Journal articles on the topic 'Women – Italy – Social conditions'
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1
Andall, Jacqueline. "Cape Verdean Women on the Move: ‘Immigration Shopping’ in Italy and Europe." Modern Italy 4, no. 2 (November 1999): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532949908454832.
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SummaryThe central theme of this article is the notion that migrants ‘shop’ for opportunities of work, income and social advantages in different countries. Taking the case of Cape Verdean women migrants, the research is based on 25 in-depth interviews carried out with domestic workers in Rome and Rotterdam. I explore ways in which these women have negotiated mobility, employment and family and household responsibilities within the context of a largely independent female migration which is well established from Cape Verde. Italy has a nodal role in channelling mobility from Cape Verde to various destinations in the global Cape Verdean diaspora. But while opportunities for stable employment as domestic workers in Italy have been a constant factor encouraging Cape Verdean women to migrate to Italy, difficulties over pay, working conditions, welfare and family reunion have led to much onward movement to the Netherlands and elsewhere.
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Fijał, Małgorzata. "Treni della felicità. Społeczna inicjatywa na rzecz dzieci w powojennych Włoszech." Politeja 19, no. 1(76) (May 10, 2022): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.19.2022.76.03.
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TRENI DELLA FELICITÀ: A SOCIAL INITIATIVE FOR CHILDREN IN POST-WAR ITALY This paper is devoted to the analysis of the origins and development of a social initiative, the so-called Treni della felicità (Trains of happiness) and its impact on shaping civil society and sense of national community in the post-war Italy. This project, initiated by the Union of Italian Women (Unione Donne Italiane, UDI) and then promoted mainly by the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) assumed the transfer of tens of thousands of children from families in need from southern Italy to relatively more developed north-central regions of the country in order to provide them better living conditions after World War II. This example of the fight against poverty and inequalities seems to be a forgotten symbol of solidarity and renewal of the idea of civil society in post-totalitarian Italy. Moreover, this action for children is not only an example of civic activity, but also an important element in the debate on the traditional division of Italy into North and South.
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Addabbo, Tindara, Rosa María García-Fernández, Carmen María Llorca-Rodríguez, and Anna Maccagnan. "Labor force heterogeneity and wage polarization: Italy and Spain." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 5 (October 8, 2018): 979–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-03-2017-0071.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the change in the Italian and Spanish wage polarization degree in a time of economic crisis, taking into account the factors affecting labor force heterogeneity. Gender differences in the evolution of social fractures are considered by carrying out the analysis separately for males and females. Design/methodology/approach The approach by Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández (2012) on polarization is applied to the microdata provided by the EU Living Conditions Surveys (2007, 2010 and 2012). According to Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández’s approach, polarization is generated by two tendencies that contribute to the generation of social tension: the homogeneity or cohesion within group and the heterogeneity between groups. The following labor force characteristics are considered: gender, level of education, type of contract, occupational status and job status. Findings The results for Italy reveal a higher increase of polarization for women than for men from the perspective of the type of contract. In Spain, the wage polarization of women also increases more intensively compared to men from the perspectives of level of education, job status and occupational status, while in Italy the reduction of the wage polarization index by level of education can be related, above all, to an increase in overqualification of women. Originality/value While the empirical literature on polarization has made considerable investigation into employment and job polarization, this paper explores the rather less explored matter of wage polarization. Furthermore, particular attention is paid to the impact on polarization of the Great Recession.
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Bracke, Maud Anne. "Labour, Gender and Deindustrialisation: Women Workers at Fiat (Italy, 1970s–1980s)." Contemporary European History 28, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 484–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777319000298.
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AbstractThe article presents an in-depth analysis of the struggle for gender equality in hiring, as well as campaigns for parental leave and demands for improved work conditions, by female workers in manufacturing industry in 1970s–80s Italy. The case study is focused on Fiat in Turin, a highly significant site given its economic role in Italy and Europe, and its history of social conflict and radical workforce. Against the backdrop of dramatic changes in gender relations since the 1960s, ongoing industrial unrest since 1968 and the introduction of new gender-equality legislation, fatefully coinciding with the onset of deindustrialisation and the rise of unemployment in manufacturing, trade union feminism presented an original and, viewed in hindsight, highly significant agenda. The events in Fiat demonstrate the extent to which new demands and ideas regarding the value of women's work became acceptable in the workers’ movement and in society at large, but also reveal the obstacles which the feminist politics of work encountered, and the persistence of gender-based prejudice in understandings of the value of work in all its forms. The analysis is based on archive material, press and original interviews.
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MEGGIOLARO, SILVIA, and FAUSTA ONGARO. "Life satisfaction among older people in Italy in a gender approach." Ageing and Society 35, no. 7 (July 3, 2014): 1481–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x14000646.
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ABSTRACTOver the last few decades, increasing attention has been paid to the issue of wellbeing among older people, and life satisfaction has been used as an indicator to evaluate older people's life conditions. This paper sheds some light on this topic with reference to Italy, a country characterised by an increasing ageing population. The aim is to examine life satisfaction among people aged 65 and older and its predictors. We adopt a gender approach to examine whether – as suggested by the literature – older men and women have different sources of satisfaction. We test this hypothesis in Italy, a country still characterised by an unbalanced public and private gender system. In doing this, we also control whether living arrangements – specifically living alone – influence the determinants of life satisfaction of older men and women. The data used are from the cross-sectional surveys ‘Aspects of Daily Life’, undertaken in Italy by the National Statistical Institute. The results do not show clear gender differences in the determinants of life satisfaction, with only some slight gender differences among those living alone. This suggests that the social and cultural environment may play a relevant role for older people's life satisfaction.
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Nittari, Giulio, Getu Gamo Sagaro, Alessandro Feola, Mattia Scipioni, Giovanna Ricci, and Ascanio Sirignano. "First Surveillance of Violence against Women during COVID-19 Lockdown: Experience from “Niguarda” Hospital in Milan, Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073801.
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Violence against women emerges with tragic regularity in the daily news. It is now an evident trace of a dramatic social problem, the characteristics of which are not attributable to certain economic, cultural, or religious conditions of the people involved but affect indiscriminately, in a unanimous way, our society. The study is a survey about the number of hospital admissions due to episodes attributable to violence against women, recorded by the Niguarda Hospital in Milan in the period 1 March–30 May from 2017 to 2020. This period, in 2020, corresponds to the coronavirus Lockdown in Italy. All the medical records of the Emergency department were reviewed, and the extracted data classified in order to identify the episodes of violence against women and the features of the reported injuries and the characteristics of the victims. The data did not show an increase in the number of cases in 2020 compared to previous years, but we did find a notable increase in the severity of injuries.
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Berto, Patrizia, and Mario Eandi. "Pharmacologic and economic differentiation of drugs for RA in Italy." Reviews in Health Care 3, no. 3 (May 9, 2012): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/rhc.20133153-178.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive and degenerative illness, which affects about 0.5% of the adult population with significant social costs. In Italy there are approximately 300,000 people with RA, with twice as many women than men. RA causes progressive deformity and disability and is associated with numerous co-morbid conditions that reduce the life expectancy of 5-10 years. The costs of RA have a serious impact on the entire community, especially in terms of disability, hospitalization and medical care. In Italy has been estimated that cost of illness could reach about 1,600 million euros, of which over two thirds are represented by indirect costs. The treatment of RA is evolving and the introduction of biological drugs has resulted in a significant progress in terms of therapeutic possibilities. Etanercept, the only soluble receptor of TNF-alfa currently approved appears to be cost-effective and it is recommended by major guidelines for the treatment of RA. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/rhc.v3i3.201
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Berto, Patrizia, and Mario Eandi. "Pharmacologic and economic differentiation of drugs for RA in Italy." Reviews in Health Care 3, no. 3 (May 9, 2012): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/rhc.v3i3.201.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive and degenerative illness, which affects about 0.5% of the adult population with significant social costs. In Italy there are approximately 300,000 people with RA, with twice as many women than men. RA causes progressive deformity and disability and is associated with numerous co-morbid conditions that reduce the life expectancy of 5-10 years. The costs of RA have a serious impact on the entire community, especially in terms of disability, hospitalization and medical care. In Italy has been estimated that cost of illness could reach about 1,600 million euros, of which over two thirds are represented by indirect costs. The treatment of RA is evolving and the introduction of biological drugs has resulted in a significant progress in terms of therapeutic possibilities. Etanercept, the only soluble receptor of TNF-alfa currently approved appears to be cost-effective and it is recommended by major guidelines for the treatment of RA. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/rhc.v3i3.201
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Facchini, Carla. "Caring for non-self-sufficient older people in Italy: from a familistic system to the immigrant live-in careworker model." Ciências e Políticas Públicas / Public Sciences & Policies 6, no. 2 (December 2020): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33167/2184-0644.cpp2020.vvin2/pp.149-168.
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The aim of the article is to describe the specificities of the aging phenomenon in Italy and the social policies for non/self-sufficient elderly people, highlighting both the change from a model that relied heavily on a family system to a model based on co-resident immigrant workers to care for the elderly, and the contradictions of this new model. While in Italy the percentage of older people and very older is the highest in Europe, social policies for them involve a limited offer of home and residential services and widespread allowances. At the same time, in Italy, the rise of the aging population has been intertwined with the transformation of family structures, the increase of female employment, the lower capacity of families to take care of their non-self-sufficient relatives, and the improvement of older people’s economic conditions. Due to these changes, a new care model has been established in the past two decades, based on the employment of live-in caregivers, usually immigrant women, so-called ‘badanti’, who are hired and paid by the caretakers and their family. This model has led both caregivers and caretakers to experience a double dependency and a double solitude, which question its sustainability and the familistic nature of the system. This paper presents both demographic and economic data from institutional sources, and the regulatory framework on social policies, and, finally, the data that emerge from various research on immigration.
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Cvajner, Martina. "International Mobility, Erotic Plasticity and Eastern European Migrations." Migration Letters 16, no. 4 (September 30, 2019): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i4.793.
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When individuals cross a border and settle in a new social environment, they become migrants. People come here to work, improve the family conditions, restore a lost status. They work, send remittances, strive to adjust their legal status, learn how to cope with a new way of living. But they also make new friends, new lovers, reunite families. They also encounter new sexual cultures, new erotic narratives and norms. Migration is consequently a good test for contemporary theories of erotic plasticity. Are adult migrants, that have acquired and practised for decades a given erotic habitus, able to change it in depth during emigration? And which are, if any, the dimensions of these change? Eastern European women pioneers in Italy – women who have migrated alone, outside of any recruitment program, to areas with no previous history of immigration from their lands – provide a fascinating case of sexual change.
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Salaris, Luisa, Andrei Iacob, Viviana Anghel, and Giulia Contu. "The Impact of the First Covid-19 Wave on Migrant Workers: The Case of Romanians in Italy." Central and Eastern European Migration Review 11, no. 1 (2022): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54667/ceemr.2022.06.
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The Covid-19 pandemic is having an unprecedented impact on health systems, on many economic sectors and on the labour market. This critical situation is also accompanied by social destabilisation, which has exacerbated inequalities and severely affected the most disadvantaged population groups, such as migrant workers. This study provides insights into the consequences of the first wave and the lockdown period in Spring 2020 of the Covid-19 pandemic on Romanians living in Italy, using data collected by the International Association Italy-Romania ‘Cuore Romeno’, within a project financed by the Romanian Department for Diaspora and developed to support actions while strengthening the link with Romanian institutions during the pandemic. Findings show that, during the lockdown, two opposite situations occurred among Romanians. Workers in the ‘key sector’ become indispensable and experienced only small changes, while others lost their job or experienced a worsening of working conditions, with lower wages or an increase in working hours. Most workers chose to stay in Italy, relying on their savings or the support of the Italian government. Job losses, not having new employment, and having limited savings all influenced the decision of a smaller group to return to Romania. In conclusion, the analysis suggests that measures adopted should take into consideration that the Covid-19 pandemic might disproportionally hit population groups such as migrants, women, young people and temporary and unprotected workers, particularly those employed in trade, hospitality and agriculture.
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Greselin, Francesca, and Alina Jȩdrzejczak. "Analyzing the Gender Gap in Poland and Italy, and by Regions." International Advances in Economic Research 26, no. 4 (November 2020): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11294-020-09810-3.
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AbstractHigh-income inequality, accompanied by substantial regional differentiation, is still a great challenge for social policymakers in many European countries. One of the important elements of this phenomenon is the inequality between income distributions of men and women. Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, the distributions of income for Italy and Poland were compared, and the gender gap in these countries was assessed. No single metric can capture the full range of experiences, so a set of selected tools were adopted. The Dagum model was fitted to each distribution, summary measures, like the Gini and Zenga inequality indices, were evaluated, and the Zenga curve was employed to detect changes at each income quantile. Afterward, empirical distributions were compared through a relative approach, providing an analytic picture of the gender gap for both countries. The analysis moved beyond the typical focus on average or median earnings differences, towards a focus on how the full distribution of women’s earnings relative to men’s compares. The analysis was performed in the different macroregions of the two countries, with a discussion of the results. The study revealed that income inequality in Poland and Italy varies across gender and regions. In Italy, the highest inequality was observed in the poorest region, i.e. the islands. On the contrary, in Poland, the highest inequality occurred in the richest region, the central one. The relative distribution method was a powerful tool for studying the gender gap.
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Vineis, Paolo, Fabrizio Faggiano, Elio Riboli, Franco Berrino, Paola Pisani, and Paolo Crosignani. "Dietary Habits, Internal Migration and Social Class in a Sample of a Northern Italian Population." Tumori Journal 78, no. 4 (August 1992): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169207800403.
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The study of migrants has generated interesting hypotheses on the etiology of different types of cancer. In particular, it has been suggested that both colon and breast cancer could be related to living conditions, including diet, in the country of immigration. Considerable internal migration occurred in Italy in the sixties. We studied a random sample of 1,400 subjects living in the city of Torino and the province of Varese. They were interviewed with a detailed questionnaire about their dietary habits, and the consumption of several nutrients was considered according to the area of birth and social class. The hypothesis we tested was whether, after controlling for social class, there were different dietary habits among the migrants and the native population, and whether such differences could help in the formulation of etiologic hypotheses on cancer. We found that the intake of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol was lower among the migrants from the south, whereas they consumed higher levels of vegetables than people born in the north. The different intake of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol seemed to be attributable mainly to the consumption of butter, for which the south/north ratio was as low as 0.47 in men and 0.56 in women. Important gradients by social class were also suggested for several nutrients.
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d’Angelo, Danila, Francesca Ciani, Alessandra Zaccherini, Simona Tafuri, Luigi Avallone, Serenella d’Ingeo, and Angelo Quaranta. "Human-Animal Relationship Dysfunction: A Case Study of Animal Hoarding in Italy." Animals 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091501.
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“Animal hoarding” or “compulsive hoarding of animals” is a psychiatric disease, which has important social implications and a profound influence on animal welfare. To date, this phenomenon has been little investigated and largely unexplored. The present study aims to systematically describe a case of animal hoarding, which remains unresolved. The report refers to a case of a woman suffering from animal hoarding that emerged in 2005. From March 2014 to December 2019, 450 animals were seized over nine different occasions. This disease had significant implications on the welfare of the animals collected, which lived in poor housing and hygiene conditions that frequently led to their death. Since animal hoarding cases involve sanitary, legal, and veterinary aspects, we believe that a multidisciplinary approach is necessary in order to prevent a recurrence and a new accumulation of animals. A holistic approach should be taken according to the One Health principle that involves different stakeholders at every level in order to adopt an efficient solution.
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Astolfi, P., and G. Zei. "Variation of the human secondary sex ratio and lethal recessive X-linked mutations." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 3 (July 1987): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200001693x.
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SummarySex ratio at birth was studied in relation to grandparental age, to enquire into the effect of the accumulation of X-linked recessive lethal mutations. From the data of the tenth census of the Italian population two samples of women having a live-born only child were examined: the first from some provinces of northern and central Italy, the second from the island of Sardinia.Besides maternal grandfather's and grandmother's ages, the mother's age and some socioeconomic factors such as the woman's educational level, her urbanization index and time were included in a multiple regression analysis model. In both areas the results show a significant decrease of the sex ratio as grandpaternal age increases, a weaker effect of grandmaternal age, and a strong decrease when maternal age increases; this last effect is probably due to physiological factors, in addition to the genetic ones.Differences between the partial regression coefficients of the two areas, though not significant, reflect the different socioeconomic and cultural conditions, which affect the sex ratio. From the partial regression coefficients on the grandpaternal age an estimate of the mutation rate was obtained.
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HOLOVKO L. V. and L. E. KOROLYK-BOYKO. "Ukrainian Refugees in Italy: Activities and Assistance of Caritas and «MIST-IL PONTE» Association." Demography and social economy, no. 4 (December 21, 2022): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2022.04.075.
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The relevance of the article is due to the need to create comfortable conditions for Ukrainian refugees in their places of temporary residence in Italy. Since the full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine by Russian troops, during February-July 2022, 288 refugees arrived in the city of Gubbio, region of Umbria, most of them women aged 30-45 and minor children. The article reveals the role of the cohesion of the local population, the Ukrainian diaspora, the consolidation of the efforts of state bodies and the informal sector. The purpose of the article is to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of Ukrainian refugees who turn to Caritas and the association “MIST-IL PONTE” in Gubbio for help. In the course of the research, general scientific methods were used: face-to-face survey, analysis, synthesis, generalization. The novelty is the opinion of Ukrainian refugees about the activities of Caritas in cooperation with the association “MIST-IL PONTE” determined for the first time, on the basis of a developed questionnaire. The significance of the Italian government’s support for Ukraine and its refugees has been revealed, in particular on the issues of providing Ukrainian refugees with the temporary protected status, a high level of necessary social, educational and medical services. The results of the survey of Ukrainian refugees, which were taken into account by Caritas and the association “MIST-IL PONTE” in their further work, were analyzed. Minor problems encountered by Ukrainian refugees during their stay in Italy and their causes are identified. The priority of creating comfortable living conditions, receiving social, including educational, services is substantiated, since a significant part of refugees are minors of preschool and school age. Focused attention on the fact that the development and implementation of various thematic activities by the “MIST-IL PONTE” association with the participation of Ukrainian refugees, especially children, contributes to the recovery of their psychological state, rapid adaptation to society, learning the Italian language, culture, customs and traditions of the local population and indicates the solidarity of the Italian people in supporting Ukraine in the fight against the Russian aggressor. The reasons why refugees intend to stay in Italy have been established. Some of them plan to return in a couple of months, and others - after the end of the war in Ukraine. In general, most Ukrainians have already returned. The variety of services received, the constant assistance of Caritas and the professionalism of its volunteers are highly rated by Ukrainian refugees. Caritas in Gubbio operates in 8 parishes, where it has its branches. Thanks to the functioning of the national web-platform, a single registration database has been created, which contains general information about persons, their status and needs. This specificity of activity ensures the provision of high-quality and quick assistance to everyone who is registered.
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Matteucci, Stefano Civitarese, and Giorgio Repetto. "The expressive function of human dignity: A pragmatic approach to social rights claims." European Journal of Social Security 23, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 120–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262721994122.
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In this article, we appraise an idea of human dignity (HD) as pragmatically oriented to support social rights claims. By analysing the role of dignitarian arguments in the constitutional-like case law of four European jurisdictions (France, the UK, Italy and Germany), we demonstrate that caution prevails about the possibility of using HD in each of these countries as an ultimate yardstick for upholding social policies. Such findings challenge the assumption that one can grasp HD as a legal notion through a foundational approach. In our view, neither HD reflects any natural or social essence of men and women, nor can it consequently be conceived as the source of universal fundamental rights. Instead, (1) we recommend a notion of HD as a status primarily conceived as a political-institutional (conventional) artefact. Thus, (2) we consequently sustain that dignity may pertain to states too, and we can see it as a way of reciprocating the duty to fair cooperation in a just society. In the same vein, (3) HD works best in the social realm when an expressive function, rather than a defining one, is recognised as its proper function. This aspect helps explain why HD is often called to support other principles in judicial argumentation. This notion of HD seems to us coherent with social rights as relying on a complex institutional arrangement centred on political responsibility and a commitment to social justice. Concerning the assessment of the conditions attached by the states to the enjoyment of welfare benefits, HD tells us that disproportionate sanctions, whose objective appears to be more a way of blackmailing welfare recipients than pursuing an ideal of fair reciprocity, do violate both the institutional dignity of public authorities and that of the persons affected.
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Sobot, Ankica. "The impact of education on time use of elderly population in Serbia." Stanovnistvo 53, no. 2 (2015): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1502067s.
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The active ageing concept, which implies individual and broader social benefits, is defined for mitigating the negative effects of intensive population ageing. It redefines the perception of ageing in accordance with the positive trends in terms of health and life span of older persons' life. One of the factors which has certain impact on some aspects of active ageing is education. The researches confirm its influence on the health and vitality of the elderly, as well as on their economic activity. It is important not only as a dimension of socio-economic status, but also from the perspective of certain behavior, the availability of learning, the possibility of adopting valid information and the use of new technological achievements for the purpose of healthy lifestyle. The top ten countries in 2015 regarding Active Ageing Index have up to four times higher shares of highly educated persons among those aged 50 or over (between 23% and 34%), compared to the countries which are at the back of the AAI list. However, Italy is ranked second, regarding the participation in society despite the fact that less than 10% of persons aged 50 or over are highly educated. By contrast, Estonia has only high index in employment, while in relation to the other spheres is very low ranking, regardless there are 34% of highly educated among persons aged 50 or over. The first example shows that it is possible to achieve partial progress despite low prevalence of high education. Another indicates that the attainment in active ageing can be limited by other factors despite high proportion of highly educated. It is possible to conclude that in either of these two cases high education did not impact, but that these characteristics of active ageing are the consequences of other factors. Participation in society, in addition to volunteering and political engagement, implies caring for children or the elderly. It is possible that the incidence of these activities have more important influence on the positioning of Italy in this sphere. Relatively high index of employment could be explained by the influence of socio-economic conditions and the necessity of working engagement of older persons due to social security and living standards of households. This could be said for Estonia because it is placed into the group of countries with lower GDP per capita. The research regarding the time use in Serbia, used in this paper as the framework for studying the lifestyle of older people, shows that the paid work is the most evident differentiation between those who have entered the older age (65 or older) and those who are on the threshold of this limit (55-64 years). Regarding leisure time, it is clear that more passive forms (watching television and resting) prevail. Reading, walking, visiting, spending time with family and the provision of informal help partially mitigate this picture. However, weak commitment to cultural events and physical activity, poor involvement in different spheres of social life, almost the absence of voluntary work and additional training undermine the concept of active ageing. Highly educated persons have the most of leisure time but, in relation to persons with lower educational levels, there is no substantial differentiation regarding the activities that mark active ageing. In comparison with others, they spent less time watching TV and movies as well as resting, but more time walking, visiting, reading, using a computer or providing informal support. Tertiary education has proved to be a point of differentiation among females who approach the entry into older age. It does not only mean more time in paid work, but also less time in unpaid activities, compared to women with lower educational levels. In addition, highly educated women aged 65 or over more frequently perform paid jobs than those with primary education. It is not the specificity of male population. High education did not eliminate the specificities of overpowering cultural pattern of gender roles. Men more engage in paid jobs and have more leisure time, while women spend more time in performing household tasks. Women more devote to reading books, going to the cinema, volunteering, and the participation in religious activities as compared to men. Male respondents spend more time resting, exercising and visiting sport events. However, in both cases passive forms of leisure time prevail, although there are some specificities. In comparison with those who had lower educational levels, highly educated persons evaluated their health as good or very good two times more frequently, but it has not resulted in significant difference in terms of commitment to the activities that mark active ageing. The widespread of tertiary education does not mean unconditional acceptance of this model. In addition to social conditions, living circumstances and cultural norms, lifestyle is important as an advantage or a disadvantage for the realization of active ageing. Lower education levels are an additional challenge in terms of advancing all preconditions for accepting and spreading the model of active aging.
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Simpura, Jussi, and Thomas Karlsson. "Trends in drinking patterns among adult population in 15 European countries, 1950 to 2000: a review." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 18, no. 1_suppl (February 2001): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250101801s08.
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Jussi Simpura & Thomas Karlsson: Trends in drinking patterns among adult population in 15 European countries, 1950 to 2000: a review Under the auspices of the European Comparative Alcohol Study (ECAS), data was compiled on trends in drinking patterns from 15 European countries (EU member countries, Luxembourg excluded, and Norway) from 1950 to 2000. This review is based on existing survey data on adult population. It turned out that (a) only a few countries (Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden) have data on drinking patterns in the 1950s and 1960s, but (b) an increasing number of countries have drinking habit surveys from the 1970s and 1980s onwards (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom) and (c) in the 1990s, almost all EU member countries have conducted surveys with data on drinking patterns (France, Greece, Italy, and Portugal, while Belgium remains the only country with very little data available). The data is, however, too scarce to say anything very certain about trends and the possible homogenisation of drinking patterns. Six indicators were studied in more detail. Abstinence rates fell in the 1960s in the traditionally abstinent Northern European countries, and later among women in the Mediterranean countries. Women's share of drinking also increased in the Northern European countries in the 1970s, but not necessarily elsewhere. With decreasing alcohol consumption in the Mediterranean countries, this means that per capita alcohol consumption among women may well have decreased, too. With a few exceptions, 30 to 50-year-olds were the age group with the highest alcohol consumption. The age distribution showed no general trends. Data on the shape of the population distribution of alcohol consumption was scarce, except for a few countries where the shape did not suggest any systematic changes. Also, data on binge drinking (high intake per single occasion) was mostly scarce, and again, the findings from the few countries with sufficient data showed remarkable stability. Remarkably slow changes were also evident in specific drinking contexts. There may be some signs of slow homogenisation of drinking patterns between the 15 European countries, but the differences are still notable. The main conclusion is that changes in drinking patterns are slow, even amidst rapidly changing living conditions. The natural time scale for such changes is not a few years or even a decade, but a generation.
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Tsiklashvili, N., T. Turmanidze, and N. Robitashvili. "Causing Reasons and Results of Migration in Georgia (In the context of gender)." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 31, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2019.1.42.
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Migration is one of the most important global problem. Voluntary migration is going with a rapid pace, what is promoted with the development of technology, the access of information, diversification of labor market. In Georgia, in the first years of independence, obtained in 90-ies of the last centuries, labor migration appeared. The main factor of intensive migration is worsening of socio-economic conditions and living standards of Georgian population.
As a result of legal and illegal labor migration, healthy workforce – young people are migrating from Georgia. The largest number of emigrants is distributed in the age group between 25 – 35. Demographic aging appears in the country.
In 1990-ies, in Georgia, on the background of difficult economic and political situation, it has been significantly increased the scale of external migration and as a result of it, the number of Georgian population has been reduced since 1993 year. The number of population consisted of 4929,9 thousand men in accordance with the 1st of January, 1994 year and by the 1st of January, 2018 year – the number of population was determined with 3729.6 thousand men. For the last 24 years, the number of population was reduced with 1200,3 thousand men and one of the main factor of it is migration processes. The number of emigrants in dynamics is growing and among them, the number of women is high.
The reason why they`re going to emigration is poverty of Georgia, employment problem, also the income is low from households, what forces the woman (and man as well) to go to other country to work.
The labor market in Georgia is so saturated that women are engaged in the least profitable sectors – such as health care, service sector, education. Their incomes are so low that they`re forced to emigrate.
Most of the citizens, emigrated from Georgia send the money to their family members, what gives these families minimal social guarantees.
Despite of many disadvantages, emigration is somehow positive process, especially for the developing countries, for which it`s very important international money transfer.
The distribution of emigrated women and men according to the countries gives us an interesting picture. Women are mostly in the countries, where it`s easier for them to be employed (caretakers), most women are in Greece, Turkey and Italy, Most men are in Ukraine. In total, the highest number of emigrants are in Russia.
Despite of the fact that, there`s not an exact answer on the question, what kind of influence has money transfer on economic growth, on the level of household of remitters, their contribution can be very important on education, health care and capital in order to improve accessibility.
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Cuoghi, G., M. Venuta, G. Mattei, A. Sacchetti, and S. Ferrari. "The burden of attempted suicide: The attitude of emergency services workers." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.464.
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IntroductionThe great global burden of suicide requires specific preventive strategies focused on emergency services (ES) workers, providing first aid after attempted suicide.ObjectivesTo investigate the approach of ES workers toward attempted suicides, and to assess work-related stress and teamwork attitude as variables likely to influence suicide risk perception.MethodsA total of 265 ES workers (73 medical doctors, 130 nurses, 62 health and social care workers) from 3 hospitals in the area of Modena (Northern Italy) were involved. In a group setting, titles from local newspapers reporting about suicides were read, and ES workers were asked to fill in 3 psychometric scale questionnaires (SUIATT, MBI and SAQ).ResultsThe questionnaires returned were 88 (33%), 47% (n = 42) were filled by women, median age was 40 years. Doctors group had the highest response rate (60%). Burnout levels were intermediate at the Emotional Exhaustion subscale, severe at the Depersonalization subscale and mild at the Professional Efficacy subscale. Eighteen percent recorded a good team perception, 33% had a good perception of their work conditions. SUIATT subscales showed a restrictive attitude toward suicide, regardless of hospital and task.DiscussionNo associations emerged among SUIATT, MBI and SAQ subscales; male sex alone correlated to the SUIATT factor “rationality/mental alteration”, suggesting more “tolerance” of suicidal behaviour.ConclusionsIt is crucial to raise awareness among ES workers on this issue, since those workers considering suicide as “more acceptable” are more likely to recognise its signs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Kinney, Dale. "Liturgy, Space, and Community in the Basilica Julii (Santa Maria in Trastevere)." Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia 31 (December 31, 2019): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/acta.7801.
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The Basilica Julii (also known as titulus Callisti and later as Santa Maria in Trastevere) provides a case study of the physical and social conditions in which early Christian liturgies 'rewired' their participants. This paper demonstrates that liturgical transformation was a two-way process, in which liturgy was the object as well as the agent of change. Three essential factors - the liturgy of the Eucharist, the space of the early Christian basilica, and the local Christian community - are described as they existed in Rome from the fourth through the ninth centuries. The essay then takes up the specific case of the Basilica Julii, showing how these three factors interacted in the concrete conditions of a particular titular church. The basilica's early Christian liturgical layout endured until the ninth century, when it was reconfigured by Pope Gregory IV (827-844) to bring the liturgical sub-spaces up-to-date. In Pope Gregory's remodeling the original non-hierarchical layout was replaced by one in which celebrants were elevated above the congregation, women were segregated from men, and higher-ranking lay people were accorded places of honor distinct from those of lesser stature. These alterations brought the Basilica Julii in line with the requirements of the ninth-century papal stational liturgy. The stational liturgy was hierarchically organized from the beginning, but distinctions became sharper in the course of the early Middle Ages in accordance with the expansion of papal authority and changes in lay society. Increasing hierarchization may have enhanced the transformational power of the Eucharist, or impeded it.
Keywords: S. Maria in Trastevere, stational liturgy, tituli, presbyterium.
On cover:Monks singing the Office and decorated initial A[sperges me.]. Gradual Olivetan Master (Use of the Olivetan Benedictines), illuminated manuscript on parchment ca. 1430-1439. Italy, Monastero di Santa Maria di Baggio near Milan, Ca 1400-1775.Beinecke Ms1184: The olivetan Gradual. Gradual. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
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Fugazzaro, Stefania, Monica Denti, Carlotta Mainini, Monia Allisen Accogli, Ginevra Bedogni, Daniele Ghizzoni, Anna Bertolini, et al. "Sex differences and rehabilitation needs after hospital discharge for COVID-19: an Italian cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 12, no. 5 (May 2022): e055308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055308.
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ObjectivesCOVID-19 can result in persistent symptoms leaving potential rehabilitation needs unmet. This study aims to describe persistent symptoms and health status of individuals hospitalised for COVID-19 according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health domains of impairments, limitations in activity, and participation restrictions.DesignCross-sectional study consisting in a telephone interview 3 months after hospital discharge.SettingThis study was conducted during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic by the Local Health Authority of Reggio Emilia (Italy).ParticipantsAdult individuals discharged from hospital between April and June 2020 after COVID-19. Exclusion criteria: hospitalisation for reasons other than COVID-19, inability to participate in the study, concomitant acute or chronic conditions causing disability.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe assessed: dyspnoea (Medical Research Council), fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale), mood disturbances (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), limitations in activity (Barthel Index) and participation restrictions (Reintegration to Normal Living Index). We also collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, health status prior to COVID-19, COVID-related clinical manifestations and hospital care pathway up to discharge, rehabilitation interventions, accidental falls and emergency room access.Results149 participants (men, 62%; average age 62 (±11) years) were enrolled, 35 of which (23%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) while hospitalised. Three months after hospital discharge, nearly half of the participants still suffered from dyspnoea (44%) or fatigue (39%). Almost all individuals (91.2%) recovered a good level of independence in activity of daily living, but 76% still suffered participation restrictions. Female sex was significantly associated with worse outcomes for all symptoms.ConclusionsIndividuals who had moderate or severe COVID-19 may perceive persistent symptoms which may result in reduced social participation. Sex differences should be monitored, as women may recover more slowly than men.Trial registration numberNCT04438239.
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Furfaro, Emanuela, Giulia Rivellini, and Laura Terzera. "Social Support Networks for Childcare Among Foreign Women in Italy." Social Indicators Research 151, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02365-0.
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Benassi, David, Teresa Bertotti, Annamaria Campanini, and Paolo Rossi. "Social work and social workers in Italy." Trabajo Social Global-Global Social Work 11 (July 22, 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/tsg-gsw.v11.20913.
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The article tackles the characteristics of social work in Italy, focusing on some specific features of this professional domain within the broader frame of the Italian welfare system. Indeed, given the historical roots of Italian welfare regime and the model of governance of policies, social assistance benefits and services are the less developed component of welfare provisions. This is one of the reasons for the late full acknowledgement and regulation of the social worker at the national level. In the first part of the article, we present the development of social work in Italy, with particular attention to the creation of academic courses and the formal regulation as a profession. Then we present the current situation of social work and social workers in Italy, taking into consideration the weakness of social assistance and the effects of the financial crisis. In fact, the crises had an impact on the dimensions and composition of vulnerable population, which is more and more large and fragmented, putting a growing pressure on social workers. At the same time, because fiscal austerity, resources for welfare benefits have been reduced in these years, changing the organizational settings and worsening the working conditions of social workers.
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Mirshahvalad, Minoo. "Shi’a Women in Italy: Between Tradition and Traditionalism." Religions 13, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13121153.
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Through the case study of 20 Shi’a organisations in Italy, this article aims to explore the meanings of traditionalism and how it grows among certain Shi’a women who are members of these organisations. The article compares the two differing and antithetical ways in which Shi’a women relate to their traditions, one being spontaneous and emotional, the other rational and discursive. The primary objective is to show that the rationalisation of tradition, or traditionalism, develops only among women willing and capable of relating to their European host context. Instead of an organic tendency, Shi’a traditionalism emerges in this case as a reaction to Italian society, tailored to deal with the social concerns that surface in the Apennine peninsula. The social concerns eventually propel women to revamp their religious heritage.
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DIALETI, ANDRONIKI. "DEFENDING WOMEN, NEGOTIATING MASCULINITY IN EARLY MODERN ITALY." Historical Journal 54, no. 1 (January 31, 2011): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x10000543.
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ABSTRACTThis article seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the formation of masculinity in early modern Italy, by focusing on literature defending women written by men. The article argues that defence of women emerged as a crucial feature in male self-fashioning and group identity formation in specific environments, such as the courts, the academies, and the Venetian socio-cultural scene of the 1540s and 1550s. By detecting how demarcations of self and other were shaped in the literature under examination, the article suggests that men defending women fashioned themselves both in regard to female ‘otherness’ and against other contemporary male identities. In this process of inclusion and exclusion both gender and social status came into play. Although defence of women initially emerged as a key determinant of elite masculinity, it gradually became the bone of contention among different social groups of men seeking to negotiate, redefine, and appropriate for themselves an idealized form of masculinity.
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Shemek (book author), Deanna, and Vera F. Golini (review author). "Ladies Errant: Wayward Women and Social Order in Early Modern Italy." Quaderni d'italianistica 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/q.i..v22i2.9340.
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Selwyn, Jennifer, and Deanna Shemek. "Ladies Errant: Wayward Women and Social Order in Early Modern Italy." Sixteenth Century Journal 30, no. 3 (1999): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2544843.
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Benedetti, Laura, and Deanna Shemek. "Ladies Errant. Wayward Women and Social Order in Early Modern Italy." Italica 76, no. 4 (1999): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/480267.
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Wolf, Douglas A., and Antonella Pinnelli. "Living Arrangements and Family Networks of Older Women in Italy." Research on Aging 11, no. 3 (September 1989): 354–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027589113005.
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Cipollone, Piero, and Alfonso Rosolia. "Social Interactions in High School: Lessons from an Earthquake." American Economic Review 97, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 948–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.3.948.
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After an earthquake hit Southern Italy in 1980, young men from certain towns were exempted from compulsory military service. We show that the exemption raised high-school-graduation rates of boys by more than 2 percentage points. We do this by comparing high-school-graduation rates of young exempt men and older nonexempt men from the least damaged areas and men of the same age groups from nearby towns that were not hit by the quake. Similar comparisons show that graduation rates of young women in the affected areas also increased. Since in Italy women are not subject to the draft, the findings suggest the presence of spillover effects. (JEL I21, J13)
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Baernstein, P. Renee, and Maiju Lehmijoki-Gardner. "Worldly Saints: Social Interaction of Dominican Penitent Women in Italy, 1200-1500." American Historical Review 105, no. 3 (June 2000): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651942.
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Ivanova, A. A. "Image of a Woman in Social Advertising in Italy." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 2 (March 19, 2022): 198–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-2-198-220.
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The problems of the formation of a woman image and the development of a gender approach in social advertising in Italy are studied. The relevance of the study is due to the high importance of social advertising in modern society and the increased interest in gender studies. The author considered examples of visual-graphic and visual-cinematic advertising. Examples of political manifestos and campaign posters are analyzed that precede the phenomenon of social advertising and are very close to it in their purpose. The results of the study make it possible to judge the late gender orientation of socially important messages. The following stages of representation of the female image in social advertising have been identified. From the middle of the 19th century to the second half of the 20th century, the image of Tower Italy was used on posters. During the First and Second World Wars, the role of women in society was rethought, the image of a woman-inspirer, a woman-mother, a homemaker appeared on campaign posters. The selection of a woman as a direct addressee of socially significant messages occurs after the end of the Second World War, which reflects the progress in the development of women’s rights and freedoms and is simultaneously associated with the emergence of a gender approach in advertising. Since the second half of the 20th century, the traditional image of a woman-mother and a housewife has been used in social advertising, the thematic range of advertising addressed to a female audience has expanded significantly. Since the beginning of the 21st century, social advertising has paid great attention to the problem of domestic violence and discrimination against women, which is reflected in the videos and posters of public, charitable and commercial organizations.
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Fiorillo, Damiano. "Workers’ health and social relations in Italy." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 5 (October 10, 2016): 835–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-11-2014-0193.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether social relations are associated with the health of workers. It uses two types of health status measures – self-reported and more objective health – and it considers two types of social relationships: individual social relations, measured through the frequency of meetings with friends; and contextual social relations, the average frequency with which people meet friends at the community level. Design/methodology/approach A probit model is estimated from the worker sample accounting for the possibility of selecting individuals in the labour market (selection equation). Then expanded probit models (including inverse Mills ratio) are used on both self-reported and more objective health measures using new data from an income and living conditions survey carried out in 2006 by the Italian Statistics Office. Robustness checks are employed to deal with possible problems when interpreting the results. Findings The study finds that social relations are correlated with health status of workers with differences among health outcomes. Social relations at the individual level are positively correlated with self-perceived health (SPH), negatively associated with chronic condition (CC) but not related to limitations in daily activities. Contextual social relations are negatively linked with CC and limitations in daily activities but not correlated with SPH. Research limitations/implications Although the results are consistent with the argument that individual and contextual social relations influence workers’ health, the author cannot prove causality. Social implications Improving the health of workers could reduce health inequalities and could increase work performance. The implication at a macro-economic level of an improvement in the health conditions of workers is relevant in Italy, where the level of labour productivity is low compared to the other developed countries (OECD, 2013). Policy makers should consider the benefits, both at social and economic level, of public policies designed to improve the social and physical infrastructure of social relations. Originality/value This paper is the first to relate individual and contextual social relations simultaneously to workers’ health. Moreover, it makes several other contributions to this area: it control for unobserved worker heterogeneity; it uses both subjective self-reported health as well as a more objective measure of health based on CC and limitations in activities of daily living; it adopts a multilevel approach to examine in the same framework the individual and contextual relationship of social relations with individual health status of workers, in so doing, filling a gap in the literature on social capital and public health.
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Treppete, Mariangela, and Michele Bertani. "Forgotten Women: Prostitution and Social Representations of Immigrants with Muslim Origin." Hawwa 2, no. 2 (2004): 210–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569208041514671.
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AbstractThis paper is an introduction containing general reflections on on-going research where the aim is to analyze how in Italy the prostitution of persons coming from countries with a Muslim religion or culture is organized. Given the newness of the subject, presenting a description of the work carried out so far seemed like a suitable starting point with this paper; only after all research has been completed will it be possible to attempt a more significant sociologically closer linked reflection.
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D'Arca, Renato. "Social, Cultural and Material Conditions of Students from Developing Countries in Italy." International Migration Review 28, no. 2 (1994): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546737.
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D'Arca, Renato. "Social, Cultural and Material Conditions of Students from Developing Countries in Italy." International Migration Review 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800207.
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Recent immigration to Italy features certain traits, one of which is the high rate of educational attainment by immigrants. According to various evaluations (ISPES, 1990), 59 percent of the immigrant population obtained a high school diploma, while 13.5 percent possessed a university degree. For approximately five years, the CE.R.FE. (Research and Documentation Center) has conducted research on the social, cultural and material conditions of immigrant university students, highlighting the ambiguity of their condition (in addition to their perceptions of themselves) oscillating continuously between the status of student and immigrant. In particular, sample research was conducted 2 on non-EC university students present in Milan, Perugia, Rome, and Bari. The study was able to compare data collected at different times to information in a first study conducted in 1986, 3 and a second completed in 1990. It is interesting to note that these different research periods coincided with intensive legislative action by the government promulgated two laws regulating non-EC immigration, Law No. 943/86 and Law No. 39/90. Increased interest on the part of the government as well as of the public and press toward the immigration problem influenced – even though marginally – the development of the students’ non-EC immigrant perceptions of themselves and their roles.
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Bertolani, Barbara. "Women and Sikhism in Theory and Practice: Normative Discourses, Seva Performances, and Agency in the Case Study of Some Young Sikh Women in Northern Italy." Religions 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11020091.
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The paper reflects on the role of women in Sikhism in theory and social practice, starting from a case study in northern Italy. Although the normative discourse widely shared in mainstream Sikhism affirms the equality between man and woman and the same possibility to manifest devotion through every kind of seva (social service within gurdwaras), empirical observation in some Italian gurdwaras has shown a different picture, as there is a clear division of tasks that implicitly subtends a gender-based hierarchy. This relational structure is challenged by intergenerational tensions, especially by young women born or raised in Italy, who may want to develop a different Sikh identity, considered compatible also with the Italian social and cultural context. In this initial process of collective identity definition and of agency, the female participation in the religious seva within gurdwaras is identified as the tool for change of power relations that cross genders and generations.
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D’Attoma, John W., Clara Volintiru, and Antoine Malézieux. "Gender, Social Value Orientation, and Tax Compliance." CESifo Economic Studies 66, no. 3 (January 25, 2020): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifz016.
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Abstract This article brings an important empirical contribution to the academic literature by examining whether gender differences in tax compliance are due to higher prosociality among women. We conducted a large cross-national tax compliance experiment carried out in different countries—Italy, UK, USA, Sweden, and Romania. We uncover that women declare a significantly higher percentage of their income than men in all five countries. While some scholars have argued that differences in honesty between men and women are mediated by prosociality, we find that women are not more prosocial than men in all countries and we do not find a mediating effect of prosocial behaviour on tax compliance. Though tax evasion is a form of dishonesty, the tax compliance experiment is quite different from an honesty experiment, which is certainly one explanation for the different results. We conclude that although differences in prosociality between men and women seem to be context-dependent, differences in tax compliance are indeed much more consistent.
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Shim, Jin-Keong. "Women as Social Conditions― Focused on roman à clef Based on New Women." DAEDONG MUNHWA YEON'GU ll, no. 82 (June 2013): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18219/ddmh..82.201306.77.
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TZVI ADELMAN, HOWARD. "Law and love: the Jewish family in early modern Italy." Continuity and Change 16, no. 2 (August 2001): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416001003782.
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In legal texts, women, acting on their own volition, are actually described as individuals in negative terms. This study examines clandestine betrothals and marriages; adultery, especially the treatment of adulterous women; the abused wife and her ability to initiate divorce proceedings against her husband; and testaments left with Christian notaries by Jewish women.While they were limited by various laws and customs, individuals managed to use laws and social structures for their own advantage, negotiated space for themselves, and devised strategies to fulfil their wishes, which could be described as the pursuit of love, by circumventing obstacles placed in their way by communities, families, and the law. These practices raise questions about familial control, rabbinic authority, and communal power.
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Toselli, Stefania, Natascia Rinaldo, and Emanuela Gualdi-Russo. "Length of residence and obesity risk among North African immigrant women in Italy." Economics & Human Biology 34 (August 2019): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2019.03.008.
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Nobili, Alessandro, Mauro Tettamanti, Lucilla Frattura, Alberto Spagnoli, Lorenza Ferraro, Eleonora Marrazzo, Giuseppe Ostino, and Mario Comelli. "Drug Use by the Elderly in Italy." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 31, no. 4 (April 1997): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809703100405.
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Objectives To evaluate drug consumption in the elderly aged 75 years or more living at home. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Old-old (i.e., >75 y) people living in central Turin, a city in northern Italy. Participants Thirty-four general practitioners (GPs), with 50 or more old-old people in their patient list, randomly chosen among the GPs working in the Unità Socio-Sanitaria Locale I (Local Health Unit I) of Turin; 261 old-old people (135 men and 126 women) randomly selected from the practice records. Methods Data were collected by the GP through a structured questionnaire during an office visit and by a social worker in a home interview within 14 days of the GP visit GPs were asked to record every diagnosis and drug currently taken by the patient; social workers were trained in the administration of a structured questionnaire exploring sociodemographic variables, drug use (following the medication inventory strategy), disability, cognitive functions, and depressive symptoms. Results Nearly all subjects (95% of the women and 91% of the men) were taking at least 1 drug. The overall number of drugs recorded was 917 (47.1% for men and 52.9% for women), of which 172 (18.8%) were not reported by the GP but were recorded during the social worker's visit. The mean number of drugs was 3.2 for men and 3.8 for women, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.02), while the mean number of diagnoses was 2.3 and 2.6, respectively. The study of correlates of drug consumption showed a strong association with number of diagnoses at univariate analysis (p < 0.0001, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.64). No multivariate model showed a clear superiority over the simple one containing only the number of diagnoses in predicting the total number of drugs taken. Cardiovascular, nervous system, and alimentary tract drugs were the most frequently used. A total of 107 subjects (41%) were taking at least 1 unreported drug. Conclusions Our study shows high drug consumption among old-old people, with nearly 20% of drugs taken not reported by the GP. These results emphasize the need for an essential therapeutic approach in old-old people, prescribing only drugs of scientifically proven efficacy. Furthermore, the GP must make more effort when collecting a drug history from old-old patients.
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Ferraroni, Monica, Carlo La Vecchia, Romano Pagano, Eva Negri, Fabio Parazzini, and Adriano Decarli. "Pattern of Cervical Screening Utilization in Italy." Tumori Journal 75, no. 5 (October 1989): 420–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089168907500504.
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The pattern of cervical screening utilization in Italy was analyzed using data from the 1986-1987 National Health Survey on the basis of a sample of 27,455 women aged 20 to 79 randomly selected within strata of municipality of residence and age in order to be representative of the whole Italian population. Overall, about 17% of women aged 20 to 79 were screened per year, for a total of 3.5 to 4 million cervical smears per year. The highest frequency was reported in younger middle age, about one in four women being screened per year in the age groups 30 to 49, and there was a substantial decline above age 50. Cervical smear rates were higher in Northern areas (22 %), where mortality from cervical cancer is lower, than in the Centre (16%) and South (11 %) of the country. Further, there was a strong positive social class gradient in the utilization of cervical screening, in relation to both education and occupation. In spite of the absence of any organised mass screening program, cervical screening is a relatively common procedure among Italian women. However, this study provides further quantitative evidence of a markedly irrational utilization of non-organized cervical screening, which tends to end up selectively used by the groups in which cervical cancer is less common.
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Rubio, Sónia Parella. "Immigrant women in paid domestic service. The case of Spain and Italy." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 9, no. 3 (August 2003): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900310.
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In the familistic welfare state regimes of Italy and Spain, the resurgence in live-in domestic work and the demand for migrant domestic workers is stronger than in other European countries. Organising and regulating services in order to help with the burden of caring for one's family is not an important objective of social policy in southern European countries. It is taken for granted that the family (‘women') is the main provider of social protection. In the absence of policy decisions in this field, the increase in local women's labour market participation in recent decades has led to households recruiting non-EU immigrant women in order to help them balance the needs of their family with the demands of paid employment. These immigrants constitute an enormous supply of low-cost labour and there is a shortage of local female workers in paid domestic work.
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Gramm, Verena, Cristina Dalla Torre, and Andrea Membretti. "Farms in Progress-Providing Childcare Services as a Means of Empowering Women Farmers in South Tyrol, Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020467.
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In recent years, social farming has developed into an opportunity for income diversification in the South Tyrolean agricultural sector. In the northern Italian province, predominantly women farmers implement the provision of social services on farms. Starting from rural gender studies and women empowerment-literature, we hypothesize that social farming promotes the empowerment of the involved women. Accordingly, our study investigates the recognized impacts of offering farm-based childcare services on three types of power: power to, power with, and power within. In order to test our hypothesis, we conducted semi-structured interviews with seven women farmers that provide childcare services and with four experts. The results show that the provision of childcare services has enhanced the autonomy of women farmers and has had positive impacts on their skills and competences. This activity has changed their social role in the community by revalorizing rural lifestyles and by enabling the reconciliation of work and personal life for working mothers. Nevertheless, women farmers have recognized some negative effects on their workload, and on their interfamilial as well as other social relations. Finally, the study discusses the relationship between the specific ethno-linguistic context in South Tyrol and the effects of the activity of childcare provision on women farmers’ empowerment.
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Ferraroni, Monica, Carlo La Vecchia, Romano Pagano, Eva Negri, and Adriano Decarli. "Smoking in Italy, 1986-1987." Tumori Journal 75, no. 6 (December 1989): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089168907500601.
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Smoking trends and patterns in Italy were evaluated using data from the 1986-87 Italian National Health Survey, based on a sample of 30,096 males and 32,176 females aged 15 or over, randomly selected within strata of geographical areas and sizes of the place of residence and of the household in order to be representative of the whole Italian population: 40.8 % of Italian males and 17.3 % of females described themselves as current smokers (overall estimated prevalence, 28.6 %). In comparison with previous survey-based data, self-reported smoking prevalence in males has been steadily decreasing over the last three decades, whereas rates in females have been increasing up to the early 1980s, and have shown a levelling off only in more recent years. The apparent declines in self-reported smoking, however, were not reflected in official sales figures. In fact, in the mid 1980s, there were simultaneously the lowest overall prevalence of the last three decades and the highest sales figures ever reported. The inter-sex differences in smoking prevalence were smaller at younger ages. Education, but not occupation as a measure of social class, was inversely related to smoking prevalence in males. Furthermore, rates for males were lower in the northern (and richer) part of the country. The pattern was totally different in females, since smoking prevalence was higher in more educated women, of higher social class, living in North Italy. This suggests that, in the absence of adequate measures, smoking prevalence is likely to rise among Italian women in the near future. Continued monitoring of smoking patterns gives important information with which to identify the most likely future patterns in smoking and smoking-related diseases, besides providing data for targeting intervention programs.
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Hoysted, Elaine. "The art of death and childbirth in Renaissance Italy." Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, no. 2011 (January 1, 2011): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2011.21.
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Pregnancy was a dangerous event in the life of a fifteenth-century Florentine patrician woman. One-fifth of all deaths among females that occurred in Florence during this period were in fact related to complications in childbirth or ensuing post-partum infections. In the years 1424-25 and 1430, the Books of the Dead recorded the deaths of fifty-two women as a result of labour. As conditions for pregnant women did not improve in the ensuing half a century, childbirth remained a dangerous event for women to endure. Husbands took many precautions to ensure a successful birth as can be seen in the vast array of objects associated with this event created at this time. People turned to religion and magic in order to ensure that both the mother and child would survive this perilous process. Death in childbirth affected women from all classes and wealth did not act as a deterrent. The loss ...
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Capasso, Roberto, Maria Clelia Zurlo, and Andrew P. Smith. "Stress in Factory Workers in Italy." Psychology and Developing Societies 30, no. 2 (July 24, 2018): 199–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333618783397.
Full textAbstract:
The ethnicity and work-related stress model (EWS; Capasso, Zurlo, & Smith, 2018, British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 15, 1–20) integrated EWS dimensions in a multidimensional perspective combining demographic (sex, education) and individual characteristics (coping styles, Type A and Type D), cultural dimensions (acculturation strategies, perceived racial discrimination), work characteristics (work demands, work resources, rewards) and appraisals (job stress/satisfaction), in the prediction of psychophysical health conditions in migrant workers. The current research aimed to test the application of the EWS in a sample of Moroccan factory workers and hypothesised significant and specific profiles of associations between individual, ethnic and work characteristics, with psychophysical health outcomes. A questionnaire consisting of five sections measuring sociodemographics and individual differences (coping styles/personality), cultural dimensions (acculturation strategies), work characteristics, appraisals (job satisfaction/stress) and subjectives reports of health was administered to 250 Moroccan factory workers in Italy. Data were analysed using logistic regression to evaluate the independent and combined effects of all dimensions reported on the risk of suffering health problems. Data revealed specific and significant associations of individual characteristics, cultural dimensions and job characteristics with health outcomes. Findings will be useful in defining psychological interventions to promote well-being in specific workplaces supporting the dimensions suggested by the model applied.