Relevant bibliographies by topics / Women in development – Turkey – 20th century

Academic literature on the topic 'Women in development – Turkey – 20th century'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Women in development – Turkey – 20th century"

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Krugliak, M. "Trafficking in women in the late 19th – early 20th century (on the example of Sub-Russian Ukraine)." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 3(51) (December 8, 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2021.3(51).246410.

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The article considers trafficking in women in the late nineteenth – early twentieth century as a problem of international scale. The author identifies the Russian Empire and Sub-Russian Ukraine in particular as one of the world's supply centers, the so-called “living goods”, mainly to Turkey and the Americas (the USA, Argentina, Brazil). The existence of an extensive system for organizing the recruitment of girls, in particular the institute of agents engaged in the search for “white slaves” are analyzed, the examples of methods they used (from press announcements and offers of high-paying jobs to fictitious marriages with fake passports) are given, the passive role of the state in preventing human trafficking is demonstrated (the term of punishment of agents was minimal, cases were often closed in the absence of witnesses, and police received bribes from the owners of brothels). The main factors causing the spread of trafficking in women in Sub-Russian Ukraine were material. Against the background of modernization and urbanization, further development of capitalist relations, expansion of the entertainment industry, officially legalized prostitution, the institution of family and marriage is being transformed, which also affected the growth of international trafficking in women in the early twentieth century. The world community began an active fight against trafficking in women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, holding international congresses in London and Frankfurt am Main. However, the active fight against human trafficking was hampered by imperfect legislation in most countries and sometimes by the lack of laws under which organizers of trafficking in women could be prosecuted. The active work of the Russian Society for the Protection of Women in the early twentieth century, in particular its Odessa branch, led to the development and implementation of the relevant law and the holding of the All-Russian Congress in the fight against trafficking in women.
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Safarian, Alexander. "On the History of Turkish Feminism." Iran and the Caucasus 11, no. 1 (2007): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338407x224978.

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AbstractThe paper deals with the several aspects of the history of Feminism in the Ottoman Empire. It elucidates the early stages of the formation of the Feministic ideas and tendencies in the Turkish society at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to the social-political activities and the role of the Turkish women writers Halide Edib, Arife Hanım, and others. The author discusses inter alia the impact of the Armenian intellectual milieu and, especially, that of the Turkish Armenian women's literature on the inception and development of the Feministic literature in Turkey.
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Polat, H. I. "A Classification Study on the Development Stages of Construction Technologies in Turkey." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 5 (October 19, 2017): 1909–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1606.

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Developmental stages of construction technologies in Turkey followed various methods and showed differences in practice up to 20th century when the first examples of early-period reinforced concrete structures was created. Following the late 18th century, when traditional construction techniques were applied to new masses and building types, the use of modern bricks in vertical carrier elements together with the means of the 19th century was followed by an increase in masonry construction types of building structures. The paper emphasizes in the effects of traditional construction techniques applied with brick, steel, concrete materials on construction technology in Turkey. Traditional construction techniques are classified and detailed evaluations are made on the design principles of the buildings with historical characteristics.
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BUJA, Elena. "On the changing occupational roles of women in 20th century Korean society." Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series IV: Philology and Cultural Studies 14 (63), no. 1 (November 2021): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2021.63.14.1.4.

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The events that occurred in the Korean peninsula in the past 100 years, such as the conversion of Koreans to Christianity, which appealed to many women especially due to the fact that “it advocated human rights, social equality, and other democratic principles” (De Mente 2017, 661), the Japanese colonization of the country (1910-1945), which granted the Korean women the right to institutional education, and the rapid growth of industry starting with the early 1960s, a phenomenon that enabled young girls to work outside their houses as soon as they graduated from high school or college were important factors in the social emancipation of Korean women. This emancipation brought with it a change in the ‘jobs’ or ‘occupations’ women had, from more traditional ones, like jungmae (matchmakers), haenyeo (sea divers), to more modern ones, such as factory workers, university professors or office employees. The current paper aims to bring to the fore these changes by making use of primary data gathered from various novels authored by Korean and American-Korean, as well as secondary data (Statistics Korea), and to show that these changes are part and parcel of women’s liberation movement. The theoretical framework employed is content analysis (Baker 1994, Cohen et al. 2018), according to which the fragments excerpted from the novels will be categorized in terms of the occupational themes. The findings of the analysis will show that despite the fact that for a long period of time Korean women were enslaved, being confined in their parents’ or in-laws’ homes, their aspirations for better jobs, mainly held by men, were fulfilled only when they achieved a certain degree of social freedom.
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Özkan, Hande. "REMEMBERING ZINGAL: STATE, CITIZENS, AND FORESTS IN TURKEY." International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 3 (August 2018): 493–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818000831.

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AbstractThis article analyzes Turkish forestry as a site of nation building. To understand the ways in which forestry shaped ideas of the state and citizenship, I explore the history and memories of the forestry enterprise, Zingal, from the early 20th century to the present. I argue that the conflicting narratives around Zingal in archives and memory are symptoms of the contradictions inherent to nationalist modernity. I also reveal the continuation of similar contradictions in the 21st century by showing how citizens’ discourse of resentment over deindustrialization can coexist with their objection to a potential nuclear industry.
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van der Eng, Pierre, and Kitae Sohn. "The Biological Standard of Living in China during the 20th Century." China Quarterly 241 (May 22, 2019): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741019000432.

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AbstractThis article uses the mean age at menarche of women in China as an indicator of changes in the standard of living during the 20th century. It discusses the difficulties of using this indicator. It finds that the mean age of menarche stagnated at 16 to 17 years for women born during the period between the 1880s and 1930s. The age at menarche decreased in some urban areas, indicating improving living standards in, for example, Beijing and Shanghai. The mean age at menarche increased for 1940s’ birth cohorts, in relation not only to the warfare of the 1940s but also the famine of 1959–1962. The mean age at menarche decreased in a sustained way for women born during the 1950s to early 2000s. The decrease is associated with increasing educational attainment since the 1940s and also improvements in nutrition, hygiene and healthcare.
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Özaydin, Zuhal. "Upper Social Strata Women in Nursing in Turkey." Nursing History Review 14, no. 1 (September 2006): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.14.161.

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The development of nursing education in Turkey was influenced by the twentieth-century political changes that encouraged the involvement of women in social life in Turkey. This study examines this development, beginning in the early twentieth century, including the role of relations between nurses in Turkey and the United States in advancing nursing education. The work is based on Ottoman archival sources, publications of the Ottoman-Turkish Red Crescent, and research on the history of nursing education in Turkey. The names of the institutions mentioned in documents and published works are in English, with the original Turkish names in parentheses. The dates in the Ottoman calendar (reckoned from the Hegira, Muslim era) and Roman calendar (adapted from the Gregorian calendar) that were used by Ottoman officials in their correspondence have been converted to the Western Christian calendar. English translations of Turkish references are in parentheses.
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Nikpour, Golnar. "From Fallen Women to Citizen Mothers: Gendered Carcerality in Pahlavi Iran." International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (February 2022): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743822000083.

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Modern carcerality in Iran, with its attendant systems of surveillance, policing, and mass imprisonment, was a gendered project from the outset. In turn, the new modern prisons of the Pahlavi era (1925–79) provoked gendered anxieties about seemingly rising rates of female and child criminality, the deteriorating family unit, and the inherent sin and vice of life in a modern city. In general, it is difficult to overstate the wholesale changes that the modern carceral system has brought to Iran. The establishment of modern prisons, an effort begun in the first decades of the 20th century, has led to an enduring transformation in social worlds for Iranians of all genders. For much of Iran's pre-20th-century history, forced confinement of any kind was a relative rarity, legal practices and norms were diffuse and diverse, and long periods of incarceration were virtually nonexistent. The conceit of prisoner reform central to the modern penitentiary model—wherein centralized modern governments imagine prisons as rehabilitative spaces in which socially undesirable “criminals” can be reformed into good “citizens”— is nowhere found in the archive of Iran's pre-20th-century punishments.
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Zheveleva, Aleksandra V., and Aleksandra D. Perednya. "Nuri Şeker: The “Second” Sugar King of Turkey." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 3 (2021): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.303.

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The article is devoted to the life and work of one of the first Turkish entrepreneurs of the Republican period — Mollazade Nuri Şeker. The source base of the research was made up of biographical and autobiographical materials published in a collective monograph by Turkish researchers dedicated to the development of entrepreneurship and labor movement in Turkey in the first half of the 20th century. Nuri Şeker’s main field of activity was the production of sugar — a product that the country experienced a shortage of during the Ottoman period. At the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries, sugar was the main import of Ottoman Turkey. At the same period of time, the first attempts to solve this problem were made. However, a series of wars in the second decade of the 20th century prevented this. During the national liberation struggle the shortage of this product began to be felt especially acutely. After the proclamation of the Republic, the issue of developing its own sugar production was decided at the state level. Nuri Şeker was a pioneer in this area. He managed to establish sugar production from scratch: from the cultivation of sugar beets, which were not produced in Turkey at that time, to the crystallization of sugar and he was able to fulfill a dream that had haunted him since childhood. However, despite unconditional success in his entrepreneurial activity, Nuri Şeker could not surpass his only competitor at that time — Şakir-bey (the creator of the sugar factory in Alpullu) who enjoyed the full support of the government. In addition to Nuri Şeker’s professional activities, the article also discusses his personal qualities that aided him in achieving success.
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Pohlman, Annie. "WOMEN AND NATIONALISM IN INDONESIA." Historia: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah 12, no. 1 (July 23, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/historia.v12i1.12114.

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Indonesia was established 65 years ago, but the progress of Indonesian nasionalism had not yet done when the independence was proclaimed. The nationalism movement in Indonesia has been growing since the early of the 20th century until today because nationalism is not static but it always changing. In the nationalism development process, women always play the basic and important role. However, in many academic discourses discussing the nationalism history, women are neglected most of the time. Women participation in the nationalism movement is rarely discussed. The gender relation and its association with the development of Indonesia development are also neglected most of the time. Therefore, women role in the nationalism movement and the women interest tend to be removed. However, women always play the central role in the nationalism movement, such as in the beginning of the 20th century, during the colonialism government and Japanese era, the Revolution era against the Dutch, and the regime of Soekarno and Soeharto era. In this article, I will focus my discussion on the women movement development since the 1920s and their role in the Reformation movement and Indonesia nationalism. This article will discuss: (1) the first discussion starts with the summary of the women movement and nationalist movement background in the twentieth century; (2) the second discussion is about the development of women movement in the Reformation era; and (3) finally, I will explore some issues that affect the discussion of the women and nationalism in the Reformation Era – the Indonesian nationalism developed by the Government utilizing the women’s body and sexuality for achieving their goal is the central issue in the discussion about the form of Indonesia nationality.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Women in development – Turkey – 20th century"

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Venkatesh, Archana. "Women, Medicine and Nation-building: The `Lady Doctor’ and Development in 20th century South India." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1588949464255362.

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Austin, David L. "Women, Witchcraft, and Faith Healing: An Analysis of Syncretic Religious Development and Historical Continuity in 20th Century Zimbabwe." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1620691659340769.

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Dueck, Cheryl E. "Rifts in time and in the self : two generations of GDR women writers and the development of the female subject (Christa Wolf, Brigitte Reimann, Helga Künigsdorf, Helga Schubert)." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35875.

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This dissertation examines the development of the female literary subject in the work of two generations of women writers of the GDR, represented by Christa Wolf (1929), Brigitte Reimann (1931--1973), Helga Konigsdorf (1936) and Helga Schubert (1941). The objectives are twofold: first, to assess the influence of two opposing discursive frameworks of subjectivity, the socialist and the psychoanalytic, on the works of these writers, and second, to examine the effects of an ideological disjuncture of two generations on their literary production.
The first generation to embark on a literary career in the GDR, with great aspirations for the socialist project, is represented by Wolf and Reimann. A shift in political parameters meant that the following generation of writers, including Konigsdorf and Schubert, was faced with a pre-determined ideological structure, unsatisfactory to them. Accordingly, a diachronic investigation of the literary subject is pursued, and reveals the shift between these generations. As a result, rifts in time, in the subject, and rifts between the subject and its time are exposed.
In the 1960s, Wolf and Reimann rejected the literary female subject's role as an agent in the implementation of socialism. Crises in GDR social structures and crises of the psyche are shown to overlap and to result in divided subjects. The non-contemporaneity of Marxism begins to surface in the 1970s, and the rift in time affects the female subjects of Wolf and Reimann, which increasingly fragment Konigsdorf's and Schubert's short prose of the late 1970s reveals a rejection of the unified Marxist subject and the move toward a notion of the self informed by Freudian psychoanalysis. In the 1980s, the effects of the socio-political environment prove fatal to the individual subject in the works by both generations, and parallels are drawn to the National Socialist past. These links instigate a fundamental reevaluation of standards in language, power and cycles of history at the crossroads of life and death. The post-Wende period witnesses a shift away from problems of subjectivity in the texts of Konigsdorf and Schubert, while Wolf initially experiments with the postmodern, and most recently, surprisingly re-consolidates the female subject.
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Ternar, Yeshim 1956. "The book and the veil : a critique of orientalism from a feminist perspective." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74261.

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"The Book and the Veil" is an experimental ethnographic study that presents a feminist critique of Orientalist discourse as it relates to Istanbul at the turn of the twentieth century.
The Preface reviews relevant anthropological literature in order to construct the theoretical context of the thesis. The Introduction then elaborates on the various voices embodied in the text, each of which expresses different types of cultural and critical information.
Part 1 (Chapters 1-4), comments on Grace Ellison's stay in Istanbul harems in 1914, as described in An Englishwoman in a Turkish Harem. Part 2 (Chapters 5-7), engages in a dialogue with Pierre Loti as a representative of Orientalist discourse and comments on Zeyneb Hanoum's A Turkish Woman's European Impressions. Zeyneb Hanoum's experiences in Europe are then compared with Grace Ellison's stay in Turkey.
The Conclusion offers a discussion and critique of feminism and representative writing.
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Books on the topic "Women in development – Turkey – 20th century"

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Brown, Penny. The poison at the source: The female novel of self-development in the early twentieth century. New York: St. Martin's, 1992.

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Brown, Penny. The poison at the source: The female novel of self-development in the early twentieth century. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992.

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Adıvar, Halide Edib. House with wisteria: Memoirs of Turkey old and new. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers, 2009.

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Educating activists: Development and gender in the making of modern Gandhians. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.

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Feder, Kittay Eva, and Meyers Diana T, eds. Women and moral theory. Totowa, N.J: Rowman & Littlefield, 1987.

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Adıvar, Halide Edib. House with wisteria: Memoirs of Halidé Edib. Charlottesville, Va: Leopolis Press, 2003.

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The female hero's quest for identity in novels by modern American women writers: The function of nature imagery, moments of vision, and dreams in the hero's development. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1989.

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Picasso, Pablo. Picasso: The development and transformation of an image : stage and progressive proofs, editioned lithographs and variations 1945-49. London: Waddington Graphics, 1986.

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Picasso, Pablo. Picasso: The development and transformation of an image : stage and progressive proofs, editionedlithographs and variations 1945-49 : 9 September-25 October 1986, Waddington Graphics, London. London: Waddington Graphics, 1986.

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Kalayci, Suzan Meryem Rosita. Reading Silences: Women Experiences of Violence, Survival, and Assimilation in 20th Century Turkey. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Women in development – Turkey – 20th century"

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Çömlekçi, Mehmet Fatih. "Public Broadcasting and Migration." In Handbook of Research on the Global Impact of Media on Migration Issues, 1–20. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0210-5.ch001.

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This chapter presents an analysis of how migrants were represented in the Turkish media after the historic, cultural, and socio-economic development of the labour migration that started in the 1960s from Turkey to Germany. In this respect, the aim of the study was to reveal how a public television channel covered “guest worker” experience through its broadcasts. In the meantime, the news programs that the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) produced about the migrants that went to Germany in the second half of the 20th century have been analyzed via content analysis method. This study explored the media representation of migrants' families including working women and young people; the manner in which the challenges of migrants' families were portrayed in the public space through public broadcasting; the projection of the politics of governments regarding the migrants; and the exposition of the transnational space where the migrants carry out their socio-cultural productions in Germany.
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Koç, Yildirim. "The development of the working class in Turkey in the 20th century." In Turkey in the Twentieth Century, 293–320. De Gruyter, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110998511-015.

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Tepe, Fatma Fulya. "The Politico-Poetic Representation of Turkish Women in Türk Kadını Magazine (1966–1974)." In Advances in Media, Entertainment, and the Arts, 35–58. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0128-3.ch003.

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This chapter aims to explore the ways women are represented in the context of 20th century Turkey by analyzing four poems, namely “Türk Kadını” (Turkish Woman), “Anadolu Kadını” (Anatolian Woman), “Kadın–Ana” (Woman-Mother), and “Ayşe,” published in the Türk Kadını magazine in the 1960s. Purposive sampling was used in the selection of the poems, which were later interpreted with the strategies of descriptive content analysis. In these poems, the Turkish woman is being represented and celebrated in at least the following four ways: (1) by being celebrated for combining heroism, goodness, and naturalness; (2) by having her struggle with primitive conditions of life celebrated as yet another form of heroism; (3) by being celebrated as a creative mother of the nation, charged with finding solutions to the problems of the country; (4) by being celebrated as a hardworking daughter of the nation to whom the country owes recognition and support.
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Forró, Lajos, and Srđan Cvetković. "The Birth of Modern Serbia (1804–2004) : Integration, concepts, ideas, and great powers." In The Development of European and Regional Integration Theories in Central European Countries, 113–35. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.mgih.doleritincec_6.

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This chapter follows the origin and development of the modern Serbian state in the last two centuries. At the crossroads of great empires, the Serbian state ascended in the 19th century. The national program formed in the first half of the 19th century as the basis of its foreign policy meant gathering the Serbian national corps into one state. It was gradually realized by maneuvering between the great powers, but also through conflict with them. In the 19th century, Serbian politics was most often correlated or in conflict with the interests of Austria, Russia, and Turkey. During Yugoslavia’s time in the first half of the 20th century, France, Britain, and Germany took over, while in Socialist Yugoslavia during the Cold War, relations with the US, the USSR, and some non-aligned countries prevailed. In the post-communist era, the main problems in Serbia’s foreign policy were its relationships with the US and NATO and with the EU and Germany. Geostrategic interests and Serbia’s position meant that it was exposed to severe exclusions and numerous wars with both its neighbors and the great powers.
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Salvano-Pardieu, Veronique, Leïla Oubrahim, and Steve Kilpatrick. "Cognitive Structure of Moral Reasoning, Development, and Evolution With Age and Pathology." In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, 30–57. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1811-3.ch002.

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This chapter presents research on moral judgment from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day. First, the authors will present the contribution of Piaget and Kohlberg's work on moral development from childhood to adulthood as well as the work of Gilligan on moral orientation and the difference observed between men and women. Then, the authors will analyze underlying structures of moral judgment in the light of the Dual Process Theory with two systems: system 1: quick, deontological, emotional, intuitive, automatic, and system 2: slow, utilitarian, rational, controlled, involved in human reasoning. Finally, the model of Dual Process Theory will be confronted with data from moral judgment experiments, run on elderly adults with Alzheimer's disease, teenagers with Autism Spectrum Disorder, and children and teenagers with intellectual disability in order to understand how cognitive impairment affects the structures and components of moral judgment.
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Keeling, Kara K., and Scott T. Pollard. "American Children’s Cookbooks as Scenes of Instruction." In Table Lands, 11–34. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496828347.003.0002.

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This chapter tracks US children’s cookbooks over 150 years, showing how adults’ expectations change based on shifting ideologies of child capability. The essay analyzes cookbooks from three periods: 19th century, mid-20th century, and late 20th to the 21st century. The nineteenth-century housebooks deploy literary tropes (story) to foster agency, focusing on preparing young girls for taking on kitchen and household duties. In the period after World War II, children’s cookbooks transform cooking into an extension of play, reducing childhood agency significantly, a development that mirrors the disempowerment of women in the kitchen through advances in food technology (frozen foods, boxed foods) in the postwar period. Contemporary children’s cookbooks match what Warren Belasco calls the “countercuisine” and the resultant foodie culture: these texts re-empower child cooks with agency in a world that is much more aware of organic, sustainable practices and the downsides of industrial foods.
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Shah, Erum, Sultan Ali, and Naveeda Katper. "An Overview of Women Empowerment Policy With a Social Justice Lens and Frugal Innovation." In Frugal Innovation and Social Transitions in the Digital Era, 123–32. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5417-6.ch012.

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Women's empowerment has remained a key concern for the development of society. The information in the current study has been extracted from the doctoral thesis of the corresponding researcher. The study argues that in the 20th century, developing countries were observed to bring various policies and programs to empower women. However, in this study, the researcher has tried to capture a few of the prominent policies and programs brought in Pakistan to empower women since its independence. Concurrently, this study aims to evaluate those policies and programs in the key domains of women's empowerment with the lens of social justice. It is mainly done with a desk review of various published resources and the support of key informant interviews with politicians, human rights activists, and bureaucrats. Findings of the study suggest, having various policies and programs for women empowerment, the situation of women is not improved in Pakistan, and there are significant rifts in policy implementation that need proper consideration to meet the requirements of social justice.
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Henry, Frances, and Jeff Henry. "Stories of Resistance and Oppression: Baby Doll and Dame Lorraine*." In Carnival Is Woman, 43–56. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496825445.003.0003.

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This chapter deals with an important period in the history of the Carnival especially as it relates to the participation of women. During the 19th century and into the 20th two 'ole mas' female characters played important roles in the festivities.These characters, now called 'traditional', have largely disappeared from Carnival Tuesday but still play prominent roles in J'ouvay Monday and they are also remembered in the various theatricals that take place during the Carnival period.The role of gender inearlier periods of history and the development of what are now called 'traditional' characters playing the 'mas' will be explored.
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Vallianatos, Helen. "‘Since It’s a Pleasure to Save Somebody’s Life, I Do This’." In Childbirth in South Asia, 121–43. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190130718.003.0005.

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Health development efforts to decrease maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in South Asia have included a role for trained and/or traditional birth attendants since the late 20th century. Birth attendants are typically older women, who assist not only during birth but who also can provide counsel during pregnancy and lactation. Based on an ethnographic case study, focused on a jhuggi-jhopri (squatter) settlement in New Delhi, this chapter differentiates between two types of birth attendants. Traditional birth attendants are women who have learned their skills and knowledge, typically from elder women relatives, through apprenticeship. Their tools of practice include herbal knowledge as well as ‘modern’ medical kits they may have received through health education efforts (for example, scissors to cut the umbilical cord). In contrast, trained birth attendants are older women who were recruited through local health organizations (both governmental and non-governmental) and trained by biomedical practitioners to provide frontline care. This chapter examines both traditional and trained birth attendants’ perspectives on assisting local mothers, examining how local mothers view traditional versus trained birth attendants and, in turn, how this may affect their birth experiences
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Pande, Rekha. "Digital Divide, Gender and the Indian Experience in IT." In Global Information Technologies, 1440–50. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch105.

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Information technology is being perceived as the magical wand and the harbinger of prosperity as it can guarantee access to global markets and enable direct foreign investment and e-commerce. Several projects aim at bringing information technologies to India with a belief in the transforming potential of IT. However, these technologies have created a digital and gender divide. In this article, attempts have been made to look into the digital divide and the constraints that women share by gender specifically in India. India is a multilateral, multilingual, and multireligious society with many subdivides based on region, ethnic groups, class, and caste. The digital divide and gender has become yet another component of this diversity. In India, women comprise 14% of the IT industry and 26% of the business processing outsourcing (BPO) workforce. The total workforce of IT and BPO is made up of approximately 70 million people (http://www.ciol.com). At the lower experience level (about 3 years), about 19% of the workforce comprises women. At senior levels, women constitute less than 6% of the workforce (http://www.dqqindia.com). This indicates that few manage to reach the top level, and the majority of them remain at lower levels as computer or data-entry operators. The gender gap in the digital divide is of great concern as it is directly linked to socioeconomic development. A major developmental issue of the coming decades will be the access and use of IT (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1989). Policy makers of both industrial and developing countries have agreed that IT is one of the fastest growing industries and is likely to be the largest by the turn of the century (Kraemer, 1994). Hence, if women are not actively present at all levels in this growing industry, then we would see marginalization that could undermine the advances made by women in other fields in the 20th century.
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Conference papers on the topic "Women in development – Turkey – 20th century"

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Xin, Ziyan. "The Inscription of Chinese Women in Citizen Textbooks of the 20th century." In 2021 6th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210407.095.

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Konchakovskaya, N. B. "Marriage Rates in the Cities of the Perm Governorate at the Turn of the 19th — 20th Centuries." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-1-11.

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The article considers marriage indicators in cities of the Perm governorate. The indicators of absolute marriage rates, average age of marriage, proportion of early marriages and other parameters of this demographic process were determined based on statistics of the Central Statistical Committee and city parish registers. A certain tendency towards a decrease in marriages at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as a slight increase in the age of marriage among women were observed. Marriage rates were influenced by social and economic indicators of urban development, leading to the democratisation of the marriage process. For women, later marriage resulted in an increased choice of life strategy. A significant number of unmarried and single lived in Perm and Ekaterinburg, where many migrants came.
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YEŞİLBURSA, Behçet Kemal. "THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN TURKEY (1908-1980)." In 9. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-4794-5.08.

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Political parties started to be established in Turkey in the second half of the 19th century with the formation of societies aiming at the reform of the Ottoman Empire. They reaped the fruits of their labour in 1908 when the Young Turk Revolution replaced the Sultan with the Committee of Union and Progress, which disbanded itself on the defeat of the Empire in 1918. Following the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, new parties started to be formed, but experiments with a multi-party system were soon abandoned in favour of a one-party system. From 1930 until the end of the Second World War, the People’s Republican Party (PRP) was the only political party. It was not until after the Second World War that Turkey reverted to a multiparty system. The most significant new parties were the Democrat Party (DP), formed on 7 January 1946, and the Nation Party (NP) formed on 20 July 1948, after a spilt in the DP. However, as a result of the coup of 27 May 1960, the military Government, the Committee of National Union (CNU), declared its intentions of seizing power, restoring rights and privileges infringed by the Democrats, and drawing up a new Constitution, to be brought into being by a free election. In January 1961, the CNU relaxed its initial ban on all political activities, and within a month eleven new parties were formed, in addition to the already established parties. The most important of the new parties were the Justice Party (JP) and New Turkey Party (NTP), which competed with each other for the DP’s electoral support. In the general election of October 1961, the PRP’s failure to win an absolute majority resulted in four coalition Governments, until the elections in October 1965. The General Election of October 1965 returned the JP to power with a clear, overall majority. The poor performance of almost all the minor parties led to the virtual establishment of a two-party system. Neither the JP nor the PRP were, however, completely united. With the General Election of October 1969, the JP was returned to office, although with a reduced share of the vote. The position of the minor parties declined still further. Demirel resigned on 12 March 1971 after receiving a memorandum from the Armed Forces Commanders threatening to take direct control of the country. Thus, an “above-party” Government was formed to restore law and order and carry out reforms in keeping with the policies and ideals of Atatürk. In March 1973, the “above-party” Melen Government resigned, partly because Parliament rejected the military candidate, General Gürler, whom it had supported in the Presidential Elections of March-April 1973. This rejection represented the determination of Parliament not to accept the dictates of the Armed Forces. On 15 April, a new “above party” government was formed by Naim Talu. The fundamental dilemma of Turkish politics was that democracy impeded reform. The democratic process tended to return conservative parties (such as the Democrat and Justice Parties) to power, with the support of the traditional Islamic sectors of Turkish society, which in turn resulted in the frustration of the demands for reform of a powerful minority, including the intellectuals, the Armed Forces and the newly purged PRP. In the last half of the 20th century, this conflict resulted in two periods of military intervention, two direct and one indirect, to secure reform and to quell the disorder resulting from the lack of it. This paper examines the historical development of the Turkish party system, and the factors which have contributed to breakdowns in multiparty democracy.
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Alatli, H. Ilke, and Demet Ulusoy Binan. "The Role of University in Local Cultural Development Through Vernacular Architectural Conservation Education: The Case of Havran, Turkey." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15615.

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Since the beginning of 20th century, vernacular settlements are under severe threats of losing authen-ticity and ruin due to changes in human lifestyles, forms of production and worldwide economic devel-opments. Especially in small rural towns, lack of care and abandonment related to loss of young popu-lation is causing rapid deterioration of the vernacular heritage. In such towns, safeguarding is possible through initiatives of local authorities. However, as visionary as the authorities may be, knowledge on sustainable conservation of vernacular architecture is a very specific topic of expertise. At this point, the academic knowledge and experience of universities take on a new significance. Furthermore, col-laboration between academia and local authorities carry great potential for each party. A similar cooperation between Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University and the Local Municipality of Havran, which was inscribed as an urban protected area in the national register in 1995, started with a protocol signed in November 2011. Between 2012 and 2019, extensive surveys were carried out in urban protect-ed area and restoration projects of over 30 traditional buildings were completed by the graduate stu-dents. Some of these buildings are approved by the local council for the conservation of cultural prop-erty and one of which was restored to be used as a town and memory museum. The aim of this study is to discuss the outcome of experiences acquired from the collaboration between universities and local authorities in the past 10 years. Moreover, mutual benefit of interaction between academia, local community, and the municipality will be emphasized. The cultural heritage preserva-tion activities in Havran have an impact on local cultural development in terms of safeguarding the architectural heritage and creating awareness in the community, as well as making a significant contri-bution to the vernacular heritage conservation education.
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"Literacy of the Population of the Ural at the End of the 19th — First Quarter of the 20th Century (on the Materials of the Ekaterinburgsky Uyezd of the Perm Governorate and the Sverdlovsky Okrug of the Ural Oblast)." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-1-8.

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In Russia in the late 19th — early 20th century, there was an acute issue of increasing the literacy rate of the population, leading to the development of state measures to improve it. In various regions, the situation with increasing the literacy rate developed in different ways, including in the Ural region. When comparing literacy rates over time, it is necessary to take into account changes in administrative boundaries. The Sverdlovsky okrug as a part of the Ural oblast in 1926 was territorially larger than the Ekaterinburgsky uyezd of the Perm governorate in 1897; it included parts of the Krasnoufimsky and Irbitsky uyezds. Therefore, in this study, the literacy rate of the population was calculated for the three indicated uyezds simultaneously, and the results were compared with the indicators of the Sverdlovsky okrug. Research findings revealed a substantial growth in the literacy of the population. The literacy rate has increased more significantly among the rural population than among the urban population, and among women than among men. However, the literacy gap between them still persisted.
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Algan, Neşe, Erhan İşcan, and Duygu Serin Oktay. "The Effect of Technology Spillovers on Income Distribution: An Application on OECD Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02294.

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Ensuring a fair income distribution to increase social welfare is one of the main objectives of economic policies. With the acceleration of innovations in information and communication technology in the 20th century, the developments in technology have been characterized as the main reason for growth, welfare and productivity growth. However, rapid technological developments have revealed that significant changes in the dynamics of income inequalities occur at the same time. The growth in income inequality has increased significantly in many countries recently. Accordingly, the notion that the spread of technology has led to growth in income inequality has attracted attention in recent years. In the light of this information, the aim of the study is to reveal the impact of the spread of new technologies on income inequality and the factors underlying the income inequality dynamics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of technology spillovers on income inequality of selected OECD countries including Turkey using panel data analysis. The data for all countries obtained from the World Bank’s Development Indicators and OECD. Stat. The empirical conclusion indicated the effect of the technology spillovers on income inequality. This empirical finding contributed to promote the existing literature, and also draws main attention of policymakers. Because, knowing the factors underlying income inequality, which is seen as an important economic and social problem, is important in determining effective policies to ensure a more equitable income distribution.
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