Journal articles on the topic 'Women migrant domestic workers'
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1
Romero, Mary. "Reflections on Globalized Care Chains and Migrant Women Workers." Critical Sociology 44, no. 7-8 (March 2, 2018): 1179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920517748497.
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An analysis of the international division of reproductive labor is incomplete without acknowledging the proliferation of state regulations in migrant-receiving countries, which result in restricting workers’ ability to maintain their own families and to exercise their full range of labor rights. An overview of trends in nations fueling the need for domestic workers and caregivers includes the social conditions for migrants increasingly fill this niche. The transnational circuits of care migration are constructed by the commercial and legal processes used to recruit and transport domestic workers. These are highlighted by analyzing the policies in the USA and United Arab Emirates to demonstrate the restrictions countries place on migrants seeking employment and the limited labor protections offered migrant domestic workers. Two otherwise different countries have adopted similar entry requirements tying migrant domestic workers to employer sponsored jobs in their homes. However, the USA offers fewer visa options to domestic workers and recruitment systems differ. Vulnerabilities faced by migrant domestics receiving visas are linked to these immigration policies.
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Sukesi, Keppi. "Work Condition, Gender Relation And Violence Against Women Migrant Domestic Workers." MIMBAR : Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 34, no. 1 (June 19, 2018): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v34i1.2985.
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The research aims to analyze the social conditions of working women migrant domestic workers, gender relations in their home and workplace, and to describe the violence experienced by women migrant domestic workers. The research method used is case study in two villages, namely village of Majangtengah Malang Regency and village of Junjung Tulungagung Regency as sender of migrant worker. The research informants are migrant workers who have returned to their home villages and migrant families who are working overseas. This study uses a qualitative approach through in-depth study of 32 migrant workers. Data analysis technique is descriptive qualitative. Research results show that women migrant workers are encouraged to work away from the village and families by socioeconomic factors. They have different working conditions in the destination country. The employer factors are crucial to urge the success of the migrant workers. They contribute economically to households and surrounding communities, but this work is very at risk of violence. Violence can occur from departure to destination country. Therefore, protection of women migrant workers is very important.
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Aeni, Nurul. "EKSISTENSI BURUH MIGRAN PEREMPUAN DAN GAMBARAN KEMISKINAN KABUPATEN PATI." Jurnal Litbang: Media Informasi Penelitian, Pengembangan dan IPTEK 13, no. 2 (October 5, 2017): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33658/jl.v13i2.101.
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ENGLISHIndonesian migrant workers are dominated by women. It is an evidence of women participation in local development due to the remittance. This research aimed to describe the distribution of woman migrant workers in Pati District and to compare the poverty level between the subdistricts whose high concentration of woman migrant workers and their counterparts. It used qualitative research design with secondary data that were obtained from Employement and Transmigration Service as well ase Local Development Agency of Pati District. The result of reserach were: (1) The growth of woman migrant workers in Pati District during 2015-2016 was 24%. They mostly works in domestic sector with the main destination country is Taiwan. The highest consentration of woman migrant workers was Sukolilo Subdistrict and the lowest’s was Batangan Subdistrict. (2) Poverty is probably one of the international migration’s triggers. The subdistricts with high concentration of woman migrant workes tend to have higher percentage of poor families compare to their counterparts. INDONESIABuruh Migran Indonesia (BMI) dari Kabupaten Pati didominasi oleh perempuan. Hal tersebut menjadi bukti peran serta perempuan dalam pembangunan daerah berkaitan dengan pengiriman remitan. Tujuan penelitian adalah menggambarkan persebaran buruh migran perempuan di Kabupaten Pati dan membandingkan kondisi kemiskinan di kecamatan dengan jumlah buruh migran perempuan terbanyak dan tersedikit. Penelitian menggunakan desain kuantitatif dengan data sekunder yang didapatkan dari Disnakertrans, Bappeda Kabupaten Pati serta referensi lain yang relevan. Pengolahan data menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1)Pertumbuhan buruh migran perempuan di Kabupate Pati periode 2015-2016 adalah sekitar 24%. Sebagian besar buruh migran tersebut bekerja di sektor domestik dengan destinasi utama Taiwan. Konsentrasi buruh migran tertinggi berada di Kecamatan Sukolilo dan terendah di Kecamatan Batangan. (2) kemiskinan diindikasikan menjadi salah satu faktor yang melandasi keputusan menjadi buruh migran. Bukti akan hal tersebut adalah kecamatan dengan jumlah buruh migran perempuan banyak memiliki persentase keluarga miskin yang lebih tinggi.
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Xypolitas, Nikos. "The Entrapment of Migrant Workers in Servile Labour: The Case of Live-in Domestic Workers from Ukraine in Greece." Social Cohesion and Development 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/scad.10853.
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<p>The article presents an effort to analyze the entrapment of migrant domestic workers in their low-status jobs. This will be done by looking at the consequences of live-in domestic work on migrant women from Ukraine working as servants in Athens. The study utilizes a Marxo-Weberian framework that focuses on both working conditions and perceptions of migrant workers. It is argued that the emotional demands of domestic work result in migrants perceiving their tasks as an extension of familial relationships and obligations. These employment relationships are defined as ‘pseudo-familial’ and form the basis of deference in domestic work. Combined with the structural barriers in the labour market, deference represents the subjective element of the entrapment of migrants in their job.</p>
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Saroor, Shreen. "Advocating for the Voting Rights of Sri Lankan Migrant Workers." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 12, no. 1-2 (March 2003): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680301200109.
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Labor migration from Sri Lanka has been dominated by women migrant workers who take up domestic work, mostly in the Middle East. Remittances from women migrant workers have been a major boon to Sri Lanka's economy. However, the social costs of female migration have also been considerable. Migrant NGOs have advocated to effect changes to protect the rights of women migrants. In 2000, a migrant NGO started the campaign to extend voting rights to migrant workers as a means to improve their leverage to influence policy making. The campaign has gained the support of different political parties and government agencies.
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Silvey, Rachel, and Rhacel Parreñas. "Thinking Policy Through Migrant Domestic Workers’ Itineraries." American Behavioral Scientist 64, no. 6 (May 2020): 859–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764220910253.
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This article summarizes key findings from our research on Indonesian and Filipino migrant domestic workers in the United Arab Emirates to reflect on their implications for policy. To illustrate the patterns we have observed, the article traces the migration biographies of two women, one from West Java and one from the Philippines, and it then asks what their experiences reveal about the policy landscape. We find, in concert with a large body of literature on social policy for migrants, that in many cases the policies that currently exist—and the gaps in these policies—are themselves central to producing the problems that migrant domestic workers face. Thus, we focus not on what states or international organizations can do in terms of policy improvements per se, but more generally on how the policy context is part and parcel of the broader social world that affects migrant workers’ welfare over the course of their migration biographies.
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Hellgren, Zenia, and Inmaculada Serrano. "Financial Crisis and Migrant Domestic Workers in Spain: Employment Opportunities and Conditions during the Great Recession." International Migration Review 53, no. 4 (October 3, 2018): 1209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318798341.
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This article explores the impact of the Great Recession on migrant domestic workers in Spain. We argue that the domestic service sector’s relative resistance to job destruction has transformed it to some extent into a refuge activity for unemployed women from other sectors, both migrants and native Spanish workers. This leads to intensified competition over jobs and increasing stratification among domestic workers, with serious consequences both for migrant women’s opportunities to make a living in Spain and for their migration projects at an international level. Based on 90 in-depth interviews with female migrant domestic workers and stakeholders, we find that this group of workers has been seriously affected by unemployment, underemployment, and worsened job conditions. As a consequence, new and already settled migrants find the chances to gain their livelihood in Spain substantially reduced, and many of those who migrated in order to support the family back home through remittances, or to save some money and eventually return, are at present unable to do so.
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Pusparani, Safira Prabawidya, and Ani Widyani Soetjipto. "Women and their Journey to Self-Empowerment: A Case Study of Six Indonesian Female Migrant Domestic Workers." Jurnal Perempuan 22, no. 3 (September 16, 2017): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.34309/jp.v22i3.190.
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<p>In Indonesia, female migrant domestic workers’ representations tend to contain negative meanings. Although they are named as “heroes of development”, but their position is nothing more than a commodity for the country. Such treatment makes female migrant domestic workers becomes vulnerable to violence and exploitation by employers, agents, andgovernment staff. Nevertheless, there is an alternative narrative that is rarely highlighted in literature or media, namely the representation of female migrant domestic workers as powerful actors. This paper seeks to fill in that alternative narrative by highlighting the agencies did by these six female migrant domestic workers. The author believes that by using the standpoint feminism perspective to analyze the struggle of these six female migrant domestic workers in empowering themselves after the oppression, it can be seen that agency has been manifested by female migrant domestic workers during the migration process. This study reveals the efforts of female migrant domestic workers to manifest their empowerment through migration decisions in the middle of patriarchal structures, their ability to resist structures with activism, and become agents of development and change for their communities.</p>
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Koldinská, Krishna. "ILO Pioneering on Domestic Workers – Migrant Women Issues." Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 59, no. 4 (December 2018): 420–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2052.2018.59.4.6.
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Rahayu, Ninik. "Indonesian Migrant Worker Policies and the Vulnerability of Women Migrant Workers to Becoming Trafficking Victims: an Overview of Recent Legislation." Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 1, no. 2 (January 11, 2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v1i2.5844.
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This study will provide an overview of how migrant worker protection policies should govern all forms of protection for migrant workers, especially women workers who often face violent abuse as overseas domestic workers in receiving countries, and then problems when they return to their villages. It outlines several laws that deal with problems of abuse associated with migration such as the Law Eradication of Trafficking in Person, and other regulation. Indonesia Government has made a good initiative by amending the policies of migrant workers with the aim of prioritizing protection, including how to harmonize other policies. This is a good starting point for implementing all commitments to the extent that commitments to protect migrant workers, especially women migrant workers who are still vulnerable to violence and threats of trafficking.
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Pavlou, Veronica. "The Case of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in Europe: Human Rights Violations and Forward Looking Strategies." Deusto Journal of Human Rights, no. 9 (December 11, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/aahdh-0-2011pp67-84.
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<p>Female migrant domestic workers constitute one of the most vulnerable groups of workers in the international labour market as they are frequently found working and living in conditions that put their human rights at stake. They can be subjected to multiple and intersecting discriminations deriving from their gender, their status as migrants and their occupation. The aim of this article is to explore the issue of female migrant domestic workers through its human rights dimension. It first analyses the phenomenon by discussing aspects such as gender, ethnicity and migration. Secondly, it provides for an account of the International and European framework for the human rights protection of this group of migrant women. Then, some of the most important human rights concerns that the issue of female migrant domestic workers entails, such as the exploitative terms of work, the problematic living conditions and private life issues, are discussed. Finally, the article, examines suggestions that could improve the living and working conditions and the general status of female migrant domestic workers. The forward looking strategies presented are grouped in three core categories; how to prepare female migrant domestic workers for their entry to the destination country, how to protect them through migration policies and labour regulations and finally, how to empower them allowing them to develop skills and capacities for better civic participation.</p><p><strong>Published online</strong>: 11 December 2017</p>
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Chin, Christine B. N. "Visible Bodies, Invisible Work: State Practices toward Migrant Women Domestic Workers in Malaysia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 12, no. 1-2 (March 2003): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680301200103.
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The changing characteristics of labor migration in Asia today elicit an important question regarding the nature and consequences of state involvement in the entry and employment of low wage migrant workers. This paper offers an analysis of the labor-receiving state's practices toward migrant women domestic workers in Malaysia. I ascertain that the exercise of a particular kind of state power as evinced from policies and legislation, consistently make visible migrant womens' presence in society even as their labor in households is rendered invisible. A key consequence of this is the fragmentation of public support for migrant workers, and the contraction of what can be considered legitimate space for Malaysian NGO advocacy on migrant labor rights. To counteract this, some NGOs have adopted alternative strategies and targets that begin to reveal the possibility for constructing alternative forms of governance.
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Fouskas, Theodoros, Paraskevi Gikopoulou, Elisavet Ioannidi, and George Koulierakis. "Gender, transnational female migration and domestic work in Greece." Collectivus, Revista de Ciencias Sociales 6, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 99–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.15648/coll.1.2019.7.
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In global labour markets, migrant workers are mainly found in precarious, low-status/low-wage occupations in undeclared work and the underground/informal sector of the economy which demands a low paid, uninsured, mobile, temporary and flexible workforce. This article argues that migrant women are mostly employed as domestic workers in various countries that demand precarious, low-status/low-wage service workers and personal services. Feminist scholarship on migration underlines, that social constructions of gender and racial stereotypes drive men and women into specific roles and therefore dictate their experiences. Social constructions of gender cannot be considered separate from social constructions of class, gender, race, ethnicity, and sexuality; female migrants are disassociated from family relationships, community associations, solidarity networks, and become susceptible to discrimination based on race and ethnicity, class and gender in the reception countries. This article provides an intersectional review of research on domestic work, healthcare and community networks in Greece (1990-2018). Intersectionality produces assumptions set in women’s race and ethnicity, projecting unequal labour rights among sexes in Greece. Gender, race and ethnicity subject women to obedience, susceptibility and exploitation, confining them to domestic work, and low-paid jobs without social rights. Last but not least, this article suggests that ethnic background and unstable legal residence status works as a mechanism of control and suppression, which in turn force female migrants to accept low wages, refrain from demanding healthcare services and from seeking support from migrant community associations. Employers confiscate their documents, monitor them and threaten to report them to the authorities, thus institutionalising exploitation, leading to forceful application of discipline, consent, subordination, obedience and dependency of domestic workers.
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Tandos, Rosita. "Improving the Life of Former Female Migrant Domestic Workers." Asian Social Work Journal 3, no. 4 (September 20, 2018): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/aswj.v3i4.59.
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Some studies exploring the life of migrant domestic workers found that the main factor that push Indonesian migrant domestic workers is experiencing severe economic condition (Raharto, 2000; Silvey, 2004; Pitoyo, 2007). The poor economic condition forces women and girls to be domestic workers. Additionally, cultural value of patriarchy puts a responsibility for women at domestic area influencing the women’s ability to fill the demand of the domestic workers in overseas. This paper addresses the main topic of enhancing protection and empowerment for Indonesian female migrant domestic workers by specifically exploring the issues after working in overseas. The study exploring the life of former migrant domestic workers from Bondan village of Indramayu district using qualitative method. The informants of the study were the workers who just finished their work contract, staying at the moment in the village waiting for the next call or deciding to stop working in overseas. The number of participants was 40 women (n=40), joining focus-group discussions and in-depth interviews. The theoretical frameworks used in the study consist of human capabilities approach, feminist perspective, and social work theories of empowering individual, family, and community. Then, the discussion covers three main points: first, discussion of the theories applied in the study; second, the life of transnational domestic workers of examining abusive conditions; third, developing future practices to empowering the workers; and fourth, a part of the paper provides conclusion to whole points discussed.
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Lan, Pei-Chia. "Bargaining with Patriarchy: Taiwanese Women Hiring Migrant Domestic Workers." Anthropology of Work Review 21, no. 3 (September 2000): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/awr.2000.21.3.9.
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Evi, Zulyani, Yovi Arista, Safina Maulida, and Arief Rahadian. "Ex-Migrant Workers’ Sisterhood: Case Study on ‘Desbumi’ and ‘Desmigratif’ Programs in Wonosobo District." Jurnal Perempuan 25, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.34309/jp.v25i3.455.
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<div>Ex-migrant workers are often found dealing with the lack of union that could cater their needs. These people that are mostly female are often excluded from the process of decision making in their own villages. In 2013, a program from civil society organization called Desbumi (Desa Peduli Buruh Migran or Migrant Workers Care Village) Initiative was launched in Wonosobo District, with the aim to improve migrant workers’ living conditions - especially female - through empowering female ex-migrant workers group. In 2016, a similar program called Desmigratif (Desa Migran Produktif or Productive Migrants Village) Initiative was spearheaded by the Ministry of Manpower, which shares the same goal with Desbumi Initiative. Building upon the debates surrounding the concept of sisterhood provided by Bell Hooks and Robin Morgan, this study discusses whether the top-down approach in organizing female ex-migrant workers residing in Kuripan, Lipursari, Rogojati, and Sindupaten Village through Desbumi and Desmigratif initiative could result in any forms of sisterhood formed during the implementation of the programs, and challenges that they faced along the way. This study found that characteristics associated with sisterhood of friendships were apparent in all female ex-migrant groups, signified by mutual support among women, shared experience, journey of self-discovery, and collective identity built upon similarities. On the discussion of challenges, several obstacles such as lack of regeneration, women’s domestic burden, and the issue of sustainability appeared along the journey of the sisterhood of ex-migrant workers.</div><div> </div>
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Cheng, Shu-Ju Ada. "Migrant Women Domestic Workers in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan: A Comparative Analysis." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 5, no. 1 (March 1996): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689600500107.
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The concentration of women in certain occupations has been the main feature characterizing the feminization of migration in the Asian region during the last two decades. A gender-sensitive approach is essential in understanding the particular vulnerability facing these migrant women workers. This paper is concerned with the situation of migrant women domestic workers in East and Southeast Asia. It discusses the context of housework that has rendered migrant women domestic workers vulnerable to abuses and violence. It compares and contrasts the legal systems in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan and addresses the inadequacy of the respective legal systems in dealing with the vulnerability of these women workers. Using Hong Kong as a case, it discusses the measures that have been adopted to provide better protection for migrant labor. This paper suggests that, in order to provide effective protection for the rights of these women, it is important for respective governments to take into account the particular vulnerability facing them as a result of the context of their employment.
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Wee, Kellynn, Charmian Goh, and Brenda S. A. Yeoh. "Translating People and Policy: The Role of Maid Agents in Brokering between Employers and Migrant Domestic Workers in Singapore’s Migration Industry." International Migration Review 54, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 992–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319897570.
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There has been a surge of recent interest in the migration industries that facilitate the movement of migrants, particularly that of low-waged laborers engaged in temporary contracts abroad. This article extends this research to include migration brokers working in destination contexts, thus drawing analytical attention to the arrival infrastructures that incorporate migrants into host societies. Based on ethnographic research involving the employment agents who recruit women migrating from Indonesia to work as migrant domestic workers in Singapore, we use the concept of “translation” as a broad theoretical metaphor to understand how brokers actively fashion knowledge between various actors, scales, interfaces, and entities. First, we argue that through the interpretation of language, brokers continually modulate meaning in the encounters between potential employers and employees at the agency shopfront, reproducing particular dynamics of power between employers and workers while coperforming the hirability of the migrant worker. Second, we show how brokers operate within the discretionary space between multiple sets of regulations in order to selectively inscribe the text of policy into migrant workers’ lives. By interrogating the process of translation and clarifying the latitude migration brokers have in shaping the working and living conditions of international labor migrants, the article contributes to the growing conceptual literature on how labor-market intermediaries contour migration markets.
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Banerjee, Supurna. "From ‘Plantation Workers’ to Naukrānī." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 164–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118785269.
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The tea plantations of Dooars in West Bengal are founded on a gendered division of labour. The recent economic crisis faced by the tea plantations brought long-established labour practices into question. Mounting expenses and closures led to rising migration of plantation workers to distant urban areas in North and South India, in search of alternative employment. Many of these women found employment as domestic workers and care workers in Delhi and Gurgaon. Drawing on the in-depth narratives of these migrant domestic workers, this article explores self-perceptions and representations of work and brings to the forefront the ongoing process of skill acquisition on the one hand and its constant invisibilization on the other. This reproduces paid domestic and care work not only as women’s natural labour but as low skilled and low status work that is particularly suitable for migrant women. The women’s own perceptions help problematize and nuance otherwise monolithic understandings of labour in general and domestic labour in particular.
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Mindarti, Lely Indah, Choirul Saleh, and Ali Maskur. "Domestic stakeholders’ aspirations for mou renewal on women migrant workers in Malaysia." Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies) 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v5i2.3200.
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The research was focused on investigating the collaborative process between stakeholders and the differences in the two countries’ interests. This qualitative research was a case study with content analysis and descriptive techniques. The data collection techniques used were in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders and document collection. The study results indicate that all stages have been carried out in the collaboration process, starting from face-to-face, building trust, negotiation and discussion, and commitment. However, the differences in the two countries’ interests are also clearly visible, such as the Government of Indonesia prioritising the placement and protection of migrant workers and prioritising the protection of users (employers) and International Domestic Migrant Workers (employees or Indonesian Domestic Migrant Workers) in Malaysia.
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Kassimati, Koula. "Employers of migrant women domestic workers from Albania and Ukraine." Επιθεώρηση Κοινωνικών Ερευνών 124 (January 1, 2007): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/grsr.116.
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Yeoh, Brenda S. A., Charmian Goh, and Kellynn Wee. "Social Protection for Migrant Domestic Workers in Singapore: International Conventions, the Law, and Civil Society Action." American Behavioral Scientist 64, no. 6 (March 6, 2020): 841–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764220910208.
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Although migrant women from neighboring Southeast Asian countries fill crucial care gaps in Singapore households as live-in domestic workers, their social protection remains uneven, uncertain, and indeterminate. Framed as unskilled work shunned by citizens and characterized by isolation in the privatized sphere of the home, domestic work has invariably become low-status, low-visibility, and low-pay work performed by foreign women engaged on private contracts. The access of migrant domestic workers in Singapore to social protection has thus triggered concern among international organizations, governments, and civil society. Using data derived from a survey of Indonesian domestic workers, interviews with key stakeholders, and archival research, this article adopts a transnational social protection research agenda by mapping how institutionalized practices that aim to reduce the vulnerabilities of migrant domestic workers in Singapore have shifted in the past decade. We begin by addressing the circumscribed impact of international conventions and origin government policies. Following our premise that the social support and protection of migrant domestic workers still depend largely on the host society, we focus on two interrelated developments in Singapore. First, we examine the reach of immigration, labor, and criminal law in recent “maid abuse” cases to reveal how criminal law in particular has broadened to account for the specific vulnerability of domestic workers and, relatedly, the culpability of errant employers. Second, we consider how civil society’s campaign for a “mandatory” rest day offers insight into both the success and limitations of developing transnational advocacy for domestic workers in Singapore.
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Ladegaard, Hans J. "Language competence, identity construction and discursive boundary-making: Distancing and alignment in domestic migrant worker narratives." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2020, no. 262 (March 26, 2020): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2019-2071.
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AbstractMany people in developing countries are faced with a dilemma. If they stay at home, their children are kept in poverty with no prospects of a better future; if they become migrant workers, they will suffer long-term separation from their families. This article focuses on one of the weakest groups in the global economy: domestic migrant workers. It draws on a corpus of more than 400 narratives recorded at a church shelter in Hong Kong and among migrant worker returnees in rural Indonesia and the Philippines. In sharing sessions, migrant women share their experiences of working for abusive employers, and the article analyses how language is used to include and exclude. The women tell how their employers construct them as “incompetent” and “stupid” because they do not speak Chinese. However, faced by repression and marginalisation, the women use their superior English language skills to get back at their employers and momentarily gain the upper hand. Drawing on ideologies of language as the theoretical concept, the article provides a discourse analysis of selected excerpts focusing on language competence and identity construction.
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Grossman-Thompson, Barbara H. "Disposability and gendered control in labor migration: Limiting women’s mobility through cultural and institutional norms." Organization 26, no. 3 (November 23, 2018): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508418812584.
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In this article, I draw upon interviews with 30 Nepali returned women migrant workers to elucidate how the gendered institutional logics of both the Nepali state and for-profit manpower companies synergistically function to constrain women’s mobility. In particular, I focus on women migrant workers who migrate illegally to Gulf countries to work as domestic laborers, as this constitutes one of the largest channels of women’s labor migration from Nepal. To illuminate the particulars of Nepali women migrant workers’ experiences, I employ two theoretical frameworks, both developed by feminist political economists within the context of feminized workplaces broadly and global factory floors specifically. The first framework presents a logic of female disposability as shaping the feminized workforce of the global South. The second framework presents a logic of gendered control as doing the same. In this article, I show how these dual logics can be applied to women’s foreign labor migration in Nepal, and argue that these logics operate simultaneously through the various institutions that Nepali women navigate during migration. The Nepali case shows how both logics serve ultimately to limit women’s mobility and bolster the authority of institutions and organizations historically controlled by men—for example, the family, the state, transnational corporations—over women migrants. By bringing these two logics to bear on a case of women domestic workers’ migration from the global South, this article offers new insights into the functioning of institutions central to this large-scale, transnational movement of people.
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Basnet, Chudamani, and Sandhya A. S. "Nepali Domestic Workers in New Delhi: Strategies and Agency." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 13 (December 29, 2019): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v13i0.25960.
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Scholars have noted deplorable conditions of female migrant workers who suffer several types of citizenship disabilities as most countries do not extend equal citizenship rights and protections to migrant workers. In addition to this, they are unable to take full advantage of the rights available to them in the host countries because of low cultural and social capital. Further, studies have emphasized how the breakdown of the traditional economy and the penetration of the market in developing societies have forced people, especially from rural areas, to seek low-paying dead-end jobs in the global labor market. Examining Nepali domestic workers in New Delhi, while this research agrees with the existing studies, we also bring to notice the fact that migrant female workers are not always passive victims and that they exercise considerable choice and agency. The case of Nepali domestic workers in New Delhi offers fresh insight into the ways in which migrant women attempt to actively influence and control the work conditions and immediate labour market outcomes. This paper also shows that even if Nepali migrant workers gain in a limited way, they actively collude with their employers to marginalize native domestic workers. In the end, traditional power relations and inequality are reproduced unchallenged.
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de Regt, Marina. "Employing Migrant Domestic Workers in Urban Yemen: A New Form of Social Distinction." Hawwa 6, no. 2 (2008): 154–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920808x347241.
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AbstractThis article argues that employing migrant domestic workers has become a new form of social distinction in urban Yemen. The rapid social, economic and political changes of the past forty years have altered Yemen's system of social stratification. Formerly, one's racial descent and economic background determined the work they performed. Manual and service professions had a very low status and were only performed by the lowest social status groups. Nowadays other forms of social distinction have emerged. Although the economic situation in Yemen has deteriorated since the 1990s, the demand for paid domestic labour has increased. Yemeni women are reluctant to take up paid work as domestics, and middle and upper middle class families in urban areas employ migrant and refugee women, in particular from the Horn of Africa.
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Slamet, Mulyana, El Karimah Kismiyati, and Octavianti Meria. "The Reposition of Women’s Role in Migrant Worker’s Families in Karawang." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187311008.
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Being a migrant worker is an alternative choice for many Karawang people to get out of the economic hardship. The decision of many women to be a migrant worker indicates the reposition of their role from reproduction to production. However, this creates internal problems, as well as deeply affects their domestic functions and roles, in their families. This research aimed to describe the reposition of women’s role in migrant workers’ families related to their decision to work abroad. Case study was the method used to provide a complete and in-depth view on the subject under study. The subject was multi-sources with ten key informants of female migrant workers from Tempuran District in Karawang Regency. Data were collected through in-depth interview, observation, and library study. The result shows that the reposition of female migrant workers’ role in Karawang is from domestic sphere (as housewives) to public sphere (as breadwinner). It occurs because of family economic pressure, which eventually resolved by working abroad. Although it has a positive impact on the fulfillment of family economic needs, it has a negative impact on psychological and social aspects of abandoned husbands and children.
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England, K., and B. Stiell. "“They Think You're as Stupid as Your English is”: Constructing Foreign Domestic Workers in Toronto." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 2 (February 1997): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a290195.
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In Canada, paid domestic work is often associated with (im)migrant women from a variety of countries of origin. We critically analyse Canada's foreign domestic worker programmes, noting the shifting definitions of which nationalities should participate. We note how gendered, racialised, and classed constructions of national identities infuse these programmes. We then turn to an empirical analysis of how foreign domestic workers are constructed in Toronto, where demand is the highest in Canada. In particular, we investigate how the practices of domestic worker placement agencies reinforce images about which national identities supposedly have qualities that make them best suited to certain types of domestic work. Finally, we explore how domestic workers' constructions of their occupation are interwoven with their own national identities, the (partial) internalisation of others' images of them, and how they define themselves in relation to other domestic workers.
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Paunovic, Nikola. "Victimization of women as a consequence of feminization of migration." Temida 20, no. 2 (2017): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1702187p.
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Bearing in mind the increased exposure of migrant women to victimization, this article analyses the etiology of feminization of migration and phenomenology of victimization of migrant women, particularly focusing on the abuse of female domestic workers and trafficking in women for sexual and labor exploitation. The main objective of this article is to offer suggestions for improving the position of female migrants by analyzing the causes and forms of their victimization. The main causes of feminization of migration include: 1) poverty, unemployment and poor economic conditions, 2) different forms of gender based violence, including domestic violence and sexual violence, and 3) gender inequality in access to education and information. In the context of phenomenology of feminization of migration the article considers as a main problem - unequal position of female migrants at the labor market, which is related to various forms of their discrimination. In order to eliminate discrimination of female migrants, it is concluded that it is crucial to improve employment conditions in countries of destination in terms of providing migrant women with the access to professional training, retraining and legal protection in case of unjustified termination of employment. On the other hand, because of the fact that female migrants are exposed to trafficking in women for sexual and labor exploitation in countries of destination, the states should provide the possibility of granting them a temporary residence permit during criminal proceedings against traffickers, in order to avoid secondary victimization of female victims of trafficking. In this regard, the main task of the international community must be a continuous and persistent struggle against all forms of discrimination against migrant women.
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Wall, Karin, and Cátia Nunes. "Immigration, Welfare and Care in Portugal: Mapping the New Plurality of Female Migration Trajectories." Social Policy and Society 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746410000114.
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The role of migrant women as domestic and care workers is a main characteristic of the feminisation of migration to southern Europe. This article aims to understand how and why current patterns of female migration to Portugal are a key element, driving increased flows of domestic workers. The article focuses first on the path followed by Portugal in the fields of immigration, employment, welfare-state developments and care arrangements, and then presents results of a qualitative study on Brazilian immigrant women. Findings show that the new plurality of female migration trajectories is an important factor in explaining the rapid integration of immigrant women in the domestic sector. This does not mean, however, that a predominant ‘migrant in the family’ care model has emerged in Portugal. In contrast with other southern European countries, different policy perspectives and outcomes over the last three decades have made for a more diversified care model. National contexts in southern European countries must therefore be taken into account, since they provide particular conditions for the main forms and features of migrant domestic work.
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Sedacca, Natalie. "Migrant domestic workers and the right to a private and family life." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 37, no. 4 (December 2019): 288–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0924051919884754.
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Domestic workers are mainly women, are disproportionately from ethnic minorities and/or international migrants, and are vulnerable to mistreatment, often receiving inadequate protection from labour legislation. This article addresses ways in which the conditions faced by migrant domestic workers can prevent their enjoyment of the right to private and family life. It argues that the focus on this right is illuminating as it allows for the incorporation of issues that are not usually within the remit of labour law into the discussion of working rights, such as access to family reunification, as well as providing for a different perspective on the question of limits on working time – a core labour right that is often denied to domestic workers. These issues are analysed by addressing a case study each from Latin America and Europe, namely Chile and the UK. The article considers impediments to realising the right to private and family life stemming both from the literal border – the operation of immigration controls and visa conditions – and from the figurative border which exists between domestic work and other types of work, reflected in the conflation of domestic workers with family members and stemming from the public/private sphere divide.
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Cooray, Devoushi. "The Care Drain and its Effects on the Families Left Behind: A Case Study of Sri Lanka." Comparative Sociology 16, no. 3 (June 2, 2017): 369–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341427.
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As growing numbers of women from the global South leave behind their own families to take up domestic work in wealthier countries, this shift in care and emotional resources has created a “care drain” in many migrant-exporting nations. Drawing on in-depth interviews with the families of migrant domestic workers in Sri Lanka, this paper examines how the care deficit caused by low-skilled female migration affects family structures, household relations, and the psychosocial wellbeing of migrants’ families. Highlighting the tension between the economic benefits and social costs of migration, the overall findings of this study suggest that despite economic benefits, low-skilled female migration often works to the social and emotional detriment of the families left behind.
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Yazid, Sylvia. "Indonesian Labour Migration: Identifying the Women." Jurnal Global & Strategis 9, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jgs.9.1.2015.49-62.
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This paper is concerned with two main issues, Indonesian women workingabroad in the informal sector, mostly as domestic workers and the potentialsof other women stakeholders in addressing issues faced by women migrantworkers. This paper is written based on the assumption that an identificationof potential women at various levels and institutions may contribute to thesearch for solutions for the problems faced by the women migrant workersand that women should be seen as active actors that may contribute to theproblem solving. The identification in this paper has been able to identify theexistence of a number of prominent women migrant workers advocates, arguefor their existence in various parts within the labour migration system toguarantee a protected migration for women labour, and suggest for thewidening of the scope and activism of these women migrant workersadvocates, in line with their movements across institutions.
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Henderson, Sophie. "State-Sanctioned Structural Violence: Women Migrant Domestic Workers in the Philippines and Sri Lanka." Violence Against Women 26, no. 12-13 (November 1, 2019): 1598–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219880969.
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Adopting a structural violence approach, this article examines how the failure to implement protective rights-based migration policies by the governments in the Philippines and Sri Lanka creates the conditions for the systematic exploitation of women migrant domestic workers by recruitment agencies and employers. Fieldwork conducted in 2018 with advocacy groups, government agencies, and international organizations in the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Hong Kong illustrates how both countries are prioritizing the promotion of overseas employment and commodification of labor above the protection of the rights of their women domestic workers under domestic and international law.
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Tyc, Aneta. "Migrant Domestic Workers in Europe: the Need for a Better Protection." Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza 7 (December 15, 2017): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppuam.2017.7.09.
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Migrant domestic workers are estimated at approximately 11.5 million persons worldwide. European women are being replaced in their household chores by immigrant women, e.g. from Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe. The paper focuses on human labour rights of domestic migrant workers, especially from the point of view of the typology which divides international standards concerning labour as a matter of human rights into four groups: rights relating to employment (eg. the prohibition of slavery and forced labour); rights deriving from employment (eg. the right to social security, the right to just and favourable conditions of work); rights concerning equal treatment and nondiscrimination, and instrumental rights (eg. the right to organise, the right to strike). The aim of this paper is to reveal insufficient effectiveness of human labour rights according to the above-mentioned typology. Thus, the author will concentrate on the issues of modern slavery, hyper-precarity and discrimination.
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Lai, Francisca Yuenki. "Sexuality at Imagined Home: Same-Sex Desires among Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers in Hong Kong." Sexualities 21, no. 5-6 (March 30, 2017): 899–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460716677286.
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This article examines the contested meaning of home in shaping the sexual subjectivities of Indonesian migrant domestic workers by investigating their imagined future home. It points to the question of how individuals negotiate their sexualities when subjected to particular gendered positions. The author suggests that a transnational perspective is needed for understanding the sexuality of migrant women, who negotiate between the same-sex pleasure they obtain in Hong Kong and the family expectations they are supposed to fulfill in Indonesia. For these migrant women, sexuality is malleable because it is a continuing process of relating gendered positions to sexualities, and relating the future to the present.
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Siregar, Wahidah Zein Br. "Kisah Perempuan Pekerja Migran Indonesia di Hong Kong: Perjuangan untuk Keluarga dan Pendidikan Anak." AL-HUKAMA' 10, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 243–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/alhukama.2020.10.2.243-270.
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This study aims to describe struggle of Nurdiana and Tira, two Indonesian female migrant workers who work in domestic sector in Hong Kong. They are part of thousands of Indonesian migrant workers in this country. Data from BNP2TKI shows that in 2019 only, there were 70,840 migrant workers placed in Hong Kong. Most of them are women. These women work in informal sectors, particularly domestic works. Using life story method, this research is able to find out that the main reason for both Nurdiana and Tira to work in Hong Kong is to fulfill their family needs and support education of their children. Their children are studying in Pesantren. Life story gives chances to both informants to talk more about their work, their relation with employers, family, friends, and challenges they face, including that of COVID-19. Their stories provide an understanding of the real situation faced by these two family heroes.
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Chawa, Anif Fatma, Arief Budi Nugroho, and Dhanny Septimawan Sutopo. "Empowering Women Ex-Migrant Workers and Domestic Violence Victims through Komunitas Perempuan Singkong Jaya." Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan 8, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22500/8202031910.
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This article seeks to understand the empowerment of women ex-migrant workers who have faced various problems before, during and after going back to the homeland as ex-migrant workers. These problems include unemployment, family’s affairs, exploitation, discrimination and domestic violence. Komunitas Perempuan Singkong Jaya has been established to carry out empowerment programs to overcome these problems. The purpose of this study is to identify the needs as well as the problems that hinder the implementation of the programs and seeks to find the solutions. This study employs descriptive qualitative approach to examine the implementation of the development programs which have been conducted by Komunitas Perempuan Singkong Jaya located in Desa Sukowilangun, Kec. Kalipare, Kab. Malang. Based on the findings, there are several problems in the implementation of development programs, including the lack of capital and facilities, packaging and marketing, as well as product license problems. Addressing these problems, some intervention programs have been conducted, including training and funding which have generated intended outputs. However, this study also found that the change in lifestyle of these women ex-migrant workers has resulted in their being reluctant to be involved in the development programs.
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Juwita Purba, Ellys, and Syed Mohamad Syed Abdullah. "The Effect of SFBGT on the Depression Level Among Indonesian Women Migrant Workers in Malaysia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.21 (August 8, 2018): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.21.17228.
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So many surveys have demonstrated that there are high degrees of morbidity due to mental turmoil among immigrants, mainly depression and apprehension. Few of these studies unveil that migrant bond mentally depressed for the reason that they are tensed with jobs that was not at par with their educational status. From this context, the likelihood of those individuals with a higher education qualifications to end up doing deadly jobs are high, hence lower their self-respect. Those Women who involved in reformation and increasing role in international labor migration presently amount to 49.6 percent of all labor migrants worldwide. At this time, Malaysia has 2.9 million acknowledged and about 3 million unacknowledged workers with the majority of them from Indonesia 50.9%. On Asia continent, the largest class of female employment is domestic workers. Nevertheless, the domestic sector is regularly not protected by labor and industrial relations laws in the host countries, which makes this set of migrants labor particularly vulnerable to mistreatment hence the depression. Studies have shown that stressful experiences increase one’s susceptibility to diseases and mental health trouble. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of the interventions using Solution-focused brief group therapy (SFBGT). BDI, the Beck depression inventory tool is employed to the quasi pre-test and post-test methodology to evaluate the depression level of Indonesian women migrant workers in Penang state of Malaysia. The novel significance is that this study will benefit the Indonesian government in policy preparation that can validate her citizens who are principally searching for greener pasture offshore.
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Lee, Hye-Kyung. "Gender, Migration and Civil Activism in South Korea." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 12, no. 1-2 (March 2003): 127–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680301200106.
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Since the late 1980s, Korea has experienced an influx of migrant workers from neighboring Asian countries. The total number of migrant workers in 1990 was less than 20,000, but rose to 340,000 in 2002. International migration in South Korea shows less extensive feminization than in comparable receiving countries in East Asia. This paper examines why female migration, which accounts for only 30–35 percent of all migrant workers, is less extensive in South Korea, and why domestic work, the major occupation which has accelerated female migration in the region, is not popular in South Korea. It also assesses the current state of migrant and civil society movements providing assistance to migrant women in South Korea. Although the number of these NGOs is small, their activities have highlighted the problems and issues in international marriages and the entry of foreign female entertainers in the sex industry. The paper argues that civil movements for migrant women have contributed to reconsiderations of notions of nationality and citizenship in Korea.
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Shah, Nasra M., and Indu Menon. "Violence against Women Migrant Workers: Issues, Data and Partial Solutions." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 6, no. 1 (March 1997): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689700600102.
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Despite the creation of specific norms, procedures, and institutions to protect women migrant workers, serious gaps remain. Statistics for measuring violence are not compiled comprehensively or regularly. Two occupations that increase the risk of violence are domestic service and entertainment-related services. Migration through illegal channels and trafficking also increase the risk. This article suggests a list of indicators to measure violence of three major types: 1) economic, 2) social/psychological, and 3) physical/sexual. Evidence from several countries to document instances of violence is reviewed. Major policy issues for the sending and receiving countries are outlined, and some recommendations for addressing such violations are made.
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White, Bonnie. "Meriel Talbot and the Society for the Overseas Settlement of British Women, 1919–1937." Britain and the World 10, no. 1 (March 2017): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2017.0258.
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In 1917 the British government began making plans for post-war adjustments to the economy, which included the migration of surplus women to the dominions. The Society for the Overseas Settlement of British Women was established in 1920 to facilitate the migration of female workers to the dominions. Earlier studies have argued that overseas emigration efforts purposefully directed women into domestic service as surplus commodities, thus alleviating the female ‘surplus’ and easing economic hardships of the post-war period. This article argues that as Publicity Officer for the SOSBW, Meriel Talbot targeted women she believed would be ideal candidates for emigration, including former members of the Women's Land Army and affiliated groups. With the proper selection of female migrants, Talbot sought to expand work opportunities for women in the dominions beyond domestic service, while reducing the female surplus at home and servicing the connection between state and empire. Dominion authorities, whose demands for migrant labour vacillated between agricultural workers during the war years and domestic servants after 1920, disapproved of Talbot's efforts to migrate women for work in agriculture. Divergent policies led to the early failure of the SOSBW in 1923.
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Kouta, Christiana, Christalla Pithara, Zoe Apostolidou, Anna Zobnina, Josie Christodoulou, Maria Papadakaki, and Joannes Chliaoutakis. "A Qualitative Study of Female Migrant Domestic Workers’ Experiences of and Responses to Work-Based Sexual Violence in Cyprus." Sexes 2, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes2030025.
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Domestic workers face increased risk for sexual harassment and assault in the workplace but are often reluctant to disclose abuse or seek retribution. We report on a study looking at migrant domestic workers’ responses to sexual violence, reasons behind their responses, and factors enhancing or diminishing vulnerability to abuse. We carried out qualitative, in-depth, individual and group interviews with 15 female domestic workers from the Philippines and Sri Lanka working in the Republic of Cyprus. Descriptive thematic analysis was used to analyse data using QSR NVivo 10.0. Sexual violence against migrant domestic workers was reported to be rampant, particularly among women living with their employer. Perpetrators took advantage of women’s precarious legal, social, and economic circumstances to coerce women into a sexual relationship. All participants reported taking action to stop attacks despite the significant barriers they faced: racism and discrimination, social isolation, and hostile legal, labour, and immigration systems. Fear of losing their job, being deported, and facing racism and discrimination from the police were the biggest barriers to seeking retribution. Access to informational, e.g., legal, practical, and emotional support, facilitated positive outcomes following abuse, such as finding a new employer. Systemic racism, hostile labour and immigration systems, and lack of support increase risk of sexual violence and place barriers against accessing safe working spaces, protection, and justice. Women need to be informed of the risks involved in domestic work and empowered to identify abuse and access help and support when needed.
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Amador, Emma. "Organizing Puerto Rican Domestics: Resistance and Household Labor Reform in the Puerto Rican Diaspora after 1930." International Labor and Working-Class History 88 (2015): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547915000162.
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AbstractOn November 28, 1946, a group of Puerto Rican women picketed the Chicago offices of Castle, Barton, and Associates, a private employment agency that had brought them to the city to become domestic workers. They protested low wages, long hours, and deductions from their pay for transportation and other costs. Their resistance challenged the Puerto Rican and United States governments to both recognize local labor exploitation and grapple with Puerto Rican rights as those of migrant United States citizens. These women made demands on the Puerto Rican state to regulate migrant contract work and sponsor training programs for domestic work. They would succeed as colonial subjects to gain recognition as workers. Nonetheless, they failed to win well-paid, safe, and desirable jobs. This history of Puerto Rican women's domestic work and their struggle for regulation illuminates a formative moment in the history of Puerto Rican women's organizing and activism for labor rights.
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Peng, Qinxuan. "No Country for the Low-end? −An Intersectional Analysis of the Status of Migrant Women Workers as Domestic Helpers and Relevant Laws in China." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 26, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 575–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02604002.
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‘Low-end population’, which refers to people working in low-paid industries in China, has become a taboo word for public discussions and in official documents due to the inconvenient truth it indicates. To look into the ‘low-end’ society, this study uses intersectionality theory to analyse how the social categories of gender, social origin and occupation creates overlapped disadvantages for migrant women workers as domestic helpers in China. Before, little attention has been paid to these invisible building blocks of the great economic success of China, hence the multiple inequalities they have experienced in their lives and work are untold stories. Using intersectionality analysis, the study describes in detail the status of migrant women workers as domestic helpers. It further introduces Chinese laws and policies on Hukou regulation, on women’s rights and on regulating the domestic service market, with a conclusion of the concrete problems faced by this group of people.
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Deshingkar, Priya. "Criminalisation of migration for domestic work from Myanmar to Singapore—need for a radical policy shift." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 27, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10610-020-09477-w.
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AbstractBetween 2014 and April 2019, the government of Myanmar banned international migration for domestic work to Singapore and criminalised the brokering of such migration as well as predeparture training and placement of migrants as domestic workers in Singapore. These measures were taken in response to concerns over the alleged abuse of migrant women as well as international pressures to eliminate trafficking and debt bondage. Experienced brokers and recruitment agencies who were trading openly up until then were forced to cease operations. At the same time, large numbers of inexperienced and uncouth recruitment agencies emerged to take advantage of the black economy created by the ban. This resulted in women migrating irregularly from Myanmar to Singapore being exposed to greater risks which the paper traces. Four discernible impacts of the ban on the recruitment practices and working conditions faced by migrant women from Myanmar before departure and after arriving in Singapore were identified: a sharp increase in migration and placement costs, inadequate predeparture training, placement in forced labour conditions with extended and unclear repayment periods and no access to support from the Myanmar government while in Singapore. Although the ban has since been lifted, the resulting migration system had placed workers in conditions of extreme exploitation with little recourse to justice or having their voices heard. The paper ends by summarizing the unanticipated negative consequences of the criminalisation of migration brokerage in Myanmar and lessons for other countries that may be considering controls on female migration.
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Dananjaya, Brian, and Lidya Marsaulina. "LEGAL PROTECTION FOR INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS." Journal of Law and Border Protection 2, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v2i1.181.
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The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the legal protection of Indonesian citizens working abroad from the perspective of domestic law and international law. The research method used is descriptive research methods and qualitative analysis techniques. The results obtained from this study indicates that human trafficking is a growing human rights problem in the international community, with a focus on prostitution involving women and children. Over time, changing times and increasing demand, human trafficking is no longer only in the field of prostitution, but also used in the form of forced labor, slavery, and the sale of organs. To regulate the protection of migrant workers, the United Nations General Assembly passed Case No. 45/158 in New York on December 18, 1990 which became the legal umbrella by issuing it. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. The problem of migrant workers working abroad is currently a special concern of the Indonesian government as a guarantee that the state's goal is to protect the entire nation carried out. Protection in the form of a legal norm from Indonesia and legal entities abroad is an important factor to support the protection of migrant workers. With the direction of international and national law, Indonesian goverments puts out every effort to carry out legal protection optimally.
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Barber, Pauline Gardiner. "Cell phones, complicity, and class politics in the Philippine labor diaspora." Focaal 2008, no. 51 (June 1, 2008): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2008.510104.
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This article addresses the politics of class, culture, and complicity associated with Philippine gendered-labor export. Several examples drawn from multisited ethnographic research explore two faces of class: migrant performances of subordination contrasted with militancy in the labor diaspora. With few exceptions, the literature on Philippine women in domestic service has emphasized disciplined subjectivities, the everyday dialectics of subordination. But class is also represented in these same relationships, understandings, and actions. Alternatively, the political expressions of Philippine overseas workers, and their supporters, is a feature of Philippine migration that is not often mentioned in writing concerned with migrant inequalities. This article proposes a reconciliation of these two faces of class expression by exploring how new media, primarily cell-phone technologies, enhance possibilities for organized and personal resistance by Filipino migrants, even as they facilitate migrant acquiescence, linked here to gendered subordination and class complicity, in the contentious reproduction of the migrant labor force.
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Williams, Fiona. "Migration and Care: Themes, Concepts and Challenges." Social Policy and Society 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746410000102.
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The phenomenon of migrant workers finding domestic and care work in the homes and institutions of countries wealthier than their own uncovers much about social change in the twenty-first century. First, it reveals the consequences of women taking on more responsibilities to earn income but without a significant rebalancing of their care responsibilities either with male partners or through state support. In the poorer regions of the world, unemployment, violence, poverty and aspirations for a better life push some women into emigrating to earn for their families. This also exposes an asymmetrical geopolitical solution to the so-called ‘care deficit’ pursued by richer states, accentuated by the demographics of ageing societies and restructured welfare regimes on the one side, and the care crises in the poorer regions on the other. The transnational movement of (mainly) women into care and domestic work, as well as nurses, pharmacists and doctors into health care saves social expenditure costs while intensifying the lack of care resources in the countries of origin of those migrant workers.
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Islam, M. Saiful. "Perilous Wages: Predicaments of Female Labour Migration from Bangladesh to the Middle East." Issues in Social Science 6, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/iss.v6i1.14933.
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The recent bilateral agreement between Bangladesh and the Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC) has facilitated migration of female domestic workers, which has opened up an opportunity as well as challenge for Bangladesh. Opportunities are quite significant in a sense that male migration has already been saturated in the GCC countries which has a major impact on the flow of remittances. The abundant and employable female labour force in Bangladesh could easily contribute to this international labour migration, and thereby add to the national economic development. There are serious problems as well since many Bangladeshi female domestic workers are reported to be exploited, sexually abused and raped by the middle man, recruiting agents, and the overseas employers. Many women fled from their employer and sought shelter at the Bangladesh consulate in Jeddah and Riyadh, alleging that they are either being tortured, not properly fed, paid, or not given job as promised. Many female migrants left their family members and young children at home in Bangladesh, which created further social problems as women are still considered as homemakers and childcare providers in the Bangladeshi cultural context. At this backdrop, the time is up to find out ways to make female domestic migration safe and secure. Both the sending and receiving countries must come up with policies and awareness programs that would ensure safety for the female domestic workers. It requires a strong commitment from both the sending and receiving countries that the policies, acts and laws are in favour of female migrant workers. National and international NGOs, civil society and media could play vital role to adopt and implement appropriate policies for safe and sound migration of the female domestic workers.