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1

Winter, Sam, Sass Rogando-Sasot, and Mark King. "Transgendered Women of the Philippines." International Journal of Transgenderism 10, no. 2 (November 2007): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15532730802182185.

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2

Aguilar, Carmencita T. "Women in Politics in the Philippines." Philippine Political Science Journal 16, no. 1-2 (December 8, 1990): 39–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2165025x-0160102004.

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3

Fernandez, Doreen G. "Women in Media in the Philippines." Media Asia 14, no. 4 (January 1987): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01296612.1987.11726261.

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4

AGUILAR, CARMENCITA T. "WOMEN IN POLITICS IN THE PHILIPPINES." Philippine Political Science Journal 16, no. 31-32 (December 1990): 39–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01154451.1990.9754163.

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5

Lopez, Anna Lena, Peter Francis N. Raguindin, Maria Asuncion Silvestre, Xenia Cathrine J. Fabay, Ariel B. Vinarao, and Ricardo Manalastas. "Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the Philippines: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Pediatrics 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8158712.

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Background. As part of regional elimination efforts, rubella-containing vaccines (RCV) have recently been introduced in the Philippines, yet the true burden of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the country is largely unknown.Objective. To provide baseline information on rubella and CRS prior to routine vaccine introduction in the Philippines.Methods. We conducted a systematic literature review on rubella and CRS in the Philippines, including a cross-sectional study conducted in 2002 among 383 pregnant women attending the obstetric outpatient clinic of the Philippine General Hospital to assess rubella susceptibility of women of childbearing age.Results. 15 locally published and unpublished studies were reviewed. Susceptibility to rubella among women of childbearing age was higher in rural communities. Retrospective reviews revealed congenital heart diseases, cataracts, and hearing impairments to be most common presentations in children of CRS. In the cross-sectional study, 59 (15.4%) of the 383 pregnant women enrolled were seronegative for rubella IgG.Conclusion. Similar to other countries introducing RCV, it was only recently that surveillance for rubella has been established. Previous studies show substantial disabilities due to CRS and a substantial proportion of susceptible women who are at risk for having babies affected with CRS. Establishment of CRS surveillance and enhanced awareness on rubella case detection should be prioritized.
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6

Velasco, Lovella G. "Relocating the Ilokano Women Writers of Nueva Vizcaya." Proceedings Journal of Education, Psychology and Social Science Research 2, no. 1 (May 23, 2015): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21016/icepss.2015.fe11wf48.

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The study attempts to empower ordinary women writers from the region who are considered to be in the peripheries. The bibliographic building of the foremost Ilokano women writers of Nueva Vizcaya who remain unaccounted and missing in Philippine literature will promote the woman presence in the nation and their place in Philippine literature, while the criticism of their retrieved and collected published short stories written in the vernacular, Iluko, will intensify the relevance of Iluko as regional literature and as a language. Consequently, the study will contribute to the growing body of feminist studies and literary criticism in the Philippines today. Results of the study showed that these four Ilokano women writers who are unknown and neglected in the region and in Philippine literature have a significant socio-cultural impact and contributed to the refinement, enrichment, and general development of their language and literature; literature being the grandeur of language and language the carrier of culture. The short stories of the Ilokano women writers present the unique Ilokano ways, traditions and cultures and the concepts of Ilokano woman and womanhood embedded with their traditional images and representations but also claim the idea of equality between man and woman. It might be construed that Ilokano women and the women writers were not fully contaminated at all with the patriarchal ideology and don’t adhere and have bent and even dismantled patriarchy, or even the attempt to overcome and change this ideology. The Ilokano women writers showed through their short stories, that they have sustained their unique cultural identity despite the impact of colonization. The general awareness and recognition of these regional women writers and their literary pieces would bring a ripple effect to the younger women of the region who would continue to change and overcome the tainted image of the third world regional women writer and women in general, and bringing them no longer to the peripheries but to the center.
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7

Domingo-Tapales, Proserpina. "Women Local Chief Executives in the Philippines." Teaching Public Administration 18, no. 2 (September 1998): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014473949801800201.

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8

Hutchison, Jane. "Women in the Philippines garments exports industry." Journal of Contemporary Asia 22, no. 4 (January 1992): 471–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472339280000311.

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9

Lindio-Mcgovern, Ligaya. "The Philippines: counter-insurgency and peasant women." Race & Class 34, no. 4 (April 1993): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030639689303400401.

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10

Bongco, Roxanne T., and Rodrigo D. Abenes. "Clash of Spheres - The Paradox of Being a Female Teacher in the Philippines." Beijing International Review of Education 1, no. 2-3 (June 29, 2019): 443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25902539-00102012.

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Feminisation in the teaching profession is a global issue. It has been said this problem implies gender inequality in relation to their male counterpart for it results in the lack of male models in the basic education and, thus promote social exclusion. This social reality is also the case in the Philippines. Data in 2008–2009 from the Philippine Commission on Women reveals that about 89.58% of the teachers in public elementary and 77.06% in the public secondary schools are female (pcw, 2014). In this regard, this paper argues that feminisation of education in the Philippines, all the more result to uncompromising situations of female teachers for as women, they need to work in shifts as part of their changing roles both in school and at home. Further, this paper presents an analysis of the narratives of ten female teachers in basic education which reveals that in spite of the feminisation of teaching from a purely statistical perspective, they still remain disadvantaged in the career that had always been believed to be their domain, especially in the area of career promotion. Limiting factors to the promotion of women still point to their social conditions as women, where the multiplicity of social expectations and duties in their diverse spheres clash to the detriment of their careers.
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11

Wibowo, Purwo Purwowi. "WOMEN MIGRANT WORKERS AND SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES." Journal Sampurasun : Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage 3, no. 1 (July 13, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/sampurasun.v3i1.113.

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Women migrant workers often face a variety of problems in the workplace, for example violence, sexual abuse, rape, extortion, and so on. Social protection systems for women migrant workers in other countries are very important. In the Philippines, there are two social protection systems to improve social welfare for vulnerable populations. Two models of social protection called the health care system and social health insurance. Both social protection systems can be managed, as based on: (1) culture value, (2) to be funded by the financial institutions, (3) implemented freely, (4) the scheme is combined with the national health insurance system, (5) able to create a high quality service. The conditions of women migrant workers are more vulnerable than male workers. So, the social protection for women migrant workers is urgent and need policies to protect them. The Government of the Philippines emphasizes the problems related to the obligation of women migrant workers to have right information and guidance before they leave the country in order to minimize social problems. Finally, social protection, not only in the Philippines, but also cooperation among countries to ptotect women migrant workers by making policy of social protection from local, national, regional, and international level. Keywords: Migrant Worker, Social Protection in Philippines, Health Care System, Social Health Insurance
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12

Skaptadóttir, Unnur Dís. "Transnational Practices and Migrant Capital: The Case of Filipino Women in Iceland." Social Inclusion 7, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i4.2320.

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Filipinos have been moving to Iceland in increasing numbers since the 1990s, primarily for employment opportunities and to reunite with relatives. They are the third largest group of immigrants in Iceland and the largest group from Asia. The majority of them work in low-income jobs in the service and production sectors where they do not utilize their education. Many arrived with the help of relatives already living in Iceland. Based on multi-sited ethnographic research, this article examines the diverse mobilization of migrant capital in Iceland and in the Philippines. The analysis draws on Bourdieu’s concepts of capital and transnational theories to highlight how Filipinos draw on formal and informal resources in Iceland and their transnational social field in mobilizing their capital. Their extended kin groups in Iceland and networks back in the Philippines are important in building migrant capital in Iceland and in the Philippines. The study shows that this mobilization is not only affected by structural factors in Iceland, such as racialization, but also by economic position and cultural capital in the Philippines.
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13

Lopez-Gonzaga, Violeta. "Crisis, Poverty, and Survival in the Philippines: One Woman Finds Hope." Missiology: An International Review 15, no. 3 (July 1987): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182968701500307.

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Filipino women have traditionally enjoyed greater equality than women in other Southeast Asian countries, and women have played an important role in keeping families together despite impoverished conditions. One such woman is Rufina, who grew up amid poverty, and began working at the age of 14 to help support her family. More recently, due to military conflict in the countryside, she was forced to flee with her six children to the city of Bacolod, where she lived in an abandoned storage building with five other refugee families. Amid the crisis her two youngest children died, but through the seemingly hopeless circumstances, Rufina found hope through the ministry of a Christian evangelist, who was able to offer her medical aid and food supplies through a local congregation of believers.
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14

Lutsey, Pamela L., David Dawe, Ellen Villate, Shiela Valencia, and Ofelia Lopez. "Iron supplementation compliance among pregnant women in Bicol, Philippines." Public Health Nutrition 11, no. 1 (January 2008): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007000237.

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AbstractObjectiveTo quantify factors influencing iron supplementation compliance and haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations among pregnant women participating in an iron supplementation programme under routine field conditions.DesignCross-sectional interviews and Hb measurements.SettingsAlbay and Sorsogon provinces, Bicol, Philippines.SubjectsThree hundred and forty-six pregnant women receiving iron supplements via the Philippine iron supplementation programme.ResultsWomen had a mean Hb concentration of 10.75 ± 1.43 g dl−1, and 56.4% were anaemic (Hb < 11.0 g dl−1). On average, the first prenatal visit occurred at nearly 4 months (3.80 ± 1.56). The ratio of visits to number of months pregnant was 0.51 ± 0.24. Self-reported consumption of pills received was 85% (0.85 ± 0.23), although pill counts suggested that consumption was 70% (0.70 ± 0.35). Using multiple regression, an earlier first prenatal visit and greater self-reported compliance were positively associated with Hb concentrations. Additionally, perceived health benefits from taking the supplements and higher health programme knowledge were positively associated with pill consumption, while experiencing side-effects and disliking the taste of the supplements were associated with lower pill consumption. A greater number of living children was negatively associated with the frequency of prenatal visits. The number of children was also directly negatively associated with Hb concentrations.ConclusionsCompliance was positively related to Hb concentrations. Several factors associated with greater compliance were identified, including marital status, number of children, health programme knowledge, side-effects, perceived health benefits, and dislike of taste. Some of these factors may serve as avenues for interventions to increase compliance, and ultimately Hb concentrations.
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15

McCulloch, Lesley, and Lara Stancich. "Women and (in)security: The case of the Philippines." Pacific Review 11, no. 3 (January 1998): 416–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09512749808719264.

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16

Milgram, B. Lynne. "Operationalizing Microfinance: Women and Craftwork in Ifugao, Upland Philippines." Human Organization 60, no. 3 (September 2001): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.60.3.4jegdmbrv52tcwvd.

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17

Aguilar, Delia M. "II. Women in the Political Economy of the Philippines." Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 12, no. 4 (October 1987): 511–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030437548701200405.

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18

Ramoso-Jalbuena, Julita. "Climacteric filipino women: a preliminary survey in the philippines." Maturitas 19, no. 3 (October 1994): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5122(94)90070-1.

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19

Gabriel, Arneil G. "Indigenous women and the law: The consciousness of marginalized women in the Philippines." Asian Journal of Women's Studies 23, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2017.1317705.

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20

Henderson, Sophie. "State-Sanctioned Structural Violence: Women Migrant Domestic Workers in the Philippines and Sri Lanka." Violence Against Women 26, no. 12-13 (November 1, 2019): 1598–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801219880969.

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Adopting a structural violence approach, this article examines how the failure to implement protective rights-based migration policies by the governments in the Philippines and Sri Lanka creates the conditions for the systematic exploitation of women migrant domestic workers by recruitment agencies and employers. Fieldwork conducted in 2018 with advocacy groups, government agencies, and international organizations in the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Hong Kong illustrates how both countries are prioritizing the promotion of overseas employment and commodification of labor above the protection of the rights of their women domestic workers under domestic and international law.
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21

Tyner, James A. "The Social Construction of Gendered Migration from the Philippines." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 4 (December 1994): 589–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300404.

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Despite a considerable amount of research conducted on Asian labor migration, decidedly little attention has focused on the vulnerability and exploitation of women overseas contract workers. This article examines how the social construction of gender influences the migration of Filipina overseas workers and contributes to the increased vulnerability and exploitation of women migrants. In particular, direct and indirect socialization processes, as well as gendered and racial stereotypes, are manifest within the labor recruitment process, helping to channel women migrants into the domestic services and entertainment sectors of this migration flow.
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22

Veneracion-Rallonza, Ma Lourdes. "Women and armed conflict in the Philippines: narrative portraits of women on the ground." Philippine Political Science Journal 36, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01154451.2015.1024676.

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23

Reynes, Josefina F. "Women in Transition: Patterns of Prenatal Care in Semi-rural Philippines." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 16, no. 2 (September 1985): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400008468.

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It is a biological fact that the health of mother and child are interdependent. The care, attention and affection given by the mother to her young offspring are of major significance in the psychobiological development of the infant and indeed, in subsequent personality development. Suggestions have been made that special attention to a pregnant woman brings double health benefits: to her as an adult member of society, and to the outcome of her pregnancy. Although childbearing is a natural process, women all over the world do not possess full faith in the ability and self-sufficiency of the human body to deliver safely a healthy baby. Pregnancy has been described as a unique and ambiguous state for women: it is not a usual condition nor a medically pathological state, so it is especially problematic. Several influences are known to affect women's pregnancy outcome. Factors relating to the mother—such as age, parity (or the number of births she has had), her age at marriage, socio-economic status such as education, occupation and income, and past obstetric history, are likely to be interdependent in their influence on pregnancy outcome. However, complications of pregnancy and delivery brought about by the interdependence of these factors can be prevented by careful antenatal care. Presumably, this type of care is closely related with modern medical science, thus only available in clinics. Consequently, the prevention of the many complications of pregnancy rests more with seeking careful antenatal care from the clinic than with any other factors.
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24

Easton, Adam. "Women have deadly desire for paler skin in the Philippines." Lancet 352, no. 9127 (August 1998): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)79275-8.

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Forbes, Amy. "Courageous women in media: Marcos and censorship in the Philippines." Pacific Journalism Review 21, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v21i1.157.

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When Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law in 1972, press freedom became the first casualty in the country that once boasted of being the ‘freest in Asia’. Printing presses, newspaper offices, television and radio stations were raided and padlocked. Marcos was especially fearful of the press and ordered the arrest of journalists whom he charged with conspiring with the ‘Left’. Pressured into lifting martial law after nearly 10 years, Marcos continued to censor the media, often demanding publishers to sack journalists whose writing he disapproved of. Ironically, he used the same ‘subversive writings’ as proof to Western observers that freedom of the press was alive and well under his dictatorship. This article looks at the writings of three female journalists from the Bulletin Today. The author examines the work of Arlene Babst, Ninez Cacho-Olivares, and Melinda de Jesus and how they traversed the dictator’s fickle, sometimes volatile, reception of their writing. Interviewed is Ninez Cacho-Olivare, who used humour and fairy tales in her popular column to criticise Marcos, his wife, Imelda, and even the military that would occasionally ‘invite’ her for questioning. She explains an unwritten code of conduct between Marcos and female journalists that served to shield them from total political repression.
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Barry, Coeli. "Women Religious and Sociopolitical Change in the Philippines, 1930s–1970s." Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints 62, no. 3-4 (2014): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phs.2014.0030.

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27

Natividad-Villanueva, G., R. M. Manalastas, S. Cu-Uvin, K. H. Mayer, and C. C. J. Carpenter. "Counseling and care of pregnant HIV infected women - Manila Philippines." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 70 (2000): B134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(00)83135-5.

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Sy, Nunilon E., Virginia Basaca-Sevilla, Tagumpay Esguerra, R. Palmer Beasley, Lu-Yu Hwang, and John H. Cross. "HBsAG and HBeAG markers among pregnant women in Manila, Philippines." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, no. 5 (January 1986): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(86)90381-0.

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Tejero, Lourdes Marie S., and Cathrine Fowler. "Migration of women from the Philippines: Implications for healthcare delivery." Collegian 19, no. 1 (January 2012): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2011.12.003.

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Lomotan, Maria Milagros Regina, and Maria Divina Gracia Roldan. "Enabling Women Micro-Entrepreneurs through Social Enterprises in the Philippines." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social and Community Studies 16, no. 2 (2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2324-7576/cgp/v16i02/75-81.

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31

ABADA, TERESA, and ERIC Y. TENKORANG. "WOMEN'S AUTONOMY AND UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES IN THE PHILIPPINES." Journal of Biosocial Science 44, no. 6 (September 17, 2012): 703–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000120.

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SummaryTo date, very few studies have examined what contributes to unwanted and mistimed births in the Philippines. In a country where women have higher educational levels than their male counterparts, and their status is among the highest in Asia, it is expected that unwanted births will be low. The evidence, however, points to the contrary as 44% of births reported in the last five years were unintended. Using the 2003 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey, this article focuses on married women who are currently pregnant and those who had given birth in the last five years. Multinomial logistic regression is employed to ascertain the risks of a recent birth/pregnancy being unwanted, mistimed or wanted. Regardless of women's status, having a final say in household and sexual matters with husbands lowers the risk of unwanted births but not mistimed births, calling into question the use of status variables such as education and wealth as indicators of women's autonomy. The success of implementing family planning programmes and policies in reducing unintended pregnancies underscores the importance of understanding how women are able (or unable) to make decisions surrounding their reproductive intentions.
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32

Riphagen, F. E., O. S. de la Cueva, and S. Koelb. "A survey of family planning in the Philippines." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 4 (October 1988): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017557.

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SummaryIn a multi-centre survey in 1986, 400 married Filipino women aged 15–40 were interviewed about their use of contraceptive methods, and specifically about their perceptions of the effects on health of oral contraceptives and their attitudes to contraceptive methods. The sample was randomly selected in the urban and rural areas surveyed and cannot be considered representative for the country as a whole. The results showed that women hold definitive views on the health risks posed by oral contraceptives and point to the importance of family planning clinics as a source of contraceptive counselling. The overall rate of contraceptive use must be regarded as insufficient to meet contraceptive needs.
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Et al., Tran Xuan Hiep. "“WOMEN EDUCATION IN THE COLONIAL CONTEXT: THE CASE OF THE PHILIPPINES”." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 5213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.2076.

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The Philippine Islands experienced a long period of colonialism, from 1565 to 1946. During nearly 400 years of colonization, Philippine education was deeply influenced by the Hispanic and American education system. The educational policies of colonial governments had affected most Philipinas, including women. While the Spaniards performed a minimal education for women and bundled them in the strict framework, the Americans paid attention to provide practical career skills for women in the family and in society. From the approach based on the connection between education and colonialism, the paper will focus on the issue of educating women in the colonial administration's educational policy and its impact on life of women, on their cognitive and the re-awareness process of their roles and positions in society.
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Hung, Hsiao-chun, Mike T. Carson, Peter Bellwood, Fredeliza Z. Campos, Philip J. Piper, Eusebio Dizon, Mary Jane Louise A. Bolunia, Marc Oxenham, and Zhang Chi. "The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas." Antiquity 85, no. 329 (August 2011): 909–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00068393.

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The authors compare pottery assemblages in the Marianas and the Philippines to claim endorsement for a first human expansion into the open Pacific around 1500 BC. The Marianas are separated from the Philippines by 2300km of open sea, so they are proposing an epic pioneering voyage of men and women, with presumably some cultivated plants but apparently no animals. How did they manage this unprecedented journey?
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Rafael, Vicente L. "Colonial Domesticity: White Women and United States Rule in the Philippines." American Literature 67, no. 4 (December 1995): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2927890.

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Domingo-Tapales, Proserpina, and Mina Roces. "Women, Power and Kinship Politics: Female Power in Post-War Philippines." Pacific Affairs 72, no. 3 (1999): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2672270.

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Zimmer, Zachary, Luoman Bao, Nanette L. Mayol, Feinian Chen, Tita Lorna L. Perez, and Paulita L. Duazo. "Functional limitation trajectories and their determinants among women in the Philippines." Demographic Research 36 (March 21, 2017): 863–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2017.36.30.

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Tizon, MaricelM, and R. N. "KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES RELATED TOPREGNANCYAMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN SAMAR, PHILIPPINES." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 6 (June 30, 2016): 2037–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/705.

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Saloma, Czarina. "Making Women Visible: Gender Spaces and ICT Work in the Philippines." Gender, Technology and Development 6, no. 1 (March 2002): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097185240200600102.

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Saloma, Czarina. "Making Women Visible: Gender Spaces and ICT Work in the Philippines." Gender, Technology and Development 6, no. 1 (January 2002): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2002.11910031.

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Lauby, Jennifer, and Oded Stark. "Individual Migration as a Family Strategy: Young Women in the Philippines." Population Studies 42, no. 3 (November 1988): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000143596.

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STEINBOCK-PRATT, SARAH. "“We Were All Robinson Crusoes”: American Women Teachers in the Philippines." Women's Studies 41, no. 4 (June 2012): 372–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2012.663242.

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43

Dimaano, Glenda M., Annie C. Clores, Abegail M. Iloco, and Leo Justine D. Javier. "Prevalence of Domestic Violence Against Women and Children in the Philippines." Humanities and Social Science Research 1, no. 2 (November 28, 2018): p52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/hssr.v1n2p52.

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In a country where gender and development is promoted, professionals, educators, students, household and families must be exposed in the issues of Violence against Women and Children in the Philippines. Hence, this mixed method study determined the prevalence of domestic violence against women and children in the municipality of Malvar with an end goal of proposing extension service activities to minimize the problem of domestic violence in the municipality of Malvar. Specifically, it dealt with the following: the issues of violence against women and children in the municipality from 2014-2016, the police officers’ perspective in addressing such case, and the factors that drive the complaints to report such case. The data were obtained through the issues of violence reported in the women’s desk and interview of the two police officers and two random victims. By evaluating and analysing the information gathered, the researchers found out that the common factor that lead the complainant to report the case was the victim’s fear that even their children may experience violence from the husband. The results of the study also revealed that reluctance of the victims to pursue the complaints and the victims’ tolerance of abuse are the problems which boil down the culture. In connection to victims’ reluctance to pursue the complaint, problems like costly, lengthy litigation and corruption in the judiciary and prosecution exist. These problems discourage the victims in filing formal complains. In addition, there is no established national free legal aid program for financially challenged women. In line of the above cited problems, the researchers recommend that victims be referred to DSWD even if she does not file formal complaint. In instances when the victims chooses to go back to her abuser, consistent monitoring and counselling must be done to inform them of other remedies like that of Barangay Protection Order which is cheaper and readily available in barangay.
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44

Sano, Yujiro, Alice P. Sedziafa, and Eric Y. Tenkorang. "Correlates of Forced First Sexual Intercourse Among Women in the Philippines." Sexuality & Culture 20, no. 3 (May 2, 2016): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12119-016-9356-z.

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45

Fried, Ruby L., Nanette L. Mayol, Thom W. McDade, and Christopher W. Kuzawa. "Maternal metabolic adaptations to pregnancy among young women in Cebu, Philippines." American Journal of Human Biology 29, no. 5 (April 21, 2017): e23011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23011.

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46

Tsai, Laura Cordisco, Claudia Cappa, and Nicole Petrowski. "The Relationship between Intimate Partner Violence and Family Planning among Girls and Young Women in the Philippines." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 9 (January 4, 2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n9p121.

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<p>This study explored the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and family planning among adolescent girls and young women in formal unions in the Philippines. Analyzing a sample (n =1,566) from the 2013 Philippines Demographic and Health Survey, logistic regression models were separately run for current contraception use and unmet need for family planning on recent physical violence (yes/no), recent sexual violence (yes/no), and recent emotional (yes/no). Findings revealed that the odds of using contraception were significantly higher among girls and young women who reported recent physical IPV (OR=1.84; 95% CI=1.13, 2.99; p&lt;0.05) and sexual IPV (OR=2.18; 95% CI=1.17, 4.06; p&lt;0.05). No significant relationship between recent emotional IPV and contraception use was found. Having an unmet need for family planning showed no significant relationship to IPV. The study adds to a growing body of literature revealing a positive association between IPV and contraception use. Findings hold implications for the provision of family planning services for adolescents and young women in response to the recent passage of landmark legislation pertaining to reproductive health in the Philippines, the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act. </p>
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47

Kleiber, Danika, Leila M. Harris, and Amanda C. J. Vincent. "Improving fisheries estimates by including women’s catch in the Central Philippines." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 5 (May 2014): 656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0177.

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Small-scale fisheries catch and effort estimates are often built on incomplete data because they overlook the fishing of minority or marginalized groups. Women do participate in small-scale fisheries and often in ways distinct from men’s fishing. Hence, the inclusion of women’s fishing is necessary to understanding the diversity and totality of human fishing efforts. This case study examines how the inclusion of women’s fishing alters the enumeration of fishers and estimations of catch mass, fishing effort, and targeted organisms in 12 communities in the Central Philippines. Women were 42% of all fishers and contributed approximately one-quarter of the fishing effort and catch mass. Narrower definitions of fishing that excluded gleaning (gathering of benthic macroinvertebrates in intertidal areas) and part-time fishing masked the participation and contribution of most women fishers. In this case study, it is clear that overlooking women and part-time or gleaning fishers led to the underestimation of fishing effort and catch mass. Overlooking gleaning had also led to underestimation of shells and other benthic macroinvertebrates in fishing catches.
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48

Herdi Sahrasad, Dedy Tabrani, Muhammad Ridwan, and Al Chaidar. "Women and Terrorism: A Sketch on Women and Transnational Terrorism in Southeast Asia and Indonesia." Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial 7, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v7i1.97.

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In Southeast Asia, many women in radical groups have extreme views and they are ready to join Jihadist movement to support her husband's actions as Jihad fi sabilillah. In this context, experience in Southeast Asia shows the increasing involvement of women in terrorism by reason of following the husband's jihad to fight thogut regimes in the region. Meanwhile, there are a large number of Islamic terrorist organizations involving active women throughout the Southeast Asian region, from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore to the Philippines. In this regard, the emergence of ISIS has strengthened and institutionalized acts of terror and violence by Southeast Asian women following the ISIS declaration to establish a regional khilafah (Caliphate).
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49

Herdi Sahrasad, Dedy Tabrani, Muhammad Ridwan, and Al Chaidar. "Women and Terrorism: A Sketch on Women and Transnational Terrorism in Southeast Asia and Indonesia." Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial 9, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v9i1.97.

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In Southeast Asia, many women in radical groups have extreme views and they are ready to join Jihadist movement to support her husband's actions as Jihad fi sabilillah. In this context, experience in Southeast Asia shows the increasing involvement of women in terrorism by reason of following the husband's jihad to fight thogut regimes in the region. Meanwhile, there are a large number of Islamic terrorist organizations involving active women throughout the Southeast Asian region, from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore to the Philippines. In this regard, the emergence of ISIS has strengthened and institutionalized acts of terror and violence by Southeast Asian women following the ISIS declaration to establish a regional khilafah (Caliphate).
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50

Felipe-Dimog, Eva Belingon, Chia-Hung Yu, Chung-Han Ho, and Fu-Wen Liang. "Factors Influencing the Compliance of Pregnant Women with Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation in the Philippines: 2017 Philippine Demographic and Health Survey Analysis." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 3060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093060.

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Anemia in pregnancy, which is a public health concern for most developing countries, is predominantly caused by iron deficiency. At least, 180 days of iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation is recommended for pregnant women to mitigate anemia and its adverse effects. This study aimed to examine compliance with the recommendation of IFA supplementation and its underlying factors using the 2017 Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey data. The variables assessed included age, highest level of education, occupation, wealth index, ethnicity, religion, residence, number of pregnancies, time of first antenatal care (ANC) visit and number of ANC visits. Compliance with the recommendation of at least 180 days of IFA supplementation was the outcome variable. The study assessed 7983 women aged 15–49 years with a history of pregnancy. Of these participants, 25.8% complied with the IFA supplementation recommendation. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that pregnant women of Islamic faith and non-Indigenous Muslim ethnicity were less likely to comply with the IFA supplementation recommendation. Being aged between 25 and 34 years, having better education and higher wealth status, rural residency, initiating ANC visits during the first trimester of pregnancy and having at least four ANC visits positively influenced compliance with IFA supplementation. The effect of residence on IFA adherence differed across the wealth classes. Strategies targeted at specific groups, such as religious minorities, poor urban residents, the less educated and young women, should be strengthened to encourage early and regular antenatal care visits for improving compliance.
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