Journal articles: 'Women in combat'

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Davenport, Manuel M. "WOMEN IN COMBAT." Southwest Philosophy Review 8, no. 2 (1992): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/swphilreview19928224.

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King, Anthony. "Women in Combat." RUSI Journal 158, no. 1 (February 2013): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2013.774634.

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Barry, Ben. "Women in Combat." Survival 55, no. 2 (April 3, 2013): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2013.784461.

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Fitriani, Randolf G. S. Cooper, and Ron Matthews. "Women in Ground Close Combat." RUSI Journal 161, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2016.1152117.

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Dienstfrey, Stephen J. "Women Veterans' Exposure to Combat." Armed Forces & Society 14, no. 4 (July 1988): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x8801400404.

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Hancock, Eleanor. "Women, combat and the military." Journal of Australian Studies 17, no. 37 (June 1993): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059309387143.

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Trego, Lori L., and Patricia A. Deuster. "Introduction to Women in Combat." Military Medicine 188, Supplement_4 (July 25, 2023): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac358.

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Deuster, Patricia A., and Victoria Tepe. "Why a “Women in Combat Symposium”?" Military Medicine 181, no. 1S (January 2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-15-00353.

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Simons, Anna. "Women can never “belong” in combat." Orbis 44, no. 3 (June 2000): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4387(00)00037-5.

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Kier, Elizabeth. "Uniform Justice: Assessing Women in Combat." Perspective on Politics 1, no. 02 (June 2003): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592703000264.

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Savage-Knepshield, Pamela A., Jeffrey Thomas, Kristin Schweitzer, Richard Kozycki, and David Hullinger. "Designing Military Systems for Women in Combat." Military Medicine 181, no. 1S (January 2016): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-15-00203.

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McEntee, Rebecca Scoggin. "Future Photographs of U.S. Women in Combat." Journalism Practice 12, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 32–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2017.1279024.

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Zerach, G. "The Contribution of Childhood Adversity and Potentially Traumatic Events During Military Service to PTSD and Complex PTSD Symptoms Among Israeli Women Veterans." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.430.

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IntroductionAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) during military service are associated with mental health problems. However, knowledge about relative contributions of these factors to non-U.S women combat veterans’ posttraumatic sequalae is sparse.ObjectivesTo examine associations between ACEs, combat exposure, military sexual trauma (MST), potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD symptoms among women veterans.MethodsA volunteer sample of Israeli women combat veterans (n=885) and non-combat veterans (n=728) responded to self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional design study.ResultsCombat veterans reported more total average ACEs, were more likely to experience 3 or more ACEs and specific ACEs of physical abuse and emotional neglect, as compared to non-combat veterans. Combat veterans also reported higher levels of combat exposure, PMIEs, higher prevalence of MST and higher levels of PTSD symptoms, but not CPTSD symptoms, as compared to non-combat veterans. Importantly, ACEs, combat exposure, MST-assault and PMIEs of betrayal predicted PTSD symptoms, while only ACEs and PMIEs of betrayal predicted complex PTSD symptoms.ConclusionsThis study emphasized the relatively high exposure to PTEs and PTSD symptoms of women combat veterans as compared to non-combat veterans. Our findings also confirm prior studies demonstrating associations between ACEs, combat exposure, MST and mental health problems. Importantly, we demonstrated the unique contribution of betrayal based PMIEs and the differential associations of PTEs with PTSD and Complex PTSD symptoms among combat veterans.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

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Collins-Dogrul, Julie, and Jaimis Rebecca Ulrich. "Fighting Stereotypes." Armed Forces & Society 44, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 436–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17715650.

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This study examines reader responses to opinion editorials about women in combat and contributes to the literature on women in the military by explaining how contests over sex–gender essentialism and diversity underlie public debates about individual rights and military effectiveness. Comments in favor of women’s ground combat exclusion use a logic of averages to promote essentialist thinking about men and women. They categorize women as inferior soldiers and argue that desegregation puts individual soldiers and the nation at risk. Conversely, comments in favor of integration advance a view of sex–gender diversity that places men and women along a continuum with overlapping qualities, suggesting further that giving exceptional women the freedom to serve in ground combat will advance both equality and military readiness. We argue that public commentary about women in combat concerns more than the military, underlying this discourse are distinct conceptions and expectations of men and women.

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Hamilton, Justen. "Undoing Gender or Overdoing Gender? Women MMA Athletes’ Intimate Partnering and the Relational Maintenance of Femininity." Sociology of Sport Journal 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2019-0132.

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Recent scholarship suggests that women in martial arts and combat sports have increasingly begun to undo gender by challenging gender norms and constructing new femininities. Most of this research, however, has focused on gender dynamics within martial arts and combat sports settings, rather than outside of them. For this study, I conducted semistructured interviews with 40 professional women’s mixed martial arts athletes to examine the extent to which these women challenged gender norms in their intimate relationships. My data revealed that because they possess traits that are traditionally interpreted as masculine, many of the heterosexual women in my sample actually oversubscribe to gender norms in their intimate relationships to combat feelings of feminine insecurity. I argue, therefore, that rather than undoing gender, these women overdo gender in their intimate relationships. This study provides a cautionary tale to the celebrations of undoing gender for women combat sports athletes.

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Guru, Pravabati. "Legal Awareness—Hubris for Women to Combat Violence." Open Journal of Social Sciences 03, no. 09 (2015): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2015.39030.

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Burdzicka-Wołowik, Joanna, and Katarzyna Góral-Radziszewska. "Selected Personality Traits of Women Training Combat Sports." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2014-0001.

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Abstract Introduction. Contemporary women are more and more independent nowadays and emancipation of women is also visible in sports. The aim of the study was to present certain personality traits of female athletes training selected combat sports. The authors claim that taking up the aforementioned activity is an attempt at overcoming stereotypical attitude to a social role of women. The analysis of results revealed psychological profiles of female athletes. Material and methods. The research included women aged 17 to 36 (N=199). The first group (N=94) consisted of athletes training boxing, judo, wrestling and taekwon-do, the majority of whom had a master sports class. The second group included women not training any sports (N=105). The research was conducted with the use of the following tools: Psychological Gender Inventory, Temperament Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R), Creative Behaviour Questionnaire and personal questionnaire created by the authors. Conclusions. The analysis of the material showed that female athletes training combat sports contest traditional femininity since they have more personality traits traditionally attributed to men (high level of masculinity). High psychoticism of the athletes is also perceived as a tendency to break conventions. As highly non-conformist individuals, they live according to their own system of values training sports which are stereotypically treated as masculine. Combat sports are trained by women with low emotional and sensory reactivity, which gives them advantageous position in sports competition.

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Trisko Darden, Jessica. "Assessing the significance of women in combat roles." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 70, no. 3 (May 7, 2015): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702015585306.

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Kiesling, Eugenia C., Lorry M. Fenner, and Marie E. deYoung. "Women in Combat: Civic Duty or Military Liability?" Journal of Military History 66, no. 2 (April 2002): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3093162.

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Brady, Elise, and Margaux F. Keller. "Women in Combat Need a Collaborative Culture Shift." Military Medicine 188, Supplement_4 (July 25, 2023): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usac405.

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ABSTRACT The 2021 Women in Combat (WIC) Symposium brought together hundreds of service members, researchers, and multidisciplinary leaders for 3 days of virtual education and interactive discussion regarding female leadership, operational performance, and physical health and well-being. Three days of presentations were followed by virtual face-to-face breakout room sessions that aimed to identify gaps currently impacting military servicewomen, mirroring the inaugural WIC Symposium held in 2014. Keynote speakers revisited old recommendations and redefined these in the context of new research and policy changes within the Department of Defense (DoD), making it apparent that although much work has been done, policy and practice are yet to fully integrate the research recommendations that will improve the health and wellness of servicewomen. Originally planned as an in-person meeting, the WIC Symposium was held completely online because of the sustained threat of the COVID-19 pandemic. This event was collectively attended by nearly 10,000 people, reflecting an attendance of over ten times the number of registered attendees. The 2021 WIC Symposium was successful in part because of the groundwork laid by previous researchers who laid out virtual meeting best practices and in part because of the increased accessibility of an online event.

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Garyn-Tal, Sharon, and Shosh Shahrabani. "Type of army service and decision to engage in risky behavior among young people in Israel." Judgment and Decision Making 10, no. 4 (July 2015): 342–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005155.

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AbstractPrevious studies have examined the impact of military service on the decision to engage in risky behavior. Yet most of these studies focused on voluntary recruits, did not distinguish between legal and illegal risky activities and did not compare combat and non-combat soldiers during and after service according to gender. The current study is unique because of the nature of Israeli compulsory army service. It examines the relationship between type of army service and five legal and illegal risky behaviors for three groups: non-combat, combat without fighting experience, and combat with fighting experience. We also examine differences in the propensity for risky behavior between men, most of whom are assigned to combat units due to the army’s needs, and women, who serve in combat units on a voluntary basis only. A questionnaire survey was randomly distributed at train stations and central bus stations in Israel among 413 soldiers and ex-soldiers between the ages of 18-30. The predictor variables include type of service or battle experience, the Evaluation of Risks scale and socio-demographic characteristics. In general, we found that high percentages of young people engage in risky behavior, especially illegal behavior. The results indicate that fighting experience is significantly and positively correlated with the consumption of illegal substances for currently serving men soldiers (but not for women) and this effect is mitigated after discharge from the army. Importantly, the use of illegal substances is not a result of the individual’s preferences for engaging in various risky behaviors. Thus, our results suggest that the effect of the increased propensity toward risky behavior following the experience of fighting overrides the combat unit’s discipline for men when it comes to the consumption of illegal substances. In addition, our findings indicate that serving in a combat unit as opposed to a non-combat unit affects the tendency of women ex-combat soldiers to travel to risky destinations, though this is probably related to their original higher risk attitude, since women must volunteer for combat units.

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Clinton, William J. "Steps to Combat Violence against Women and Trafficking in Women and Girls." Trends in Organized Crime 3, no. 4 (June 1998): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-998-1041-7.

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Crowley, Kacy, and Michelle Sandhoff. "Just a Girl in the Army." Armed Forces & Society 43, no. 2 (December 12, 2016): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x16682045.

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This article considers the experiences of 12 U.S. Army women combat veterans. These women served in historically significant roles as some of the first women to officially serve in combat in the U.S. military. This article focuses on the role of gender in these women’s experiences in the context of the masculine culture of the military. We explore how they used performance of masculinity and metaphors of family to fit into their combat units. We also deliberate on how sexual harassment was used against these women in ways that communicated that they were not fully accepted. Finally, we consider the tension between empowerment and disempowerment in these women’s narratives of their military service.

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Thomas, Jakana L., and Reed M. Wood. "The social origins of female combatants." Conflict Management and Peace Science 35, no. 3 (May 18, 2017): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894217695524.

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We investigate the factors that lead some rebel organizations to deploy women in combat roles while others restrict women’s participation to non-combat roles or exclude them entirely. Our argument focuses on the influence of the scope and frequency of women’s prior participation in social, political, and economic activities on groups’ decisions to employ women in combat roles and women’s desire to pursue such roles when they are made available. We evaluate our hypotheses using a new dataset on women’s combat participation in rebel movements active from 1979 to 2009. Our results provide support for our central hypothesis.

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Greenwell, T. Christopher, Jason M. Simmons, Meg Hancock, Megan Shreffler, and Dustin Thorn. "The Effects of Sexualized and Violent Presentations of Women in Combat Sport." Journal of Sport Management 31, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0333.

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This study utilizes an experimental design to investigate how different presentations (sexualized, neutral, and combat) of female athletes competing in a combat sport such as mixed martial arts, a sport defying traditional gender norms, affect consumers’ attitudes toward the advertising, event, and athlete brand. When the female athlete in the advertisement was in a sexualized presentation, male subjects reported higher attitudes toward the advertisement and the event than the female subjects. Female respondents preferred neutral presentations significantly more than the male respondents. On the one hand, both male and female respondents felt the fighter in the sexualized ad was more attractive and charming than the fighter in the neutral or combat ads and more personable than the fighter in the combat ads. On the other hand, respondents felt the fighter in the sexualized ad was less talented, less successful, and less tough than the fighter in the neutral or combat ads and less wholesome than the fighter in the neutral ad.

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Nilsson, Marco. "Muslim Mothers in Ground Combat Against the Islamic State." Armed Forces & Society 44, no. 2 (March 24, 2017): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17699568.

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This study analyzes the experiences and identities of Kurdish women fighting the Islamic State (IS) in northern Iraq as part of the Peshmerga Army. The case is especially interesting because these women have engaged in ground combat and because there is an empirical gap in knowledge, especially concerning Muslim women’s experiences as soldiers. Wars bring great destruction but can also catalyze social change. While seeking balance between their identities as good mothers and professional soldiers, many Kurdish women see their war participation as a chance to increase their agency and improve equality in society, as combat operations create a window of opportunity to change perceptions of women’s roles. Women soldiers still face prejudices and feel that they must prove their worth as fearless warriors in ground combat. However, interviewed soldiers said that they were not striving for equality but equivalency, stressing those qualities that women in particular can contribute in battle.

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Sultan, Dewan Afrina. "Law to Combat Harassment in Bangladesh RMG Industry." Jog, állam, politika 15, no. 4 (2023): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.58528/jap.2023.15-4.213.

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In 2014, the apparel sector employed approximately 60 to 75 million people worldwide. It is a significant, expanding sector driven by powerful retailers and marketers. Women account for at least three-quarters of all garment workers worldwide, making the garment industry a significant source of formal employment for women. Workplace harassment against both men and women is a widespread problem that affects all industries and occupations. It is especially prevalent in the garment industry, where many women work in lower-paying, lower-power positions. Bangladesh’s Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry plays a major role in the global apparel industry, ranking as the world’s second-largest supplier of ready-made garments. The industry employs over 4 million people, with 80 percent of them being women. Harassment is prevalent in the RMG sector for all workers, with female workers specifically encountering sexual harassment due to their gender. The article will concentrate on the underlying causes of harassment and evaluate the adequacy of labour and national laws, exploring gaps in both legislation and their implementation. It will also provide recommendations for amending existing laws and enacting new legislation to enhance the safety and security of female workers in factory environments.

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Maksutova, G., T. Popova, Yu Romanov, E. Surina-Marysheva, and O. Kourova. "PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN COMBAT SPORTS." Human Sport Medicine 20, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/hsm200208.

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Aim. The article aims to assess the psychophysiological characteristics of skilled athletes in combat sports (boxing, freestyle wrestling, judo). Materials and methods. 18–23-year-old skilled combat athletes were examined. All athletes were divided into the following groups: the first group - female athletes (n = 15); the second group - male athletes (n = 17); the third and fourth groups - control groups consisted of males and females of the same age and not involved in sports (15 people each). The following methods were used: a pulse measurement, psychological tests, self-assessment of the psychoemotional status, electroencephalography, cardiointervalography with the calculation of statistical indicators of heart rate. Examinations were performed before and after the relaxation exercise, which was a three-minute concentration of attention at a specific point on the body. Results. The results revealed that female athletes had lower indicators of psychoemotional status than males but higher than untrained females. The indicators of psychoemotional stress were lower in female athletes than in male athletes and untrained women. For example, the indicator of personal anxiety in female athletes was 41.0 ± 1.8 versus 47.2 ± 2.5 in untrained women (P < 0.05). In female athletes, heart rate, the amplitude of the mode and voltage index (77.15 ± 2.05) in the structure of heart rate were slightly higher than in males (73.10 ± ± 1.07), which indicated greater functional stress of the heart. Relaxation led to favorable changes in EEG indicators and decreased functional stress of the heart in all subjects. Conclusion. It is recommended to extend the terms of sports training in female combat athletes to ensure a smooth transition to sports specialization and reduce injuries.

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Biddiscombe, Perry. "Into the Maelstrom: German Women in Combat, 1944–45." War & Society 30, no. 1 (March 2011): 61–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/204243410x12880157235440.

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Gutiérrez-Santiago, A., J. A. Gutiérrez, and I. Prieto-Lage. "Temporary judo combat structure of women with visual impairment." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 20, no. 4 (June 5, 2020): 631–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1774729.

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Holyfield, Lori, Maggie Cobb, Scott Herford, and Kasey Ogle. "Masculinity under attack: melodramatic resistance to women in combat." Critical Military Studies 5, no. 2 (November 20, 2017): 168–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2017.1397865.

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Miller, Laura L. "Feminism and the exclusion of army women from combat." Gender Issues 16, no. 3 (June 1998): 33–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12147-998-0021-1.

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Gopal, Pooja. "Hegemonic Masculinity and Militarised Femininity: Military, Women and Combat." Vantage 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52253/vjta.2023.v04i01.05.

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Ranald, Margaret Loftus. "War and Its Surrogates: Male Combat Sports and Women's Roles." Theatre Research International 23, no. 1 (1998): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300018228.

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War and the military life have traditionally been perceived in most cultures as a sacrosanct ex-periental world devoted to masculine maturation and bonding. By definition both these traditionally male organizations have until now excluded women, treating them as objects to be despised (if not feared), and also the target of active opposition. Note, for instance, the gleeful celebrations among cadets when Shannon L. Faulkner, the first woman admitted (after court order) to The Citadel, a single-sex military college in Charleston, SC, decided after one week in August 1995 that she could not survive the harassment, hi refusing to admit her the institution had claimed that her presence ‘would undermine a proud and legitimate tradition dedicated to molding the minds, bodies and spirits of young men’. The counter argument was that she was being denied equal opportunity to take part in ‘a unique academic environment that requires on-campus residence and that is being built around a system of hardship, competition and bonding, […and] also a lifetime of countless, less tangible benefits’. Such was also the basis of the US Supreme Court's majority opinion written by Ruth Bader Ginsberg (1996) mandating the admission of women to the Virginia Military Institute. Though now federal government supported service academies admit women, nostalgia still exists in certain quarters for the days when the comment, ‘If the army had wanted you to have a wife, they would have issued you one’ summed up the distinctly peripheral position held by wives, who were, and are still, classified as ‘dependants’. But now women are in the United States Armed Forces, in command positions and certain combat units, as well as in the medical corps. The transition is difficult.

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Wood, Reed M., and Jakana L. Thomas. "Women on the frontline." Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 1 (January 2017): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343316675025.

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Despite the frequent participation of women in armed groups, few studies have sought to explain the variation in their roles across different rebellions. Herein, we investigate this variation. We argue that the political ideology a group adopts plays a central role in determining the extent of women’s participation, particularly their deployment in combat roles. Specifically, we link variations in women’s roles in armed groups to differences in beliefs about gender hierarchies and gender-based divisions of labor inherent in the specific ideologies the groups adopt. We evaluate hypotheses drawn from these arguments using a novel cross-sectional dataset on female combatants in a global sample of rebel organizations active between 1979 and 2009. We find that the presence of a Marxist-oriented ‘leftist’ ideology increases the prevalence of female fighters while Islamist ideologies exert the opposite effect. However, we find little evidence that nationalism exerts an independent influence on women’s combat roles. We also note a general inverse relationship between group religiosity and the prevalence of female fighters. Our analysis demonstrates that political ideology plays a central role in determining whether and to what extent resistance movements incorporate female fighters into their armed wings.

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Serbeniuk, A. V. "Features of the sonographic picture in female veterans of reproductive age who suffered injuries during combat actions." Reproductive health of woman, no. 6 (October 27, 2022): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2708-8731.6.2022.267681.

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The objective: to study the features of the sonographic picture of the pelvic organs in women of reproductive age who took part in combat operations and suffered a concussion. Materials and methods. Ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs with Doppler study on the 5th and 21st days of the menstrual cycle was performed in 457 women of reproductive age who took part in combat operations and suffered a concussion. 246 patients of theses persons with a history of trauma without post-concussion syndrome were included in the comparison group, 211 women with consequences of concussion in the form of post-concussion syndrome – in the main group. The control group included 30 healthy civilian women of reproductive age. The concentration of progesterone in blood serum was studied in all subjects on the 5th and 21st days of the menstrual cycle. The average age of women was 37.08±4.23 years. The period of stay in the combat zone was 60.26±42.21 months, the time since the traumatic brain injury (concussion) was 18.8±9.2 months. Results. In patients of the main group without hyperplastic processes of the endometrium the M-echo thickness on the 21st day of the menstrual cycle was 1.12 times less (p<0.001) than in the control group, and 1.15 times less in patients in the comparison group (p<0.001). In 20.71 % of women with a contusion during combat operations, there is an inferior secretory transformation of the endometrium with increased echogenicity only in the peripheral parts of the M-echo with a hypoechoic zone in the center, in 13.81 % of patients there are no secretory changes in the endometrium on echograms, which manifested by the preservation on the 21st day of its three-layer construction, typical for the preovulatory period, with a hypoechoic functional layer. Intrauterine synechiae are formed in 10.95 % of women who suffered contusions during combat operationss, hyperplastic endometrial processes – 30.24 % of women, 12.3 8% of which had hyperplasia, 17.86 % –endometrial polyps.In patients who suffered a contusion during combat operations a decrease in the vascularization of the corpus luteum with a significant increase in the resistance index of blood flow in the corpus luteum by 1.27 times and a decrease in the maximum systolic velocity by 1.19 times was, in the subjects of the main group compared to women of the comparison group – 1.07 (p<0.01) and 1.05 (p<0.01) times, respectively. On the 21st day of the menstrual cycle in women who took part in combat operations and had concussion, a correlation between the level of serum progesterone and the index of blood flow resistance in the corpus luteum – r=-0.76, p<0.05, as well as maximum systolic blood flow velocity - r=0.70, p<0.05 was established. Conclusions. According to the ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs for women of reproductive age who took part in combat operations and suffered a concussion, ultrasound changes in the structure of the tissues of the pelvic organs and their vascularization are typical, in particular, the thickening of the M-echo on the 21st day of the menstrual cycle, and in a third of cases – the presence of hyperplastic changes of the endometrium.

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Amir, Shamaila, and Saman Zaid. "Integration of Women in Combat Operations and Warfare: Possibilities of Integration into Pakistan Armed Forces." Vojenské rozhledy 32, no. 1 (March 8, 2023): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/2336-2995.32.2023.01.083-097.

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The participation of women in the armed forces creates many challenges to their integration in a masculine-dominated mechanism. Traditionally, military service embodies the macho culture where a certain type of physical strength is required, attainable only through the male frame. The traditional military personnel model represents a young male force that is supported by spouses who stay at home but modern warfare and the inclusion of technology have opened many chances for women to be included in the armed forces. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to highlight various fields of armed forces where women in Pakistan may or may not be suitable to be integrated. The paper descriptively analyzes the participation of women in armed forces in general and in the Pakistan Armed Forces in particular. Recommendations highlight the combat operations relevant to the Pakistan Armed Forces context which women can or cannot be integrated into.

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Restrepo Sanín, Juliana. "The Law and Violence against Women in Politics." Politics & Gender 14, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x18000594.

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Latin America has been at the vanguard in implementing diverse strategies to combat violence against women in politics (VAWIP). In 2012, Bolivia became the first country to criminalize “political violence and harassment against women” with Law 243. Soon, Ecuador, Peru, Costa Rica, and Mexico followed with similar proposals (Krook and Restrepo Sanín 2016). Despite high levels of criminal impunity (Piscopo 2016), legislative measures have been the preferred strategy to combat VAWIP within the region. The Inter-American Commission on Women (CIM) recently published a model law, drawing on experiences in Bolivia, to serve as inspiration for other legislative measures in the region. What can these legislative definitions tell us about the phenomenon of VAWIP, its limits, and its challenges?

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Orantes-Gonzalez, Eva, and J. Heredia-Jimenez. "Are Men and Women Equally Affected by Load Carriage While Landing? Analysis of Balance in Spanish Infantry Soldiers." Motor Control 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2021-0016.

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In this study, the effect of carrying combat equipment and a backpack on balance between men and women was analyzed by simulating a jump out of an armored fighting vehicle, together with the influence of body composition variables. Thirty-seven men and eight women participated in this study. Three landings were performed by simulating a jump from a wheeled armored vehicle carrying no load, carrying the combat equipment and backpack condition. A force plate was used to measure the amplitude and velocity displacement of the center of pressure and the stabilization time. A significant load effect was found on the total velocity and medial–lateral velocity. The weight of the combat equipment and the body composition variables did not correlate with the balance variables. Male and female soldiers showed similar body balance while carrying military combat equipment.

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Mattocks, Kristin M., Sally G. Haskell, Erin E. Krebs, Amy C. Justice, Elizabeth M. Yano, and Cynthia Brandt. "Women at war: Understanding how women veterans cope with combat and military sexual trauma." Social Science & Medicine 74, no. 4 (February 2012): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.039.

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41

Milligan (book author), Gerry, and Lucia Gemmani (review author). "Moral Combat: Women, Gender, and War in Italian Renaissance Literature." Quaderni d'italianistica 39, no. 1 (May 9, 2019): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/q.i..v39i1.32644.

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Milligan (book author), Gerry, and Frank Lacopo (review author). "Moral Combat: Women, Gender, and War in Italian Renaissance Literature." Renaissance and Reformation 41, no. 3 (November 12, 2018): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v41i3.31632.

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43

Tepe, Victoria, Angela Yarnell, Bradley C. Nindl, Stephanie Van Arsdale, and Patricia A. Deuster. "Women in Combat: Summary of Findings and a Way Ahead." Military Medicine 181, no. 1S (January 2016): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-15-00409.

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44

Szivak, Tunde K., Jesse Mala, and William J. Kraemer. "Physical Performance and Integration Strategies for Women in Combat Arms." Strength and Conditioning Journal 37, no. 4 (August 2015): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000137.

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Watrous, Jessica R., Cameron T. McCabe, Amber L. Dougherty, Abigail M. Yablonsky, Gretchen Jones, Judith Harbertson, and Michael R. Galarneau. "Long-Term Outcomes of Service Women Injured on Combat Deployment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010039.

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Sex- and gender-based health disparities are well established and may be of particular concern for service women. Given that injured service members are at high risk of adverse mental and behavioral health outcomes, it is important to address any such disparities in this group, especially in regard to patient-reported outcomes, as much of the existing research has focused on objective medical records. The current study addressed physical and mental health-related quality of life, mental health symptoms, and health behaviors (i.e., alcohol use, sleep, and physical activity) among a sample of service women injured on deployment. Results indicate that about half of injured service women screened positive for a mental health condition, and also evidenced risky health behaviors including problematic drinking, poor sleep, and physical inactivity. Many of the mental and behavioral health variables demonstrated statistically significant associations with each other, supporting the relationships between psychological health and behaviors. Results provide additional evidence for the importance of access to integrated and effective mental healthcare treatment for injured service women and the need for screening in healthcare settings that address the multiple factors (e.g., mental health symptoms, alcohol use, poor sleep) that may lead to poor outcomes.

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MacKenzie, Megan H. "Women in combat: beyond ‘can they?’ or ‘should they?’: Introduction." Critical Studies on Security 1, no. 2 (August 2013): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21624887.2013.814838.

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Jones, E. G. "Women in combat—historical quirk or the future cutting edge?" RUSI Journal 138, no. 4 (August 1993): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071849308445730.

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Zagorski, Nick. "Women in Combat Positions May Face Different Mental Health Challenges." Psychiatric News 51, no. 22 (November 18, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2016.11a3.

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Sternke, Lisa Marie. "Measurement of Military Combat Exposure Among Women: Analysis and Implications." Women's Health Issues 21, no. 4 (July 2011): S160—S168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2011.04.020.

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Tarrasch, Ricardo, Orit Lurie, Ran Yanovich, and Dan Moran. "Psychological aspects of the integration of women into combat roles." Personality and Individual Differences 50, no. 2 (January 2011): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.014.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Women in combat'

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