Journal articles on the topic 'Women in war Nepal Attitudes'
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Jain, Bandana Kumari. "Employment Empowering Women: An Experience of Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 35, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v35i2.36196.
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The study aims to examine the association between employment and the empowerment of Nepali currently married women. It harnesses women’s employment status and their empowerment; in terms of ‘household decision making’, ‘attitudes towards wife-beating’, and ownership of the house/land’ with the help of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016 data set. Married women’s employment exhibits a significant association (0.05) with their socio-demographic characteristics, and empowerment variables as well. The employment status of married women influences their household decision-making, and attitudes towards wife-beating. The study adheres to the belief that employment accelerates women’s empowerment, still, it is complex to determine the strength of the relationship in between. Thus, based on the findings of the study, other variables and empowerment indicators are to be considered and analyzed further for concrete insights. So, employment cannot be assumed as a mere engine and an only instrument for empowering women.
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Lohani-Chase, Rama S. "Protesting Women in the People’s War Movement in Nepal." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 40, no. 1 (September 2014): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/676891.
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Raj Thapa, Naba. "Women's autonomy and antenatal care utilization in Nepal: A study from Nepal demographic and health survey 2016." MOJ Women's Health 8, no. 4 (2019): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojwh.2019.08.00248.
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Nepal has made remarkable progress in reduction of maternal mortality but utilization of maternal health services is below the acceptance level. This study seeks to examine the effect of women's autonomy on the utilization ANC services in Nepal. Data is taken from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 3,998 women age 15-49 who had given birth in the 5 year preceding the survey. Logistic regression analysis is performed to examine the effects of women's autonomy on the use of ANC. The results of Model I revealed that women's decision making autonomy and attitudes towards wife beating are significantly associated with at least four ANC visits. When women's autonomy variables and other socio-demographic variables are taken into consideration, women decision making autonomy and attitudes towards wife beating are not significant association with at least four ANC visits. To improve maternal health care, the interventions are needed to target women of low autonomy, less educated and from low wealth quintile.
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Morinaga, Yasuko, Yuiri Sakamoto, and Ken’ichiro Nakashima. "Gender, Attitudes Toward War, and Masculinities in Japan." Psychological Reports 120, no. 3 (March 14, 2017): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294117698463.
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Previous studies have argued that masculinity is linked to war. We conducted a web-based survey to examine relationships between gender, attitudes toward war, and masculinities within a sample of Japanese adults of both sexes ( N = 366). Our results indicated that while men were more likely than women to accept war, the relationship between attitudes toward war and masculinities was inconclusive. Moreover, the results suggested that favorable attitudes toward war among men could be attenuated by interpersonal orientations. Based on our findings, we recommend a reexamination of attitudes toward war within the Japanese population.
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Hurrell, Rose Marie, and John H. Lukens. "Attitudes toward Women in the Military during the Persian Gulf War." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 1 (February 1994): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.99.
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This study describes the development of a scale to measure public attitudes toward women in the military (Women in the Military Scale) and reports its use with a sample of 97 college women surveyed during the Persian Gulf war. Analysis indicates that the scale has acceptable internal consistency reliability and is relatively free of social desirability as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. A significant positive correlation between scores on the scale and on the Sex-role Ideology Scale suggests support for the validity of the new scale. With regard to the attitudes assessed, the results indicate that subjects tend to favor attitudes endorsing the equivalent capacities of men and women to function in the military. When issues of combat or women's roles as wives and mothers are considered, scores tend to reflect less support for women in the military.
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Coroban, Costel. "Conflicting attitudes to the war in Europe in women’s diaries from the Great War." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 12, no. 1 (August 15, 2020): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v12i1_4.
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This paper discusses the change in women’s mentality towards the concept of war and their own role in it according to autobiographical sources such as was journals, diaries, letters or autobiographical novels authored by women who were present at the front during the Great War. The primary sources quoted in this analysis include letters and diaries from nurses who worked in Dr. Elsie Inglis’s Scottish Women’s Hospitals unit as well as the “testament” of Vera Mary Brittain, famous English Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse and writer and women’s rights activist. Among the secondary sources employed in the analysis are the seminal works of Christine E. Hallett, Maxine Alterio, Santanu Das, Eric J. Leed and Claire M. Tylee. Before arriving at a conclusion, the paper highlights important changes in women’s discourse towards the war as well as the way in which such changes were supported by the novel situation in which women found themselves, namely as active participants at the front, and their aspirations towards equal rights and equal treatment.
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Fara, Patricia. "Women, science and suffrage in World War I." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 69, no. 1 (November 19, 2014): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2014.0057.
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Oh! This War! How it is tearing down walls and barriers, and battering in fast shut doors … Women's Liberal Review , 1915 World War I is often said to have benefited British women by giving them the vote and by enabling them to take on traditionally male roles, including ones in science, engineering and medicine. In reality, conventional hierarchies were rapidly re-established after the Armistice. Concentrating mainly on a small group of well-qualified scientific and medical women, marginalized at the time and also in the secondary literature, I review the attitudes they experienced and the work they undertook during and immediately after the war. The effects of century-old prejudices are still felt today.
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Hurrell, Rose Marie, and John H. Lukens. "Dimensions of Attitudes toward Women in the Military: Factor Analysis of the Women in the Military Scale." Psychological Reports 76, no. 3_suppl (June 1995): 1263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.3c.1263.
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This study describes the factor structure of the Women in the Military Scale and compares scores obtained on 127 women surveyed approximately three years after the conclusion of the Gulf war with scores from 97 women surveyed during the war. Factor analysis yielded three primary factors reflecting equal competence of women and men in the military, having children in the context of military life, and family role and the place of women in combat. No difference in over-all scores was obtained between the two groups of women.
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Mishra, Indira. "Masculinity and Advertisements: The Case of Nepal Television." Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (May 23, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v1i1.10463.
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The article explores the television commercials broadcasted by the Nepal Television (NTV) that have male roles to analyze how masculinity is presented in them. In Nepal, studies of men and masculinities remain a rare compared with studies of women and femininity. It is essential to analyze the representation of masculinity to understand men’s experiences, attitudes, beliefs and practices, not only to challenge men’s superiority over females, but also to create gender equality. ! e aim of this article then is to study how a hegemonic masculinity is represented and constructed within NTV commercials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v1i1.10463 Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.1(1) 2013; 1-10
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Hald, Simone Christensen, and Ditte Aagaard Sondergaard. "A gap between Law and Practice: A Community’s Perception of Unmarried Women’s Abortion Options in Nepal." Health Prospect 12, no. 2 (February 17, 2014): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v12i2.9869.
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Background In 2002, the Nepalese abortion law went from being highly restrictive to fully liberal. This study aimed to explore a local community’s perception of the situation for unmarried Nepalese women wanting to practice their legal right to abortion.Methods The study comprised a cross-sectional survey and in-depth interviews with men and women above the age of 16 years living in the Makwanpur District, Nepal. The final data included 55 questionnaires and 16 interviews. The questionnaire data was univariate analysed, while a condensation of meaning analysis was carried out on the interviews.Results The overall awareness of abortion being legal was high, although the extent of knowledge of the specific legal grounds varied. Unmarried women were believed to have access to abortion services, although they risked stigmatisation due to their marital status. The community attitude towards these women having abortions was very negative, hence it differed from the legal acceptance of all women having the right to abortion. This was explained by societal norms on premarital sexual activity. Generally, the participants felt that changing attitudes would be difficult but possible over time.Conclusion A considerable gap exists between the legal acceptance of abortion and community attitudes when it comes to unmarried women as this group encounters barriers when wanting to practice their right. Therefore, these barriers need to be addressed to allow unmarried Nepalese women access to safe abortion services without the risk of being stigmatised.One possible alternative is educational initiatives such as disseminating information vigorously through mass media to create awareness.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v12i2.9869 Health Prospect Vol.12(2) 2013: 24-30
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Acharya, Devaraj, Ramesh Adhikari, and Komal Badal. "Determinants of Discriminatory Attitudes Towards People Living with HIV Among Women of Reproductive Age in Nepal: A Trend Analysis From National Surveys." Journal of Population and Social Studies 30 (February 25, 2022): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.25133/jpssv302022.023.
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This study examines the effect of education and mass media on discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV (PLHIV) among women in Nepal. Data were drawn from the Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys 2006, 2011, and 2016 and covered 36,329 women of reproductive age (WRA) 15–49 years. An example of discriminatory attitude towards PLHIV is not wanting to buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor if an individual knew that the seller had HIV. Discriminatory attitude toward PLHIV has increased significantly over time (27.3% in 2006 to 29.7% in 2011 and 34.2% in 2016) among the WRA. Women who had no education and only primary education were 23% (aOR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.13–1.34) and 46% (aOR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.35–1.58) more likely to be affected by discriminatory attitudes, respectively, than those who had secondary or above education. Similarly, women who did not read newspapers were about five times more likely (aOR = 4.91, 95% CI 2.65–9.10) to develop a discriminatory attitude towards PLHIV than those who read newspapers almost every day. A similar trend was observed in exposure to television as well. This study illuminated the significance of women’s education and media exposure in minimizing the discriminatory attitude towards PLHIV. A new intervention is needed since existing interventions could not reduce the discriminatory attitude towards PLHIV.
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Ketola, Hanna. "Withdrawing from politics? Gender, agency and women ex-fighters in Nepal." Security Dialogue 51, no. 6 (May 4, 2020): 519–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010620906322.
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Conceptualizations of post-conflict agency have been widely debated in feminist security studies and critical international relations studies. This article distinguishes between three feminist approaches to post-conflict agency: narrative of return, representations of agency and local agency. It argues that all these approaches in distinct ways emphasize a modality of agency as resistance. To offer a more encompassing account of post-conflict agency the article engages Saba Mahmood’s (2012) critique of the modality of agency in feminist theory and her decoupling of agency from resistance. The article explores experiences of women who fought in the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in Nepal. It focuses on ‘withdrawing from politics’, a dynamic whereby women ex-fighters move away from party activities and the public sphere, and rearticulates this withdrawing as a location of political agency. The article argues that being an ‘ex-PLA’ emerges as a form of subjectivity that is crafted through experiencing war and encountering peacebuilding, enabling a production of heterogeneous modalities of agency in the post-conflict context. By examining these modalities, the article challenges us to rethink post-conflict agency beyond the capacity to subvert regulatory gender norms and/or discourses of liberal peace.
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Joshi, R. G., D. R. Shakya, P. M. Shyangwa, and B. Pradhan. "Co-morbidity in women with alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) in Eastern Nepal." Journal of Psychiatrists' Association of Nepal 5, no. 1 (September 29, 2017): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpan.v5i1.18326.
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Introduction: Women with ADS may have psychiatric comorbidites along with physical comorbidities. Societal attitudes towards women and alcohol are barriers to the detection and treatment of their alcohol related problems.Objective: To explore the magnitude of co-morbidity among women with ADS in Eastern Nepal.Method: This is a hospital based cross-sectional study of women with ADS. Those who scored two or more than two in T-ACE questionnaire were enrolled. The diagnosis was made according to ICD-10 criteria. Consultation with concerned physician was done to assess physical condition.Result: Fifty one patients with ADS were enrolled. Among them, 21.6% had no comorbidity, 52.9% had single co-morbidity (psychiatric or physical) and 25.5% had both psychiatric and physical co-morbidity. In psychiatric comorbidity, mood disorder in 35.29% was the commonest followed by nicotine use in 26.47%. Among mood disorders 83.3% had depression. In physical comorbidity, disease of gastrointestinal tract and hepatobiliary system in 50.9% was the commonest followed by hypertension in 11.5%.Conclusion: : Psychiatric as well as physical co-morbidities are common in women with ADS. The finding points to the importance of exploring comorbidities and their optimal treatment.
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Ali, Parveen, and Roger Watson. "Spousal Violence: A Mokken Scaling Analysis of Attitudes of South Asian Men and Women." Violence and Victims 35, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 656–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-18-00043.
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Attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) are usually explored by asking participants to respond to some statements describing various instances or situations. Currently, we do not know if responses to such questions or statements are random, leading to a total score which is hard to compare between respondents, or in a hierarchical manner which makes such comparison much more meaningful. The study was conducted to explore the structure of an “attitudes to intimate partner” violence scale used in the Demographic and Health Surveys Program (DHS), for a hierarchy of items according to the criteria of Mokken scaling. Secondary analyses of the data related to attitudes to IPV of South Asian men and women, collected by the DHS from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Maldives, and Nepal between 2006 and 2014. A strong Mokken scale was apparent in the data with IPV by men being most justified in cases where the wife neglected the children and least endorsed in the case of refusing to have sex. Men and women endorsed the items in the same order, but some inter country differences were apparent.
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Baran, Magdalena. "Kobieta na arenie." Civitas. Studia z filozofii polityki 21 (December 29, 2017): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/civ.2017.21.12.
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For centuries, women involved in armed operations, wearing uniforms and supporting the army in other ways are among the guarantors of freedom of societies, nations, cultures and generations. Their attitudes towards war, as well as the ways in which they perceive and describe it, make an important contribution to studying this issue. When describing female soldiers, the author analyses their attitudes, motives, the specificity of their stories, as well as their significance for the war narrative.
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Jarska, Natalia. "Women’s Work and Men." Aspasia 15, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/asp.2021.150106.
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Through the use of selected contemporary sociological research and prolific collections of largely unpublished memoirs, this article analyzes men’s attitudes toward the paid employment of women—particularly married women—in post-Stalinist Poland. The personal narratives reveal an increasing acceptance of women’s work outside the household over time and across generations. A significant shift in Polish men’s attitudes to a greater acceptance of women’s paid employment took place in the younger generation, born in the 1930s and 1940s and socialized after World War II. However, hostile attitudes of working-class men toward working women persisted, based on a continuing aspiration to uphold the male breadwinner family model.
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Cheoun, Mee-Lang, Jongho Heo, and Woong-Han Kim. "Antimicrobial Resistance: KAP of Healthcare Professionals at a Tertiary-Level Hospital in Nepal." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 10062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910062.
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Although increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a substantial threat worldwide, low- and middle-income countries, including Nepal, are especially vulnerable. It is also known that healthcare providers (HCPs) are the major determinants of antimicrobial misuse. A cross-sectional, self-administered survey was conducted among 160 HCPs to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Nepali HCPs regarding AMR and its use. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric tests were performed to evaluate KAP dimensions and investigate subgroup differences. HCPs scored higher on theoretical than practical knowledge. Regarding practical knowledge, men scored higher than women (p < 0.01), and physicians scored higher than nurses (p < 0.001). Participants aged < 25 years scored lower on practical knowledge than older participants (p < 0.001), while those with <3 years work experience scored lower than those with >6 years (p < 0.05). Participants from the medical department scored higher on practical knowledge than those from the surgical department (p < 0.01). AMR control was more accepted in the medical than in the surgical department (p < 0.001). Regarding practices, women and nurses scored higher than men (p < 0.001) and physicians (p < 0.01), respectively. An educational intervention that is tailored to the sociodemographic and professional characteristics of HCPs is necessary to reduce the gap between theoretical and practical knowledge and improve their attitudes and practices.
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Risal, Susan. "Defining Justice and Dignity Through Gendered Peace Building: A Case Study of Gender-Based Violence During Armed Conflict in Nepal." Social Inquiry: Journal of Social Science Research 2, no. 1 (May 10, 2020): 56–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sijssr.v2i1.28908.
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The prolonged transition and the long awaited journey for justice for a decade has led to increased anger and frustration among women who survived gendered violence during the Nepali armed conflict (1996-2006). During April 2017-May 2018, a case study fieldwork was conducted with women who survived conflict-related sexual violence during the armed conflict in Nepal. Using a critical theory framework and case study methodology, this research sought to understand how the women who faced gender based violence during the conflict era of Nepal define dignity and justice from their own lived experience and consequently, their needs for reparations. Ultimately, with resulting interventions by presenting these women’s voices and needs to the truth seeking commissions, other government bodies, and national and international organizations working with conflict affected women, women’s quest for dignity, justice and needs could be addressed. The findings of this study have also expanded the body of knowledge and best practices for reconciliation in contexts where gender based violence has been used as a weapon of war.
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Eichenberg, Richard C., and Richard J. Stoll. "The Acceptability of War and Support for Defense Spending." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 4 (July 10, 2016): 788–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715600760.
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We study the factors that influence citizen support for defense spending in fourteen democracies over the period 2004–2013. We pose two research questions. First, what factors influence citizen support for war and military force? We refer to this as the acceptability of war. Second, in addition to the acceptability of war, what other factors affect support for defense spending? Our principal finding is that citizen acceptance of war and support for defense spending are most influenced by basic beliefs and values. Gender also has a strong negative influence on attitudes toward war and thus indirectly lowers support for defense spending among women. Attitudes toward war and defense spending are also sometimes influenced by short-term threats and by alliance considerations, but the effects are not as substantively meaningful. We conclude with a summary of the results and a discussion of the implications for theory and policy.
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Fiske, Lucy, and Rita Shackel. "Ending Rape in War: How Far Have We Come?" Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 6, no. 3 (February 4, 2015): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v6i3.4183.
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The rape of women has for centuries been an endemic feature of war, yet perpetrators largely go unpunished. Women were sanctioned as the spoils of war in biblical times and more recently it has been claimed that it is more dangerous to be a woman than a soldier in modern conflict. Nevertheless, until the establishment of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia – there was very little concern regarding the need to address the rape of women in conflict.This paper briefly maps historical attitudes towards rape in war, outlines some analyses and explanations of why rape in war occurs and finally turns more substantively to recent efforts by the international community to prosecute rape as a war crime and a crime against humanity. We argue, that while commendable in some ways, contemporary approaches to rape in war risk reinforcing aspects of women’s status which contribute to the targeting of women for rape and continue to displace women from the centre to the margins in debates and practices surrounding rape in both war and peace time. We conclude by arguing that criminal prosecutions alone are insufficient and that, if we are to end the rape of women and girls in war (and peace) we need a radical restructuring of gender relations across every sphere of social and political life.
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Morris Matthews, Kay, and Kay Whitehead. "Australian and New Zealand women teachers in the First World War." History of Education Review 48, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-05-2018-0012.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the contributions of women teachers to the war effort at home in Australia and New Zealand and in Egypt and Europe between 1914 and 1918. Design/methodology/approach Framed as a feminist transnational history, this research paper drew upon extensive primary and secondary source material in order to identify the women teachers. It provides comparative analyses using a thematic approach providing examples of women teachers war work at home and abroad. Findings Insights are offered into the opportunities provided by the First World War for channelling the abilities and leadership skills of women teachers at home and abroad. Canvassed also are the tensions for German heritage teachers; ideological differences concerning patriotism and pacifism and issues arising from government attitudes on both sides of the Tasman towards women’s war service. Originality/value This is likely the only research offering combined Australian–New Zealand analyses of women teacher’s war service, either in support at home in Australia and New Zealand or working as volunteers abroad. To date, the efforts of Australian and New Zealand women teachers have largely gone unrecognised.
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Fourmanov, Igor A. "The Attitudes of Students towards Violence." Integration of Education 24, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 622–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/1991-9468.101.024.202004.622-640.
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Introduction. Violence in social relations is an important humanitarian problem that concerns not only the behavior of individuals, but also the entire system of interaction within society as a whole. Most of the research in this area has focused on marital and family relations, leaving aside such essential areas of social life as war, the severity of criminal penalties, and the legality of the death penalty. The topic of studying students' attitudes to violence is relevant, since representatives of this age group belong to the most active and initiative part of modern society. The significance of this study is determined by the possible negative consequences of violent attitudes in behavior and social relations. Aggression and empathy as personality traits influence the formation and implementation of violent attitudes in behavior. The purpose of the article is to study students' violent attitudes. Materials and Methods. The study rests on the “Questionnaire of violent attitudes” by I. A. Fourmanov and M. V. Apanovich, “Aggression Questionnaire” (AQ) by A. Bass and M. Perry, “Interpersonal Reactivity Index” (IRI) M. Davis. The survey involved 731 first-fourth-year students of various Belarusian universities. Processing of the results was carried out using T-test for comparison of two independent samples, correlation analysis by Pearson and multivariate covariance analysis (MANOVA). Results. It was found that women have statistically higher rates of attitudes towards the war and punishing offenders than men. Men in comparison with women had more pronounced indices of attitudes towards corporal punishment of children and spousal violence. Discovered a positive relationship between indicators of physical and verbal aggression, anger, hostility, and negative relationship of decentration (PT), compassion (FS), empathic concern (EC) and personal distress (PD) with different attitudes towards violence in men and women. Physical aggression and hostility, regardless of gender, are significant factors that affect the strength of almost all violent attitudes. Characteristics of empathy influence forced installation variable depending on gender. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate the current state of violent attitudes of modern students, and allow to develop a system of educational and training resources that promote the formation of students’ peaceful, humanitarian and non-violent attitudes. This article will be useful to university teachers, scientists and psychologists.
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Liebowitz, Etka. "Josephus’s Ambivalent Attitude towards Women and Power." Journal of Ancient Judaism 6, no. 2 (May 14, 2015): 182–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/21967954-00602003.
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Scholars have long been bewildered by Josephus’s contradictory accounts of the reign of Queen Alexandra (76–67 B. C. E.), the only independent female Hasmonean ruler. While portraying her as a wise, skillful, and beloved ruler, Josephus also harshly criticizes her reign, holding her responsible for the downfall of Judea. A critical feminist historiographic approach to philological and textual analyses of Alexandra’s portrayal in Judean War and Judean Antiquities allows us to resolve this tension, by situating the case of Queen Alexandra within the context of Jewish history, Greco-Roman history, and gender discourse. Additional factors impacting upon Josephus’s differing evaluations of Queen Alexandra in War and Antiquities include cultural conditions, in particular the different attitudes of Roman and Hellenistic society toward women in power, and the challenge presented to traditional male political structures by the transfer of power to a female monarch. This finding may also contribute to a better understanding of portrayals of other leading women in antiquity.
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Thapa, Shyam. "Nepal’s Family Planning Program has Come a Long Way: A Conversation with Dr. Badri Raj Pande." Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 4 (December 27, 2022): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v4i0.453.
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It has been nearly six decades since Nepal introduced a family planning program.1,2 At present, the average number of children that a woman in Nepal has is just two, which is defined as a ‘replacement level’ of fertility (that is, two offspring to replace the couple themselves).3 In contrast, about fifty-years ago (in the mid-1970s), the average was more than six children for a married woman in Nepal.4,5 This change in reproductive behavior (certainly influenced by attitudes towards smaller family size) should be considered a ‘reproductive revolution’ in an essentially patriarchal and patrilocal society like Nepal – a transition several other countries have experienced in recent decades as well.6,7 This reproductive revolution is driven principally by the adaption of modern methods of contraception. In 1966, Nepal became one of only a handful of countries where family planning was officially adopted as a ‘fundamental human right and a policy tool in long-range national planning’.1 Sterilization (mainly female sterilization) has been the principal method of fertility control.8,9 At present, more than 50% of married women in Nepal use some form of contraception.8 By all measures, the country’s family planning program must be considered a success. In more recent years however, other factors including abortion and rising age of marriage, as well as male-selected out-migration, have also contributed to the further decline in fertility.10-14
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Rigg, Julie. "A Grand Adventure (in Which the Author Encountered Rupert Murdoch's Ideas about What Women Want)." Media International Australia 157, no. 1 (November 2015): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1515700107.
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When The Australian began publication out of Canberra in 1964, I was one of the youngest journalists on staff. I worked for editors Maxwell Newton, Adrian Deamer and Walter Kommer. I covered education and immigration, and wrote a fortnightly column on social issues: conscription, the Vietnam War, civil liberties, racism, policing, and the White Australia policy. I also wrote about women, often: about marriage, sex education, abortion, unequal pay, childbirth, childcare and all the issues attitudes and structures that constrained us. In this article, I tell some stories from those years, and reflect on the editorial attitudes I encountered.
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K.C., Luna. "Everyday realities of reintegration: experiences of Maoist ‘verified’ women ex-combatants in the aftermath of war in Nepal." Conflict, Security & Development 19, no. 5 (September 3, 2019): 453–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2019.1658969.
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Bassett, Jonathan F., and Amanda J. Cleveland. "Identification with all humanity, support for refugees and for extreme counter-terrorism measures." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 7, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 310–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i1.678.
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Two studies examined the ability of Identification with all Humanity to predict attitudes in the United States regarding support for refugees and tolerance for civilian casualties in the war on terrorism. We expected identification with humanity to predict more support for refugees and less tolerance of civilian casualties in the war on terrorism. Moreover, we expected these effects to hold even when taking into account more frequently studied predictors of intergroup attitudes. In Study 1, 202 people (143 women, Age M = 26.62) completed an online survey, assessing Identification with all Humanity, social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, political orientation, and religiosity. In Study 2, the same measures were administered in person to a sample of 126 university students (91 women, Age M = 18.92). Identification with all Humanity was associated with more support for refugees in both studies and less support for extreme counter-terrorism measures in Study 1, even when controlling for other variables.
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Ashworth, Henry C., Thomas L. Roux, and Conor J. Buggy. "Healthcare accessibility in the rural plains (terai) of Nepal: physical factors and associated attitudes of the local population." International Health 11, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz008.
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Abstract Background While access to healthcare has been a focus of international development, populations around the world continue to lack proper access to care. Identifying at-risk demographic groups can help advance efforts both regionally and internationally. There are only a small number of studies that previously have assessed physical barriers and attitudes in Nepal. Methods This study assessed the factors and attitudes associated with healthcare accessibility in a rural population outside of Lumbini, Nepal. This descriptive cross-sectional study used a volunteer-sampling approach to collect 585 questionnaire responses from the area formerly known as the Madhuwani Village Development Committee. Results The study found that the population was more likely to access private care than public, and reported longer times to access a hospital than the national average. Across almost all findings, those with lower than a secondary education had significantly larger barriers, lower satisfaction and higher reported difficulty in accessing healthcare. Females were shown to have significantly larger transportation barriers in accessing care and lower satisfaction compared with males. Conclusions Results identify women and the less-educated as having larger barriers to accessing healthcare. Further research should focus on how inequities in access affect health outcomes among these identified vulnerable groups.
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Pfau, Michael, Michel Haigh, Andeelynn Fifrick, Douglas Holl, Allison Tedesco, Jay Cope, David Nunnally, et al. "The Effects of Print News Photographs of the Casualties of War." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 83, no. 1 (March 2006): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900608300110.
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This investigation examined effect of news photographs of Iraq war casualties on reader emotional response and attitudes about U.S. military presence, and the impact of inoculation pretreatments. Three print news conditions were used: photographs with caption, photographs accompanied by full text, and text. Photographs plus caption elicited greater emotional response and reduced support for continued U.S. presence, although effect sizes were small. A second study revealed that inoculation treatments reduced the influence, but effects were limited to women.
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Selišnik, Irena. "Skrb v službi vojne: bolniške strežnice na Kranjskem." Contributions to Contemporary History 55, no. 2 (October 16, 2015): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.55.2.05.
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HEALTH CARE IN THE SERVICE OF WAR: WAR NURSES IN CARNIOLAEven before World War I an ongoing discussion took place in Austria whether medical nurses should be mobilised to take care for wounded soldiers in case of extensive military conflict, natural disasters or epidemics. After the outbreak of the Great War the Austrian authorities encouraged the professionalisation of nursing, and especially women were invited to join. Special conditions for schooling were enacted and the first courses were opened at local hospitals. In the Austrian Monarchy, Carniola was no exception. The Red Cross organised special courses for nurses with the promise of salary, retirement benefits and possibility of vacation. Austrian propaganda portrayed war nurses as heroines, and at least part of the public perceived them as a personification of motherly care and love which could be compared with the sacrifices of the soldiers. However, war nurses also represented modern women who successfully avoided social control and headed towards imminent danger in the battlefield. In the public doubts about their morality emerged, as nurses had direct contact with soldiers and were especially close to doctors. With their presence they invaded the dichotomy between public/battlefront-private/home front. The image of war nurses clearly reveals the awkward relationships between the attitudes to war and women as well as the rapidly changing values in times of war.
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Hanson, Jonathan H., Maurice Schutgens, Rinzin P. Lama, Achyut Aryal, and Maheshwar Dhakal. "Local attitudes to the proposed translocation of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur to Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal." Oryx 54, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318000157.
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AbstractTranslocations are an important tool for the conservation of biodiversity, but although ecological feasibility studies are frequently conducted prior to implementation, social feasibility studies that consider how local communities perceive such projects are less common. The translocation of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur to Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal, has been proposed, to reduce livestock depredation by snow leopards Panthera uncia by providing an alternative prey base in addition to the small population of Himalayan thar Hemitragus jemlahicus. This study used systematic sampling, a quantitative questionnaire and qualitative interviews within the Park to provide data on the social viability of the proposed translocation. Quantitative analysis revealed moderate levels of support but qualitative analysis suggested that there are significant concerns about the proposal. In addition, multiple regression analysis found that women and livestock owners were significantly less supportive, although the model had low explanatory power. Potential crop damage and competition for forage were frequently cited as concerns, especially amongst those with a high level of dependence on natural resources. Given the mixed response to the proposed translocation of blue sheep to the Everest region, alleviating the reservations of local residents is likely to be key to any further consultation, planning or implementation.
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Darnell, Doyanne A., and Sarah L. Cook. "Investigating the Utility of the Film War Zone in the Prevention of Street Harassment." Psychology of Women Quarterly 33, no. 3 (September 2009): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036168430903300302.
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Street harassment, the act of sexual harassment by strangers in public, is a common experience shared by many women. This paper reports the first experimental evaluation of the impact of a popular documentary-style film, War Zone, on men's attitudes toward street harassment and empathy for women who experience it. The sample was an ethnically diverse group of undergraduate men attending an urban university ( N = 98). Given the film's primary focus on women's perspectives and the relation of street harassment to rape, we predicted the film would decrease acceptance of street harassment and increase empathy toward women who experience street harassment. We did not find support for these main effects. Hostility toward women, however, was negatively related to cognitive empathy and feelings of distress following the film, and hostility toward women moderated the effect of film condition on distress. Peer acceptance predicted greater self-acceptance of street harassment. Implications for future street harassment research and prevention strategies are discussed.
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Breiner, Sander J. "Observations on the Abuse of Women and Children." Psychological Reports 70, no. 1 (February 1992): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.1.153.
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From ancient times to the present the abuse of women and children has occurred in societies that have had a structure hostile to other societies (e.g., war is glorified), hostile punitive attitudes to its own population (e.g., few civil liberties and rejection of the underclass), and depreciation of women. The psychological characteristics of the abusers show depression, poor impulse control, and difficulty in loving. Psychological characteristics of the abused include depression and feeling unloved. The abused, depressed little girl grows up to be the depressed mother. Therefore, short-term planning will produce little or no benefit. Attention must be paid to the most important person in the world, the mother-to-be, the newborn female child.
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Sapkota, Keshab Raj. "Participation and Challenges Faced by The women's Elected in Local Level Government at Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan, Nepal." BMC Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bmcjsr.v2i1.42733.
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The study aimed to find out the women’s representation at the local governance level. The paper is a qualitative analysis of participation and challenges of women in local Government in Chitwan, Nepal. This study explored the factors that facilitate women’s access to political and participation in local level governments. This study was based on Interview methods, focus group discussion and key informant interview. The primary information was collected from the 61 elected women who told the story of their journey to political participation and present status at different local level governments. This study was limited within only one Bharatpur Metropolitan City of Chitwan, Nepal. Majority of women lack resources and knowledge of their rights, have to face corrupt political culture and double burden of family role that restrict their effective participation in political processes. Inclusion Policy is the good practices that help advance women’s representation at the local level. The role of family and political parties help in supporting women’s engagement in local politics. The factors to women's political participation that they are mainly linked to low levels of female literacy and training, traditional gender roles and stereotypes, low self-esteem. Women are subject to strong discrimination coming from deeply rooted patriarchal attitudes and practices. There is a widespread belief that the public space is not meant for women and that by nature they cannot be good leaders. These perceptions are stronger in local level politics, making it hard for women to contest and take up leadership positions. The women's participation in local level government has been done to reduce or improve barriers and to analyze the political empowerment of women .
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K.C., Dipendra Bahadur. "Deuki Pratha in Nepal: Problems and Changing Beliefs." Tribhuvan University Journal 35, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v35i2.36194.
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In the far-western region of Nepal, particularly, in Doti, Baitadi and Dadeldhura, deuki pratha has been practiced as a long established tradition. However, Deuki pratha is considered illegal in Nepal. Deukis are offered to different deities by parents or others (wealthier couples). The reason behind deuki pratha rests on the belief that one’s family gets protection and good favour from the gods. Once offered as Deuki, the girl is not allowed to get married and is devoid of the family support. The major duty of Deuki is to serve the goddess and temple such as cleaning and looking after the temple.
The study was conducted in Melauli Municipality of Baitadi district in Sudurpaschim province. This paper aims to highlight the social issues due to deuki in the study area. The study aimed to understand the socio-cultural beliefs of deuki tradition in the changing social and cultural contexts from the gender perspective and development.
The study was based primarily on qualitative methods. The study revealed that deuki tradition is still practiced, though it is reported to be declined in the recent years. Unlike in the past, with the growing awareness by the joint efforts of government and non-government organizations' agencies, practice of Deuki has declined to a great extent but not abolished yet. There was mixed reaction regarding beliefs upon Deuki tradition among the locals.
The study found that Deuki women who had been offered to the deity was unknowingly been isolated, when still as a girl and abused from the society as these came at the cost of personal and social life of women. With the growing awareness, and changing society, the locals and the followers of deuki pratha seem to welcome the changes and attitudes towards deuki pratha. However, the social and economic life styles of deukis are at stake. Though, some deukis own some private property, due to the lack of emotional and social support are bound to live forbidden and isolated life. Unlike, in the past, where deukis received reverence and importance, the perception towards deukis has worsened in the study area often belittled as prostitution and the disgrace to the society.
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Cameron, John. "Assessing the impact of the Agriculture Perspective Plan (1995 to 2015): The maoist insurgency on rural lives in Nepal and reflections on the current Agricultural Development Strategy." New Angle: Nepal journal of social science and public policy 4, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 18–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53037/na.v4i1.16.
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The fifteen years between 2053 and 2072 in the Nepalese calendar (approximately 1996 to 2015 in the Gregorian calendar) were potentially dramatic for rural development in Nepal. A twenty year market oriented, Asian Development Bank funded and technically assisted, national Agriculture Perspective Plan (APP) was in the early stage of implementation and a Maoist movement was about to launch an armed struggle in rural area that would become a national civil war lasting ten years. The APP had envisioned agriculture intensification for agriculture based economic growth adequate to generate employment to combat poverty in Nepal. The comparison of two Nepal Living Standards Surveys (NLSS) results from 1995/96 and 2010/11 suggests that agricultural production has not changed substantially in the topographically advantaged west rural plains (terai) areas, where the Maoist insurgency had relatively small direct influence. Overall, the Nepalese economy appears to be both moving away from agriculture (share of non-farm income rising from 15% to almost 40%) and feminising (women headed households in the rural western terai rising from under 9% to over 24%). However, over fifteen years there have been significant changes in the livelihood patterns of different caste/ethnic/religious groups. This paper deals with identified five different types of changed behaviour to show the range of responses and links are made to misrecognised key elements in political economy of Nepal, the Maoist insurgency and the Nepal State conflict.
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Sathian, Brijesh, MG Ramesh Babu, Edwin R. Van Teijlingen, Indrajit Banerjee, Bedanta Roy, Supram Hosuru Subramanya, Elayedath Rajesh, and Suresh Devkota. "Ethnic Variations in Perception of Human Papillomavirus and its Vaccination among Young Women in Nepal." Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 7, no. 1 (July 13, 2017): 647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v7i1.17757.
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Background: The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly associated with cervical and other cancers. In women, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer. HPV infection can be largely prevented through vaccination of (adolescent) girls. At the same time, Nepal is a low-income country experiencing a cultural change in attitudes towards sex and sexual behaviour. However, in the adolescent population knowledge about HPV, factors associated with an increased risk of HPV and the existence of the vaccination is often low.Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with female students enrolled in health and non-health science courses in Pokhara, Nepal. The questionnaire included demographic details, knowledge and attitude questions related to HPV, associated risk behaviour and its vaccination. Descriptive statistics, including Chi-Square test, were used to identify statistically significant relationships. Ethical approval was granted by the relevant authority in Nepal.Results: Hindu religion (75.0 %; 95% CI: 70.9, 78.6) and Newari caste (75.5%; CI: 61.1, 86.7) were more aware about HPV, HPV vaccination. Hindus religion (55.6%; 95% CI: 51.2, 60.0) and Dalit caste (61.6%, 95% CI: 53.3, 69.4) more willing to be vaccinated than other religions and other castes, respectively. Not unsurprisingly, students on health-related courses had a greater awareness of HPV, HPV vaccination and were more willing to be vaccinated than students on other courses. Similar patterns of association arose for knowledge related to those sexually active at an early age; HPV risk and multiple sex partners; and fact that condoms cannot fully prevent the transmission of HPV.Conclusion: Knowledge about the link between HPV and (a) early sexual initiation, (b) having multiple sexual partners, and (c) the limited protection of condoms and other birth control measures was poor in our study compared to similar research conducted in other parts of the world. One key implication is the need for education campaigns in Nepal to educate young women and their parents about HPV, its risk factors and the benefits of vaccination.
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Blount, Jackie. "Manly Men and Womanly Women: Deviance, Gender Role Polarization, and the Shift in Women's School Employment, 1900–1976." Harvard Educational Review 66, no. 2 (July 1, 1996): 318–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.66.2.q24710621vp7k518.
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Drawing on historical data, Jackie Blount argues in this article that explanations for shifts in employment patterns of women educators for most of the twentieth century have overlooked the impact of homophobia and gender role stereotypes. As Blount notes, although women teachers, more than half of whom were single, outnumbered men by more than two to one in the early 1900's, this trend shifted radically in the fifteen years following World War II, when the percentage of single women in the teaching profession fell to half its pre-war levels. Similarly, the number of women superintendents also declined rapidly. Blount analyzes school policies and practices, events, and publications from the turn of the century to the 1970s to uncover the practice of sexually stigmatizing women who defied narrowly defined gender roles. She describes events and theories that led to increasing gender role polarization after World War II that pressured women into assuming gender-specific roles, attitudes, and appearances, and that led to increasing gender role polarization after World War II that led to campaigns to identify and dismiss those in schools who were thought to be homosexual. Blount cautions that homophobia continues to hold sex discrimination practices in place, particularly those connected with women seeking power in schools. She concludes with the thought that until gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender educators are valued in public education, the powerful forces that maintain gender role barriers are unlikely to be erased.
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Shrestha, Gambhir, Rashmi Mulmi, Prabin Phuyal, Rahul Kumar Thakur, and Bhola Siwakoti. "Experiences of cervical cancer survivors in Chitwan, Nepal: A qualitative study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e0234834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234834.
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Introduction Cervical cancer is a global leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The majority of cervical cancer deaths occur in developing countries including Nepal. Though knowledge of cervical cancer is an important determinant of women’s participation in prevention and screening for cervical cancer, little is known about this topic in Nepal. This study explores the experiences of cervical cancer survivors and assesses the attitude of family and community towards it and stigma related to this disease in Bharatpur, Nepal. Methods The study design was qualitative methods involving two focus-group discussions. A total of 17 cervical cancer survivors, who have completed two years of cancer treatment were selected purposively from Chitwan. All qualitative data were transcribed and translated into English and were thematically analyzed. Results The majority of the participants had scant knowledge about cervical cancer, its causative agent, showed less cervical cancer screening, delayed healthcare-seeking behavior despite having persistent symptoms before the diagnosis. The main reasons identified for not uptaking the cervical screening methods were an embarrassment and having no symptoms at all. Most of them endured social stigma related to cervical cancer in the form of physical isolation and verbal abuse. Conclusions There is an urgent need for interventions to make women and the public aware of cervical cancer and launch effective health education campaigns, policies for cervical cancer prevention programs. This implementation can save the lives of hundreds of women and help them avoid going through all the negative experiences related to cervical cancer. More studies are required to gain the perspectives, knowledge, experiences, and attitudes of cervical cancer survivors to add to the research.
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Siemieʼnska, Renata. "Women's Political Participation and the 1980 Crisis in Poland." International Political Science Review 6, no. 3 (July 1985): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251218500600307.
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Problems besetting the Polish society in the post-war period (massive migration, reconstruction of the country after war-time destruction, industrialization involving high social costs, sluggish growth of living standards, recurring strains and political crises) united society more than divided it along sex lines. High legal equality and fast industrialization combined with widespread occupational mobilization of women, without, howover, ensuring their real equality, resulted in the emergence in some socio-occupational groups of attitudes that at times (especially recently) are quite different than demands for women's greater social and political activity.
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ŠKODRIĆ, Ljubinka. "Women and Wage Labor in Occupied Serbia 1941–1944. Policy of Collaborationist Government and German Occupation Authorities." Tokovi istorije 28, no. 3/2020 (December 14, 2020): 69–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2020.3.sko.69-95.
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The article analyzes the conditions of the participation of women on the job market in occupied Serbia in the course of the World War II. Its focus is on the policy of the local collaborationist government and the attitudes of the German occupation authorities regarding female employment and the working conditions of employed women, the possibilities and forms of their employment, and the position of the female workforce. This research is conducted on the basis of archival material, wartime press, and literature.
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Sultan, Shrouk, Basma Saleh, and Asmaa ElSherbini. "Fighters or Victims: Women at War as Depicted in Harry Potter Novels." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 4, no. 2 (June 4, 2022): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v4i2.938.
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Witches in Harry Potter novels play major roles that affect the course of events. Some of these witches are authority figures in institutions, while others can be housewives, aurors, ministry employees, or talented witches. This paper discusses several different witches who take part, intentionally or not, in the battle between good and evil in Harry Potter novels. Three of these witches will be tackled in terms of their roles as fighters, while three others will be tackled in terms of their degradation into victims. This analysis will be done through the investigation of the attitudes of the characters towards themselves and their positions, as well as the surrounding characters’ reception of the selected characters, and carefully reading the events of the seven Harry Potter novels. Because Harry Potter novels are widely-read, the depiction of female characters in these novels as either fighters or victims impact readers’ perception of women’s roles in their communities. Analyzing the female characters, this paper intends to help readers to realize if Harry Potter novels help to empower women or limit their potentials. Since women issues are an important part of our lives, and since Harry Potter novels are widely-read, finding out whether these novels empower women or limit their potentials is crucial to our understanding of the major impact that fiction can have on people’s lives.
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Kim, Min Ji. "Reparations for "Comfort Women"." Cornell Internation Affairs Review 12, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 5–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37513/ciar.v12i2.513.
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This paper studies feminist geopolitical practices in South Korea in the context of “comfort women” forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese military around the Second World War. Although there has been a considerable amount of literature penned on the comfort women issue, existing discussions focus largely on the conflict between nationalist and feminist paradigms, while largely minimizing feminist activism and changing gender narratives within Korean society. Therefore, this research aims to expand the field by considering the struggles that comfort women have endured through the lens of feminist geopolitical scholarship. I argue that comfort women activism constitutes a form of feminist geopolitical practice in a way that challenges masculine gender narratives. It has opened up new spaces where comfort women survivors can produce a sense of “survivorhood” and move beyond passivity throughout their lives. The rise of their active voices signals the overturning of traditional patriarchal structures; consequently, along with other forms of activism, these narratives have eventually led to a shift in public attitudes. Unlike how nationalist accounts were dominant in the early 1990s, the increased public attention towards the feminist accounts in the mid-2010s has subsequently increased media coverage of survivors and feminist practices.
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Bhattacharya, Srobana, and Courtney Burns. "What’s War Got to Do with It? Post-conflict Effects on Gender Equality in South and Southeast Asia, 1975–2006." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 6, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347797018824948.
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Does gender equality get better or worse following civil conflict? Given the plethora of research linking gender equality to less bellicosity, we aim to look at the relationship between post-conflict situations and gender equality. Specifically, we argue that circumstances surrounding how a conflict ends can better explain gender equality levels in a country in the post-conflict set up. We discuss whether outright victory for rebel groups will have the best impact for women due to the regime change and democratic process that typically follows. We conduct a Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 13 cases of intrastate conflicts in South and Southeast Asia for the years 1975–2006 along with an in-depth case study of Nepal. We find that rebel victory does have a positive impact on women in post-conflict situations when religious freedom was high, the conflict was centre seeking and wanted to establish a democratic regime.
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Nepal, Benju, Bibekti Nepal, Bandana Gurung Sharma, Chandika Pandit, and Rajju Hachhethu. "Knowledge, attitude and practice towards COVID-19 among pregnant women in a tertiary hospital in Pokhara, Nepal." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v15i2.43884.
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Introduction: The study was done to find out the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pregnant women towards COVID-19 in tertiary hospital of Pokhara, Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 385 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of Gandaki Medical College starting from May 2021 to July 2021, by using self- administered questionnaire. The data was analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences version 21.0 and descriptive statistics were computed. Results: More than four‐fifths respondents were aware about COVID‐19. Half of them thought it transmits via human touch. One-fourth of them mentioned that delivery at the hospital during COVID-19 pandemic was unsafe. Almost half of them regretted conceiving, among which one quarter thought of aborting their fetus, half of them were against breastfeeding, and three-forth had regular antenatal care checkups. Majority of them took precautions to stay safe, where half of them responded that they would not breast fed baby if they got infected. Conclusions: Majority of the study population have good knowledge, attitude, and practice of COVID-19 disease. However, it is worrisome that some respondents thought of terminating her pregnancy, and some were unable to visit the hospital for routine antenatal care checkups and didn’t have proper knowledge about breastfeeding their child. Proper education must be given to the population to avert these negative attitudes while promoting a positive preventive attitude.
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Pellicer-Ortín, Silvia. "Liminal and Transmodern Female Voices at War: Resistant and Healing Female Bonds in Libby Cone’s War on the Margins (2008)." Societies 8, no. 4 (November 14, 2018): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc8040114.
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When addressing marginal experiences during the Second World War, the German occupation of the Channel Islands deserves pride of place, as very few writers have represented that liminal side of the conflict. One of these few writers is Libby Cone, who published War on the Margins in 2008, a historical novel set on Jersey during this occupation and whose main protagonist encounters various female characters resisting the occupation from a variety of marginal positions. Drawing from Rodríguez Magda’s distinction between “narratives of celebration” and “narratives of the limit”, the main claim behind this article is that liminality is a general recourse in transmodern fiction, but in Cone’s War on the Margins it also acts as a fruitful strategy to represent female bonds as promoters of empathy, resilience and resistance. First, this study will demonstrate how liminality works at a variety of levels and it will identify some of the specific features characterizing transmodern war narratives. Then, the female bonds represented will be examined to prove that War on the Margins relies on female solidarity when it comes to finding resilient attitudes to confront war. Finally, this article will elaborate on how Cone uses these liminal features to voice the difficult experiences that Jewish and non-Jewish women endured during the Second World War, echoing similar conflictive situations of other women in our transmodern era.
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Schnabel, Landon. "Education and Attitudes toward Interpersonal and State-Sanctioned Violence." PS: Political Science & Politics 51, no. 03 (March 20, 2018): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096518000094.
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ABSTRACTThe link between education and liberal attitudes is among the most consistent findings in public-opinion research, but the theoretical explanations for this relationship warrant additional attention. Previous work suggested that the relationship is due to education socializing students to the “official culture” of the United States. This study uses the World Values Survey and General Social Survey to examine Americans’ attitudes toward the justifiability of violence. I find that Americans with more education are less likely to say that interpersonal violence—against women, children, and other individuals—can be justifiable. However, they are more likely to say that state-sanctioned violence—war and police violence—can be justifiable. These patterns are consistent with a modified socialization model of education and social attitudes. I conclude that American education socializes people to establishment culture, identity, and interests, which differentiate between unacceptable interpersonal violence and ostensibly acceptable state-sanctioned violence.
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Pasad, Subhash. "Safe Motherhood Practice in Dalit Community." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 2 (June 30, 2013): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v2i1.8291.
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Safe motherhood practice is still poor among the unprivileged groups like the Dalit of Nepal. Low socio-economic condition and lack of awareness in the Dalit community seems to have negative impact on women health and safe motherhood practice. This paper describes the practice of safe motherhood in the Dalit community based on quantitative data collected from 120 mothers. The respondents were interviewed by using interview schedule. It is concluded that lack of education and awareness, low socioeconomic condition, teenage marriage and early pregnancy, improper antenatal care service, unsafe delivery at home, improper postnatal checkup and traditional attitudes indicate that safe motherhood practice is not satisfactory in the Dalit community. Academic Voices, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012, Pages 63-68 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v2i1.8291
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Tessler, Mark, and Ina Warriner. "Gender, Feminism, and Attitudes toward International Conflict: Exploring Relationships with Survey Data from the Middle East." World Politics 49, no. 2 (January 1997): 250–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0005.
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In an effort to contribute to the dialogue between gender studies and international studies, this report presents findings from an empirical investigation based on the integrated secondary analysis of survey data from Israel, Egypt, Palestine, and Kuwait. The goal is to assess the utility of both gender and attitudes pertaining to the circumstances of women in accounting for variance in views about war and peace, and thereafter to examine the degree to which political system attributes constitute conditionalities associated with important variable relationships. Major findings include the absence of gender-linked differences in attitudes toward international conflict in all four of the societies studied and a significant relationship in each of these societies between attitudes toward gender equality and attitudes toward international conflict. Based on data from the Arab world and Israel, with attitudes about a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict treated as the dependent variable, the research also aspires to shed light on more practical considerations pertaining to the international relations of the Middle East.
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Papadodima, Efi. "The Rhetoric of Fear in Euripides’Phoenician Women." Antichthon 50 (November 2016): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ann.2016.4.
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AbstractIn accordance with its notoriously rich plot,Phoenician Womenexplores diverse aspects of fear that affect, and are thematised by, various parties at different stages of the plot.1Against the background of a virtually ‘irrational’ and inescapable divine necessity (treated as a source of dread in itself), Euripides presents the play’s central crisis as being largely determined by rational and controlled decision-making, within an array of moral disputes that enter the scene. The agents’ decision-making standardly comprises diverging, conflicting, or inconsistent attitudes towards fear and related emotions, such as shame (in both past and present).The rhetoric of fear thus reflects and further highlights the characters’ conflicting viewpoints, as well as Euripides’ trademark tendency to toy with his audience’s expectations and assumptions about ethical values and what is ‘right’. This article argues that his approach is substantially different from the Aeschylean treatment of the same myth (Seven against Thebes). By offering a concrete and abstract treatment of the situational anxieties over war and familial feud, Euripides’ rhetoric of fear ultimately shifts the focus to the complexities and contradictions of human motivation.