Academic literature on the topic 'Women in ancient Egypt'
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Journal articles on the topic "Women in ancient Egypt"
Lesko, Barbara S., and Barbara Watterson. "Women in Ancient Egypt." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 30 (1993): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40000245.
Full textElkantiry, Shokry. "Women Healthcare ln Ancient Egypt." مجلة کلیة الآداب بقنا 22, no. 38 (July 1, 2012): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/qarts.2012.114473.
Full textFletcher, Joann, and Barbara S. Lesko. "The Remarkable Women of Ancient Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 87 (2001): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3822383.
Full textFares Yehia, Enas, and Walaa Mohamed Abdelhakim. "Solo Singing Etiquette for Women in Ancient and Modern Egypt." ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY 7, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 41–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.7-1-3.
Full textMeltzer, Edmund S., William A. Ward, and Lana Troy. "Queens, Goddesses and Other Women of Ancient Egypt." Journal of the American Oriental Society 110, no. 3 (July 1990): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603191.
Full textAllam, S. "Women as Holders of Rights in Ancient Egypt." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 33, no. 1 (1990): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852090x00013.
Full textFletcher, Joann. "Book Review: The Remarkable Women of Ancient Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 87, no. 1 (December 2001): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751330108700118.
Full textHollis, Susan Tower. "Women of Ancient Egypt and the Sky Goddess Nut." Journal of American Folklore 100, no. 398 (October 1987): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/540908.
Full textChase-Levenson, Alex. "British Women Writers and the Reception of Ancient Egypt, 1840-1910." Nineteenth-Century Contexts 39, no. 4 (June 12, 2017): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2017.1340062.
Full textAllam, S. "Women as Holders of Rights in Ancient Egypt (During the Late Period)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 33, no. 1 (1990): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3632040.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Women in ancient Egypt"
Ferreira, Andriëtte. "The legal rights of the women of ancient Egypt." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/ETD-desc/describe?urn=etd-03112005-145236.
Full textKoen, Elizabeth Theresia. "Women in Ancient Egypt : the religious experiences of the non-royal woman." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2498.
Full textThis thesis explores the importance of the function of religion in the life of the average, non-royal woman in Ancient Egyptian society. As Ancient Egyptian society and the historical documentation thereof were dominated by the male perspective, the extent of religious participation by women was, until recently, underestimated. Recent research has shown that women had taken part in, and in some cases even dominated, certain spheres of Ancient Egyptian religion. This included religious participation in public, as well as the practice of certain religious rituals in the home. The religious lives of ordinary women of non-royal families were studied by looking at their involvement in the public aspects of Egyptian religion, such as temples, tombs and festivals, as well as at the influence of religion on their identities as women and mothers. The research method followed was that of an iconographical analysis of original sources, which were classified and examined in order to establish their religious links to women of the middle and lower classes. A catalogue of sources is given, including sources depicting women participating in public rituals and objects used in a more domestic sphere. The first included tomb paintings and reliefs from tombs and temples, as well as objects given as public offerings to various deities. The second group included objects and visual depictions relating to fertility, birth and death. This thesis attempts better to understand and illuminate to what an extent the ordinary women of Ancient Egypt were involved in religious participation in their daily lives, as well as to illustrate the dimensions of this participation.
Basson, Danielle. "The Goddess Hathor and the women of ancient Egypt." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20292.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: In studying ancient Egypt researchers have a great advantage, in that there is a multitude of recorded material to draw from. Unfortunately for anyone interested in studying ancient Egyptian women, the recorded material was most often recorded by, commissioned by, and concerned with, men; royal or high-ranking men to be precise (Robins, 1993: 11-12). Thus, we must look into non-textual artefacts and offerings which may have a symbolic meaning. Though, the textual sources should not be neglected, since these may hold clues to the position and perception of women in society: perceptions held by men. This thesis has drawn largely on art and artefacts to investigate the relationship between women in ancient Egypt and the goddess Hathor. Women are traditionally the mothers, caretakers and homemakers of society. But they are not only that. Women are also individuals, capable of individual thought, feelings, anxieties, hopes and dreams; and like their male counterparts, women also experience religion. But, as was clearly displayed in the thesis, Egyptian women not only experienced religion, they lived religion. In the ancient Egyptian context there was no escaping religion. It must also be understood that the ancient Egyptians thought that the man was the seat of creation and that semen was the essence of creation (according to the cosmogony of Heliopolis, cf. Cooney, 2008: 2). A failure to conceive would be placed directly upon the shoulders of the woman, and could be grounds enough for divorce (Robins, 1993: 63). Women in ancient societies served the main function of child-rearing. This may seem backward, but it was an essential function, without which society would cease to function. When a woman failed to conceive, she in essence failed her function as a woman; many women (and men) in this situation turned to religion. This is where this thesis topic comes into play, since Hathor was a goddess of sexuality and fertility, but also had aspects of safeguarding and caretaking. Women were naturally drawn to her and she developed a large cult following, with cult centres scattered throughout Egypt. Not only were many of her followers female, but her priests were also female (Gillam, 1995: 211-212). Hathor might have been the most relatable of the goddesses because of her dual-nature; she is a caretaker and sexual being, but she can also become fierce and even bloodthirsty. Devotion to Hathor was widespread, with cult centres at Deir el-Bahari, Faras, Mirgissa, Serabit el-Khadim, Timna, Gebel Zeit and elsewhere, each with its own large deposit of votive offerings (Pinch, 1993). Hathor is also referenced in letters between females in a family, as one daughter writes to her mother: “May Hathor gladden you for my sake” (Wente, 1990: 63). It is because of this that this thesis investigated to what an extent ancient Egyptian women had a relationship with her.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die ondersoek van ou Egipte, het navorsers `n groot voordeel, deurdat daar `n groot verskeidenheid bronne beskikbaar is om mee te werk. Ongelukkig, vir enigeen wat daarin geïnteresseerd is om die antieke Egiptiese vrou na te vors, is die meerderheid van die bronne deur mans opgeteken, of in opdrag van hulle, en het ook betrekking op mans; koninklike of hooggeplaaste mans, om meer spesifiek te wees (Robins, 1993: 11-12). Daarom, moet ons ook ongeskrewe artefakte en offerandes bestudeer, wat moontlik simboliese betekenisse kan inhou. Dit beteken egter nie dat ons wel geskrewe bronne moet ignoreer nie, aangesien dit tog leidrade oor die posisie van vroue in die samelewing en hoe hulle deur mans beskou is, kan verskaf. Hierdie tesis het grootliks gebruik maak van kuns en artefakte om die verhouding tussen die vroue van antieke Egipte en die godin Hathor na te vors. Volgens tradisie, is vrouens die moeders, oppassers en tuisteskeppers van `n gemeenskap, maar hulle is nie net dit nie. Vroue is ook individue, in staat tot hul eie gedagtes, gevoelens, vrese, hoop en drome; en nes hul manlike eweknieë, kan vroue ook geloof ervaar. Maar, soos duidelik in die tesis uiteengesit is, het Egiptiese vroue nie net geloof ervaar nie, maar geloof geleef. In die antieke Egiptiese konteks was geloof onontkombaar. Die leser moet ook verstaan dat die antieke Egiptenare geglo het dat die man die skeppingsbron was and dat semen die kern van die skepping was (volgens die Heliopolis Kosmogonie, vgl. Cooney, 2008: 2). Indien „n egpaar probleme ondervind het om swanger te raak, het die blaam direk op die vrou se skouers gerus en was ook `n aanvaarde rede vir egskeiding (Robins, 1993: 63). Vroue in antieke gemeenskappe het hoofsaaklik gedien om kinders groot te maak. Dit mag dalk “agterlik” voorkom, maar dit was `n essensiële rol, waarsonder die gemeenskap nie sou kon funksioneer nie. Indien `n vrou nie kon swanger word nie, het sy in essensie in haar doel as `n vrou misluk; daarom het baie vroue (en mans) in hierdie situasie hulle na godsdiens gekeer. Dit is hier waar hierdie tesis aansluit, aangesien Hathor `n godin van seksualiteit en vrugbaarheid was, maar ook aspekte van beskerming en versorging gehad het. Vroue was natuurlik tot haar aangetrokke, `n groot gevolg het om haar kultus versamel en kultus-sentrums het deur Egipte versprei. Nie net was haar navolgers vroulik nie, maar ook haar priesters was vroulik (Gillam, 1995: 211-212). Hathor was moontlik die godin waarmee die mense die maklikste kon identifiseer, omdat sy `n tweeledige natuur gehad het; sy was `n versorger en `n seksuele wese, maar sy kon ook kwaai en bloeddorstig raak. Die aanbidding van Hathor was wydverspreid, met kultus-sentrums by Deir el-Bahari, Faras, Mirgissa, Serabit el-Khadim, Timna, Gebel Zeit en elders, elk met sy eie groot versameling artefakte (Pinch, 1993). Hathor word ook benoem in briewe tussen vroulike familielede, soos een dogter aan haar moeder skryf: “Mag Hathor jou bly maak vir my onthalwe” (Wente, 1990: 63). Dit is hoekom hierdie tesis nagevors het tot wat `n mate daar `n verhouding tussen antieke Egiptiese vroue en Hathor bestaan het.
Ferreira, Andriette. "The legal rights of the women of ancient Egypt." Diss., [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/ETD-desc/describe?urn=etd-03112005-145236.
Full textWitts, Jennifer. "The role of magic and medicine in the lives of ancient Egyptian women and their children." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50522.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates the role that magic and medicine played in the lives of ancient Egyptian women and children. In a time when giving birth often ended in the death of the mother and child, and child mortality was extremely high, a variety of protective measures were undertaken by the ancient Egyptians. Medicine as the scientific treatment of ailments and women's health in general did exist in Egypt, however, life in Egypt was determined by religion and especially magic. The health of the ancient Egyptian woman and her child was studied by looking at the way in which magic influenced medicine, as well as by looking at how this connection between magic and medicine influenced the life and health of ancient Egyptian women and children. The research model followed was that of an interlinking society in which each aspect of Egyptian life had varying impacts on each other. The degree of impact of magic on aspects such as menstruation, conception and pregnancy was investigated, as well as, the magico-medical spells, amulets and other devices that were used to protect a woman and her baby. A catalogue of sources is given, including written and non-written sources. The first included the medical papyri and magical spells against evil forces and sickness. The second group were visual representations, divine statuettes, amulets and the specialized magical stelae (cippl) and "magical wands" ("Zaubermesser"). This thesis attempts to better understand how feminine issues such as menstruation, pregnancy, and giving birth were perceived and contended with, as well as to shed some light on the medical and magical treatment and protection of the women and children in ancient Egypt.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die rol wat magie en medisyne in die lewens van vrouens en kinders in antieke Egipte gespeel het. In 'n tyd toe die geboorte van 'n kind baie keer die dood van die ma en haar baba veroorsaak het, en kindersterftes uiters hoog was, het die antieke Egiptenare 'n verskeidenheid beskermingsmaatreëls gebruik. Medisyne as die wetenskaplike behandeling van siektes en vroulike gesondheidsorg het in Egipte bestaan, maar die lewe in Egipte was egter bepaal deur die godsdiens en veral die magie. Die gesondheid van die vroue en kinders van antieke Egipte is bestudeer deur te kyk hoe magie medisyne beïnvloed het, sowel as om te kyk hoe die verband tussen magie die medisyne die lewe en gesondheid van vroue en kinders in antieke Egipte bepaal het. Die navorsingsmodel wat gevolg is, is van 'n samelewing waarbinne elke aspek van die lewe in Egipte 'n impak op die ander het. Die graad van impak van magie op aspekte soos menstruasie, konsepsie en swangerskap is ondersoek, sowel as die "magies-mediese" spreuke, amulette en ander middels wat as beskerming vir die vrou en haar baba gebruik is. 'n Katalogus van bronne is ingesluit en sluit beide skriftelike en nie-skriftelike bronne in. Onder die eerste groep val mediese papiri en magiese tekste teen bose magte en siekte. Die tweede groep gee aandag aan visuele voorstellings, godebeeldjies, amulette en die gespesialiseerde magiese stelae (cippl) en "toorstaffies" ("Zaubermesser"). Hierdie tesis poog om beter te verstaan hoe vroulike sake soos menstruasie, swangerskap en geboorte gesien en hanteer is, sowel as om meer lig te werp op die mediese en magiese behandeling en beskerming van vrouens en hulle kinders in antieke Egipte.
Alameen, Antwanisha V. "Women's Access to Political Power in Ancient Egypt and Igboland: A Critical Study." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/214768.
Full textPh.D.
This is an Afrocentric examination of women's use of agency in Ancient Egypt and Igboland. Most histories written on Kemetic women not only disconnect them from Africa but also fail to fully address the significance of their position within the political spiritual structure of the state. Additionally, the presence of matriarchy in Ancient Egypt is dismissed on the basis that patriarchy is the most visible and seemingly the most dominant form of governance. Diop contended that matriarchy was one of the key factors that connected Ancient Egypt with other parts of Africa which is best understood as the Africa cultural continuity theory. My research analyzes the validity of his theory by comparing how Kemetic women exercised agency in their political structure to how Igbo women exercised political agency. I identified Igbo women as a cultural group to be compared to Kemet because of their historical political resistance in their state during the colonial period. However, it is their traditional roles prior to British invasion that is most relevant to my study. I define matriarchy as the central role of the mother in the social and political function of societal structures, the political positions occupied by women that inform the decisions of the state and the inclusion of female principles within the religious-political order of the nation. Matriarchy as a critical framework was used to identify how Kemetic women and Igbo women accessed political power by means of motherhood, political leadership, and spiritual authority. The findings of this study show that Igbo women and Ancient Egyptian women were integral to the political operation of their states. Furthermore, the results indicate that Ancient Egypt and Igboland shared cultural commonalities as it relates to the roles that women occupied as spiritual specialists, political leaders and mothers.
Temple University--Theses
Olivier, Anette. "Social status of elite women of the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt a comparison of artistic features /." Thesis, Pretoria : UNISA, 2008. http://etd.unisa.ac.za/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-09262008-134009/unrestricted/dissertation.pdf.
Full textRady, Maged Mohamed Abdelhalim Mohamed. "The influence of women in ancient Egypt : tour guiding curricula and the development of tour guiding competencies." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/6252.
Full textPettersson, Sara. "Framställningar & uppfattningar om kvinnan och åldrande I forna Egypten." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Egyptologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447335.
Full textNifosì, Ada. "Women's body, society and domestic space in Graeco-Roman Egypt." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54725/.
Full textBooks on the topic "Women in ancient Egypt"
Watterson, Barbara. Women in Ancient Egypt. Stroud: A. Sutton, 1994.
Find full textWatterson, Barbara. Women in ancient Egypt. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
Find full textRobins, Gay. Women in ancient Egypt. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Find full textWatterson, Barbara. Women in ancient Egypt. Stroud: Sutton, 1991.
Find full textThe remarkable women of ancient Egypt. 2nd ed. [S.l.]: B.S. Lesko, 1987.
Find full textDaughters of Isis: Women of ancient Egypt. London: Penguin Books, 1995.
Find full textTyldesley, Joyce A. Daughters of Isis: Women of ancient Egypt. London: Viking, 1994.
Find full textMen, women and children in ancient Egypt. London: Wayland, 2007.
Find full textMen, women and children in ancient Egypt. London: Wayland, 2009.
Find full textWorth, Richard. Cleopatra: Queen of ancient Egypt. Berkeley Heights, N.J: Enslow Publishers, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Women in ancient Egypt"
Khalifa, Mahmoud Abdelhamid M. A. "Muslim Women: Identity, Islamophobia and the Rhythm of Islam." In Female Pioneers from Ancient Egypt and the Middle East, 165–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1413-2_11.
Full textYoungkin, Molly. "Bound by an English Eye: Ancient Cultures, Imperialist Contexts, and Literary Representations of Ancient Egyptian Women." In British Women Writers and the Reception of Ancient Egypt, 1840–1910, 1–33. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137566140_1.
Full textBakr, Mawahib Ahmed. "The Pioneer Women: Rewriting the History of Gender in Sudan." In Female Pioneers from Ancient Egypt and the Middle East, 111–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1413-2_8.
Full textKerkhof, Peter L. M. "Gender Role and Contributions of Women to Astronomy and Medicine in Ancient Egypt." In Female Pioneers from Ancient Egypt and the Middle East, 1–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1413-2_1.
Full textBittner-Fesseler, Angela. "It Does Matter: The Visibility of Women, with the Example of German Universities." In Female Pioneers from Ancient Egypt and the Middle East, 187–203. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1413-2_12.
Full textAnsari, Mahsheed, and Mirela Cufurovic. "Collective Trauma and the Muslim Women of the Christchurch Attack: An Observational and Media Study." In Female Pioneers from Ancient Egypt and the Middle East, 145–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1413-2_10.
Full textYoungkin, Molly. "“My ancestor, my sister”: Ancient Heritage Imagery and Modern Egyptian Women Writers." In British Women Writers and the Reception of Ancient Egypt, 1840–1910, 155–81. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137566140_6.
Full textKhalil, Radwa, Ahmed A. Karim, and Ahmed A. Moustafa. "Milestones of Egyptian Women’ Progress in Education and Science from the Nineteenth Century to the Present." In Female Pioneers from Ancient Egypt and the Middle East, 47–60. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1413-2_4.
Full textElayah, Moosa, Wafa Al-Daily, and Maryam Alkubati. "The Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Agenda Between Rhetoric and Action in the MENA Region: A Case Study of Yemen and Libya." In Female Pioneers from Ancient Egypt and the Middle East, 129–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1413-2_9.
Full textYoungkin, Molly. "Acting as “the right hand … of God”: Christianized Egyptian Women and Religious Devotion as Emancipation in Florence Nightingale’s Fictionalized Treatises." In British Women Writers and the Reception of Ancient Egypt, 1840–1910, 35–61. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137566140_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Women in ancient Egypt"
El-Sayed, Karimat. "Women in Physics in Egypt." In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: The IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1505283.
Full textSundstedt, Veronica, Alan Chalmers, and Philippe Martinez. "A high fidelity reconstruction of ancient Egypt." In the SIGGRAPH 2003 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/965400.965512.
Full textEl-Sayed, Karimat, Hala Hosny, and Sally Helmy. "Women in physics in Egypt: Challenges and progress." In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 4th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794238.
Full textEl-Sayed, Karimat. "The Situation of Women In Physics In Egypt." In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 2nd IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2128292.
Full textYan, Yanlai, Kangmin Chai, Huahan Liang, and Lingda Kong. "Physics involvement in ancient Chinese chime bells." In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 4th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794219.
Full textPara, Iulia. "WOMEN, POLITICS AND IMMORALITY IN ANCIENT ROME." In 6th SWS International Scientific Conference on Social Sciences ISCSS 2019. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sws.iscss.2019.5/s18.039.
Full text"Symbolic Meanings of Pharaoh 's False Beard in Ancient Egypt." In 2017 International Conference on Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. Francis Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/ssah.2017.77.
Full textBrenner, Paul, and Volodymyr Krasnoholovets. "Notice of Removal ELectric Egypt: Khufu's Maser, the Denderah lamps and other energy features in ancient Egypt." In IEEE EUROCON 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurcon.2009.5167764.
Full textEl-Sayed, Karimat, Hala Hosny, Mona Mohsen, Afaf Gadalla, Beverly Karplus Hartline, Renee K. Horton, and Catherine M. Kaicher. "Women in Physics in Egypt: The Status and Needs of Female Physics Students." In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: Third IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3137726.
Full textHuang, He. "Research on the Facade Image of the Goddess Hathor in Ancient Egypt." In 2018 4th International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ichssr-18.2018.44.
Full textReports on the topic "Women in ancient Egypt"
Stoyancheva, Galina, Ekaterina Krumova, Nedelina Kostadinova, Jeny Miteva-Staleva, Petar Grozdanov, Mohamed F. Ghaly, Akmal A. Sakr, and Maria Angelova. Biodiversity of Contaminant Fungi at Different Coloured Materials in Ancient Egypt Tombs and Mosques. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2018.07.06.
Full textAbdel-Tawab, Nahla. Do public health services in Egypt help women exercise their reproductive rights? Population Council, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh3.1010.
Full textRamadan, Nada, Nahla Abdel-Tawab, Khaled El Sayed, and Rania Roushdy. Enhancing livelihood opportunities for young women in rural Upper Egypt: The Neqdar Nesharek Program. Population Council, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy10.1013.
Full textOraby, Doaa, and Nahla Abdel-Tawab. Sexual and reproductive health of women living with HIV in Egypt: Unmet needs and unfulfilled dreams. Population Council, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh10.1024.
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