Journal articles on the topic 'Women in development – Turkey – 20th century'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Women in development – Turkey – 20th century.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Women in development – Turkey – 20th century.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Krugliak, M. "Trafficking in women in the late 19th – early 20th century (on the example of Sub-Russian Ukraine)." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 3(51) (December 8, 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2021.3(51).246410.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers trafficking in women in the late nineteenth – early twentieth century as a problem of international scale. The author identifies the Russian Empire and Sub-Russian Ukraine in particular as one of the world's supply centers, the so-called “living goods”, mainly to Turkey and the Americas (the USA, Argentina, Brazil). The existence of an extensive system for organizing the recruitment of girls, in particular the institute of agents engaged in the search for “white slaves” are analyzed, the examples of methods they used (from press announcements and offers of high-paying jobs to fictitious marriages with fake passports) are given, the passive role of the state in preventing human trafficking is demonstrated (the term of punishment of agents was minimal, cases were often closed in the absence of witnesses, and police received bribes from the owners of brothels). The main factors causing the spread of trafficking in women in Sub-Russian Ukraine were material. Against the background of modernization and urbanization, further development of capitalist relations, expansion of the entertainment industry, officially legalized prostitution, the institution of family and marriage is being transformed, which also affected the growth of international trafficking in women in the early twentieth century. The world community began an active fight against trafficking in women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, holding international congresses in London and Frankfurt am Main. However, the active fight against human trafficking was hampered by imperfect legislation in most countries and sometimes by the lack of laws under which organizers of trafficking in women could be prosecuted. The active work of the Russian Society for the Protection of Women in the early twentieth century, in particular its Odessa branch, led to the development and implementation of the relevant law and the holding of the All-Russian Congress in the fight against trafficking in women.
2
Safarian, Alexander. "On the History of Turkish Feminism." Iran and the Caucasus 11, no. 1 (2007): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338407x224978.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe paper deals with the several aspects of the history of Feminism in the Ottoman Empire. It elucidates the early stages of the formation of the Feministic ideas and tendencies in the Turkish society at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to the social-political activities and the role of the Turkish women writers Halide Edib, Arife Hanım, and others. The author discusses inter alia the impact of the Armenian intellectual milieu and, especially, that of the Turkish Armenian women's literature on the inception and development of the Feministic literature in Turkey.
3
Polat, H. I. "A Classification Study on the Development Stages of Construction Technologies in Turkey." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 5 (October 19, 2017): 1909–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1606.
Full textAbstract:
Developmental stages of construction technologies in Turkey followed various methods and showed differences in practice up to 20th century when the first examples of early-period reinforced concrete structures was created. Following the late 18th century, when traditional construction techniques were applied to new masses and building types, the use of modern bricks in vertical carrier elements together with the means of the 19th century was followed by an increase in masonry construction types of building structures. The paper emphasizes in the effects of traditional construction techniques applied with brick, steel, concrete materials on construction technology in Turkey. Traditional construction techniques are classified and detailed evaluations are made on the design principles of the buildings with historical characteristics.
4
BUJA, Elena. "On the changing occupational roles of women in 20th century Korean society." Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series IV: Philology and Cultural Studies 14 (63), no. 1 (November 2021): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2021.63.14.1.4.
Full textAbstract:
The events that occurred in the Korean peninsula in the past 100 years, such as the conversion of Koreans to Christianity, which appealed to many women especially due to the fact that “it advocated human rights, social equality, and other democratic principles” (De Mente 2017, 661), the Japanese colonization of the country (1910-1945), which granted the Korean women the right to institutional education, and the rapid growth of industry starting with the early 1960s, a phenomenon that enabled young girls to work outside their houses as soon as they graduated from high school or college were important factors in the social emancipation of Korean women. This emancipation brought with it a change in the ‘jobs’ or ‘occupations’ women had, from more traditional ones, like jungmae (matchmakers), haenyeo (sea divers), to more modern ones, such as factory workers, university professors or office employees. The current paper aims to bring to the fore these changes by making use of primary data gathered from various novels authored by Korean and American-Korean, as well as secondary data (Statistics Korea), and to show that these changes are part and parcel of women’s liberation movement. The theoretical framework employed is content analysis (Baker 1994, Cohen et al. 2018), according to which the fragments excerpted from the novels will be categorized in terms of the occupational themes. The findings of the analysis will show that despite the fact that for a long period of time Korean women were enslaved, being confined in their parents’ or in-laws’ homes, their aspirations for better jobs, mainly held by men, were fulfilled only when they achieved a certain degree of social freedom.
5
Özkan, Hande. "REMEMBERING ZINGAL: STATE, CITIZENS, AND FORESTS IN TURKEY." International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 3 (August 2018): 493–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818000831.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article analyzes Turkish forestry as a site of nation building. To understand the ways in which forestry shaped ideas of the state and citizenship, I explore the history and memories of the forestry enterprise, Zingal, from the early 20th century to the present. I argue that the conflicting narratives around Zingal in archives and memory are symptoms of the contradictions inherent to nationalist modernity. I also reveal the continuation of similar contradictions in the 21st century by showing how citizens’ discourse of resentment over deindustrialization can coexist with their objection to a potential nuclear industry.
6
van der Eng, Pierre, and Kitae Sohn. "The Biological Standard of Living in China during the 20th Century." China Quarterly 241 (May 22, 2019): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741019000432.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article uses the mean age at menarche of women in China as an indicator of changes in the standard of living during the 20th century. It discusses the difficulties of using this indicator. It finds that the mean age of menarche stagnated at 16 to 17 years for women born during the period between the 1880s and 1930s. The age at menarche decreased in some urban areas, indicating improving living standards in, for example, Beijing and Shanghai. The mean age at menarche increased for 1940s’ birth cohorts, in relation not only to the warfare of the 1940s but also the famine of 1959–1962. The mean age at menarche decreased in a sustained way for women born during the 1950s to early 2000s. The decrease is associated with increasing educational attainment since the 1940s and also improvements in nutrition, hygiene and healthcare.
7
Özaydin, Zuhal. "Upper Social Strata Women in Nursing in Turkey." Nursing History Review 14, no. 1 (September 2006): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.14.161.
Full textAbstract:
The development of nursing education in Turkey was influenced by the twentieth-century political changes that encouraged the involvement of women in social life in Turkey. This study examines this development, beginning in the early twentieth century, including the role of relations between nurses in Turkey and the United States in advancing nursing education. The work is based on Ottoman archival sources, publications of the Ottoman-Turkish Red Crescent, and research on the history of nursing education in Turkey. The names of the institutions mentioned in documents and published works are in English, with the original Turkish names in parentheses. The dates in the Ottoman calendar (reckoned from the Hegira, Muslim era) and Roman calendar (adapted from the Gregorian calendar) that were used by Ottoman officials in their correspondence have been converted to the Western Christian calendar. English translations of Turkish references are in parentheses.
8
Nikpour, Golnar. "From Fallen Women to Citizen Mothers: Gendered Carcerality in Pahlavi Iran." International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (February 2022): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743822000083.
Full textAbstract:
Modern carcerality in Iran, with its attendant systems of surveillance, policing, and mass imprisonment, was a gendered project from the outset. In turn, the new modern prisons of the Pahlavi era (1925–79) provoked gendered anxieties about seemingly rising rates of female and child criminality, the deteriorating family unit, and the inherent sin and vice of life in a modern city. In general, it is difficult to overstate the wholesale changes that the modern carceral system has brought to Iran. The establishment of modern prisons, an effort begun in the first decades of the 20th century, has led to an enduring transformation in social worlds for Iranians of all genders. For much of Iran's pre-20th-century history, forced confinement of any kind was a relative rarity, legal practices and norms were diffuse and diverse, and long periods of incarceration were virtually nonexistent. The conceit of prisoner reform central to the modern penitentiary model—wherein centralized modern governments imagine prisons as rehabilitative spaces in which socially undesirable “criminals” can be reformed into good “citizens”— is nowhere found in the archive of Iran's pre-20th-century punishments.
9
Zheveleva, Aleksandra V., and Aleksandra D. Perednya. "Nuri Şeker: The “Second” Sugar King of Turkey." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 3 (2021): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.303.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the life and work of one of the first Turkish entrepreneurs of the Republican period — Mollazade Nuri Şeker. The source base of the research was made up of biographical and autobiographical materials published in a collective monograph by Turkish researchers dedicated to the development of entrepreneurship and labor movement in Turkey in the first half of the 20th century. Nuri Şeker’s main field of activity was the production of sugar — a product that the country experienced a shortage of during the Ottoman period. At the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries, sugar was the main import of Ottoman Turkey. At the same period of time, the first attempts to solve this problem were made. However, a series of wars in the second decade of the 20th century prevented this. During the national liberation struggle the shortage of this product began to be felt especially acutely. After the proclamation of the Republic, the issue of developing its own sugar production was decided at the state level. Nuri Şeker was a pioneer in this area. He managed to establish sugar production from scratch: from the cultivation of sugar beets, which were not produced in Turkey at that time, to the crystallization of sugar and he was able to fulfill a dream that had haunted him since childhood. However, despite unconditional success in his entrepreneurial activity, Nuri Şeker could not surpass his only competitor at that time — Şakir-bey (the creator of the sugar factory in Alpullu) who enjoyed the full support of the government. In addition to Nuri Şeker’s professional activities, the article also discusses his personal qualities that aided him in achieving success.
10
Pohlman, Annie. "WOMEN AND NATIONALISM IN INDONESIA." Historia: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah 12, no. 1 (July 23, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/historia.v12i1.12114.
Full textAbstract:
Indonesia was established 65 years ago, but the progress of Indonesian nasionalism had not yet done when the independence was proclaimed. The nationalism movement in Indonesia has been growing since the early of the 20th century until today because nationalism is not static but it always changing. In the nationalism development process, women always play the basic and important role. However, in many academic discourses discussing the nationalism history, women are neglected most of the time. Women participation in the nationalism movement is rarely discussed. The gender relation and its association with the development of Indonesia development are also neglected most of the time. Therefore, women role in the nationalism movement and the women interest tend to be removed. However, women always play the central role in the nationalism movement, such as in the beginning of the 20th century, during the colonialism government and Japanese era, the Revolution era against the Dutch, and the regime of Soekarno and Soeharto era. In this article, I will focus my discussion on the women movement development since the 1920s and their role in the Reformation movement and Indonesia nationalism. This article will discuss: (1) the first discussion starts with the summary of the women movement and nationalist movement background in the twentieth century; (2) the second discussion is about the development of women movement in the Reformation era; and (3) finally, I will explore some issues that affect the discussion of the women and nationalism in the Reformation Era – the Indonesian nationalism developed by the Government utilizing the women’s body and sexuality for achieving their goal is the central issue in the discussion about the form of Indonesia nationality.
11
Makaradze, Emzar. "Issues of Democratization and Intercultural Dialogue in Turkey of 21st Century." Balkanistic Forum 29, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i3.4.
Full textAbstract:
There can be no peace without democratization and intercultural dialogue, which due to their importance lead to the ultimate result of what is called the union of civilizations among nations. In this regard, it is interesting to consider the issues of democratization and intercultural dialogue in Turkey in 21st century.In order to reach a high level of democratic development, any state needs a strong society and political will. At the beginning of the 20th century, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938), the founder of the Turkish Republic, took the course of state development of the country to the West and declared the path of Europeanization as the main principle of unchanging domestic and foreign policy.The current events in Turkey in the first decade of 21st century have shown that the country is developing as a strong state. So, it is interesting to observe how the Republican Turkey will continue to pursue democratic and European values and to support the state rule of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.For Turkey and its leader, Islam is a tool that helps to stabilize the political system and transform Turkey into a traditional, conservative society with fewer opportunities to generate protests related to social, ethnic and other civil rights.The coming decades will show whether the country with a Muslim culture will be able to adapt to a democratic Western civilization and what the consequences will be.
12
Domosh, Mona. "The ‘Women of New York’: A Fashionable Moral Geography." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 19, no. 5 (October 2001): 573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d255.
Full textAbstract:
The landscape of mid-19–century New York City was marked by pockets of consumer and leisure spaces. I argue that many of the fears and anxieties generated by this visual efflorescence of consumption focused on what became a socially constructed ‘type’: the New York Woman. The association of moral outrage at the dangers of consumption with spaces inhabited by the New York Woman created what I have called a fashionable moral geography. I suggest that this moral coding of the 19th-century city reverberates in contemporary discussion of late 20th-century cities.
13
Vagabova, Tamilla. "Formation of the Theory of Education and Development of Scientific Knowledge in Azerbaijan in the Second Half of the 19th Century and Beginning of the 20th Century." Man and Education, no. 3 (72) (2022): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.54884/s181570410023270-2.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the process of formation of the theory of education and development of scientific knowledge in Azerbaijan in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The contribution of the Azerbaijani intelligentsia, educators to the development of the new content of the theory of education, the formation of new theoretical ideas is analyzed. The role of Azerbaijani scientists-enlighteners is considered, as well as the influence of Azerbaijani culture on the formation of new democratic trends in the theory of upbringing and education. Various ideological directions are presented that influenced the development of the theory of education and the development of scientific knowledge in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. One of the significant issues of the era of the national revival of Azerbaijan is raised - the issue of women's education. It is concluded that the upbringing of national self-consciousness and patriotism was one of the main tasks solved by the bearers of new ideas in the field of education and upbringing in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
14
Jevtic, Miroljub. "How nations of former Yugoslavia look on modern Turkey." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 141 (2012): 551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1241551j.
Full textAbstract:
The states that were created after the breakup of former Yugoslavia in the last decade of the 20th century had long been either part of the Ottoman Empire or in conflict with it. It is all reflected in their relationship with today?s Turkey, the successor of the Ottoman Empire. The author shows how the newly independent states look on Turkey today. Special attention was dedicated to the causes of different views on Turkey. In author?s opinion, it is the basis for mutual understanding and the development of good relations among Balkan States and in the European Region and it is also the condition for peace and stability in Europe (and in the Mediterranean).
15
Suzuki Him, Miki. "A Comparative Analysis of Familialist Modernisation and Gender Inequality: Turkey and Japan." Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Womens Studies 20, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33831/jws.v20i1.54.
Full textAbstract:
Turkey and Japan are among the lowest-ranked countries in various gender gap indexes despite their economic achievement. To understand the phenomena, this study explores a question how the experiences of Turkey and Japan converge and diverge in the early struggles for modernisation and a new gender order through an interpretive comparative historical analysis. This study shows that notwithstanding geographical distance, cultural variances and different courses of industrialisation, Turkey and Japan have a number of common historical backgrounds which makes a comparative study interesting. Both countries played a leading role in its region in terms of modernisation, industrialisation and women’s emancipation between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Yet in both countries women were emancipated but unliberated; they gained civil rights but their empowerment was controlled judicially and ideologically. The two countries also share a socio-demographically similar experience of “semicompressed modernity” which made them opt for familialism as a welfare model today. This familialism is both part of their neoliberalisation programme of social policy and their self-Orientalist response to global capitalist economy. This study argues that it is questionable if familialism secures the family. It is also questionable if women’s labour force participation in flexible employment contributes gender equality. Apart from the similarities in state policies, Turkey’s experience diverts from that of Japan. One of the most significant variances is that more women in Turkey tend to postpone labour force participation rather than childbirth while it is the opposite in case of Japan. In face of neoliberalising global economy, both Turkey and Japan have carried out drastic reforms since the 1980s yet again without liberating women.
16
Bhat, Rouf, and Mohd Wani. "Development of women’s movement in India: A historical perspective." Temida 25, no. 1 (2022): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem2201093b.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to look at the antecedents of the Indian women?s movement and the achievements before and after independence. The status of women has been a central concern of many reform movements in India. Prior to India?s independence, the organizations and groups that addressed social issues and sought change for women were closely associated with the independence movement. The women?s movement during the 19th century in India emanated from the broader social reforms movement. Consequently, the 20th century freedom movement and women?s rights movement in the post-1970s has brought to the fore a wide range of women?s concerns. The subsequent events like the constitutional promise of gender equality, Towards Equality Report prepared by the Committee on the Status of Women in 1974 have surely promoted women?s concern to some extent. All these achievements were the result of women?s movement groups that worked for the promotion of women?s rights and equality. In the above-stated context, this paper also analysis the issues of women?s justice and equality taken up by women?s groups in pre and post-independent India.
17
Craske, Nikki. "Ambiguities and Ambivalences in Making the Nation: Women and Politics in 20th-Century Mexico." Feminist Review 79, no. 1 (March 2005): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400205.
Full textAbstract:
By comparing two time periods, the early and late 20th century, this article examines the ambiguities and ambivalences in the state promotion of women in the nation-building projects of Mexico. I argue that in both cases, the state was keen to promote itself as modern and progressive and used women's status in society to these ends. Despite the explicit focus on women, there were many ambiguities and ambivalences resulting from the competing state projects in the political, socio-economic and cultural arenas offering women both privileged spaces and constraints in the development of gendered citizenship. The contradictions arise from simultaneously promoting women's rights, extolling traditional gender roles and fearing women's political activism – both conservative and more radical. Although these ambivalences and ambiguities remain a constant feature, there is a key difference in the two time periods: in one the regime is inward looking, economically protectionist and corporatist, while in the other a new vision of Mexico has attempted to dismantle the corporatist structures and state development project with private economic initiatives and political individualism. In both periods, women gained important rights but romanticized imagery of the self-sacrificing mother was mobilized to underpin change: women were expected both to change and remain the same.
18
Landaeta Sepúlveda, Romané V. "Women and science: Reflections on female access to university studies in Chile in the 20th century." Culture & History Digital Journal 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.003.
Full textAbstract:
This text examines the different stages of women’s access to higher education in Chile throughout the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It inquires into the reflections that emerged on the need to educate women in Latin America, examines the scientific development of women in Chilean universities and It investigates the debates that emerged in the Chilean society regarding to the entry of women in the University. The paper also makes a reflexion about the problems that women had to face they made the decision to enter in the university.
19
Li, Jinfeng. "The changing discursive construction of women in Chinese popular discourse since the twentieth century." Cultural China in Discursive Transformation 21, no. 2 (July 5, 2011): 238–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.21.2.05li.
Full textAbstract:
This paper, through discourse analysis based on discursive social constructionism and ideological analysis inspired by Althusser, explores the changing discursive construction of women in Chinese popular discourse since 20th century. It identifies three related, overlapping, recurring yet distinct kinds of discourses by which women are represented or inteperllated in three different historical periods: (1) awareness and individualization discourse culturally constructed in the Chinese enlightenment period at the beginning of 20th century; (2) desexualized or masculinized discourse politically constructed from the foundation of China to the end of the “Cultural Revolution”; (3) consumerist and ideal discourse economically constructed since the Chinese economic reform. The paper aims to discuss and disclose what each of these discourses reveals or obscures from sight, especially, by examining the underlying and often unconscious assumptions about women that shape gender or reality so as to increase the self-reflexivity of women.
20
Savage, Elizabeth. "The Lonely Woman Icon, Niedecker, and Mid-20th-Century Advertising." Humanities 11, no. 5 (September 13, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h11050118.
Full textAbstract:
Popular advertising of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s depicting single women presents an especially useful reference point for Lorine Niedecker’s poems. Attendant to the development of romantic and social promises extended by these ads is the woeful character of the lonely and excluded woman. Notably, the danger of becoming a social outcast is not securely tied to an age demographic; although romantic intimacy promising or concluding in marriage stands as the primary goal of all purchasing conduct, the time of vulnerability to rejection is surprisingly extended—from early adolescence when social reputation is established to prime matrimonial age and reaching into years after marriage. A woman’s relationships with friends, suitors, and even children remain threatened by supposed lapses in self-awareness that guidance found in advertising can restore. While the use of sex to sell has long been recognized as a major part of advertising history, the complementary fear (of not having sex, of sexual and social rejection, and consequent despair) underlying these strategies is usually thought about as a fairly recent (and effective) advertising method. In ways that expose the images of women under construction in the social mindset, Niedecker’s poems call upon advertising’s thumbnail images and characters to inspect the rigid public attitude advertising was cultivating, an attitude male critics perpetuated in constructing American literary history.
21
Amzi-Erdogdular, Leyla. "Ottomania: Televised Histories and Otherness Revisited." Nationalities Papers 47, no. 5 (September 2019): 879–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.83.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article discusses the ways in which the spread and the overwhelming popularity of Turkish television series in Southeastern Europe influence the change in perception of Turks and Turkey, as well as how the serials are transforming the image of the Balkans and the Ottoman legacy in Turkey. Television serials significantly contributed to the shifting popular image of the “other,” and initiated interactions unimaginable even a decade ago. These exchanges are both following and encouraging the breakdown of geohistorical boundaries that were set by the nationalist narratives in these regions at the turn of the 20th century, toward a more nuanced understanding of a shared past and a postnational future.
22
Motuz, Valeria. "The history of the transformation of women of Naddnipryansk Ukraine from an object into a subject of the political process: from idea to practical implementation." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 28-29 (2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-99-108.
Full textAbstract:
The article substantiates the theoretical and practical foundations of the development of the women’s movement in Naddnipryan Ukraine in the conditions of active politicization of society in the late 19th – early 20th century. When the object of the study is the increase by women from Naddnipryanskaya Ukraine of their social status in society, and the subject is their transformation from an object into a subject of political activity. This process is revealed from the standpoint of the influence of the politicization of Ukrainian society in the late 19th – early 20th century on the movement of socially active women in Nadnipryansk Ukraine towards achieving the modernization of the system of power and management from the point of view of gender equality and is presented as a transitional stage to this.
23
Cooper, Barbara M. "Gender, Movement, and History: Social and Spatial Transformations in 20th Century Maradi, Niger." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15, no. 2 (April 1997): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d150195.
Full textAbstract:
Analyses of gender and space have been brought short by our awareness of the sterility of the familiar public-private binary, our difficulty gaining purchase upon local spatial practices through feminist abstractions insisting upon the importance of global ‘location’, and our growing realization that women are often implicated in the very gender ideologies that constrain them. In this paper, focusing upon historical changes in Muslim women's access to and occupation of different kinds of space in the Sahelian city of Maradi, Niger, the author shifts attention away from the spaces themselves and towards women's active movement through and transformation of the spaces of the body, the home, and the city. Women define themselves, their social status, and their economic possibilities by acquiring and transforming what the author calls ‘internal spaces’ and by entering into previously inaccessible ‘external spaces’. More concretely, they locate themselves socially and economically through the decoration of their rooms in their marital homes, through the acquisition of urban property, and through the adoption of veiling. By renegotiating their spatial position women reconfigure their economic and social options. In so doing they subtly and unconsciously alter the character of the urban terrain, the nature of local marriage, and the configuration of local gender relations. Women's attempts to reposition themselves have had complex and contradictory implications. They nevertheless make clear that gender analyses fixing upon reified spaces or scales are inadequate and that common Western assumptions about Muslim women's experience of internal spaces and veiling need to be rethought.
24
Tovsultanova, Malika Sharipovna, Rustam Alhazurovich Tovsultanov, and Lilia Nadipovna Galimova. "Army and Islamic parties in the political life of Turkey in the second half of the 20th century." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021102211.
Full textAbstract:
The paper examines the confrontation between the army, which supported the inviolability of the principles of a secular state, and the supporters of the Islamic way of development. The authors provide a short course on the history of the military coups of 1960, 1971 and 1980. Based on the analysis of actions and public statements of the event participants themselves, researchers come to a conclusion that the fight against clerical tendencies played a role in the preparation of military coups no less than the fight against left radicals. The 1970s in the history of Turkey is an extremely unstable political period when weak coalition governments were in power. Aggravated by the end of the 1970s party contradictions gave the military a pretext for another coup, which led to the fall of the Second and the formation of the Third Republic in the political history of Turkey. By the end of the 20th century Islamic proponents, having accumulated vast experience of confrontation with the army elite, had developed a new political strategy, becoming the locomotive of the struggle for democratic changes, which allowed them to win elections in 1996 and then in 2002. Having finally taken power in the country, the Islamic Justice and Development Party began largescale reforms of the army, which are still ongoing.
25
Kotsiuk, Lesia, Oksana Kostiuk, Inna Kovalchuk, Viktoria Polishchuk, and Vadym Bobkov. "The Formation and Development of Women’s Secondary Education in Volyn in the 19th–the Beginning of the 20th Century." Journal of Education Culture and Society 12, no. 2 (September 25, 2021): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2021.2.227.240.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. The article aims to analyse the formation and development of women’s secondary education in Volyn in the 19th-early 20th centuries under historical, sociocultural, and religious factors. Methods. The authors describe the historical, sociocultural, and religious situation in Volyn of the late 19th-early 20th centuries and apply comparative diachronic and synchronous analyses of the charters of the educational institutions for girls, their curricula and weekly workload. Systematised pedagogical approaches to teaching and testing students of the analysed schools are used. Results and conclusion. The formation and development of women’s education in Volyn in the 19th-early 20th centuries represents a natural, consistent change in the content and structure of educational processes under certain specific historical conditions. Due to subordination changes in the region, private Orthodox boarding houses for noble girls became widespread in Volyn. Ostroh Women’s Specialised School, founded by Countess Antonina Bludova, underwent a qualitative and structural transformation under the influence of specific historical events. Both Women Count D. Bludov Specialised School and the Bratsvo School aimed to raise a certified woman who can teach children at home and other educational institutions. Analysis of the statutes of educational institutions, programmes of academic disciplines, and weekly workload indicates following the educational sequence principle. In Women Count D. Bludov Specialised School, attention was paid to general disciplines in the first years of study (arithmetics, languages, geography, general history etc.). At the last stage (4th grade), students were taught pedagogy (methodology) directly related to their future profession.
26
Avrutina, Appolinaria S., and Sabri Gürses. "Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Turkey: History of Translations." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 3 (2022): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.303.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the review of the history of translations of Fyodor Dostoevsky into Turkish. Currently, Dostoevsky is one of the most popular foreign writers in Turkey, and according to the Turkish book market, one of the most purchased authors. By decision of the Ministry of Public Education, since 2004, the works of the Russian classic have been included in the recommendatory part of the school curriculum, so it is difficult to find a person inTurkey who would not read Dostoevsky. The history of Dostoevsky’s translations into Turkish evolved in a special way: back in the late 19th - early 20th century there were none, since the Department of Russian Language and Literature in Turkey first opened in 1935, but the first translations appeared only in the 1920s and performed from French. However, subsequently the popularity of the writer grew so much that absolutely all of his works were translated into Turkish, and some even several times. Classical Russian literature had a special influence on Turkish literature of the 20th century, and Dostoevsky’s works are the most important literary basis for their own work for many Turkish writers. For example, the recently translated into Russian novel “The Idiot” by the American writer of Turkish origin Elif Batuman, who was born and raised in the United States, as well as the novel by the young prose writer Burhan Sonmez “Istanbul. Istanbul”. Despite the late appearance of Dostoevsky’s works on the Turkish book market and late acquaintance with the Turkish reader, Dostoevsky became one of the most popular and beloved Russian writers among Turks of almost all ages (which is confirmed by the publication of Dostoevsky’s works in an adapted form for children). The authors of the article analyzed the history of translations of Dostoevsky’s novels into Turkish and came to the conclusion that the appearance of a large number of translations is explained not only by the great popularity of the Russian language and culture in modern Turkey, and not only by the cinematic popularity of Dostoevsky all over the world, but also by a high reader demand for his texts, since Dostoevsky’s works meet the cultural and moral needs of modern Turkish society.
27
Korchynska, Natalia. "The Role of Gender Policy in Turkish Vet System." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 7, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2017-0024.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The article examines the evolution of gender policies in the field of vocational education in Turkey since the beginning of the 20th century up to the present. Schools for girls started to emerge in Turkey at the beginning of the republican era. Their aim was to teach students about gender roles consistent with the trend of modernization and westernization of the new Turkish state. The ideology of a modern conservative party ruling in the Republic of Turkey is based on the traditional role of women as home keepers, while the country’s legislative system undergoes changes that provide women with independency. This policy is full of contradictions, namely, changes in legislation are aimed at improving education and employment of women, while women are encouraged to remain housewives. Despite the fact that women received equal rights to education after the Law on Unification of Education was adopted in 1924, gender inequality is still an issue in modern Turkish society. There is a strong legal framework at the state level and executive authorities that provide girls and women with free access to education and promote learning. Statistical data show that the education system still has many unresolved issues concerning the learning opportunities of girls and their employment. According to recent statistics, a very small group of girls goes on to secondary education in the Republic of Turkey. In 2011, only 24% of girls completed their secondary education that is the lowest level in the countries of OESD. Amazingly low percentage of girls involved in secondary education system can be explained by two objective factors: socioeconomic status of girls′ families and gender discrimination. Vocational schools for girls are designed to resolve this issue.
28
Weiss, Max. "THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF SHIءI MODERNISM: MORALITY AND GENDER IN EARLY 20TH-CENTURY LEBANON." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 2 (May 2007): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807070092.
Full textAbstract:
In an early 1980s interview, Amira Muhammad ءAli al-Houmani, daughter of one of the 20th century's most revered Lebanese Shiءi poets, insisted that the “southern woman” (al-marʿa al-janūbiyya) had always been a “partner” to the southern Lebanese man, both “in the house and in the field.” She explained how Lebanese women both in and from the south have historically played important domestic as well as productive economic roles spanning both the private and the public. Beyond casual nods toward their political and economic participation, however, disputes about and including Shiءi women in Lebanon and, more broadly put, discussions of and about gender, generally have been occluded from historical narratives. Considering the indisputable contemporary significance of Lebanese Shiءi communities in Jabal ءAmil (South Lebanon), the Bekaء Valley, and Beirut, it is even more remarkable that the diverse histories of gender in Shiءi Lebanon have yet to be written.
29
Booth, Marilyn. "WOMAN IN ISLAM: MEN AND THE “WOMEN'S PRESS” IN TURN-OF-THE-20TH-CENTURY EGYPT." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 2 (May 2001): 171–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380100201x.
Full textAbstract:
The first periodical in Egypt to focus on women as both subject and audience, Al-Fatat (The Young Woman, 1892), heralded the founding by women of many periodicals for women in Egypt. The women's press emerged in a time of intense public debate concerning putative intersections of systemic gender relations and gender ideology with anti-imperialist nationalism: what would constitute “national” strength sufficient to assert, or force, an independent existence based on claims to autonomous nation-state status?1Women writing in the women's press, as well as in the mainstream—or “malestream”—press, shaped the debate over how gender did and should inflect social organization and institutional change.2 Equally, male intellectuals and politicians participated in a rhetoric of persuasion, edification, and ambition. When women and men wrote treatises on what was called the “woman question” (qadi¯yat al-mar[ham]a), articles in the women's press challenged, debated, and refined the points of these treatises. Writers approached that fraught “question” from another direction, too, establishing a thriving industry of conduct literature that fed on translations of European works as well as original works by Egyptian and other Arab writers. Books on how to behave as a proper father, a good mother, a fine son or daughter, or a responsible schoolgoer went through numerous printings for a reading public prepared by various rhetorics of nationalism, theology, and reform to bring this debate into everyday life by following the guides for behavior that such literature—including essays in the women's press—supplied.3
30
Bell, Catherine. "Worshiping the Ancestors: Chinese Commemorative Portraits. By Jan Stuart and Evelyn S. Rawski. [Washington, DC and Stanford, CA: Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in association with Stanford University Press, 2001. 216pp. $75.00. ISBN 08047 4262 6.]." China Quarterly 173 (March 2003): 214–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000944390343012x.
Full textAbstract:
This lovely book accompanies a show of ancestor portraits from the mid-15th to the 20th century held at the Smithsonian's Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in 2001. The Sackler's recently acquired collection, supplemented for the show with contributions from the Freer Gallery and private collections, consists of 85 paintings depicting mostly noble and upper-class men and women, probably sold by families caught in the disruptions of the late Qing.
31
Chapanov, Akhmed K. "AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN RESEARCHERS OF THE 19TH – 20TH CENTURIES. THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY AND ARCHIVES OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE." History and Archives, no. 1 (2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2021-1-105-120.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the role of Austrian and Hungarian researchers of the 19th – 20th centuries in studying the history of the Ottoman Empire. It is noted that the earliest publications of the Ottoman documents were made in the first half of the 19th century. The orientalists J. von Hammer-Purgstall, A. Geway and A. Vambery made a significant contribution to the search for and use of archival documents during this period. In the first half of the 20th century, the Turkish scientists, with the active assistance of several European Orientalists, such as I. Karachon, P. Wittek and L.Fekete, began to reveal the contents of some Ottoman archives and systematize the documents. As a result of the activities of these researchers, a new stage was set in the study of the Ottoman history, diplomacy, and paleography, as well as in the development of archives administration in Turkey. The author concludes that the publication of the Ottoman documents, which contain valuable information about the socio-economic and political life of all the peoples of the Empire, contributed to the further scientific interest and analysis of the Ottoman documents. The studies conducted by the AustroHungarian scientists revealed that the archives of Turkey contain a large number of valuable materials that are important for studies in the history of the Turkish people and the peoples of the Arab countries, the Balkans, Iran, the Caucasus and all the countries that were under the Ottoman rule.
32
SHANGARAEV, RUSLAN, and NIKITA POSPELOV. "RUSSIA AND TURKEY: HISTORICAL FEATURES OF INTERACTION AND PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION." History and Modern Perspectives 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2021-3-4-80-85.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the article is to examine the history of bilateral relations until the beginning of the 21st century, thanks to the available information and based on an analysis of the actions of Moscow and Ankara, to assess the prospects for the transition to Russian-Turkish relations in the next few years. The modern world order, which arose at the end of the 20th century due to the collapse of the Yalta-Potsdam system and called «polycentricity», is an urgent problem in the scientific community (i.e, among analysts, scientists and experts). The foreign policy of this or that country has a significant impact on the development of geopolitical processes. As you know, Russia and Turkey play a key role in the international arena. This is evidenced by the holding of meetings of the Presidents and Foreign Ministers to resolve the conflict in Syria, the achievement of mutual understanding by Moscow and Ankara through the implementation of joint energy projects, the participation of the two countries in ensuring security in Central Asia and the Caucasus. At the same time, the prospects for Russian-Turkish cooperation are in the focus of attention of orientalists and Turkologists, and the presence of numerous publications makes it possible to determine their points of view on this issue.
33
Veisbergs, Andrejs. "The Latvian Translation Scene at the Beginning of the 20th Century." Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture 11 (2021): 138–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/bjellc.11.2021.09.
Full textAbstract:
The first decade of the 20th century was a period of huge advances and expansion in the Latvian translation scene. New, contemporary authors’ works became available to Latvian readers. The Latvian readership was consciously being integrated into general European literary trends. It was also a heyday of periodicals that published numerous translations, including numerous novels. There are countless parallel translations even reaching double digits. Translations included various genres and the traditional Latvian interest in plays was obvious. German was gradually losing its dominant positions as both a source and intermediate language, Russian was advancing. This period also saw a change of generations among translators, and with the new generation women became visible in translation scene. Practically all Latvian writers were also active translators. The translation method changed from localisation to a fidelity mode with a tendency towards foreignisation. Frequently translations now had prefaces and explanations by the translators. Translated literature now ranged from serious classical works to modern ones and from pulp literature to high quality creations. The quality of translations was also very varied. The expansion of translation and the cultivation of new domains went hand in hand with the development of the Latvian language itself.
34
Mitsyuk, Natalia A., and Anna V. Belova. "Midwifery as the first official profession of women in Russia, 18th to early 20th centuries." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-2-270-285.
Full textAbstract:
The authors study the institutionalization of midwife specialization among women in Russia in the period from the 18th through the early 20th centuries. The main sources are legislative acts, clerical documents, as well as reports on the activities of medical institutions and maternity departments. The authors use the approaches of gender history, and the concept of professionalization as developed by E. Freidson. Midwifery was the first area of womens work that was officially recognized by the state. There were three main stages on the way to professionalizing the midwifery profession among women. The first stage (covering the 18th century) is associated with attempts to study and systematize the activities of midwives. The practical experience of midwifes was actively sought by doctors whose theoretical knowledge was limited. The second stage of professionalization (corresponding to the first half of the 19th century) was associated with the normative regulation of midwife work and the formation of a professional hierarchy in midwifery. The third stage (comprising the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century) saw a restriction of the midwives spheres of activity, as well as the active inclusion of male doctors in practical obstetrics and their rise to a dominant position. With the development of obstetric specialization, operative obstetrics, and the opening of maternity wards, midwives were relegated to a subordinate position in relation to doctors. In contrast to the United States and Western European countries, Russia did not have professional associations of midwives. Intra-professional communication was weak, and there was no corporate solidarity. In Soviet medicine, finally, the midwives subordinate place in relation to doctors was only cemented.
35
Kim, Eun Mee, and Jae Eun Lee. "Gender Empowerment in South Korean Development: Lessons for Foreign Aid." International Studies Review 12, no. 1 (October 15, 2011): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01201003.
Full textAbstract:
Souch Korea's rapid economic development in the 20th century had in its core women's employment in labor-intensive, export industries. This paper examines South Korea's economic development through the lens of women's employment and gender empowerment. Although women's empowerment was not part of a goal of South Korea's development, large mobilization of women in the exporting light manufacturing sector eventually led to women's empowerment. Using OECD/DAC's guidelines on gender mainstreaming and gender equality, the paper examines how the Souch Korean experience can provide an alternative to women's empowerment in developing countries. We conclude that there has to be greater sensitivity to address gender-related issues including gender-mainstreaming and gender-sensitive budgets in order to help women attain economic as well as political empowerment in development cooperation.
36
Ivanović-Vojvodić, Jelena, and Milena Zindović. "Women in architecture in Serbia." Tehnika 75, no. 4 (2020): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2003379i.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents women's work in architecture in Serbia since the beginning of the 20th century, until today. First part of the article is dedicated to the historical review of some of the important women architects and their work and accomplishments, based on the data gathered through the project Women in Architecture, which explores this topic since 2013. The second part of the article is a review of contemporary women's architectural production, since 1990. until today. Considering the large number of active women architects and their production, the valorization of the authors and work is based primarily on important professional awards received by women architects in the last 30 years. This review showcases the development of architecture in Serbia, as well as the important, although often neglected in academic circles, women's contribution and creativity in this field.
37
Seo, Kyung Wook, and Seong-Lyong Ryoo. "Social Hierarchy Materialized: Korean Vernacular Houses as a Medium to Transfer Confucian Ideology." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 26, 2020): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030902.
Full textAbstract:
Buildings reveal the social values of a society through their forms and configuration. During the Choseon dynasty, Confucianism was the national ideology and basis for governing principles. Consequently, houses for the ruling class were built to conform to the principle of separating domains for men, women, servants, and ancestors. This hierarchical social system persisted for hundreds of years, but from the 19th century, various social movements gradually delegitimized many inequalities between sexes and classes. Mysteriously, even after this series of radical political and social changes, vernacular houses still adhered to the same hierarchical spatial order until the mid-20th century. This paper analyzes the houses built from the 15th century to the mid-20th century to show how Confucian principles were translated into the design to control social interactions. The paper concludes with a discussion of how Confucianism has been passed on through the medium of housing until today and how they have influenced people’s perception of different gender roles in contemporary Korean society.
38
Thomas, Katarzyna. "Various Aspects of the Charitable Activity of Jews in Drohobych in the Early 20th Century." Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 18 (2021): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.20.002.13870.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes the charitable activities of Jews in Drohobych during the Habsburg monarchy and at the beginning of the Polish state. The associations described, run mainly by women, worked mainly for the benefit of Jewish orphans and children of impoverished families. The significant presence of Jews among the owners of oil companies largely contributed to the development of charity activities in the form of institutions meeting the needs of specific social groups.
39
Berg, Venla, and Anna Rotkirch. "Faster Transition to the Second Child in late 20th Century Finland: A Study of Birth Intervals." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 49 (December 31, 2014): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.48424.
Full textAbstract:
Birth intervals are known to influence child and parental health and wellbeing, yet studies on the recent development of birth intervals in contemporary developed societies are scarce. We used individual-level representative register data from Finland (N=26,120; 54% women) to study the first interbirth interval of singleton births in cohorts born in 1955, 1960, 1965, 1970, and 1975. In women, the average interbirth interval has shortened by 7.8 months and in men by 6.2 months between the cohorts of 1955 and 1975. A higher age at first birth was associated with shorter birth intervals (in women, b = -1.68, p<.001; in men, b = -1.77, p<.001 months per year). Educational level moderated the effect of age at first on the first birth interval in both sexes. Due to rising ages at first birth in developed societies and the manifold ramifications of shorter birth intervals, this topic deserves more scholarly attention and studies from other countries.
40
DZHUMAGULOVA, A. T. "NOGAY DIASPORA IN THE TURKISH REPUBLIC (FORMATION HISTORY AND PRESENT STATE)." Kavkazologiya, no. 2 (2021): 40–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2021-2-40-60.
Full textAbstract:
The article highlights a little-studied problem – the history of the formation and current situation of the nogai diaspora in the republic of Turkey, which arose as a result of the migration waves of nogai societies from the territories of the North Caucasus and the Northern Black Sea region from the end of the XVIII century to the beginning of the XX century. The relevance of the study is due to the complexity and inconsistency of the topic of russian-turkish relations and their influence on the causes and nature of the migrations of the nogai to the territory of the Ottoman empire, which laid the foundation for the formation of the foreign nogai diaspora. The relevance of this study also lies in the absence of generalizing publications on this topic. The article presents the periodization of the nogai exodus to the Ottoman empire, which makes it possible to build a certain logical connection between the different stages of the emergence and development of the nogai diaspora in the Turkish republic. The factors that influenced the resettlement of nogai societies to Turkey in different periods are shown. Socio-economic, political and psychological reasons played a key role in this process. The processes of adaptation of nogai societies in the regions of the Ottoman empire, as well as the specifics of the settlement of nogai in Turkey and its regions in the period under review, are partially covered. The author of the article touches upon the problem of the division of the foreign nogai diaspora, in which the nogai found themselves after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, representatives of the nogai diaspora live in Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Bulgaria and Romania. Part of the turkish nogai in the middle of the XX century emigrated to Western Europe.
41
Dişli, Gülşen. "Historic Preservation in Turkey and the United States: a Cross-Cultural Comparison." Prostor 30, no. 1(63) (June 28, 2022): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31522/p.30.1(63).7.
Full textAbstract:
The research examines and compares the various roles of governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Turkey and the United States, aiming to assess how they shaped the preservation field and their potential knowledge transfer values. The study was conducted in governmental archives, official websites of related organizations and through oral communication and literature surveys related to preservation foundations, NGOs, and waqfs in both countries - with different national, historic, religious, and cultural characteristics. The parameters used as cross-cultural comparison included primary actors and main legislations in preservation both in history and at present. The research has revealed that the waqf system in Turkey has a deep-rooted historic, religious, and socio-cultural context, and differs from the preservation foundations in the USA in many respects. Yet, the foundations established in and after the 20th century in Turkey and the preservation activities of foundations in both countries also share similar motives, stimuli, and objectives to preserve both natural/cultural heritage and cross-cultural comparisons suggest that they may learn from each other by knowledge transfer.
42
Wang, Weiqiang, and Qingmin Zhou. "Freedom of Life and Self Pursuit: Discussion on the Awakening of Female Consciousness in Rose Gate." Scientific and Social Research 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/ssr.v3i3.1171.
Full textAbstract:
In the development of “new period literature,” the prominence of female family novels is a new tributary in the long river of literature development, which shows the subversion and rebellion of traditional family novels with a distinct female consciousness. The publication of Rose Gate by Tie Ning opened up a new field of female writing. Through the description of women’s life world, it shows the survival mode, life situation and survival experience of Chinese women, and shows the struggle of Chinese women’s life and the predicament of their souls in the 20th century, as well as the different salvation paths of women under these circumstances.
43
Yussupova, S. Sh. "THE DEBATE OF TURKISH THEOLOGIANS ON FEMINISM AND THE RENEWAL OF ISLAM." Bulletin of Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52512/2306-5079-2022-90-2-25-39.
Full textAbstract:
Intellectual debates about the status of women in Islam have been actively developing since the end of the 19th century, coinciding with the emergence of the first wave of feminism. However, the peak of the debate occurred in the 90s of the 20th century, when researchers from Iran, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, as well as representatives of the Muslim diaspora in the West, such as Amina Wadud, Ziba Mir-Hosseini, Asma Barlas, etc., were prominent figures defenders of Islamic feminism. Despite the fact that Islamic feminism is one of the important trends of modern world Islamic thought, this phenomenon is little known in the post-Soviet space. Modern theologians of Turkey who support Islamic feminism are published exclusively in Turkish. In this article, the author presents to the Russian-speaking reader the modern intellectual debates of the Turkish theologians Hidayet Tuksal and Ihsan Eliachik regarding anti-capitalist Islam, the status of women in Islam and the attitude to hadith. The materials for the article were collected in 2021 during several personal interviews of the author with Hidayet Tuksal and in 2019 with Ihsan Eliachik, as well as by processing speeches, video lectures, books, articles, dissertations of these theologians. Traditionally minded theologians criticize representatives of Islamic feminism for combining the incongruous, since, according to them, Western-style feminism can have nothing to do with Islam. The debate of Islamic feminism in Turkey originates from the criticism of hadith, the Quran is interpreted from the standpoint of modern human rights and the principles of democracy. According to modern interpretations, it is not necessary for a Muslim woman to cover her head with a headscarf during prayer. If, for example, in traditional Islam, a woman's testimony in court was not equal to a man's, then Islamic feminism equalizes a woman and a man in this matter. Also, the right given to women to conduct Friday prayers in a mosque as an imam, as well as, according to this interpretation of the Quran, that polygamy is not allowed in Islam, has become an actual discussed interpretation.
44
Avsheniuk, Nataliia, Olena Anishchenko, Kateryna Hodlevska, and Nataliya Seminikhyna. "Training to professional fulfillment: the history of women’s education in Ukraine (at the end 19th – early 20th centuries)." SHS Web of Conferences 142 (2022): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214201001.
Full textAbstract:
The article is focused on the findings of the research of women’s professional education in the context of their self-fulfillment opportunities in Ukraine at the end of 19th-beginning of the 20th century. The current state of research on pedagogical theory’s chosen topic is outlined. The peculiarities of training women in professional educational institutions of different profiles and levels were determined considering the socio-economic, socio-political events in Ukraine and specific purposes, tasks and functions, and foreign trends in women’s professional education. The government impact, charity and educational societies’ focus on women’s professional education in Ukraine has been analyzed. The main emphasis has been placed on the problem of special education for representatives of national minorities, deprived children, and orphans. The theoretical analysis of constructive ideas of women’s professional education experience of the late 19th – early 20th century in the new context of Ukraine’s socio-economic development is substantiated.
45
MacIvor Thompson, Lauren. "The politics of female pain: women’s citizenship, twilight sleep and the early birth control movement." Medical Humanities 45, no. 1 (September 28, 2018): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2017-011419.
Full textAbstract:
The medical intervention of ‘twilight sleep’, or the use of a scopolamine–morphine mixture to anaesthetise labouring women, caused a furore among doctors and early 20th-century feminists. Suffragists and women’s rights advocates led the Twilight Sleep Association in a quest to encourage doctors and their female patients to widely embrace the practice. Activists felt the method revolutionised the notoriously dangerous and painful childbirth process for women, touting its benefits as the key to allowing women to control their birth experience at a time when the maternal mortality rate remained high despite medical advances in obstetrics. Yet many physicians attacked the practice as dangerous for patients and their babies and antithetical to the expectations for proper womanhood and motherly duty. Historians of women’s health have rightly cited Twilight Sleep as the beginning of the medicalisation and depersonalisation of the childbirth process in the 20th century. This article instead repositions the feminist political arguments for the method as an important precursor for the rhetoric of the early birth control movement, led by Mary Ware Dennett (a former leader in the Twilight Sleep Association) and Margaret Sanger. Both Twilight Sleep and the birth control movement represent a distinct moment in the early 20th century wherein pain was deeply connected to politics and the rhetoric of equal rights. The two reformers emphasised in their publications and appeals to the public the vast social significance of reproductive pain—both physical and psychological. They contended that women’s lack of control over both pregnancy and birth represented the greatest hindrance to women’s fulfilment of their political rights and a danger to the healthy development of larger society. In their arguments for legal contraception, Dennett and Sanger placed women’s pain front and centre as the primary reason for changing a law that hindered women’s full participation in the public order.
46
Chehabi, H. E. "GENDER ANXIETIES IN THE IRANIANZŪRKHĀNAH." International Journal of Middle East Studies 51, no. 3 (June 18, 2019): 395–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743819000345.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThezūrkhānahis the traditional gymnasium of Iranian cities. Athletes exercised in a homosocial milieu that occasionally allowed for same-sex relations. Beginning in the 20th century, modern heteronormativity made such relations problematic, while gender desegregation allowed women to enter them. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, gender segregation was again imposed, while heteronormativity was maintained. In recent years, women have endeavored to make thezūrkhānahmore inclusive. This article analyzes the contradictions and paradoxes of gender relations in thezūrkhānahby using classical poetry, modern novels, anthropological accounts, autobiographies, travelogues, and press reports.
47
Zainol, Siti Zulfa Palem, and Izziah Suryani Mat Resad@Arshad. "PENGARUH HUBUNGAN DIPLOMATIK TURKI DAN JEPUN TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN ISLAM DI JEPUN[THE INFLUENCE OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONSHIP OF TURKEY AND JAPAN ON ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT IN JAPAN]." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol2iss2pp139-154.
Full textAbstract:
This paper reviews the development of diplomatic relation between the Turkish and Japanese governments in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 19th century, the diplomatic relation involved the Turkish Ottoman Empire and the kingdom of Emperor Meiji. In the 20th century, it involved the Republic Turkey government and the Japanese government. In addition, this article explores the various factors and efforts made by the two governments to contribute to the establishment of diplomatic relation between Turkey and Japan. This qualitative research used secondary resources collected from books, articles and theses. The findings reveal that diplomatic relation between Ottoman and Japanese governments had many positive impacts on the development of Islam in Japan. The fall of the Ottoman Empire did not stop this diplomatic relation. In 1924, the Turkish Republic continued diplomatic ties with Japan until 1945 but the diplomatic ties ceased as a result of the Second World War. This paper concludes that the diplomatic relation between the two governments has influenced the development of Islam in Japan through the formation of Islamic community, the construction of mosques and the translation of the Qur'an.Keywords: Diplomatic relationship, Turkey, Japan, Islamic community, Islamic developmentCite as: Palem Zainol, S.Z., & Mat Resad@Arshad, I.S. (2017). Pengaruh hubungan diplomatik Turki dan Jepun terhadap perkembangan Islam di Jepun [The influence of diplomatic relationship of Turkey and Japan on Islamic development in Japan]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(2), 139-154. AbstrakKertas kerja ini menerangkan pengaruh hubungan diplomatik antara kerajaan Turki dan kerajaan Jepun pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20. Permulaan hubungan diplomatik antara kerajaan Turki dan kerajaan Jepun berlaku melalui dua era pemerintahan. Era pertama adalah empayar Uthmaniyyah dan empayar Maharaja Meiji pada abad ke-19 dan era kedua adalah kerajaan Republik Turki dan kerajaan Jepun pada abad ke-20. Di samping itu, artikel ini menerokai kepelbagaian faktor dan usaha yang dibuat oleh kedua-dua kerajaan untuk menyumbang kepada permbentukan hubungan diplomatik antara kerajaan Turki dan Jepun. Kajian kualitatif ini menggunakan sumber sekunder yang dikumpul daripada buku-buku, artikel-artikel dan tesis-tesis. Hasil kajian ini mendedahkan bahawa perkembangan hubungan empayar Uthmaniyyah dan kerajaan Jepun mempunyai banyak kesan positif terhadap perkembangan Islam di Jepun. Kejatuhan empayar Uthmaniyyah tidak menghentikan hubungan diplomatik ini. Pada tahun 1924, kemunculan kerajaan Republik Turki tetap meneruskan hubungan diplomatik dengan Jepun sehingga tahun 1945 tetapi hubungan diplomatik ini terhenti akibat Perang Dunia Kedua. Dapatlah disimpulkan bahawa pengaruh hubungan diplomatik antara kedua-dua kerajaan telah membawa kepada perkembangan Islam di Jepun melalui pembentukan organisasi masyarakat Islam, pembinaan masjid dan terjemahan al-Qur'an.Kata Kunci: Hubungan diplomatik, Turki, Jepun, masyarakat Islam, pembangunan Islam
48
Zhu, Shanjie. "Remaking “Women” and Contemporary Chinese Feminism——Based on The Question of Women in Chinese Feminism." Review of Educational Theory 3, no. 3 (July 21, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/ret.v3i3.2093.
Full textAbstract:
The Question of Women in Chinese Feminism gives an historical retrospective of China in the past 100 years with a 20th century global perspective, probes about in-depth and multi-level Chinese women and contemporary social problems by tracing the evolution of the left-wing ideological context, and elaborates on the remaking of “women” creatively by virtue of the historical heritage of socialism. It is of great significance in responding to new changes and new issues taking place in contemporary Chinese feminism. For instance, in today’s China, while analyzing gender equality, people have to focus not only on the relationship between the sexes, but on development within women’s groups and on relations among class/strata also. Therefore, remaking “women” and how to remake “women”, in the Chinese context today, are important issues to feminists, as they will tell, to a certain extent, if gender studies can effectively respond to social issues in contemporary China.
49
Weiss, Max. "THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF SHIءI MODERNISM: MORALITY AND GENDER IN EARLY 20TH-CENTURY LEBANON." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 2 (May 2007): 270a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807070407.
Full textAbstract:
This article contributes to the history of Shiء Islam in Lebanon under the French Mandate by looking at Shiءi religious and cultural engagements with the problem of gender. In the first section, religious treatises written by ءulamaʿ in the context of a politicized “culture war” waged over the proposed reformation of ءAshuraʿ mourning practices during the 1920s and 1930s are analyzed to elucidate the relationship between idealised gender behavior and religious practice. In the second section the Shiءi modernist monthly journal al-ءIrfan is utilized to show how it advocated certain “proper” roles for men and women in an adequately pious Shiءi society. Finally, jokes and other materials published in al-ءIrfan are examined to demonstrate how multifaceted gender norms were in Shiءi Lebanon. These sources paint a rich historical portrait of Shiءi cultural politics by complicating conventional conceptualizations of Shiءi society under the Mandate and illustrating how Shiءi cultural identities have been produced and negotiated over time.
50
Hertzog, Esther. "Women's Parties in Israel: Their Unrecognized Significance and Potential." Middle East Journal 59, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/194034605783996763.
Full textAbstract:
Women's parties have played a significant role on the Israeli political scene since the beginning of the 20th century until the present. Moreover, women's parties had far reaching impact on both the status of women and wider society. However, the significance of women's parties has been underrated by academia and the media, and their potential prospects have been continuously denied. Women's antagonistic attitudes towards women's parties are in particular conspicuous. The article describes and analyzes this phenomenon.