Academic literature on the topic 'Women Indonesia Economic conditions'

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Journal articles on the topic "Women Indonesia Economic conditions"

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Listyaningsih, Umi, and Sonyaruri Satiti. "Dinamika fertilitas dan prevalensi kontrasepsi di Indonesia." Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia 16, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jki.v16i2.595.

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The fertility dynamics are related to the direction of population policies and socio-economic conditions of the community. From the 1970s to 1990, Soeharto had succeeded in reducing fertility rates. Unfortunately, population control had weakened in 2000 when the government adopted regional autonomy. Consequently, population control was no longer a priority due to the merger of institutions with the full authority of population and family planning. In addition, improving the socio-economic conditions of society poses challenges to population control efforts. This paper aims to analyze fertility and contraceptive prevalence rate trend in Indonesia based on the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey data. The data were analyzed using inferential statistics. The results indicate socio-economic conditions affect people’s mindset in deciding the use of contraception and pregnancy. People are aware of birth control but tend not to use modern contraception and move to traditional contraception. The socio-economic improvement of women, which causes negative child value, is sufficiently a sufficient condition to maintain or reduce fertility. Other factors such as improvement of maternal education, maternal participation in work, and increased family welfare that is important to keep fertility at a low level.
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Gani, Irwan. "Poverty of Women and the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 1034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i1.1710.

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Poverty for women is a picture where women experience limitations, the inability to fulfill their basic needs properly. Pandemic conditions that cause changes in behavior to limit all social activities to prevent transmission. By using a reference study supported by secondary data, this research aims to describe, explain and analyze poverty among women during the pandemic, then produce ideas on how to solve the problem of poverty in women. The results of this reference study found that poverty that occurs in women is caused by restrictions on social activity behavior in the community, resulting in a decrease in income in the family which impacts on women's poverty. Women are a vulnerable group to survive the Covid-19 pandemic without the support of adequate facilities and skills in mastering information technology, so women find it difficult to build and produce a creative economy. Even though during the Covid-19 pandemic, creative economy players were able to survive the downturn in economic conditions. Women are more susceptible to being poor. Conscious efforts are needed in these women to get up and add skills in mastering technology in building a creative economy.
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Soputan, Grace Jenny, and Ferdinand Kerebungu. "Women's Economic Empowerment in the Informal Sector." SALASIKA: Indonesian Journal of Gender, Women, Child, and Social Inclusion's Studies 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36625/sj.v3i1.57.

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Women's empowerment program in Indonesia has essentially been started since 1978. In its development, this effort has resulted in improvement in various ways. Some examples of the improvement are the improvement in conditions, degrees, and quality of life of women in various strategic sectors such as education, employment, economy, health, and family planning participation. Improvement in the empowerment process does not necessarily change the pattern of gender relations between men and women. To improve gender equality in the economy, women's economic actors need to be empowered. The purpose of this study is to examine the appropriate empowerment model for women in the informal sector. This is a case study involving observation, interviews, and Focus Group Discussion. The results of the study showed that women in the informal sector are not yet independent even though they have obtained facilitation from the government. The absence of government’s assistance in managing business resulted in the limited empowerment activities carried out by the government. This research offers a model of economic empowerment for women towards independence in economic activities.
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Kurniawan, Andi, Syamsul Maarif, and Catur Susilo Rahardi. "The Role of Women in Community Development after Earthquake, Tsunami, and Liquefaction in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia." Ganaya : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 4, no. 2 (September 25, 2021): 722–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37329/ganaya.v4i2.1420.

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This study aims at identifying how women respond to uncertain situations after a disaster. Women and children are frequently in a vulnerable position due to their domestic roles. The research took place in Central Sulawesi, where the massive earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction engulfed thousands of lives and dwellings. Despite their limitation, women have become a social catalyst in enhancing optimism among the survivors. The socio-cultural background of Central Sulawesi women is an essential factor in recovering socio-economic conditions after the disaster in Central Sulawesi. Their toughness and high social care have also facilitated extensive social and economic activities, along with women activists in civil society organizations. Several non-governmental organizations under government coordination have provided rehabilitation assistance programs. The research employed qualitative approaches encompassing in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations. The research indicates that women's greater participation in disaster recovery programs could be essential. Women also brought up people's optimism to bounce back faster from suffering a disaster.
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Purba, Nelvitia, Reynaldi Putra Rosihan, Ali Mukti Tanjung, Rudy Pramono, Agus Purwanto, and Mukidi Mukidi. "Efforts to Protect Violence in the Households during Covid-19 in Indonesia." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (April 30, 2021): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.63.

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The social distancing appeal that the government encourages is not matched by the state's efforts to provide economic security to the community. PSBB will directly or indirectly limit the movement of the community. The teaching and learning process at schools and residents who work will be limited to working or studying at home. This limitation of activities in public spaces will have an impact on people's income, especially those in the middle to lower economy. The implementation of social distancing during the Covid-19 outbreak has increased the risk of violence against women, complicates women's economic conditions, and affirms women's social status as subordinate, or women are in a lower position than men. The formulation of the problem in this research is what is the cause of domestic violence during the covid-19 period in Indonesia, what are the prevention efforts against domestic violence during the covid-19 period. Causes of Domestic Violence During the Covid-19 Period, namely the government's appeal to the community 'at home alone', causing a separate polemic for women and children, especially those who experience economic and psychological pressure at home from extraordinary isolation measures, has prompted increasing instances of reports of domestic violence, especially women who are forced to live for months in abusive relationships. causes and consequences of violence and to prevent the occurrence of violence through primary prevention programs, policy intervention and advocacy as well as information programs and supporting initiatives through all mass media TV, social networks, cell phones.
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Usman, Hardius, and Nucke Widowati Kusumo Projo. "Encouraging Entrepreneurship for People with Disabilities in Indonesia: The United Nations’ ‘Leave No One Behind’ Promise." Journal of Population and Social Studies 29 (January 5, 2021): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.25133/jpssv292021.012.

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The various stigmas surrounding People with Disabilities (PWDs) make it difficult for them to find employment. Therefore, entrepreneurship is a way for PWDs to carry out economic activities. This study aims to analyze the employment conditions, the importance of entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial conditions carried out by PWDs in Indonesia. The source of data for this study is the 2018 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS). The analysis techniques for this study include cross-tabulation, Pearson’s chi-square, and Likelihood Ratio (LR) for statistical tests. The results show that PWDs face major obstacles with participating in employment, with Women with Disabilities (WWDs) facing even more significant obstacles than Men with Disabilities (MWDs). Most PWDs, both men and women, have equal chances of becoming entrepreneurs. The vital role of entrepreneurship is also shown by the nature of entrepreneurship, as an independent effort that unnecessarily depends much on other parties so that PWDs have extra opportunities. The majority of PWDs who become entrepreneurs, with low education levels, live in rural areas and work in the agricultural sector, indicating that their businesses are small scale. Small companies tend to be vulnerable to competition, so that at any time, PWDs have the risk of losing their businesses.
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Alizamar, Alizamar, Afdal Afdal, and Nurmaida Pane. "The Non-Psychological Conditions that Influence the Acceptance of Violence on Domestic Violence Victims: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Research in Counseling and Education 3, no. 2 (August 6, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/00168za0002.

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Cases of domestic violence that occur in Indonesia have increased every year, one of the causes is due to the patriarki culture that is still inherent in society, where men are considered superiority over women. This condition makes women vulnerable to become victims of domestic violence. Other conditions that cause a person to accept violence are caused by economic, educational, socio-cultural, infidelity, and third-party interference. This article aims to provide an overview of non-psychological conditions that affect the acceptance of violence in victims of domestic violence by using the method of literature study as well as the approaches that can be done by counselors discussed further.
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Dewi Ningrum, Siti Utami. "Perempuan Bicara dalam Majalah Dunia Wanita: Kesetaraan Gender dalam Rumah Tangga di Indonesia, 1950-an." Lembaran Sejarah 14, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.45439.

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Women’s voices have emerged since the colonial era through writing. Kartini became the most heard through her radical letters at the time, published with the title Door Duisternis tot Licht, voicing the fulfillment of women’s education. Women’s writings were increasingly seen in women’s magazines from colonial times to independence of Indonesia, which published by women’s organizations although commercial magazines. Each of them has a very unique and diverse idea.Dunia Wanita has become one of the popular women’s magazines after Indonesian independence. Presenting various women’s issues from the social, political and economic fields to provide information and progress for women. Under the leadership of Ani Idrus, this magazine also voiced the importance of the involvement of men in the household, a theme that was faintly heard among the frenzied Indonesian political conditions at the beginning of its independence.What is equality in the household voiced by women in Indonesia through the 1950s in Dunia Wanita? This will be discussed in historical writings with gender perspective analysis. In addition to using articles in Dunia Wanita, this paper also uses other magazines as a comparison. In addition, books and papers that are relevant to the theme of the writing are also used.
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HARDEE, KAREN, ELIZABETH EGGLESTON, EMELITA L. WONG, IRWANTO, and TERENCE H. HULL. "UNINTENDED PREGNANCY AND WOMEN’S PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN INDONESIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 36, no. 5 (August 13, 2004): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003006321.

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Few studies have examined the impact of unintended pregnancy on women in developing countries. This paper examines the impact of unintended pregnancy on Indonesian women’s psychological well-being. It is hypothesized that experiencing unintended pregnancy is associated with lower psychological well-being and that use of family planning and small family size are associated with higher levels of psychological well-being. Data are drawn from a 1996 survey of 796 women aged 15–49 from two Indonesian provinces, Lampung and South Sumatra. This article focuses on the 71% of women (n=562) who answered all 41 survey items related to psychological well-being. In cluster analysis, women grouped into three clusters, differentiated by their scores on four scales of well-being established through factor analysis (general negative feelings, satisfaction with relationships, satisfaction with economic/family/personal conditions, and negative feelings regarding domestic issues). Women in cluster 3 were characterized mainly by their high level of psychological well-being. Women in cluster 1 had the lowest level of well-being, and women in cluster 2 were in the middle. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess jointly the effect of unintended pregnancy, contraceptive use, number of children and other factors on a woman’s level of psychological well-being. Unintended pregnancy was associated with lower levels of psychological well-being and contraceptive use was associated with higher levels of psychological well-being, while number of children was not associated with level of well-being. Women who had experienced an unintended pregnancy were less likely to be in the high psychosocial well-being cluster versus both the medium and low clusters. In addition, women using contraception were more likely to be classified in the high than in the low or medium well-being clusters.
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Dewi, Novita. "CHILD MARRIAGE IN SHORT STORIES FROM INDONESIA AND BANGLADESH: VICTOR, SURVIVOR, AND VICTIM." International Journal of Humanity Studies (IJHS) 2, no. 1 (September 17, 2018): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v2i1.1511.

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Early marriage is a total destruction to the human rights of children. Contrary to the conviction that child marriage in rural, developing countries is inextricably linked with their cultural backwardness, violence against women need to be examined and addressed in terms of the specific socio-economic and cultural conditions as to why girls, adolescents and young women are forced to live and marry in their young age. This article examines two shorts stories from Indonesia to be analyzed comparatively with another story from Bangladesh to show the limit of mainstream feminist perspectives that often put the blame on minority cultures. The present study reveals that first, child marriages in both countries are largely driven by such factors as poverty, economic dependency, lack of education, and dowry in Bangladeshs case. Secondly, the ways in which authors depict child marriages vary, i.e. it is either perpetuating the violence in child marriage, or critically depicting child marriage as an aberrant patriarchal practice. Taken together, the child brides play their respective role as victor, survivor, or victim.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.2018.020106
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Women Indonesia Economic conditions"

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Heilmann, Sarah. "Life-chances of children in Indonesia : the links between parental resources and children's outcomes in the areas of nutrition, cognition and health." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/954/.

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The majority of children in the developing world are suffering from hardship and poverty, and are not able to reach their full potential. This thesis focuses on the relationship between parental resources and children’s outcomes in the areas of nutrition, cognition and physical health in Indonesia. The life-stages early childhood to young adulthood are crucial for human capital formation. Nutrition, cognition and physical health are key human capitals that are important both as a means to achieve wellbeing and as an end in their own right. They have been identified as some of the main routes for changes in well-being over the life-course and as significant pathways for breaking intergenerational poverty cycles. Disadvantages in these domains are especially salient in developing countries. Yet, evidence is still limited due to lack of appropriate data. Here, data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) is used, a rich panel data set consisting of four waves of data spanning a period of 14 years. I study a cohort of children who are less than three years old in the first wave of the IFLS and for whom relevant outcomes can be observed. While the availability of longitudinal data from IFLS is very important, the setup and design of the data presented an enormous challenge: unlike with longitudinal datasets from developed countries, such as the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) or the cohort studies, the IFLS data is presented more or less in raw form. In order to facilitate a critical and careful approach to working with this kind of complicated raw data, I completed two self-organized research stays with the IFLS team in which I witnessed the data collection and interviewed IFLS team members. This helped me to understand the questionnaire and measures better and to identify the strongest parts of the IFLS: the self-collected measures for children – namely the physical health measures height and lung capacity (collected by specially trained nurses) as well as a cognitive measure – the Raven’s coloured progressive matrices. These are unique features for a general household survey in a developing country context and constitute important child outcomes. As a starting point from which to ask more specific research questions concerning the three types of children's outcomes, I synthesized research from relevant domains such as neuroscience, social science, childhood studies and economics. Chapter 1, 2 and 3 constitute the setup of the research by detailing the motivation and background for the research, the conceptual frameworks, literature reviews, data and methodology as well as the research questions. Chapter 4, 5 and 6 are the empirical chapters investigating the aforementioned child outcomes in detail. Chapter 4 entitled: “Children’s nutritional status in early life and dynamics into adolescence” investigates firstly, to what extent parental resources are associated with children experiencing stunting in early childhood and in adolescence. Results for parental resources for stunting in early childhood reveal protective factors which include mother’s height and direct measures of living standards. For stunting in adolescence the importance of parental resources as protective factors increases (mother’s height is stronger related and father’s height is now significant as is household consumption as a measure of financial resources). The association with direct living standards decreases. Secondly, I investigate if there are stunting dynamics – that is, movement in and out of stunting between early childhood and adolescence. For dynamics of stunting I use transition matrices to show that entries and exits from stunting occur over children’s entire life-course (not just in early childhood). Movements into stunted growth decrease the older children get but are still around 6% between middle childhood (7-10 years old) and adolescence (14-17 years old). Movements out of stunted growth occur over the whole life-course of children with the highest exit rates of around 19% between ages 7-10 years and 14-17 years. My results support Adair’s study for the Philippines (1999) and Schott and Crookston’s recent research for Peru (2013). In Chapter 5, I investigate children’s cognitive outcomes – i.e. Raven’s coloured progressive matrices and math scores. Firstly, I examine to what extent children’s growth status in early childhood and change in growth is associated with cognitive test results in adolescence. Secondly, to what extent parental resources are associated with children’s cognitive test results. One key result indicates a significant positive association between initial/early height-for-age (HAZ) and cognitive test scores. This could support the hypothesis on early sensitive periods for cognitive development and the important role of pre– and post natal influences up to the early childhood measure. However, I also find evidence that changes in growth into middle childhood (i.e. the residual HAZ between early and later childhood) is significant positive associated with children’s cognitive test scores. This supports the hypothesis of the plasticity of the brain beyond early years. Chapter 6 is about children’s physical health measure of lung capacity. I investigate to what extent children’s growth status in early life and growth dynamics into adolescence are associated with children’s lung capacity. Further, I examine to what extent parental resources are associated with children’s lung capacity. A key result is that in terms of parental resources there is a strong positive association between father’s and mother’s lung capacity and their children in adolescence. Also maternal years of schooling is significantly associated. I do not find a significant positive association between initial/early height-for-age (HAZ) and lung capacity. This would work against the hypothesis on early sensitive periods and rather point to the importance of changes in growth after early childhood for children’s lung capacity development. The change in growth into middle childhood (residual HAZ) is significant positively associated with children’s lung capacity. These result differ from what I find for cognitive outcomes where early growth status and changes in growth are both relevant. Chapter 7 discusses recommendations for future research; for example, how new data collection efforts in Indonesia could contribute to closing evidence gaps on children’s life chances identified in this thesis by collecting birth cohort data or extending the IFLS. I also address implications for policy covering recommendations for more holistic childhood interventions, the kind of support provided and targeting of vulnerable children. Evidence on children’s life chances from Indonesia is very limited. I set out to make a contribution in providing evidence on child outcomes that are uniquely featured in the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). My key concern is to study the intergenerational determinants of child outcomes – that is, asking to what extent parental resources are linked to the level of children’s nutrition, cognition, and health but also the intra-generational link – that is to what extent nutritional status is linked to later growth dynamics and other child outcomes such as cognitive and health outcomes. To the best of my knowledge, there are very few previous studies for Indonesia that investigate these important child outcomes, especially with the focus on the intergenerational and life-course determinants.
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Zain, Rinduan. "Ethnicity and access to economic and governmental resources in Indonesia." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19703.

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Against the background of Indonesia's ethnic resurgence and social cleavage in the wake of the fall of Soeharto regime in mid-1998, this thesis seeks to identify the factors that have led to a particular incidence of this discord: the perceived inequity in access to economic and governmental resources, i.e., access to jobs in the public sector and to public health services. Taking modernization theory as its framework, the thesis compares the ascribed factor, i.e., Javanese or non-Javanese ethnicity, and certain other factors, i.e., level of education, region of origin and place of residence (urban or rural area) and evaluates the resulting data. The thesis argues that respondents who have a high level of education, live in a region closest to a national center and reside in an urban area, which are relatively more exposed to modernization, are better off in terms of access to economic and governmental resources regardless of their ethnic membership.
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Bahramitash, Roksana. "The role of women in economic development : case studies of Taiwan, Indonesia and the Philippines." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36872.

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The evidence presented in this thesis supports the view that men and women participate in the labour force in qualitatively distinct ways and that, as a result, policies to increase female employment in the formal economy have an impact on economic development that is quite different from those whose aim is simply to increase employment with no regard to its gender composition. While it is well known that women's work is often underreported and undercounted, the thesis contends that women's "work" is also frequently defined incorrectly. From the point of view of development policy it is necessary to define women's work as embracing not only "productive" labour done for monetary gain, but also reproductive and volunteer work which, though not directly remunerated, have important feedbacks on other social, political and economic variables. Those feedbacks in turn may determine the success or failure of a particular "development" strategy.
This theory is applied to three "Asian miracle" developing countries, chosen because of their widely varied cultural, political and economic history and structures. The methodology employed is eclectic. Too often social research is bogged down in disputes between those who favour quantitative and those who favour historical-institutional analysis. In reality, especially when dealing with developing countries where there are serious problems of data quality, these two approaches can be mutually complementary. Therefore, in undertaking a comparative study of three cases, the thesis employs quantitative, historical-institutional and anthropological data along with information derived from interviews and field work.
The thesis demonstrates ample support for the hypothesis that women's labour has an importance over and above simply more hands at work, that the particular characteristics of female labour, not only produce direct payoffs in terms of development of certain types of manufacturing industries, but many indirect ones in terms of social variables like reduced fertility, increased life expectancy and greater educational attainment. However it also demonstrates that full actualization of these benefits in terms of economic prosperity, improved social welfare, and ultimately political democratization requires a state that is both willing and able (two distinct things) to implement social and economic policies designed explicitly to promote female employment in the formal economy.
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Purba, Rasita Ekawati. "Rural women, poverty and social welfare programs in Indonesia /." Connect to this title, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0056.

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Rubino, Chiara. "Aid, the public sector and the real exchange rate : the case of Indonesia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/108481/.

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In 1965 the New Order Government took office in Indonesia, following years of severe economic turmoil. Since then the Indonesian economy has performed well, owing much to large oil export revenues and appropriate economic policies. This thesis presents a study of the Indonesian economy focused on three main themes: aid, the public sector and the real exchange rate (RER). In particular, we emphasise aid effectiveness on fiscal behaviour and on the RER. The thesis is organised in five chapters. Chapter 1 presents a synthetic overview of the main episodes in Indonesian economic history. Chapter 2 reviews theoretical and empirical issues on aid. Chapter 3 presents a dynamic model of government behaviour aimed at assessing aid’s impact on fiscal budget and on other real variables in the Indonesian economy. Following Heller’s seminal contribution (1975) and White’s new insights (1993), we insert the government sector into a simple macroeconomic framework: a constrained utility maximising framework which allows for feedback effects through higher income and dynamic linkages. The model is tested for the Indonesian case over the period 1968-93 and the estimated parameters are used to carry out a simulation exercise. We conclude with a positive assessment of aid giving, provided it is given in loans. Loans are found to encourage tax collection, public and private investment and consumption. Exchange rate management has played a significant role in Indonesia as an instrument to ensure competitiveness during and after the oil boom. Chapter 4 analyses the behaviour of the RER for the Indonesian rupiah and offers a theoretical and statistical background. Unit root testing has been extensively used to test for stationarity. We have consistently rejected the hypothesis of RER stationarity, except in those cases in which the full sample series have been used and/or two breaks have been allowed. Chapter 5 presents a modelling approach to RER determination. Following Edwards (1989), we present an econometric model of the RER and develop an extension of it in terms of the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM). Central to the analysis is the role of fundamentals, in particular aid and the price of oil, in determining the RER. The estimated parameters are then used to construct the equilibrium RER in order to study RER misalignment. Simulations are also carried out to investigate the impact of exogenous shocks and policy options on the RER. Results show that the Indonesian RER suffered from misalignment especially during the oil boom and until the early 1990’s. We also find that aid and the real price of oil do matter: both act as fundamental determinants of RER behaviour and contribute to RER stability, a finding confirmed by the simulation exercise. Interestingly, aid and government consumption appear to influence in differences and not in levels the RER.
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Lalonde, Gloria Marjorie Lucy. "National development and the changing status of women in India : a state by state analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66067.

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Meliala, Andreanyta 1971. "Dietary phytoestrogens and hormone-related health conditions in men and women." Monash University, Monash Asia Institute, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8504.

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Prawiradinata, Muhamad Salmun. "Stability, elites and development policy in the new order Indonesia 1966-1983." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/111321.

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One of the most striking characteristics of Third World countries is political instability. Although not all Third World states are politically unstable, witness for example Saudi Arabia and Nepal, many nations of both democratic and authoritarian leanings have experienced strong political challenges in maintaining established political order and national unity. These political challenges can take the forms of mass demonstration, riots or even coups.
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Weinerman, Michael Alexander 1983. "Misleading Modernization: A Case for the Role of Foreign Capital in Democratization." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11986.

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x, 84 p. : ill.
Modernization theory posits that economic growth and democratization are mutually constitutive processes. I extend a recent literature that finds this relationship to be spurious due to the existence of a number of international factors, specifically the role of foreign capital. Through two-stage least square (2SLS) regressions for as wide a sample as the data allow and two case studies (Indonesia and the Philippines), I find that the presence of US capital significantly influences domestic political institutions. This relationship, however, is non-linear and interrelated with exogenous shocks.
Committee in charge: Tuong Vu, Chairperson; Craig Parsons, Member; Karrie Koesel, Member; Will Terry, Member
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Habibie, Hasnawaty, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "Participatory action research to improve the livelihood of rural people through livestock production in South Sulawesi, Indonesia." THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Habibie_H.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/570.

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This research was conducted within the context of smallholder livestock production and government attempts to improve this through a transfer of technology approach. Participatory action research (PAR) was used to enable action for change to emerge, while the research provided understanding and a basis for this action. Tombolo village in South Sulawesi, Indonesia was the location for this research, which first identified the problems and needs of the farmers, and then participatively developed strategies to meet these needs. Fodder security throughout the year was found to be the major constraint to cattle production. Forage technology was introduced, including fodder tree legumes and grasses, resulting in improved livestock production and many associated livelihood benefits. The introduction of these new technologies was adapted by stakeholders to local issues and needs. The extension services had previously aimed to improve livestock production through breeding and veterinary health measures, and had assumed that sufficient fodder was available for livestock. The formation of a learning group of farmers, who used group discussion to set their own agenda, was employed to identify this shortcoming, and how to sustainably overcome it. Participants were able to apply their experience and enhance their cognitive skills to find new meanings and knowledge to plan and take actions to improve their practice and situation. This thesis documents the process of change required to move from a “Transfer of Technology” approach to a “learning approach”. The research has shown that there is considerable potential for the application of PAR to rural community development in Indonesia. More specifically in Tombolo village PAR enabled farmers and extension staff to be empowered by becoming active participants in the research process and take action to improve their own practice. It helped them to analyse the situation to make the technology more appropriate, while also learning how to change the extension methods used towards one in which all stakeholders became partners in developing their situation
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Books on the topic "Women Indonesia Economic conditions"

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Koriatun. Profil perempuan Indonesia 2011. Jakarta]: Kerjasama Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak dengan Badan Pusat Statistik, 2011.

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Koriatun. Profil perempuan Indonesia 2011. Jakarta]: Kerjasama Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak dengan Badan Pusat Statistik, 2011.

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Tambunan, Kamariah. Wanita Indonesia: Rangkuman informasi. Suplemen. Jakarta: Pusat Informasi Wanita Dalam Pembangunan, PDII-LIPI bekerja sama dengan UNICEF, 1989.

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Konsultasi Nasional Pelayanan Gereja bagi Tenaga Kerja Wanita di Indonesia (1995 Jakarta, Indonesia). Pelayanan gereja bagi tenaga kerja wanita di Indonesia: Hasil-hasil Konsultasi Nasional Pelayanan Gereja bagi Tenaga Kerja Wanita di Indonesia. Jakarta: Biro Pelayanan Wanita PGI, 1996.

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Bank, Asian Development, ed. Sociolegal status of women in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. [Manila]: Asian Development Bank, 2002.

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Sukarya, Deniek G. A gift to the world =: Sebuah persembahan untuk dunia : Indonesia menanam. [Jakarta: Swarahijau Foundation, 2007.

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Universitas Indonesia. Program Studi Kajian Wanita. Pengetahuan dari perempuan: Kumpulan penelitian tesis dan wajah lulusan Program Studi Kajian Wanita, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Indonesia, 1990-2010. Jakarta: Kajian Wanita, Universitas Indonesia, 2010.

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Saragih, Midaria Novawanty. Pembangunan untuk siapa?: Dampak proyek reklamasi terhadap perempuan nelayan dan anak di pantai utara Jakarta, Indonesia. Jakarta: Koalisi Rakyat untuk Keadilan Perikanan, 2009.

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Indonesia Update Conference (1993 Australian National University). Indonesia assessment 1993: Labour, sharing in the benefits of growth? : Proceedings of Indonesia Update Conference, August 1993, Indonesia Project, Department of Economics and Department of Political and Social Change, Research School of Pacific Studies, ANU. Edited by Manning Chris, Hardjono J. M. 1936-, and Australian National University. Research School of Pacific Studies. Indonesia Project. Canberra: Dept. of Political and Social Change, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1993.

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In the shadow of migration: Rural women and their households in North Tapanuli, Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Women Indonesia Economic conditions"

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Amri, Puspa D. "Socio-Economic Conditions and Indonesian Democratic Support." In Society and Democracy in South Korea and Indonesia, 125–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06267-4_7.

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Bettio, Francesca, Gianni Betti, and Elisa Ticci. "The Fuzzy Perspective on Violence against Women." In Analysis of Socio-Economic Conditions, 219–38. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003053712-14.

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Fauzia, Amelia. "Conditions for the Rise of Muslim Mompreneurs in Indonesia." In Women Entrepreneurs and Business Empowerment in Muslim Countries, 87–129. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05954-4_3.

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Dewi, Kurniawati Hastuti. "Women Local Leaders Within Local Oligarchy Networks in Post-Reformasi Indonesia: Existing Conditions and Challenges." In Gender and Politics in Post-Reformasi Indonesia, 141–46. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1734-9_7.

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Pham, Van Thuy. "Economic Conditions of Indonesia and Vietnam in Pre-independence Era, 1910s–1945." In Beyond Political Skin, 1–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3711-6_1.

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Afsar, Md, and Suman Kumari. "Women Journalists in India’s Rural Areas: Social and Economic Conditions." In Techno-Societal 2020, 1107–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69925-3_105.

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Kolinichenko, Irina A., Svetlana A. Nikulina, Ekaterina N. Asrieva, and Elena E. Basanova. "Study of Attitude to Pregnancy and Identity of Pregnant Women in Modern Socio-economic Conditions." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 120–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69415-9_14.

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Nazhifa, A., and R. A. Baskoro. "The influence of economic conditions on the penetration and density of life insurance companies in Indonesia for the period 2016–2020." In Sustainable Future: Trends, Strategies and Development, 144–47. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003335832-37.

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Human, Soeranto, Sihono, and Wijaya Murti Indriatama. "Mutation breeding of sorghum to support climate-smart agriculture." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 120–26. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0012.

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Abstract Global climate change effects in agricultural fields often increase plant stress. For mitigating the negative effects of climate change, climate-smart agricultural policies should be developed, for example through the improvement of crop adaptability, productivity and quality in environments impacted by climate change. Attempts to increase crop genetic variability must be sought to aid in mitigating adverse consequences of climate change. For that purpose, mutation breeding plays an important role since it can increase genetic variation of important crops. By selecting desired mutant genotypes, the plant breeder can advance their germplasm by progressing lines with good adaptability, high productivity and quality under adverse conditions. For Indonesia, significant adverse impacts of climate change have appeared in some agricultural regions, such as prolonged drought problems in the east. To face the worsening conditions brought about by climate change and variability, a crop was sought that would require less agricultural input, being drought tolerant, having good adaptability and with high economic value. The choice fell on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). In certain areas sorghum is recognized as a source of food, feed and fuel. Mutation breeding of sorghum has been conducted at the Centre for Isotopes and Radiation Application (CIRA) of the National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN). Sorghum mutation breeding is relevant to the national programme on food and energy diversification to support food and energy security in the country. The breeding objectives are to improve sorghum genotypes for improved yield and quality, and with tolerance to adverse conditions brought about by climate change, especially prolonged drought. Three sorghum mutant varieties have now been obtained and are being developed further by stakeholders. Sorghum cultivation in Indonesia has made significant impacts on mitigating the effects of climate change and supporting the food and energy diversification programme for maintaining food and energy security in the country. It has also promoted economic growth in rural areas impacted by climate change.
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Bologna, Emanuela, and Simona Staffieri. "Women and leisure in the Italian context." In Women, leisure and tourism: self-actualization and empowerment through the production and consumption of experience, 152–67. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247985.0014.

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Abstract Gender is an important indicator of the processes of social change affecting contemporary society, although in the field of leisure research, it has not always received attention. To fill this gap, recent research proposes to include gender as a significant aspect in leisure paradigms. The chapter aims to analyse gender differences in the use of leisure time within the Italian context using data periodically produced by official statistics. Data, collected over time, make it possible to observe the changes occurring in the way men and women spend their leisure time. The chapter is structured according to the main dimensions of leisure, such as social relationships, sports practice, tourism, cultural participation, and satisfaction with leisure time. To observe gender differences, statistical methods (descriptive and multivariate analysis) were implemented. The results highlight the existence of strong differences in the way in which men and women spend their leisure time. Gender differences are often linked to demographic or sociocultural characteristics, such as age, level of education, or economic conditions. Results presented in the chapter could be used to frame future research aimed at solving weakness and to fill information gaps in Italian leisure gender studies.
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Conference papers on the topic "Women Indonesia Economic conditions"

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Syafruddin, Syafruddin, Rispawati Rispawati, and Hairil Wadi. "Women and Tourism: Study of Empowerment of Women Workers in Special Economic Zone at Mandalika, Kuta – Lombok, Indonesia." In 1st Annual Conference on Education and Social Sciences (ACCESS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200827.076.

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Handayani, Sri, Lisa Rokhmani, Yogi Dwi Satrio, and Dian Rachmawati. "Expanding of Entrepreneurship Spirit in Capturing Business Opportunities to Women Society in East Java, Indonesia." In 2nd International Conference on Economic Education and Entrepreneurship. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006890806370640.

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Hakim, Sholihul, Suwandoko Suwandoko, Muhammad Abqa, and Sukron Mazid. "Salafi Women Resilience in Family Economic Fulfilment in Dieng Plateau." In Proceedings of the 1st Tidar International Conference on Advancing Local Wisdom Towards Global Megatrends, TIC 2020, 21-22 October 2020, Magelang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-10-2020.2311931.

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Sumaryatiningsih, Siti, Rema Marina, and Hardjono Hardjono. "Beyond Economic Survival: Women with Disabilities Coping Strategies During Covid-19 Pandemic in Yogyakarta." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Gender, Culture and Society, ICGCS 2021, 30-31 August 2021, Padang, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-8-2021.2316273.

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Widiastuti, Fetia, and Dwini Handayani. "The Impact of Socio-Economic and Gender Factors on Common Mental Disorders Among Married Women." In Proceedings of 1st Workshop on Environmental Science, Society, and Technology, WESTECH 2018, December 8th, 2018, Medan, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.8-12-2018.2283900.

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Rinjani, Nadia, and Kanti Pertiwi. "Investigating Women Leadership Construction in New Media: Indonesia’s Context." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Economics, Business and Economic Education Science, ICE-BEES 2021, 27-28 July 2021, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.27-7-2021.2316919.

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Damhuri, Fitrianita, Meiliyana, Gita Paramitha, S. Indriati Caturiani, and Hana Soraya. "Economic Solidarity Through Women Moslem Organization in response to Covid-19 Pandemic (A Case Muslimat NU Organization at Pringsewu Regency/Kabupaten Pringsewu)." In 2nd International Indonesia Conference on Interdisciplinary Studies (IICIS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211206.021.

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Wijaningsih, Dyah, Elfia Farida, and Muh Mahfud. "Optimization of Legal Protection for Women and Children Against Violence and Human Trafficking in Central Java." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Law, Economic, Governance, ICOLEG 2021, 29-30 June 2021, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.29-6-2021.2312608.

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Kurnianingsih, Marisa, Kelik Wardiono, Khudzaifah Dimyati, and M. Attirmidzi. "Legal and Moral Relations: Legal Protection for Women as Victims of Sexual Harassment in the Digital Age." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Law, Economic, Governance, ICOLEG 2021, 29-30 June 2021, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.29-6-2021.2312628.

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M.Pd, Rismawati,, and Hendra M.Pd. "The Women Social Culture Within The Novel of Cinta Kala Perang Created By Masriandi Sambo." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Economic and Social Science, ICON-ESS, 17–18 October 2018, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.17-10-2018.2294080.

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Reports on the topic "Women Indonesia Economic conditions"

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Diprose, Rachael, Amalinda Savirani, Annisa Sabrina Hartoto, and Ken M. P. Setiawan. Pathways of Change through Women’s Collective Action: How Women are Overcoming Barriers and Bucking Trends to Influence Rural Development in Indonesia. University of Melbourne with Universitas Gadjah Mada and MAMPU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124329.

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This overview to the edited volume is structured to briefly explore the following key points that emerge in the case analysis of how women’s collective action has created changes for both women’s well-being and the implementation of the Village Law, as well as how such change has been supported by a wide range of CSOs across different contexts and sectors. First, we identify variation in the diversity of priorities and initiatives that villages have introduced as a result of women’s influence on the implementation of the Law. Such initiatives go beyond infrastructure and economic development projects (although women have also prioritised these kinds of initiatives) and traverse multiple sectoral issues in seeking to address challenges for villagers, particularly women, through village development. Second, we identify the different types of changes that are evident in the case studies that have implications for women’s everyday wellbeing, as well as their influence on structures of power, decision making and village development at the individual and institutional levels, and in broader contexts. Third, we discuss how changes have come about for rural village women and what factors have contributed to the changes that are illustrated through the case studies. This includes a discussion of how context dynamics constrain or enable women’s influence, variation in core challenges (or sectoral issues) for women, and how collective action has contributed to forging these changes as is illustrated by the case studies. Fourth, we explore the temporal dimensions of change. And finally, we explore some of the pathways by which such changes have occurred in the research areas, that being different contexts.
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Diprose, Rachael, Amalinda Savirani, Annisa Sabrina Hartoto, and Ken M. P. Setiawan. Pathways of Change through Women’s Collective Action: How Women are Overcoming Barriers and Bucking Trends to Influence Rural Development in Indonesia. University of Melbourne with Universitas Gadjah Mada and MAMPU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124329.

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This overview to the edited volume is structured to briefly explore the following key points that emerge in the case analysis of how women’s collective action has created changes for both women’s well-being and the implementation of the Village Law, as well as how such change has been supported by a wide range of CSOs across different contexts and sectors. First, we identify variation in the diversity of priorities and initiatives that villages have introduced as a result of women’s influence on the implementation of the Law. Such initiatives go beyond infrastructure and economic development projects (although women have also prioritised these kinds of initiatives) and traverse multiple sectoral issues in seeking to address challenges for villagers, particularly women, through village development. Second, we identify the different types of changes that are evident in the case studies that have implications for women’s everyday wellbeing, as well as their influence on structures of power, decision making and village development at the individual and institutional levels, and in broader contexts. Third, we discuss how changes have come about for rural village women and what factors have contributed to the changes that are illustrated through the case studies. This includes a discussion of how context dynamics constrain or enable women’s influence, variation in core challenges (or sectoral issues) for women, and how collective action has contributed to forging these changes as is illustrated by the case studies. Fourth, we explore the temporal dimensions of change. And finally, we explore some of the pathways by which such changes have occurred in the research areas, that being different contexts.
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Diprose, Rachael, Amalinda Savirani, and Tamas Wells. Gender-inclusive Development and Decentralised Governance: Promoting Women’s Voice and Influence through Collective Action in Rural Indonesia. University of Melbourne with Universitas Gadjah Mada and MAMPU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124335.

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This peer-reviewed research and policy paper draws on analysis of how women influence decision making in Indonesia's multi-level governance structure under the new Village Law in Indonesia. The analysis identifies the ways that women, through different causal processes, influence development priorities, spending, projects, policies and policy actors, as well as social norms in communities. The analysis draws from a large, qualitative comparative study conducted in different places throughout Indonesia, providing an analytical framework for understanding variation in social and politico-economic contexts in terms of the constraints and opportunities for gender inclusion and women's empowerment. The research also explains variations in the processes by which women exercise voice and influence in these differing contexts, providing considerations for policy makers and others concerned with gender inclusion, women's empowerment and everyday wellbeing.
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Diprose, Rachael, Amalinda Savirani, and Tamas Wells. Gender-inclusive Development and Decentralised Governance: Promoting Women’s Voice and Influence through Collective Action in Rural Indonesia. University of Melbourne with Universitas Gadjah Mada and MAMPU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124335.

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This peer-reviewed research and policy paper draws on analysis of how women influence decision making in Indonesia's multi-level governance structure under the new Village Law in Indonesia. The analysis identifies the ways that women, through different causal processes, influence development priorities, spending, projects, policies and policy actors, as well as social norms in communities. The analysis draws from a large, qualitative comparative study conducted in different places throughout Indonesia, providing an analytical framework for understanding variation in social and politico-economic contexts in terms of the constraints and opportunities for gender inclusion and women's empowerment. The research also explains variations in the processes by which women exercise voice and influence in these differing contexts, providing considerations for policy makers and others concerned with gender inclusion, women's empowerment and everyday wellbeing.
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Diprose, Rachael, Amalinda Savirani, and Tamas Wells. Pembangunan Inklusif Gender dan Desentralisasi Pemerintahan: Memperkuat Suara dan Pengaruh Perempuan melalui Aksi Kolektif di Daerah Perdesaan Indonesia. University of Melbourne with Universitas Gadjah Mada and MAMPU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124336.

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This peer-reviewed research and policy paper (available in English and Bahasa Indonesia) draws on analysis of how women influence decision making in Indonesia's multi-level governance structure under the new Village Law in Indonesia. The analysis identifies the ways that women, through different causal processes, influence development priorities, spending, projects, policies and policy actors, as well as social norms in communities. The analysis draws from a large, qualitative comparative study conducted in different places throughout Indonesia, providing an analytical framework for understanding variation in social and politico-economic contexts in terms of the constraints and opportunities for gender inclusion and women's empowerment. The research also explains variations in the processes by which women exercise voice and influence in these differing contexts, providing considerations for policy makers and others concerned with gender inclusion, women's empowerment and everyday wellbeing.
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Diprose, Rachael, Amalinda Savirani, and Tamas Wells. Pembangunan Inklusif Gender dan Desentralisasi Pemerintahan: Memperkuat Suara dan Pengaruh Perempuan melalui Aksi Kolektif di Daerah Perdesaan Indonesia. University of Melbourne with Universitas Gadjah Mada and MAMPU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124336.

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Abstract:
This peer-reviewed research and policy paper (available in English and Bahasa Indonesia) draws on analysis of how women influence decision making in Indonesia's multi-level governance structure under the new Village Law in Indonesia. The analysis identifies the ways that women, through different causal processes, influence development priorities, spending, projects, policies and policy actors, as well as social norms in communities. The analysis draws from a large, qualitative comparative study conducted in different places throughout Indonesia, providing an analytical framework for understanding variation in social and politico-economic contexts in terms of the constraints and opportunities for gender inclusion and women's empowerment. The research also explains variations in the processes by which women exercise voice and influence in these differing contexts, providing considerations for policy makers and others concerned with gender inclusion, women's empowerment and everyday wellbeing.
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Bhan, Gautam, Divya Ravindranath, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Rashee Mehra, Divij Sinha, and Amruth Kiran. Employer Practices and Perceptions on Paid Domestic Work: Recruitment, Employment Relationships, and Social Protection. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/epppdwrersp11.2022.

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The key question of this study is to ask: What are the beliefs, motivations, and perceptions of employers toward recruitment, employment conditions, and social protection for domestic workers?We draw from personal interviews with 403 households in two large metropolitan Indian cities– Bengaluru and Chennai – with variations across socio-economic status, caste, neighbourhood type and across households with and without women working for wages. This Executive Summary outlines key findings and implications.
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David, Raluca. Advancing gender equality and closing the gender digital gap: Three principles to support behavioural change policy and intervention. Digital Pathways at Oxford, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/02.

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Worldwide, interventions and policies to improve gender equality or close gender gaps often struggle to reach their targets. For example, women lag considerably behind in use of even simple digital technologies such as mobile phones or the internet. In 2020, the gap in mobile internet use in low- and middle-income countries was at 15%, while in South Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries, it remained as high as 36% and 37% respectively (GSMA, 2021). Use of the internet for more complex activities shows an even wider gap. In Cairo, in 2018, only 21% of female internet users gained economically, and only 7% were able to voice their opinions online (with similar statistics for India, Indonesia, Kenya, Uganda and Colombia, Sambuli et al., 2018). This is despite the fact that empowering women through digital technologies is central to global gender equality strategies (e.g. Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, 2015), and is believed to facilitate economic growth and industry-level transformation (International Monetary Fund, 2020). Progress is slow because behaviours are gendered: there are stark dissociations between what women and men do – or are expected to do. These dissociations are deeply entrenched by social norms, to the extent that interventions to change them face resistance or can even backfire. Increasingly, governments are using behavioural change interventions in a bid to improve public policy outcomes, while development or gender organisations are using behavioural change programmes to shift gender norms. However, very little is known about how gendered social norms impact the digital divide, or how to use behavioural interventions to shift these norms. Drawing on several research papers that look at the gender digital gap, this brief examines why behavioural change is difficult, and how it could be implemented more effectively. This brief is addressed to policymakers, programme co-ordinators in development organisations, and strategy planners in gender equality interventions who are interested in ways to accelerate progress on gender equality, and close the gender digital gap. The brief offers a set of principles on which to base interventions, programmes and strategies to change gendered behaviours. The principles in this brief were developed as part of a programme of research into ways to close the gender digital gap.
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Country profile of women's health and development in Indonesia. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1998.1048.

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The “Country Profile of Women’s Health and Development in Indonesia” contains a thorough review of the following: Geographical, Political, Socio-Demographic, and Economic Profile of Indonesia; Status of Women; and Women’s Health Status. In view of the complexity of the problems facing women, the document concludes that Indonesia needs a plan for the future with a gender perspective that prioritizes increased life expectancy, legal protection, and empowerment for women. To reach this goal, Indonesia started by ratifying the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and set it into law in 1984. This convention, together with the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) that was ratified in 1990, directly addresses various issues facing women, children, and families.
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The impact of monetary crisis and natural disasters on women's health and nutrition. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1998.1003.

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This paper analyzes the short-term effects of the monetary crisis and natural disasters in Indonesia on women's health and nutritional status, and activities to monitor and address these problems. The monetary crisis which was announced in January 1998 hit the highest monthly inflation rate of 13 percent in February. Natural disasters that have plagued Indonesia since early 1997, including droughts and forest fires, have been projected to cause famines and an increased likelihood of infant and adult mortality. The economic crisis also directly impacts millions of workforce members threatened by the downsizing of thousands of businesses and factories, in the form of job termination. About 38 percent of the workforce are women. In general, it can be predicted that the high rate of unemployment means a return to poverty, emergence of pockets of slum settlements in cities, an increase in the crime rate, less affordable food in urban areas, famine and scarcity in rural areas, worsening environmental health, epidemics of infectious and noninfectious diseases, cutbacks in public health-care budget and facilities, more school dropout, teenagers entering prostitution, domestic violence, drug abuse, mental illness, and suicide attempts.
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