Journal articles on the topic 'Women-owned firms'
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Mijid, Naranchimeg. "Dynamics of female-owned smallest businesses in the USA." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 9, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-10-2016-0041.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to answer whether the female-owned smallest firms differ from their male-owned counterparts in terms of their success and performances; if so, whether it affects banks’ loan approval decisions. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the Kauffman Firm Survey – the largest and longest longitudinal data which contain 4,928 new firms that started their business in the USA in 2004. The authors use two measures of median asset values to classify firms into smallest firm category. They use multiply imputed logit estimates to predict the probability of loan approval in each category. Findings The results show that female-owned smallest firms have significantly lower rate of loan approval. In addition, the study finds minority women owners face double burden. However, married women have significantly higher probability of loan approval. The authors’ results are robust. Research limitations/implications From a public policy perspective, providing equal access to credit to women business owners, especially unmarried and/or minority women, may solve the puzzle why female-owned firms are so small. Originality/value Although many studies examined why businesses owned by women are typically smaller compared to men-owned firms, there exist limited studies on female-owned smallest firms and why they stay smaller. This study fills the gap in the literature by examining female-owned smallest businesses.
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Gundry, Lisa, Jill Kickul, Harold P. Welsch, and Margaret Posig. "Technological Innovation in Women-Owned Firms." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 4, no. 4 (November 2003): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000003129574324.
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This study seeks to determine the influence of the underlying factors that facilitate the growth and implementation of new technologies within women-owned businesses. In the proposed model, market growth mediates the relationship between the individual antecedents (entrepreneurial intensity and opportunity costs) and technological change. Using the two-step approach for measurement analysis and structural equation modelling, results revealed that the process by which women entrepreneurs implement new technological changes is influenced by their decision to expand the business. Entrepreneurial intensity and the entrepreneur's willingness to incur opportunity costs were key motivating factors that compelled the entrepreneur to seek new growth strategies. Implications for research and practice related to ways in which entrepreneurs' strategic focus can enable technological innovations are discussed.
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Abbasian, Saeid, and Darush Yazdanfar. "Exploring the financing gap between native born women‐ and immigrant women‐owned firms at the start‐up stage." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 5, no. 2 (June 20, 2013): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17566261311328837.
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PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence which identifies the impact of ethnicity and other relevant variables on external capital acquisition among Swedish women‐owned businesses at start‐up.Design/methodology/approachSeveral methods have been employed to analyze the sample including a binary logistic regression model. The sample consists of 836 women‐owned businesses in southeast Sweden; 97 immigrant‐owned, 739 native born‐owned.FindingsThe results indicate that there are partly significant differences between native women‐owned firms and immigrant woman‐owned businesses at start‐up. Unlike the native‐owned firms, the immigrant woman‐owned businesses rely more on loans from family members and less on bank loans.Practical implicationsThe results reveal that age has a positive impact on loans from family members, while the additional job outside one's own business, the amount of the owner's personal start‐up capital and firm size positively influenced access to capital from banks. The owners' level of education, previous business experience, the legal form taken by the firm and the industry affiliation conversely played no significant role in explaining the women owners' attitudes toward loans from either friends or the bank.Originality/valueTo the authors' knowledge, this study is the first empirical investigation addressing this issue in the Swedish context.
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Mari, Michela, Sara Poggesi, and Luisa De Vita. "Family embeddedness and business performance: evidences from women-owned firms." Management Decision 54, no. 2 (March 21, 2016): 476–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-07-2014-0453.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the family context may affect female firms’ performance by contextualising the study within Italy and empirically analysing 307 Italian women-owned firms. Design/methodology/approach – By using ordinal regressions, this paper empirically investigates the influence of three dimensions of the family context on female firms’ performance, namely: the motivations to start a business; the support from the family once the business is established; and the mechanisms to achieve a suitable balance between work and family life. Findings – Overall, the results offer substantial support for the assumption that female business owners benefit from being pulled into the endeavour, from specific linkages with family and also from selected mechanisms to balance work and family life, thus contributing to show how strong the relationship between a firm’s performance and the family context is for women. Originality/value – Today female entrepreneurship represents an important economic driver worldwide, leading scholars to strongly advocate the need to shift the female entrepreneurship research focus from the analysis of women business owners’ characteristics to the investigation of those specific factors able to directly affect female firms’ activities. In this vein, this paper aims at pushing further into the still less studied domain of work/family intertwinement as, surprisingly, the impact that family-related factors exert on women-owned businesses’ performance is still under-researched.
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Gundry, Lisa K., and Harold P. Welsch. "Differences in Familial Influence Among Women-Owned Businesses." Family Business Review 7, no. 3 (September 1994): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1994.00273.x.
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This study identifies groups of women entrepreneurs who were subject to varying degrees of family influence. The term family intensity was derived to characterize those firms that had family investors and family members employed in the business. Eight hundred thirty-two women business owners were sampled, representing a wide variety of industrial sectors. The findings suggest that family intensity plays a significant role in strategic planning and degree of involvement in the business. Family-intense firms were more likely to engage in growth and expansion planning and to report greater sales performance. Furthermore, the results suggest that family intensity affects careerism and ownership issues confronting the woman entrepreneur.
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Bui, MinhTam, and Trinh Q. Long. "Women’s Economic Empowerment in Vietnam: Performance and Constraints of Female-Led Manufacturing SMEs." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14060255.
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This paper identifies whether there was a performance difference among micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) led by men and by women in Vietnam during the period 2005–2013 and aims to provide explanations for the differences, if any, in various performance indicators. The paper adopts a quantitative approach using a firm-level panel dataset in the manufacturing sector in 10 provinces/cities in Vietnam in five waves from 2005 to 2013. Fixed effect models are estimated to examine the influence of firm variables and demographic, human capital characteristics of owners/managers on firms’ value added, labor productivity and employment creation. We found that men led MSMEs did not outperform those led by women on average. Although the average value added was lower for female-led firms in the informal sector, the opposite was true in the formal sector where women tend to lead medium-size firms with higher value added and labor productivity. The performance disparity was more envisaged across levels of formality and less clear from a gender perspective. Moreover, while firms owned by businessmen seemed to create more jobs, firms owned by women had a higher share of female employees. No significant difference in business constraints faced by women and by men was found.
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Dumas, Colette. "Women's Pathways to Participation and Leadership in the Family-Owned Firm." Family Business Review 11, no. 3 (September 1998): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1998.00219.x.
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A study of 702 women in family-owned firms in Canada has identified paths to participation and leadership taken by women in family-owned firms. Some of the key factors contributing to participation and leadership are presented in a descriptive framework. Implications of this study for practice and research are presented.
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Yusof, Selamah Abdullah, and Mohd Nahar Mohd Arshad. "Estimations of business exposure to corruption in Malaysia." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 1273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-04-2020-0058.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate the level of business exposure to corruption in Malaysia. The authors estimate the effect of bribe requests from business establishments by public officials and identify the level of vulnerability of businesses to such requests. Design/methodology/approach This study uses firm-level data from the World Bank Malaysia Enterprise Survey 2014. The analyses are based on binary logit, tobit and generalized ordered logit regressions. Findings The authors find that one-fifth of firms applying for construction permits or had visits or meetings with tax officials were expected to pay bribes. Firms’ encounters with corruption were higher still when applying for import (29%) or operating license (24.7%). About 40% of the firms considered corruption an obstacle to their business operations to the degree of moderate, major and even severe. On average, 11% of firms’ total annual sales were apportioned for informal gifts or “speed money.” The authors also find that larger, younger and women-managed/owned companies were more likely to be targeted for bribe payments. The amount of bribe paid by foreign-owned firms was higher than the local firms. Manufacturing firms had lower incidences of bribe requests, but the amount paid was higher than services-related companies. Firms run or owned by women also, on average, paid a higher amount bribe. Social implications These findings should be taken into consideration in the efforts to eradicate corruption affecting businesses in Malaysia. Originality/value This study is unique in the sense that it is based on firm-level data for a Malaysian case.
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NEELEY, LYNN, and HOWARD VAN AUKEN. "DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FEMALE AND MALE ENTREPRENEURS' USE OF BOOTSTRAP FINANCING." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 15, no. 01 (March 2010): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946710001439.
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Women-owned businesses are increasingly important to the U.S. economy in terms of numbers of firms owned, revenues and employment. Despite the growing role of female-owned business, the ownership, growth and size of female-owned firms is lower than that of male-owned firms. Differences in access to capital have been one reason attributed as an obstacle to women launching and growing small firms. This paper presents the results of an empirical study that examines differences of the use of bootstrap financing between female- and male-owned small firms. Research on the use of bootstrap financing among small firms is limited. The findings show that bootstrap finance methods were similar among female- and male-owned small firms; however, differences were found relative to age, education, sales and overdraft privileges. The results have implications for female entrepreneurs, support persons or agencies and government agencies providing assistance. Female owners should become more informed about financing options available beyond the traditional sources of capital. During periods of declining sales, especially during recessionary periods, female owners may rely on bootstrap sources to supplement capital needs, as well as proactively developing contingency plans for accessing bootstrap capital. These policies could be incorporated into training programs for female business owners. Educators and consultants could help female owners better understand financing alternatives and the importance if developing contingency plans. Government policy may be able to alleviate capital shortages through programs that better inform female entrepreneurs about the capital acquisition process.
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Ali Jafri, Syed Khurram, and Wafa Khurram. "Distinction or Discrimination?A Qualitative Study of Sustainable growth of Women-Owned Technology based SMEs in Malaysia." International Journal on Perceptive and Cognitive Computing 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/ijpcc.v5i2.122.
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Technopreneurship development and its significance in economic growth has led world’s economies to identify the potential role of growth-oriented women-owned technology based SMEs for economic gains. The existing literature on growth among women owned firms, however, exclusively elucidates dearth of empirical research of this phenomenon particularly in transitional economies. This qualitative study is an attempt to reveal the most significant factors that influence the sustainable growth of women owned technology SMEs in Malaysia. The findings from semi-structured interviews from policy makers explain that sustainable growth among these women owned technology based SMEs appears to be entwined in both personal factors related to distinctiveness of these firms as well as external factors associated with socio-cultural discrimination. Several practical and managerial implications have been provided to enlighten policy makers and women technopreneurs on one hand and enhance theoretical knowledge of researchers in the field of technology, innovation and gender.
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Pisani, Michael J. "Contemporary Female Entrepreneurship in Nicaragua." AD-minister, no. 33 (December 12, 2018): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17230//ad-minister.33.1.
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Women are important entrepreneurial actors within the Nicaraguan economic ecosystem. Majority fe-male-owned firms comprise 32.7% of all urban Nicaraguan formal enterprises; these ownership rates far exceed the regional (21.8%) or global averages (14.5%). Within Nicaragua, self-employment rates for women (43.3%) surpass that of men (28.3%). This article describes the contemporary Nicaraguan entrepreneurial landscape for female-owned enterprises using the 2016 Nicaraguan Enterprise Survey of 333 formal sector urban-based firms conducted by the World Bank. Principal multivariate results include the concentration of female top management with majority female-ownership, the role of the informal sector in spawning formal female enterprises, and size constraints of female-owned enterprises.
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GUNDRY, LISA K., BEN-YOSEPH MIRIAM, and MARGARET POSIG. "CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON WOMEN'S ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A REVIEW AND STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS." Journal of Enterprising Culture 10, no. 01 (March 2002): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495802000141.
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The study of women's entrepreneurship has grown steadily during the last two decades, as the number of women-owned businesses worldwide has increased dramatically. This article presents an examination of major research questions and highlights the most recent scholarship on women's entrepreneurship within several key domains. The findings integrate broad areas of inquiry, including the emergence of women-owned firms in the global economy, entrepreneurial and firm characteristics, financing patterns, the greatest challenges to enterprise growth, and the influence of culture and family on the entrepreneurial organization. Recommendations are provided to contribute to an increased understanding of the dynamics of women-headed entrepreneurial enterprises around the world.
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Mora, Marie T., and Alberto Dávila. "Gender and Business Outcomes of Black and Hispanic New Entrepreneurs in the United States." American Economic Review 104, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.245.
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In light of the growing numbers of women of color in the entrepreneurial sector in the United States, employing public-use microdata from the 2007 Survey of Business Owners, this study finds that new firms owned by black and Hispanic women were more likely to cease operations than those owned by their male counterparts or by non-Hispanic whites, even when controlling for other owner- and firm-level characteristics and labor market conditions. These differences occurred despite the existence of public programs designed to help female and minority entrepreneurs, raising the question of efficiency of the current policy infrastructure in the United States.
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Orser, Barbara, Allan Riding, and Julie Weeks. "The efficacy of gender-based federal procurement policies in the United States." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 11, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 6–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-02-2019-139.
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Purpose Because procurement policies are one of the means of redressing discrimination and economic exclusion, the US Government has targeted 23 per cent of its annual half-trillion dollar spend to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and 5 per cent of its spend to women-owned businesses. Design/methodology/approach The research framework is informed by two theoretical paradigms, feminist empiricism and entrepreneurial feminism, and uses a secondary analysis of survey data of active federal contractors. Findings Empirical findings inform the extent to which certifications are associated with bid frequency and bid success. The results indicate that none of the various certifications increase either bid frequency or bid success. The findings are consistent with entrepreneurial feminism and call for federal accountability in contracting with women-owned supplier firms. Research limitations/implications The findings are consistent with entrepreneurial feminism and call for federal accountability in contracting with women-owned supplier firms. Practical implications Recommendations include the need to review the impact of consolidated tenders on designated (as certified) SME vendors and to train procurement personnel about the economic contributions of women-owned businesses. Originality/value This research studies the efficacy of various certifications, with particular reference to that of women-owned, on the frequency with which SMEs bid on, and succeed in obtaining, US federal procurement contracts.
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Abor, Joshua, and Nicholas Biekpe. "SMEs' Access to Debt Finance." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 7, no. 2 (May 2006): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000006776928627.
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This study compares the use of external debt finance by male-and female-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana to determine whether female-owned firms are less likely to use debt as a source of financing their operations. The results indicate that the capital structure of SMEs is influenced by the legal form, location, size, age and profitability of the firm and the educational background and gender of the entrepreneur. They also suggest that female-owned SMEs are significantly less likely to employ debt finance. The findings seem to support the notion that there is adverse discrimination in the lending process, placing women at a disadvantage. Females may not be able to penetrate informal networks as well as males, which clearly could affect their ability to gain access to useful information and sources of capital. Also, female-owned firms tend to be small sole-proprietorship businesses; thus, they may lack the necessary collateral to qualify them for debt finance. There is generally high conformity in the results of this study with similar studies in other parts of the world. Recommendations are given to help promote female-owned SMEs in Ghana.
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Nelton, Sharon. "The Rise of Women in Family Firms: A Call for Research Now." Family Business Review 11, no. 3 (September 1998): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1998.00215.x.
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Women are rising to positions of top leadership faster than we had expected 10 or 15 years ago. If ownership and leadership of family firms follow the pattern of women's ownership of all businesses, within 25 years a third of America's family firms will be owned and run by women. Research is needed to prepare family business professionals for this massive change.
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Gilbertson, Greta A. "Women's Labor and Enclave Employment: The Case of Dominican and Colombian Women in New York City." International Migration Review 29, no. 3 (September 1995): 657–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900302.
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The enclave hypothesis holds that obligations stemming from a common ethnicity not only permit utilization of past investments in human capital, but help to create opportunities for mobility. This implies that both men and women benefit from a broader reward structure involving more than just wages. Yet few studies examine whether immigrants in co-ethnic-owned firms, particularly women, benefit from these other forms of compensation, such as advancement opportunities. Using data from a survey of Colombian and Dominican immigrants in New York City, this research examines whether Dominican and Colombian women working in Hispanic-owned firms in New York City are advantaged relative to women in other labor market sectors in earnings-returns to human capital, opportunities for skill acquisition, and fringe benefits. The results indicate that enclave employment provides women with low wages, minimal benefits, and few opportunities for advancement.
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Prabowo, Ronny, and Doddy Setiawan. "Female CEOs and corporate innovation." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 709–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2020-0297.
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PurposeWe investigate the effect of female CEOs on corporate innovation using Indonesian companies. More specifically, this paper aims to answer the following research questions. First, do firms led by female CEOs innovate more or less than firms led by male CEOs? Second, does firm size positively moderate the effect of CEO gender on corporate innovation? Our research questions imply that female CEOs' innovative performance likely depends on the size of their firms.Design/methodology/approachBecause the dependent variable is a dummy that equals one if the firm was an innovator and zero otherwise, this study employs probit analysis to test the hypotheses empirically. As an alternative test, we use a different measure of the dependent variable (INNOV-corporate innovation) by summing the firm's responses (yes/no) to nine innovation-related questions. Because this alternative measure of INNOV exhibits a count-data characteristic with non-negative integer values and more than 70% of the total sample did not engage in innovation activities at all, this study relies on the zero-inflated Poisson regression in the robustness test.FindingsWe have shown that firms led by female CEOs exhibit a greater probability of being innovators. Further, firm size increases the positive effect of female CEOs on firms' probability of engaging in innovation activities. Further, we also find that when female CEOs manage women-owned firms, their firms are more likely to engage in innovation activities.Research limitations/implicationsThis study cannot further investigate the causal relationship between CEO gender and corporate innovation (e.g. by analyzing whether CEOs with different gender affects firm innovation) because it relies on the World Bank Enterprise Survey data. Nevertheless, this study suggests that stakeholders, especially in developing countries like Indonesia, need to encourage more women to hold CEO positions, especially in larger firms, because women-led firms perform better in innovation activities.Originality/valueOur study thus highlights that female CEOs outperform their male counterparts in innovation activities. These results support the argument that because of gender-based discrimination that they receive, female CEOs are greatly motivated to exhibit greater innovation performance. Further, it is more difficult for women to hold the CEO positions in larger firms because of these firms' more intense managerial job market.
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Lee, Sang Suk, Gyeong Soon Cho, and Diane Denslow. "Impact of Consulting Needs on Women-Owned Businesses across the Business Life-Cycle." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 5, no. 4 (November 2004): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000042378132.
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This paper analyses the differences in need of women-owned businesses for consulting assistance programmes in each of the four life-cycle stages of the business. Results from 160 women-owned businesses found that women entrepreneurs perceived the need for consulting services differently at each of the life-cycle stages. The firms were each further divided in terms of the type of business (that is, general/opportunistic or technical/craftsman) to see whether this distinction influenced the need for consulting services.
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Lucas, Leyland M. "Capital accessibility, gender, and ethnicity: The case of minority women-owned firms." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-09-01-2006-b004.
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Minority women continue to make significant gains in economic activity, particularly as entrepreneurs through the creation of small businesses. Despite this increased role in small business activity and an admirable rate of success, minority women-owned businesses continue to experience problems in acquiring capital. This difficulty, which some have attributed to discriminatory practices, forces a large number of these businesses to rely on governmental support programs for assistance in meeting their capital needs. Building on the idea that things are not as simple as commonly presented, a case is made that access to capital for women-owned businesses is affected by a number of other factors tied to the inability to join important networks.
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Wu, Jiyun, and M. Joseph Sirgy. "Do purchasing managers discriminate against supply firms owned and run by women?" Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2014.984906.
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Haupt, Theo C., and Jabulile Ndimande. "A review on why women-owned construction firms fail in KwaZulu-Natal?" Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (December 2019): 022070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/2/022070.
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Tigges, Leann M., and Gary P. Green. "Small Business Success Among Men- and Women-Owned Firms in Rural Areas1." Rural Sociology 59, no. 2 (February 3, 2010): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00534.x.
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Figueroa-Armijos, Maria. "Start-up entrepreneurial finance of women-owned firms in the United States." Academy of Management Proceedings 2021, no. 1 (August 2021): 10969. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2021.10969abstract.
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Ingalagi, Sanjeev S., Nishad Nawaz, Habeeb Ur Rahiman, A. Hariharasudan, and Vanishree Hundekar. "Unveiling the Crucial Factors of Women Entrepreneurship in the 21st Century." Social Sciences 10, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10050153.
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In the present era, women-owned firms are one of India’s fastest increasing entrepreneurial communities in the form of women entrepreneurs. The objective of the study is to identify the factors that influence women’s entrepreneurial orientation and firms’ performance. The research study discusses the influencing factors and their effect on firms’ performance and satisfaction in this regard. The proposed framework and hypotheses have been tested using data gathered from boutiques, beauty parlors, carpet manufacturers, and retail shops in Karnataka, India. Data analysis was done using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate techniques. In Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), paths were created for evaluating the cause-and-effect relationship between different factors viz., social, psychological, financial, and resource factors and entrepreneurial performance and satisfaction. Seven relationships were significant, while two relationships were insignificant in this structural equation. The key finding of the paper is that all factors have a significant impact on the firm’s performance. The implications of research results for researchers and practitioners are discussed, and suggestions have also been made.
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Simo Kengne, Beatrice Desiree. "Mixed-gender ownership and financial performance of SMEs in South Africa." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 8, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-10-2014-0040.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the presence of women among owner-stakeholders affects firms’ financial performance. Particularly, it extends the corporate governance literature by linking stakeholder theory and gender differences to explain why gender composition of ownership matters for firms’ performance. As the management of small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) revolves around owner-managers and their individual characteristics that are likely to affect their achievements, the study further investigates the relationship between the gender composition of ownership and the firm survival. Design/methodology/approach Using survey data on SMEs for 2007 and 2010, this study uses a panel-level heteroskedasticity technique and a probit methodology to assess the effect women’s presence among owners may exert on SMEs performance and survival, respectively. Findings Results indicate that firms jointly owned by men and women appear to perform better than those owned by men although the presence of women among owners does not correlate with firm survival. Research limitations/implications While the findings of this study shed some light on the performance impact of gender composition of firm ownership, reports based on the presence of women among owners may not present the full picture. Whether the ownership is shared equally between different genders might provide further insides on the magnitude and/or robustness of such effect. Moreover, a small sample period (T = 2) was used to analyse a single industrial sector (manufacturing), and even though the Hausman test confirmed the use of random-effects specification, caution should be taken when generalizing the findings to other cases. Practical implications The findings suggest that the leadership in mixed-gender context propels a perspective of women as a valuable resource within SMEs, but relying on it to sustain the survival would be unwise. Social implications South Africa scores particularly high on positive actions towards women entrepreneurship, and this is compounded in the SMEs sector by managerial attitudes that could offer positive developments for women. Originality/value The positive and significant relationship between women’s presence among owners and SMEs financial performance in South Africa complements the almost exclusively reported negative impact of gender diversity on firm performance. Consequently, mixed-gender owners’ team can be used as a fulcrum to promote SMEs growth in South Africa.
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Akter, Mansura, Mahfuzur Rahman, and Dragana Radicic. "Women Entrepreneurship in International Trade: Bridging the Gap by Bringing Feminist Theories into Entrepreneurship and Internationalization Theories." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 7, 2019): 6230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226230.
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Participation of women-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in international trade is gaining more importance in the transformation of institutional changes. Although women entrepreneurs contribute to the social and economic development, the role of social, cultural, and legal institutions in fostering women entrepreneurship is still debatable. This argument remains controversial as there is no single theory that has explained the phenomenon of women-owned firms in international trade. Because of the missing link between gender sensitivity and the existing theories of entrepreneurship and internationalization, there is a significant research gap. To fill up this research gap, this study revisited existing theories from three research domains: feminism, entrepreneurship, and internationalization. Factors derived from revisiting theories of entrepreneurship and internationalization were evaluated based on findings from the review of the feminist theories. Finally, key parameters were selected to assess the internationalization of women-owned SMEs, which require future empirical investigation.
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Magnanelli, Barbara Sveva, Luigi Nasta, and Elisa Raoli. "Do Female Directors on Corporate Boards Make a Difference in Family Owned Businesses?" Journal of International Accounting Research 19, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jiar-17-561.
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ABSTRACT This paper investigates how the presence of female directors on corporate boards impacts the performance of family firms. This study enriches the literature on gender diversity on corporate boards and its effects on firm performance by focusing on a country in which family businesses are dominant. The empirical analysis is conducted on a sample of 165 Italian-listed firms from 2011 to 2016, representing the period during which the mandatory gender quota law was introduced and implemented in Italy. The results show a positive relationship between the presence of women on corporate boards and firm performance, specifically in family owned businesses. These findings lead to the conclusion that female directors do not have a negative impact on firm performance. And, given the domination of family businesses and a mandatory gender quota law in Italy, this study makes a regulatory and performance assessment not previously examined in the literature. JEL Classifications: M1; M12; M48; M21.
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Usman, Muhammad, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Junrui Zhang, Nanyan Dong, and Muhammad Abdul Majid Makki. "Women on boards and CEO pay-performance link." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 7 (October 7, 2019): 1171–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2017-0056.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the crucial question of whether gender diversity in boardroom is associated with CEO pay and CEO pay-performance link. Design/methodology/approach The authors used the data of companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange for a sample consisting of KSE-100 index companies for the period of five years. The authors used the ordinary least square regression technique to test the developed hypotheses. The authors also used the two-step Heckman selection model, two-stage least square regression and propensity score matching method to control the problem of endogeneity. Findings The authors find reliable evidence of a negative association between gender diversity and CEO pay and of board gender diversity’s strengthening the relationship between CEO pay and firm performance. The authors also find that women director are more effective in setting the optimal contract in non-family-owned firms and firms with dispersed ownership structure as compared to family-owned firms and firms with concentrated ownership structure. Moreover, results also reflect that the influence of board diversity on both CEO pay and CEO pay-performance link is stronger when gender diversity goes beyond tokenism. Practical implications The findings have implications in terms of providing the basis for policy makers to accord the same level of importance to gender diversity in the boardroom as well as contributing to the current debate on the desirability of mandating or recommending gender diversity on boardrooms. Originality/value This study is among the few studies which investigate the moderating role of boardroom gender diversity on the CEO pay-performance link. In addition, this study contributes to the institutional theory by providing the empirical evidence that the effect boardroom gender diversity on CEO pay and CEO pay-performance link varies by type of ownership.
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Link, Albert N., and Martijn van Hasselt. "Exploring the impact of R&D on patenting activity in small women-owned and minority-owned entrepreneurial firms." Small Business Economics 54, no. 4 (January 2, 2019): 1061–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-00130-9.
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Ruiz-Arroyo, Matilde, María del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes, Ana Maria Bojica, and Lázaro Rodríguez-Ariza. "Innovativeness and Performance in Women-Owned Small Firms: The Role of Knowledge Acquisition." Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 25, no. 3 (January 2012): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2012.10593575.
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WIMALATISSA, W. A. "THE EMERGING CLASS OF BUSINESSWOMEN AND WOMEN-OWNED BUSINESS FIRMS IN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM." Journal of Enterprising Culture 04, no. 03 (September 1996): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495896000162.
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This study focuses on the emerging ’women entrepreneurship’ and ’womenowned businesses’ in Brunei Darussalam. It first examines the demographic background, personal competency, reasons behind the choice of ’selfemployment career,’ and management style of the businesswomen. Secondly, it looks into the main sources of finance, lines of merchandise, size of the work force, and problems of the women-owned enterprises. The sample consists of 50 businesswomen. In manufacturing, retail, and service businesses. These businesswomen have gone through the formal education process and are in their thirties. Their reasons for doing business are independence and an opportunity to use their knowledge and experience. The popular types of business activities for these businesswomen are retailing and services. They practise a centralised decision making style. Their businesses are generally in the start-up stage and the predominant source of capital is personal savings. Most of the businesses employ less than 10 workers and the major problems of the businesses are labour shortage and strong competition.
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del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes, María, Ana Maria Bojica, Matilde Ruiz-Arroyo, and Friederike Welter. "Innovativeness and business relationships in women-owned firms: The role of gender stereotypes." Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration 34, no. 1 (June 17, 2015): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1329.
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Maurya, Prateeksha, and Pratap Chandra Mohanty. "What restricts credit to women enterprises? Evidence from India’s informal sector." International Journal of Social Economics 46, no. 7 (July 8, 2019): 920–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2018-0422.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors which affect the financial access of the female-owned informal enterprises (FOIEs) in India. There has been a dearth of studies particularly targeting determinants of credit access by the women-owned informal enterprises. Demand side factors affecting financial access have been studied. The study of major factors affecting access to credit by unorganized women enterprises will be useful for policy making perspectives. Design/methodology/approach The study uses nationalized micro data set on the non-agricultural informal enterprises and probit estimation has been used to identify the factors which affect the probabilities of access to credit for the FOIEs. Findings The study highlights what facilitates and hinders the financial access for the FOIEs particularly in India. These enterprises in rural areas have better chances to avail credit from formal sources. Firm size, measured by policy-making size of employment and gross profit, involvement in diversified activities, maintenance of accounting record, has positive and significant impact on access to formal credit. The younger firms and the firms operating in the southern states of the country have higher probabilities to avail credit from institutional sources. Originality/value The study used the latest data set available on Indian informal enterprises, thus provides important insights about the status of financing of enterprises in India. This study highlights the regional variations and gender disparities that are prevalent in the Indian economy.
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Bulanova, Oxana, Espen John Isaksen, and Lars Kolvereid. "Growth aspirations among women entrepreneurs in high growth firms." Baltic Journal of Management 11, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-11-2014-0204.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between perceived desirability (attitude towards growth) and feasibility (entrepreneurial self-efficacy) of business growth and women entrepreneurs’ continued business growth aspirations. Hypotheses are derived guided by the Entrepreneurial Event Model (EEM). The authors also address the following research question: what reasons do women entrepreneurs state for wanting or not wanting continued business growth? Design/methodology/approach – The sample consists of 93 of the largest independent businesses in Norway started by women entrepreneurs in 2004, 2005 or 2006 (response rate 57.5 per cent). The hypotheses are tested using logistic regression. The authors carry out a post hoc analysis of open-ended questions, containing a qualitative analysis of the reasons for not wanting or wanting the business to grow. Findings – The results support the hypotheses. Controlling for industry, location and the women entrepreneurs’ age, perceived desirability and feasibility of business growth predict growth aspirations. Thus, the findings suggests that the EEM is an appropriate and useful model. Reasons are grouped in reasons relating to considerations for the entrepreneur, the business and the environment. The most common reason for not wanting the business to grow relates to business considerations, including that growth would jeopardize the quality of services offered by the business. Important reasons for wanting the business to grow include fun and excitement. Research limitations/implications – Policy makers and educators can encourage business growth by efforts aiming to increase the desirability and feasibility of growth. Practitioners as well as scholars should be aware of the inducements and costs associated with business growth. The study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by exploring and identifying areas that both encourage and hinder further business growth among high-growth women entrepreneurs. Originality/value – Research on women-owned businesses is still scarce, and few if any previous studies have surveyed growth aspiration in new high-growth women-owned businesses. The combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques is also a novel contribution of this survey.
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Lunn, John, and Huey L. Perry. "Justifying Affirmative Action: Highway Construction in Louisiana." ILR Review 46, no. 3 (April 1993): 464–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304600302.
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Using data from Louisiana's Department of Transportation and Development for the years 1985–89 and a 1990 survey of construction firms doing business in Louisiana, the authors examine whether firms owned by minorities and women faced discrimination in the awarding of contracts in the state's public highway construction program. No evidence of discrimination is shown by a regression analysis, and only weak, ambiguous evidence of discrimination is shown by a disparity ratio analysis. The authors conclude that the sampled firms did not face discrimination in the years examined.
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Nixdorff, Janet L., and Theodore H. Rosen. "The glass ceiling women face: An examination and proposals for development of future women entrepreneurs." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-13-02-2010-b006.
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As of 2007, there were an estimated 10.4 million businesses in the United States that were owned and operated by women. The number of women-owned firms has continued to grow at around twice the rate of all firms for the past two decades (Center for Women℉s Business Research, 2008). On the other hand, women comprise only 15.4 percent of corporate officers in Fortune 500 companies (Catalyst, 2007b) and, in 2003, held only 14.8 percent of board seats in the Fortune 500 (Catalyst, 2007a).To better understand the glass ceiling faced by both female entrepreneurs and women leaders, the research on women℉s issues is examined from a number of different vantage points. Women℉s entrepreneurship and women℉s leadership research on leadership, decision-making, and gender differences was examined to discover commonalities. Then female single-sex education literature was reviewed for insights on developmental issues that might influence future women entrepreneurs and leaders. In this exploration of research, it was found that both women entrepreneurs and women leaders in the corporate environment tend toward the same leadership styles and ways of interacting with others; they also experience a lack of role models and possible lack of self-efficacy.The literature on single-sex education provides observations that young women may thrive in environments in which there are fewer male competitors, hold less stereotyped views on gender, hold higher aspirations, may have greater opportunities for training of leadership skills, and may have increased self-confidence that may be the result of exposure to successful women role models. Implications for future research are explored and suggestions are provided to meet the needs of developing women entrepreneurs.
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Julius, Saumu Sidi, and Maina Rugami. "Microcredit Services and Performance of Women Owned Enterprises in Kilifi County, Kenya." International Journal of Business Management, Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/jbmed.v2i4.149.
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Women owned enterprises play an important role in ensuring the growth of an economy. However, most of these businesses face challenges including limited access to credit facilities and limited skills among women owners. Commercial banks have consistently remained reluctant to advance credit facilities among low income earners who mostly comprise of these women owned enterprises. Majority of the women owned enterprises are still at micro level with limited ability to transact in larger profitable firms because of limited access to financial resources. The main economic activities that the youth and women are engaged in Kilifi County include small scale business/trade, mining industry, bodaboda business, Mnazi tapping, Casuallabour and commercial sex. Despite this, the youth and women are faced with a myriad of challenges which include poor/low pay, exploitation, health Complications, unwanted pregnancies, HIV infections. Some of the ways in which these challenges facing women engaged in business in Kilifi County can be managed include; capacity building/education, government financial support, enforcement of laws of child labour, guidance and counseling and creation of employment. There has been a rise in the number of women owned enterprises in the County with the advent of county government system. The County Government of Kilifi has given opportunities and credit to youth, special needs group and women to start or expand their businesses and also get procurement opportunities. However these women owned enterprises have had challenges with sufficient financing especially from microfinance institutions in the County. The study sought to bridge the gap by establishing the effect of Microfinance Services and performance of women owned enterprises in Kilifi County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives; to establish the effect of loan facilities, saving services, influence of financial literacy and convenience and reputation of credit institutions on performance of women owned enterprises in Kilifi County, Kenya. The study was anchored on the following theories; Resource based view theory and Social Learning theory. The study used descriptive research design. The population of the study was 1281 women owned enterprises. The study applied stratified random sampling technique. The sample size was therefore296 women owners of registered enterprises in Kilifi County. The collected data wasbe qualitative and quantitative in nature. To analyze qualitative data, content analysis was employed. For quantitative data, the researcher employed both descriptive and inferential statistics for analysis that covered means, standard deviations and regression analysis. The study established that microfinance services had a positive effect on the performance of women owned enterprises in Kilifi County. The study concluded that there were significant microfinance services provided by MFIs in Kilifi County for women-owned enterprises in Kilifi County. The study concluded that microfinance services offered by MFIs positively and significantly influenced the performance of women-owned enterprises in Kilifi County. It was concluded further that some of the enterprises were not aware of the microfinance services offered by MFIs in Kilifi County. The study recommends that the women-owned enterprises need to be sensitized on the available microfinance services and how to access them. The study recommends that the enterprises need to improve their saving culture to enhance their capital base and financial performance.
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Rodríguez-Gulías, María Jesús, Sara Fernández-López, and David Rodeiro-Pazos. "Gender differences in growth of Spanish university spin-offs." Gender in Management: An International Journal 33, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-04-2017-0040.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the hypothesis that the female-owned university spin-off organizations (USOs) have a similar resource endowment and, as a consequence, growth rates similar to the male-owned USOs. Design/methodology/approach A unique and original longitudinal data set, which is an unbalanced panel, consisting of 120 Spanish USOs over the period 2001-2010 has been constructed. The methodology includes the analysis of mean differences (t-test) and dynamic panel data models. Findings The results confirmed that there are no gender differences in either the firms’ initial resource endowment or in the preference for industries. There is no gender effect on the USOs’ growth, but the initial endowment resources matter. Thus the financial, human and technological resources have a positive effect on the USOs’ growth. This evidence suggests that the USOs’ context may mitigate the initial resource endowment of the female-owned firms and their preferences for traditional industries, showing similar rates of growth than male-owned USOs. Research limitations/implications Owners’ gender has been used as a proxy for founders’ gender. Also, only USOs included in the SABI database have been considered as part of the sample; the significant number of USOs that did not reveal information about their owners have been discarded. Practical implications It is important to continue supporting academic entrepreneurship, as in the university context, firm growth is not affected by gender differences. However, given that the percentage of female owners in university entrepreneurship is still lower compared to entrepreneurship in general, the universities’ entrepreneur programmes targeting women must adopt a gendered perspective. Originality/value Literature on USOs has traditionally analyzed the firm-specific characteristics that impact their growth without considering the influence of the owners’ gender. In this paper, an attempt to fill this gap has been made using a sample of 120 Spanish USOs and by applying the dynamic panel data methodology. In particular, it has been argued that the university context from which USOs emerge allows female-owned USOs to have a similar resource endowment and, as a consequence, a similar growth when compared to male-owned USOs.
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ROOMI, MUHAMMAD AZAM. "IMPACT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AND USE IN THE GROWTH PROCESS OF WOMEN-OWNED FIRMS." Journal of Enterprising Culture 17, no. 04 (December 2009): 473–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495809000436.
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Drawing upon the Churchill and Lewis stage growth model of enterprises, this study explains the role of social capital possessed by women entrepreneurs in different stages of growth within their firms. Friends and family as well as women-only networks in the start-up stage; customers, staff, and suppliers in the survival stage; mixed networks as well as business and professional advisers in the success and take-off stages; and suppliers and/or distributors in the maturity stage have been found to be the main sources of women entrepreneurs' social capital. In particular, the study highlights industry differences as well as norms of behavior based on trust and obligation through which they successfully transform their contacts into useful resources. The availability of these resources as well as access to information, advice, and ideas act as a catalyst in developing and growing their businesses.
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Yeh, Ryh-Song, and Cherlyn Skromme Granrose. "Work goals of Taiwanese men and women managers in Taiwanese, Japanese and American owned firms." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 17, no. 1 (December 1993): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(93)90015-z.
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Meng, Lingyan, Md Qamruzzaman, and Anass Hamad Elneel Adow. "Technological Adaption and Open Innovation in SMEs: An Strategic Assessment for Women-Owned SMEs Sustainability in Bangladesh." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052942.
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Technological adaption and innovative activities foster small and medium enterprises (SMEs) growth by allowing production and process diversifications. Furthermore, open innovation practices, especially SMEs, rely on several firms’ specific attributes, and their impact varies accordingly. This study’s motivation is to explore the impact of technological adaptation and open innovation on SMEs run by women entrepreneurs and the challenges encountered in implementing open innovation. A sample of 580 questionnaires was sent to target SMEs, following the stratified random sampling technique, of which a complete 375 responses were duly received. The open innovation has been measured through eight innovative practices, reflecting the exploration and exploitation of technology in SMEs. This study found that women-owned enterprises were involved in many open innovation policies during the last five years. The result of this study indicated that there are no significant differences between manufacturing and industry regarding open innovation practices. Still, women-owned enterprises are more impressively engaged in open innovation practices. The research also identified that women-owned SMEs follow open innovation, mainly for market-related intentions, to compete with competitors and meet customers’ demands. The study contributes to the theoretical and practical implications. Further, the study is helpful for SMEs, researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers.
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Mauro, Paoloni, Valeri Marco, and Paoloni Paola. "Development Perspectives of Relational Capital in Women-Led Firms." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 9 (August 15, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n9p66.
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The purpose of the paper is to analyze the strategic role of relational capital for the achievement of sustainable development in Italian micro and small tourist businesses run by women. The paper focuses on the tourism enterprises because that sector constitute 10 % of the Italian GDP. The qualitative research methodology that has been used is that of case study research (Yin, 2009). Such process consisted in a survey with an ad-hoc questionnaire developed to analyze the distinctive features of a woman-owned micro and small enterprise that can be identified with the CAOS model (Paoloni, 2011). The paper applies the CAOS model examining the personal characteristics of the female entrepreneur (C); the environment in which the in SMEs operates (A); organizational and managerial aspects (O); and the motivations for manage a new business (S). This model is able to link these factors and classify different types of connections, it is possible to identify the kind of existing relations. The paper intends to help address a gap in the existing literature regarding the management and governance of tourism firms run by women. The paper can contribute to improving the competitiveness Italian enterprises studying how women entrepreneurs manage her business.
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Dutta, Arijita, Sharmistha Banerjee, Olivia Sarkar, Arkadipta Roy, Ashish Kumar Sana, and Sudeshna Basu Mukherjee. "Emergence of Women-Owned SMEs as a Game-Changer of Malaysia in the Era of Digitalization." Asian Journal of Managerial Science 8, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2019.8.3.1626.
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Given the current constraints of the Malaysian economy to grow beyond the middle-income trap, the women owned small and medium enterprises are envisioned to be the game changers, to lead the Malaysian economy out of the middle-income trap. While the microenterprises owned by women are expected to bring in more inclusiveness and gender-parity in the economy, the small ventures can feed in the big business to act as an enabler of growth, and the medium enterprises have the potential to emerge as driver of growth themselves. The authors posit that classical constraints faced by women-owned SMEs, mostly rooted in resource crunch may be partially overcome by using the digitalized platform and e-commerce infrastructure of the country. However, state-level evidence suggests that majority of women-owned SMEs (WOSME) belong to micro and small sectors, with limited ability of job creation. Also, the presence of medium firms is highly skewed towards traditional low-technology sectors, in spite of educational and technical exposure. The success of these WOSME is actually dependent on the nature of the big business and the state-level economic and social characteristics, rather than the utilization of digital platforms by SMEs. This supports the evidence that success of WOSME is still heavily dependent on the large business enterprises, representing the classical structure. Absence of any effective policy to encourage women SME entrepreneurs in Malaysia constricts WOSMEs from playing the role of game-changer in the digitalized economy, in spite of their extremely high potential. Policies in the country appeared to be ethnicity-conscious, rather than gender-centric.
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Obebo, Forah M., Nelson H. W. Wawire, and Joseph M. Muniu. "Effects of Participation of Micro and Small Enterprises in Microfinance on Their Performance in Kenya." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 7 (June 10, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n7p78.
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The development of the microfinance sub-sector in Kenya is seen as a favourable catalyst for increasing performance of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs). Despite the development, MSEs continue to suffer from high levels of financial exclusion and shortage of operating funds. This scenarios raise policy questions on whether participation in microfinance has effects on performance of MSEs. While past studies on this relationship have demonstrated that the effects are mixed, an understanding of the effects on participation of microfinance on different segments on MSEs - especially the youth and women owned businesses and age of businesses, is necessary in designing relevant policy changes in the MSE subsector. To address this, the study used the 2016 FinAccess Dataset and estimated these effects using the propensity score matching technique. This model was considered suitable since it accounted for potential endogeneity biases associated with self-selection into participation, unobserved entrepreneurial abilities and risk taking behaviour of MSEs. Apart from showing that participation in microfinance has positive effects on performance of MSEs, the study has demonstrated that there is presence of constraints limiting the impact of microfinance especially in firms owned by the youth and women. As such, there is need for policy and product designs to address these hindrances even as participation in microfinance is encouraged. Based on the results, it is recommended that government and microfinance providers should design policies and products that increase firm participation in microfinance. This may be through scaling up financial literacy programmes and encouraging acquisition of permits. Finally, policy should address obstacles that hinder the youth and women owned MSEs from benefiting from microfinance.
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Fuentes-Fuentes, María del Mar, Ana M. Bojica, and Matilde Ruiz-Arroyo. "Entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge acquisition: effects on performance in the specific context of women-owned firms." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 11, no. 3 (August 17, 2014): 695–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0336-1.
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Titik Kristanti, Farida, and Sri Rahayu. "Capital Structure and Performance due to Gender Diversity of CEOs in Indonesian Small & Medium-sized Business." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27609.
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Previous researches and results show that women-owned small firms have less debt than man-owned firms, and they have different performance. The objective of this study is to know whether the difference of capital structure is a factor correlated with gender differences resulting in different financial performance. This study utilizes sample data of all small and medium-sized businesses listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange to determine the differences of capital structure and performance between companies with male and female CEOs. The statistical test result using independent t-test shows that there is no difference in both of them. Regression result shows variables influencing capital structure of small and medium-sized businesses in Indonesia are age of company, company size and company liquidity. Meanwhile, for company performance, the statistical test result shows that it is only variables of age of company and leverage that have significant effect. Therefore, small and medium-sized businesses should maintain their capital structure at low rates to have a good financial performance. Companies that are able to survive in a long term will also increase the company performance.
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Ezimma K., Nnabuife, Okoli Ifeanyi Emmanuel, Arachie Augustine Ebuka, and Adani Nnenne Ifechi. "The Intricacies of Female Successors in Family Owned Businesses." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation 6, no. 1 (June 23, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jebi.v6i1.14680.
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As a result of shortage of female successor due in part to gender bias succession practices, this study was necessitated to look at encumbrances against women successors of Family Owned Businesses (FOBs) in Anambra State. The broad objective of this study was to examine female successors and sustainability of family owned businesses. The work adopted a survey research design. The population of the study was 415 FOBs in Anambra State. Complete enumeration method was adopted so as to get the full opinion of all firms on gender issues and female succession. The data for the study was collected through structured questionnaire. A combination of descriptive (mean) and inferential statistics (chi-square) were deployed in the data analysis. The result showed that there are obstacles that have substantial effect on women becoming successors of FOBs in Anambra State and that sexism play a statistically significant role in determining successors in Anambra State. Sequel to this, it was concluded that women and men in Anambra State do not have a level playing ground in determining who becomes a successors of FOBs in Anambra state as there are hurdles women face and these obstacles have significant effect on who becomes a successors. Hence, the recommendation was that successors of FOBs should not be based on gender but on capability and the provision of level playing ground for both the female and male genders in the succession dynamics.
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Maškarinec, Pavel. "Quality of Life and Women’s Descriptive Representation: Female Emergence and Success in the 2018 Czech Local Elections." Central European Journal of Politics 6, no. 2 (2021): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/cejop_2020_2.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of quality of life, together with other factors, on female candidates̕ willingness to run for office and women’s descriptive representation in the 2018 Czech local elections. We found that the effect of some variables was different in the case of women’s emergence and success. While the share of female candidates was higher in larger cities with lower quality of life and less nationalized local party systems, women were much more successful in smaller cities with lower quality of life, less nationalized local party systems and a more strongly gendered context in the sense of previous female representation, both in city councils and on corporate boards of firms owned by the city. While the positive effect of size on women’s emergence can be explained with the larger city’s context which generates more access points for emergence of women candidates, the negative effect of size on women’s success was due to the desirability of office effect. Furthermore, the very small effect of previous female representation on the share of female candidates can be explained by the existence of an incumbency effect, which may also underlie the different influence of the representation of women in municipally-owned firms’ management. Finally, the negative effect of quality of life (at the level of both candidacy and representation) can also be linked with the desirability hypothesis. The drive to win representation and make decisions about the life of the community can be expected to be much stronger in municipalities with higher quality of life.
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Coleman, Susan. "The Role of Human and Financial Capital in the Profitability and Growth of Women-Owned Small Firms." Journal of Small Business Management 45, no. 3 (July 2007): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2007.00214.x.
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