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Journal articles on the topic 'Women lawyers – Australia – History'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

King, Pauline N., and Mari J. Matsuda. "Called from within: Early Women Lawyers of Hawaii." American Journal of Legal History 38, no. 3 (July 1994): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845399.

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2

Erickson, Gail, and Ronald Chester. "Unequal Access-Women Lawyers in a Changing America." American Journal of Legal History 29, no. 4 (October 1985): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845537.

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3

McNamee, Gwen Hoerr, and Virginia G. Drachman. "Sisters in Law: Women Lawyers in Modern American History." American Journal of Legal History 44, no. 3 (July 2000): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3113858.

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4

Basch, Norma, and Virginia G. Drachman. "Sisters in Law: Women Lawyers in Modern American History." American Historical Review 104, no. 3 (June 1999): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651066.

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5

Chused, Richard, and Virginia G. Drachman. "Sisters in Law: Women Lawyers in Modern American History." Journal of American History 85, no. 4 (March 1999): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568350.

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6

Hine, Darlene Clark, and J. Clay Smith Jr. "Rebels in Law: Voices in History of Black Women Lawyers." Journal of Southern History 66, no. 4 (November 2000): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2588066.

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7

McNeil, Genna Rae. "Rebels in Law: Voices in History of Black Women Lawyers." Journal of American Ethnic History 20, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27502755.

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8

Dehm, Sara. "Legal Exclusions: Émigré Lawyers, Admissions to Legal Practice and the Cultural Transformation of the Australian Legal Profession." Federal Law Review 49, no. 3 (May 19, 2021): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x211016574.

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Legal histories of Australia have largely overlooked the exclusion of European émigré lawyers from legal practice in Australia. This article recovers part of this forgotten history by tracing the drawn-out legal admission bids of two Jewish émigré lawyers in the mid-20th century: German-born Rudolf Kahn and Austrian-born Edward Korten. In examining their legal lives and doctrinal legacies, this article demonstrates the changing role and requirement of British subjecthood in the historical constitution and slow cultural transformation of the Australian legal profession. This article suggests that contemporary efforts to promoting cultural diversity in the Australian legal profession are enriched by paying attention to this long and difficult history of legal exclusions.
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9

Batlan, Felice. "The Birth of Legal Aid: Gender Ideologies, Women, and the Bar in New York City, 1863–1910." Law and History Review 28, no. 4 (October 4, 2010): 931–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248010000726.

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At the New York Legal Aid Society's twenty-fifth anniversary banquet in 1901, Arthur von Briesen, the Society's longtime president, ended the evening with the following acknowledgement: “Before we separate I beg to be permitted to say a few words on … the valuable aid which the Society has received from the women of New York. I want you to understand that without them we could not have prospered, without their assistance we could not have done the work… . Their energetic efforts in our behalf, their clear understanding of the duties … has enabled us to increase not only the forte and our power for good, but enabled us to create a special branch in which the cases of women can be specially considered by an able lawyer who is also a woman.” Here Briesen publicly recognized women's efforts on behalf of legal aid as benefactors, supporters, volunteers, and lawyers. The audience that evening would not have been surprised to learn that a woman lawyer now would be providing legal services to women clients, for this was not a new phenomenon. The Society already employed a number of women lawyers. Furthermore women formally untrained in law, but nonetheless acting as lawyers, had prior to the turn of the century provided legal services to poor women through New York City's Working Women's Protective Union (WWPU). As I demonstrate, the origins of legal aid lay in the provision of legal services to poor women—often by other women.
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10

Stretton, Tim. "Women, Legal Records, and the Problem of the Lawyer's Hand." Journal of British Studies 58, no. 4 (October 2019): 684–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.88.

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AbstractCourt records provide invaluable evidence of the existence of laws and notional rights affecting women and how these were (or were not) enforced and exercised. Many documents provide tantalizing glimpses of female thinking and echoes of female voices, but these remain elusive because of the influence of the lawyers, scribes, and officials who helped shape and record them. This article examines the multiple difficulties that researchers face in distinguishing women's contributions from those of lawyers in legal records, and argues that the artificial nature of legal processes complicates conceptions of “authentic” female voices. It suggests ways to address methodological problems and concludes that focusing on multiple voices and processes of collaboration may bear more fruit than seeking to extract individual women's private thoughts and words.
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11

Misztal, Barbara A. "Migrant women in Australia." Journal of Intercultural Studies 12, no. 2 (January 1991): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.1991.9963376.

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12

Edge, Peter W. "History, Sacred History and law at the Intersection of Law, Religion and History." Studies in Church History 56 (May 15, 2020): 508–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2019.28.

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Lawyers, both practitioners and academics, engage with legal history in a variety of ways. Increasing attention is being paid to legal regulation of history and memory. This article argues that the interaction of law and history is particularly problematic within the context of a dispute with a religious element. It will use three case studies to illustrate these challenges: (1) The repeal of the Fradulent Mediums Act 1951 by the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008; (2) The Babri Masjid / Ram Temple dispute in Ayodhya, India; and (3) The Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy in South Australia. These case studies show the difficulties legal actors face when confronted with incompatible secular and sacred histories and diverse ways of ‘knowing history’, but also the importance, nonetheless, of understanding history in order to understand the relationship between law and religion.
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13

Ristikivi, Merike, Marju Luts-Sootak, and Heli-Triin Räis. "“Kohtuniku amet on liiga raske neile”: Eesti naisjuristide pürgimisest kohtunikuks kahe maailmasõja vahelisel perioodil [Abstract: “Judge’s work is too hard for them”: aspirations of Estonian female lawyers to become a judge in the interwar period]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 2/3 (January 15, 2018): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2017.2-3.05.

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This article discusses the aspirations of two Estonian female lawyers – Auguste Susi-Tannebaum and Olli Olesk – to become a judge in the 1920s. Estonian women were already allowed to study the field of law in the early years of the twentieth century. The possibilities for obtaining a law degree expanded with the foundation of the Republic of Estonia, when female students gained the right to enrol in the university on an equal footing with male students. Nevertheless, it turned out to be much harder to start working in their chosen field: before the Second World War, out of 143 women who had graduated from the Faculty of Law, only 42 were practising lawyers. The first female notary started working only in 1936. No female lawyer became a judge in Estonia before the Second World War, and the first female judges were appointed during the Soviet era in the period of 1940–41. Auguste Susi-Tannebaum and Olli Olesk had graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Tartu and were members of the Estonian Bar Association. However, the applications submitted by Susi-Tannebaum (1924) and Olesk (1929) for candidacy to join the judge’s profession were rejected. Both women contested the negative decisions in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court was guided by the principle of gender equality and implicitly expressed its opinion that female lawyers who apply for a position as a judge cannot be excluded from the candidacy on the grounds of gender. Regardless of the Supreme Court’s opinion, it was possible to exclude women from the competition for judge’s positions on the basis of the law granting the chairman of the National Court of Appeal (Kohtupalat) the exclusive right to decide on the suitability of candidates without the obligation of justifying the decision. Thus, the cases of Susi-Tannebaum and Olesk indicate how female lawyers who wanted to become judges ended up in a vicious circle: first, the negative response from the National Court of Appeal was followed by the favourable opinion of the Supreme Court on gender equality. Thereafter the Court of Appeal was able to make a further negative (and legally correct) decision on the non-compliance of a candidate for “informal reasons”, without any additional explanation. As it was not obligatory to justify the negative decision, women were deprived of the opportunity to become judges in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1936, the position of the head of the Tartu Guardianship and Custodianship Court was given to Ljubov Hütsi, whom the general public considered the first female judge. However, the guardianship and custodianship court was an administrative institution rather than a genuine court of law. It was subject to judicial control and thus the person appointed as the head of such an institution by the Minister of Internal Affairs cannot be considered a judge. During the 1940s, repressions and the replacement of previous lawyers offered new employment opportunities for women. Regrettably, several women who were appointed judges from 1940 to 1941 had no higher education in law, and some of them did not even have any kind of legal education. In this period, having a legal education was not a priority, because loyalty to the Soviet regime and membership in the Communist Party were more important prerequisites.
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14

Dilg, Janice. "From Coverture to Supreme Court Justice: Women Lawyers and Judges in Oregon History." Oregon Historical Quarterly 113, no. 3 (2012): 360–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ohq.2012.0055.

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15

Davis, Abraham L. "J. Clay Smith, Rebels in Law: Voices in History of Black Women Lawyers." Journal of Negro History 85, no. 3 (July 2000): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649067.

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16

Janice Dilg. "From Coverture to Supreme Court Justice: Women Lawyers and Judges in Oregon History." Oregon Historical Quarterly 113, no. 3 (2012): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.5403/oregonhistq.113.3.0360.

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17

Hoff-Wilson, Joan. "Women and the Constitution." News for Teachers of Political Science 46 (1985): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0197901900001811.

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Since the drafting of the federal Constitution in 1787, the legal status of women in the United States has passed through four distinct phases and is on the brink of entering a fifth one. In this two-hundred-year period, there has been more change in the last twenty years than in the previous onehundred- and-eighty. Yet, a decade and a half ago scholarly classes about women and the Constitution could not be taught because too little primary research had been conducted in either the new social history with its subfield of women or the latest version of the new legal history with its subfield of sex discrimination.Both subfields reflect the increased interest of historians and lawyers in interdisciplinary research techniques developed in this country and abroad since the 1960s.
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18

James, Colin. "Legal practice on time: The ethical risk and inefficiency of the six-minute unit." Alternative Law Journal 42, no. 1 (March 2017): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x17694786.

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Many law firms use time billing for client work with the ‘six-minute unit’ as the standard measure combined with billing ‘targets’ for employed lawyers, sometimes set at more than three times their salary. Time billing is designed to maximize the productivity of lawyers and provide a quantifiable rationale for billing clients, but is often used to control staff and identify ‘non-performers’. This paper critiques time billing and draws on its history and recent research to argue the practice not only motivates inefficiency, it increases the risk of ethical breaches, enables bullying by supervisors, may cause anxiety and mental health issues among employed lawyers, and contributes to the loss of good lawyers especially of women from the profession. The paper presents alternatives to time billing and suggests leading firms will recognise the advantages of adopting them ahead of professional regulators mandating change.
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19

Damousi, Joy. "‘Women—Keep Australia Free!’: Women Voters and Activists in the 1951 Referendum Campaign." Australian Historical Studies 44, no. 1 (March 2013): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2012.760630.

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20

Fette, Julie. "Pride and Prejudice in the Professions: Women Doctors and Lawyers in Third Republic France." Journal of Women's History 19, no. 3 (2007): 60–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2007.0055.

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21

Capern, Amanda L. "Maternity and Justice in the Early Modern English Court of Chancery." Journal of British Studies 58, no. 4 (October 2019): 701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.91.

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AbstractThis article is a case study of female litigants acting in the capacity of mother in the English equity court of Chancery between 1550 and 1700. It starts by asking how prevalent mothers were as plaintiffs and defendants in Chancery, though the burden of the article is a qualitative analysis of maternal narratives in Chancery pleadings and the use of gendered tropes such as “poor mother.” Stepmothers and women acting in loco parentis—aunts, grandmothers, and godmothers—have been included to reflect the full range of women who acted in a maternal role in early modern society and explain how they were portrayed, sometimes through a querelle des femmes lens. The different legal strategies of mothers (and their lawyers) are examined in detail and the question of the “female voice” in the archives is addressed. The intention is to demonstrate how social and legal maternal identities were used to produce strategic storytelling by mothers and their lawyers in a rhetoric that they hoped would advantage their cases. More broadly, the article addresses questions about the structural connections between law and society, especially the construction of social identity and the habitus and doctrine of equity.
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22

McLachlan, Fiona, and Jennifer Curtin. "Introduction: Women, Sport and History in Australia and New Zealand." International Journal of the History of Sport 33, no. 17 (November 21, 2016): 2069–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1368904.

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23

Sherlock, Peter. "‘Leave it to the Women’ The Exclusion of Women from Anglican Church Government in Australia." Australian Historical Studies 39, no. 3 (August 18, 2008): 288–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10314610802263299.

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24

Mironova, Iryna. "Struggle for Legal Women’s Rights in Russian Empire (second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century)." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, no. 2 (October 10, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190211.

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The article goal – showing struggle for legal women’s rights in A. Koni and others legal profession, including work in advocacy institutions in the Russian Empire in second half of XIX – beginning of XX century. Methods of research: modernization and gender history. The main results. In article author establish that the Russian Empire society in the end of XIX – beginning of XX century matured till understanding the equality principle of women and men role in social affairs, their leveling in property rights and in professional activities. Despite of lawyers struggle for women rights in conditions of autocracy were tiny (only the woman question discussion in press) it shows to empire power opposition from lawyers’ side and to society – necessity of changes in women’s legal status. The originality. Author uses memoirs and speeches of famous judge, member of State Council of the Russian Empire A. Koni and articles of leading lawyers, which were published in such newspapers as “Law”, “Law Herald”, “News of Jury and Trusted Council”. Scientific novelty: at the first time article describes the main issues about struggle for legal women’s rights, namely: attitude toward women in general and in legal cases; widening personal and property rights of women; giving them access to higher law education and possibility to apply it in their professional activity. Type of the article: descriptive and analytical. In article author insist that one of the first men, who outline the woman question and started to debate about widening legal women’s rights, was A. Koni. His activity was supported by famous scientists, lawyers, advocates such as D. Stasov, V. Spasovych, V. Nabokov, P. Liublinskiy, I. Foynytskiy, V. Sluchevskiy, and S. Shelukhin. A. Koni achieved particular regulation of widening property rights for women. In struggle for allowing advocacy practice for women author point out 2 stages, during its women tried to hold an appointment as private jury. Author notes first women-advocates in the Russian Empire and Ukraine, for example: E. Kozmina, K. Fleyshyts, L. Ginsburg, and O. Yaroshevska. Author determines that problems in female advocacy in Russian Empire were the same, as problems in Western Europe and USA. Question about allowing women to be advocates and notaries in Russia and Ukraine weren’t decided till 1917.
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25

Drachman, Virginia G. "Jill Norgren. Rebels at the Bar: The Fascinating, Forgotten Stories of America's First Women Lawyers." American Historical Review 119, no. 2 (April 2014): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.2.531.

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Batlan, Felice. "Déjà Vu and the Gendered Origins of the Practice of Immigration Law: The Immigrants’ Protective League, 1907–40." Law and History Review 36, no. 4 (November 2018): 713–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248018000469.

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Donald Trump's administration has provoked crisis after crisis regarding the United States’ immigration policy, laws, and their enforcement. This has affected millions of immigrants in the U.S. and those hoping to immigrate. Stemming from this, immigration lawyers are providing extraordinary amounts of direct pro bono legal services to immigrants in need. Yet the history of the practice of immigration law has been largely understudied. This article closely examines Chicago's Immigrants’ Protective League between 1910 and 1940. The League provided free counsel to tens of thousands of poor immigrants facing a multitude of immigration-related legal issues during a time when Congress passed increasingly strict immigration laws. The League, always headed by women social workers, created a robust model of immigration advocacy at a time when only a handful of women were professionally trained lawyers. The League's archival documents, manifests how Trump's immigration policies have a long and painful history. U.S. immigration law and its enforcement have consistently been cruel, inhumane, arbitrary, and capricious. Told from the ground up and focusing upon the day-to-day problems that immigrants brought to the League, one dramatically sees how immigration laws and practices were like quicksand, thwarting the legitimate expectations of migrants. The League, in response, participated in creating what would become the practice of immigration law, engaging, and quickly responding to changing laws, rules, policies, and the needs of migrants.
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Rackley, Erika, and Rosemary Auchmuty. "The Case for Feminist Legal History." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 40, no. 4 (2020): 878–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqaa023.

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Abstract While we may be witnessing a highpoint of interest in the lives of early women lawyers, and women’s legal history generally, feminist legal history remains largely undeveloped in the UK. Drawing on examples of women’s representation in and engagement with law and law reform in the UK and Ireland, this article delineates the method, scope and purpose of feminist legal history. It begins by exploring the place of women in traditional accounts of legal history, before going on to consider the methodological and substantive goals of feminist legal history. We argue that feminist legal history is a political project, requiring its authors to commit not only to uncovering untold stories, but also to challenging and revising dominant historical narratives. We conclude with a call for scholars to take up the insights and methods of feminist legal history as a means of acknowledging and celebrating the agency of those involved in past and ongoing struggles for justice and equality.
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RYAN, MARYNEL. "Different paths to the public: European women, educational opportunity, and expertise, 1890–1930." Continuity and Change 19, no. 3 (December 2004): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416004005193.

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This article describes a comparison of two groups of women, one German and one French, who were able to use the expanding educational opportunities for women during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to forge a new path to public influence. The comparison highlights the different socio-political and institutional contexts of Imperial Germany and Third Republic France, in order to explain the very different career patterns of women with similar research interests: national economists who trained in Berlin and lawyers who trained in Paris. Although the greater emphasis is on the German case, I explore the possibilities for (and limitations to) women's claims to public influence in both contexts.
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29

May, Ann Mari, and Robert W. Dimand. "Women in the Early Years of the American Economic Association." History of Political Economy 51, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 671–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-7685185.

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We use the archives of the American Economic Association to examine the participation of women in the association from its foundation in 1885 to the Great Depression. Women participated actively in the formation of the association, contributed several monographs to its early publications, and won some of its early essay competitions. We find that the membership drives of 1900–1902 (aimed at academics and businessmen) and of 1909–13 (aimed at lawyers, bankers, and businessmen) neglected women interested in social causes and home economics as potential members. Together with the abolition of local branches, these first two membership drives diluted the role of women in the association. In contrast, the membership drive of 1922–26 reflected a growing interest in graduate students and young instructors that somewhat increased the proportion of women among members.
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30

Weiss, Gillian, and Marjorie Theobald. "Knowing Women: Origins of Women's Education in Nineteenth-Century Australia." History of Education Quarterly 37, no. 2 (1997): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/369369.

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31

Featherstone, Lisa. "Sexy Mamas? women, sexuality and reproduction in Australia in the 1940s." Australian Historical Studies 36, no. 126 (October 2005): 234–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10314610508682922.

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Billings, Warren M. "Finding Justice: A History of Women Lawyers in Maryland since 1642 ed. by Lynne A. Battaglia." Journal of Southern History 84, no. 2 (2018): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/soh.2018.0090.

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Russell, Penny, Marian Aveling, and Joy Damousi. "Stepping Out of History: Documents of Women at Work in Australia." Labour History, no. 62 (1992): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27509120.

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Poynting, Scott. "The ‘Lost’ Girls: Muslim Young Women in Australia." Journal of Intercultural Studies 30, no. 4 (November 2009): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256860903214123.

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Marek, Joan Gershen. "The Practice and Ally McBeal: A New Image for Women Lawyers on Television?" Journal of American Culture 22, no. 1 (March 1999): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.1999.00077.x.

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36

Woollacott, Angela. "The Meanings of Protection: Women in Colonial and Colonizing Australia." Journal of Women's History 14, no. 4 (2003): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2003.0017.

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Young, Christabel. "No Rising Generation. Women and Fertility in Late Nineteenth-Century Australia." Population Studies 45, no. 1 (March 1991): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145356.

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George, Margaret, and Pat Quiggin. "No Rising Generation: Women and Fertility in Late Nineteenth Century Australia." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 20, no. 4 (1990): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204043.

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Williams, Sue W., and John C. McCullers. "MATURATION RATE, ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONING AND FEMALE CAREER TYPICALNESS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1987.15.1.71.

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The study compared maturation rate and endocrine functioning according to career typicalness in a sample of 28 currently employed women. Previously reported research from which this sample was drawn had indicated less traditional sex-typing for subjects in a typical careers for personal and psychological characteristics and childhood experiences. Analysis of current data pertaining to subjects' developmental history provided only limited evidence that women in nontraditional careers matured later than women in traditional occupations as hypothesized. The physicians and lawyers had a leaner body make-up than nurses and secretaries; however, no group differences were noted for other physiological measures including blood analysis for steroid values. Self-reported reproductive history data revealed group differences, with subjects in typical categories marrying and bearing children at an earlier age.
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Brown, Sarah Hart. "Equal Justice Under Law: An Autobiography and Rebels in Law: Voices in History of Black Women Lawyers." American Journal of Legal History 43, no. 2 (April 1999): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajlh/43.2.212.

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41

Whitehead, Kay. "Australian women educators’ internal exile and banishment in a centralised patriarchal state school system." Historia y Memoria de la Educación, no. 17 (December 18, 2022): 255–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/hme.17.2023.33121.

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This article explores Australian women teachers’ struggles for equality with men from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. While Australia purported to be a progressive democratic nation, centralised patriarchal state school systems relied on women teachers to fulfil the requirements of free, compulsory and secular schooling. This study focuses on the state of South Australia where women were enfranchised in 1894, far ahead of European countries. However, women teachers were subjected to internal exile in the state school system, and banished by the marriage bar. The article begins with the construction of the South Australian state school system in the late nineteenth century. The enforcement of the marriage bar created a differentiated profession of many young single women who taught prior to marriage; a few married women who required an income; and a cohort of senior single women who made teaching a life-long career and contested other forms of subordination to which all women teachers were subject. Led by the latter group, South Australian women teachers pursued equality in early twentieth century mixed teachers unions and post-suffrage women’s organisations; and established the Women Teachers Guild in 1937 to secure more equal conditions of employment. The paper concludes with the situation after World War Two when married women were re admitted to the state school system to resolve teacher shortages; and campaigns for equal pay gathered momentum. In South Australia, the marriage bar was eventually removed in 1972.
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Lake, Marilyn. "Women and Nation in Australia: The Politics of Representation." Australian Journal of Politics & History 43, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1997.tb01377.x.

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Piper, Alana Jayne, and Victoria Nagy. "Versatile Offending: Criminal Careers of Female Prisoners in Australia, 1860–1920." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 48, no. 2 (August 2017): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01125.

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The use of longitudinal data from the criminal records of a sample of 6,042 female prisoners in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Victoria reveals limitations in the traditional method of examining criminality within specific offense categories. Investigations devoted exclusively to particular categories of women’s offenses potentially obscures the extent to which women resorted to multiple forms of offending. Such versatile activity challenges conceptions of women as predominantly petty offenders by suggesting that some women were arrested for minor offenses because of their engagement in more serious crimes and their participation in criminal sub-cultures.
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Toffoletti, Kim, and Catherine Palmer. "Women and Sport in Australia—New Times?" Journal of Australian Studies 43, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2019.1579081.

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Richards, Eric, and Katrina Alford. "Production or Reproduction?: An Economic History of Women in Australia, 1788-1850." Economic History Review 38, no. 4 (November 1985): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597230.

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Woelz-Stirling, Nicole, Lenore Manderson, Margaret Kelaher, and Anne-Marie Benedicto. "Young Women in Conflict: Filipinas growing up in Australia." Journal of Intercultural Studies 22, no. 3 (December 2001): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256860120094019.

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Kelleher, Marilyn. "God's Willing Workers: Women and Religion in Australia - by Anne O’Brien." Journal of Religious History 32, no. 1 (March 2008): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2008.00622_16.x.

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Clark, Elizabeth B., and Virginia G. Drachman. "Women Lawyers and the Origins of Professional Identity in America: The Letters of the Equity Club, 1887 to 1890." Journal of American History 81, no. 2 (September 1994): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081300.

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Аніщук, Н. В. "ЖІНКИ В АДВОКАТУРІ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНІЇ." Наукові праці Національного університету “Одеська юридична академія” 14 (May 23, 2019): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/npnuola.v14i0.335.

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Abstract:
Стаття присвячена розгляду адвокатури Великобританії d контексті діяльності жїнок-ад-вокатів в історії та сучасності. Тендерний аналіз, застосований у процесі дослідження, на­дає можливість по-новому, в рамках проблеми забезпечення рівних прав та можливостей жінок і чоловіків, розкрити сутність цього правового інституту. Article is devoted to the Bar Association of Great Britain in the context ot women lawyers in the history and modernity. Gender analysis used in the research process, enables a new way, as part of the problem of ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men, rasskryt essence of this legal institution.
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McVeigh, Ann. "Review: Convict Maids: The Forced Migration of Women to Australia." Irish Economic and Social History 24, no. 1 (September 1997): 160–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/033248939702400120.

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