the statuette of Buddha in still lives. In this way one can discern between work belonging to a sun period and work belonging to a moon period. Though harvesting signifies the end of a cycle and the reaper is seen as a symbol of death, Laubser uses cloud and child motifs to symbolize regeneration...

The title of this thesis 'South African History Painting : Reinterpretation By Women Artists' indicated that the focus was to be on South African history painting. As the research progressed, however, it became apparent that the initial title did not encompass a broad enough spectrum. Therefore a more suitable title for this dissertation is 'A Visual Reinterpretation Of Aspects Of South African History By Women Artists: Penelope Siopis and Philippa Skotnes'. It is the intention of this dissertation to examine the way in which two contemporary South African women artists namely, Penelope Siopis (1953-) and Philippa Skotnes (1957) visually challenge in their paintings and prints respectively the conventional depictions of recorded South African history. Poststructuralism, deconstruction, new historicism and Postmodernism are among the theoretical currents upon which this research is based. It is from a Postmodern standpoint that selected works by Siopis and Skotnes will be analysed. The intention of this analysis is to examine their attempts to access the Postcolonial condition in South Africa through their visual presentations. The work of Siopis and Skotnes reflectects an interest in Postcoloniality. Furthernore, their visual imagery addresses questions of culture and power in South African visual representation. Works such as those created by Siopis and Skotnes can be seen as uncovering some of the contradictions within the process of decolonization. Nederveen, Pieterse and Parekh (1995 ) describe decolonization in the following way: 'Decolonization is a process of emancipation through mirroring, a mix of defiance and mimesis. Like colonialism itself, it is deeply preoccupied with boundaries - boundaries of territory and identity, borders of nation and state. (Nederveen, Pieterse and Parekh 1995: 11)' The focus in this dissertation is on the works of Siopis and Skotnes and their use of specific deconstructive methods to undermine prejudicial historical imagery and question established perceptions within South African history. In other words, the visual presentation of these two artists explores the boundaries or margins of established history. Both Siopis and Skotnes confront in visual terms the prejudicial representations of women and/or ethnic groups who have been subjugated by what they perceive as white, middle class, patriarchal history. The primary concern of the research is the visual imagery produced by these two artists and the effect of deconstruction on their respective art works. In the first chapter selected works from Siopis's 'History Painting' (1980s) series are to be analysed. In the second chapter the focus is on Skotnes's etchings in 'Sound From The Thinking Strings' (1993) exhibition. The investigation then moves to a project entitled 'Miscast' (1996). Skotnes was the curator of the 'Miscast' exhibition. It does not contain original art works by Skotnes. It is however an extension of the ideas which her prints embody and is therefore relevant to this dissertation.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.

This thesis assembles a biographical portrait of the understudied Victorian figure painter Jane Maria Bowkett. I place Bowkett in the context of her family and London's nineteenth-century art world, a milieu in which professional identity and commercial success was determined by gender and class. As a professional artist. working for money, Bowkett contravened socially constructed ideals of feminine dependency. Through this study, I establish that little-known artists and commonplace pictures can contribute substantially to the historical record. Bowkett's paintings provide an untapped source of market-dependant work practices as well as a record of the middle classes' preference for particularly British scenes. Women form the subject of Bowkett's narrative genre pictures, which affirm and fracture class distinctions, index social progress, and subvert ideologically coded feminine norms.

This dissertation is a study of selected works of the South African landscape painter Amy Bertha Everard (l 873-1965) with the emphasis on discovering relevant means of interpreting her use of landscape as metaphor. In Chapter One Bertha 's family history and background is traced. This includes developments in her work from the earliest known sketches and paintings, her travels, experiences and artistic training. Chapter Two examines Bertha 's relationships with family and friends, with a section at the end that discusses the candidate 's interpretation of some of the letters that have been made available for this research by the Tatham Art Gallery. This is in order to establish some character traits that may be relevant to the subsequent interpretation of landscape as metaphor in the final chapter. Chapter Three discusses selected paintings with reference to the analysis of their subject matter, composition and technique. Criticism of selected work is made with some reference to Frieda Harmsen 's observations in The Women of Bonnefoi (1980), while some references are made to what appears to be previously undocumented works, discovered during this research. Exhibitions and reception of much of Bertha's work is also covered in this chapter. This is done in order to trace the development of her work within the context of her life experience with regard to her travels and relationships. Chapter Four examines the influences of faith and religion on her life and possibly her art. As a self-appointed Anglican missionary and teacher to labourers on her farms, a great deal of time and energy was spent in this practice. Reference is made to some prevailing religious and social ideologies in southern Africa that may have influenced her activities or that may have been motivating factors in her desire to participate in this field. Chapter Five discusses some of the possible discourses that may have affected Bertha's perception ofart and her decision to pursue this as a career. In the absence of much factual knowledge about the early period of her life in England, it is acknowledged that this interpretation is speculative. A survey of art practices and art institutions in Victorian England is made in an attempt to establish the prevailing conditions in the art world during her youth. Some reference is made to conditions in South Africa that may have influenced Bertha 's perception of art and her decision to pursue this as a career. Chapter Six discusses, in greater detail, aspects of the South African context in which Bertha Everard lived for the greater part of her adult life. A survey is made of the establishment and development of some early art institutions and the people who constituted the art world at that time in South Africa This is in order to discover possible influences on her work and its reception as well as the socio-political and historical context that may have affected her life. As a counterpoint, the work of three of Bertha's contemporary female South African artists - Allerly Glossop, Maggie Laubser and Irma Stem - is discussed. Chapter Seven discusses possible interpretations of landscape as metaphor related to specific paintings. In this chapter, nationalistic and imperialistic ideologies in South Africa are discussed, comparing Bertha's painting with that of R Pierneef, and some possible interpretations of their use of landscape as metaphor. Appendix I comprises two sections . The Summary of Letters is an overview of the letters that were studied for the purpose of this research. Their contents have been divided into sub-headings , related to areas of interest to this research, namely: Bertha's relationship with Edith, Charles, her children and motherhood, relationships (in general) and issues of gender, politics and racism , mission work and faith, landscape and weather, illness, exhibitions and criticism , work and painting. The Everard Letters gives selected quotations from the letters researched, under the same sub-headings. Appendix 2 records an interview with Leonora Everard Haden, by the candidate, in which Everard Haden's written responses are recorded. Volume 2 contains illustrations of most of Bertha 's work that are referred to in the dissertation.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

碩士
淡江大學
西洋語文研究所
88
The “analogy of forms” method of interpretation has contributed tremendously to academic studies of matters linguistic and the pictorial. D. H. Lawrence especially invites the ‘analogy of forms’ interpretation because his novels overtly concern themselves with aesthetic currents and arguments. Women in Love, the author’s novel most strongly influenced by modern art, throws much light on Lawrence’s aesthetic development, which begins with color-oriented Impressionism, vibrant Post-Impressionism, subjective Expressionism, sensual Primitivism, and ends up with dynamic Futurism. Readers of Lawrence frequently observe that certain color patterns in Women in Love are prominently connected with the inner struggles of the protagonists. Thus, I have attempted to analyze in detail the six major characters in terms of their “color personalities” and show how each “color character” has been painted with a striking contrast between his or her dominant and complementary hues. Such comparison clarifies Lawrence’s consciously symbolic use of color to delineate and give depth to his main characters. With a view to enhancing a visual reading of the novel, I have also placed central emphases on character-portraits by relating them to Lawrence’s great interests in modern arts: Minimalist carvings, Picasso reproductions, Futurist paintings, industrial friezes, Dalcroze’s eurythmic dance, and Primitive African figurines. These African statuettes reflect Lawrence’s philosophical meditation on what he believed were two modes of being: the North-European “white” ethos, as seen in Gerald’s “ice-destructive knowledge,” and the “black” African ethos of dark sensuality, as manifested by the African statuettes. Neither is a healthy culture, for Lawrence is anxious for “an equilibrium, a pure balance of two single beings─as the stars balance each other.” I have tried to show how Lawrence’s painstaking use of color symbolism, and his great concern for modernist art, have been major forces in shaping and giving depth to Women in Love.

In 1800, Gilbert Stuart began three paintings of his friend, republican writer, Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton--the Worcester, Winterthur, and Boston portraits. While Morton has been remembered more for a tragic personal family scandal than for her literary endeavors, Stuart's provocative images acknowledged her as both a poet and an intellect. His portraits presented a progressive and potentially controversial interpretation of his sitter--the lovely and learned Morton--by prioritizing the writer's life of the mind rather than her socially prescribed life in the world. This study reconstructs the circumstances by which Stuart composed the group of Morton paintings that culminate in his unorthodox Worcester rendering through which he ultimately depicted Morton as the first woman of ideas in American art. Supported by close readings of her work, this dissertation illuminates both the course and depth of the exceptional personal and professional relationship between Morton and Stuart. The paths of the two republican figures crossed at several historic junctures and is highlighted by the interconnectivity of their work. Most significantly, the Stuart portraits represent an ideal lens through which to view Morton's life and work as well as to follow the Boston native's transformation into one of America's earliest women of ideas.
text

Many studies of the Archaic Greek kore focus exclusively on stylistic considerations in an attempt to date these statues more and more accurately. Other studies propose various meanings for the kore. Each of these approaches can be extremely subjective, with the result that the large body of extant literature about the kore tends to be repetitive and argumentative in nature, and, with several exceptions, does not advance the understanding of the kore to any appreciable degree past where it had developed by the 1980s. I use a different, more empirical methodology to study a small group of korai, found in the 1880s near the Erechtheion on the Athenian Akropolis. Symmetry analysis of the patterns painted onto these korai at the time of their creation reveals both consistency of pattern use through the period of seventy years between c560 BCE and c490 BCE, as well as some anomalous patterns. I tabulate the various patterns, as well as their frequency of occurrence, and briefly speculate that there is a correlation between the pattern consistencies and anomalies and events in the known historical record, such as the mid-6th century rule by the Peisistratids and the democratic reforms of Kleisthenes. I also propose other directions in which the study of the kore could be taken using symmetry analysis.
Thesis (Master, Classics) -- Queen's University, 2008-01-31 13:25:56.567

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