Journal articles on the topic 'Women immigrants – Employment – Canada'
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1
Doyle, Judith, Nicola Mooney, and Jane Ku. "Why Not Me? Women Immigrants and Unemployment in New Brunswick." MIGRATION LETTERS 3, no. 2 (October 28, 2006): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v3i2.67.
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This article examines the experience of women immigrants and refugees in New Brunswick, Canada. In focus groups, employment, or rather the lack of employment, was a central concern for the women. Many were skilled immigrants who urgently wished to be working in their field of expertise and felt disappointed with Canadian immigration processes and settlement in New Brunswick. Their emphasis on employment contrasted with their classification as dependent spouses by Citizenship and Immigration Canada and as refugees.
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Banerjee, Rupa, Feng Hou, Jeffrey G. Reitz, and Tingting Zhang. "Evaluating Foreign Skills: Effects of Credential Assessment on Skilled Immigrants’ Labour Market Performance in Canada." Canadian Public Policy 47, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 358–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-014.
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Formal educational qualification is increasingly built into immigrant selection systems in many countries, but in a global context, the transferability and portability of such qualifications has been questioned. In 2013, Canada introduced the requirement for a formal assessment of educational credential equivalence for applicants in the skilled worker category. In this study, we use a Canadian national immigration database and difference-in-differences methodology to investigate whether requiring formal Educational Credential Assessment (ECA) as part of the selection process for skilled immigrants has improved labour market outcomes. Our results indicate that the ECA requirement is positively related to early employment rates and earnings for both men and women. However, this effect is limited to those with no previous employment experience in Canada. We also find that, even with the ECA requirement, significant differences in the earnings of immigrants from different source regions remain. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
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Yates, Charlotte A. B. "Segmented labour, united unions? How unions in Canada cope with increased diversity." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 11, no. 4 (November 2005): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890501100410.
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As the labour force in Western industrial democracies becomes more diverse, union strategies for organising and representing these workers need to change. With a particular emphasis on union strategies for recruiting new members, this article demonstrates how slow unions have been to adapt to the changing labour market and labour force. Drawing on data from Canada, the article examines the challenges faced by unions in representing women and immigrants, especially those from racial minorities who constitute a growing proportion of recent immigrants to Canada. It then explores the additional challenges posed by changes to the labour market, most notably the rise in private service sector employment and the shift towards non-unionised manufacturing facilities. The article concludes by examining the ways in which unions need to transform their strategies to reflect the greater diversity found amongst workers and their workplaces.
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Premji, Stéphanie. "Precarious Employment and Difficult Daily Commutes." Articles 72, no. 1 (April 19, 2017): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1039591ar.
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Precarious employment is on the rise in Canada, increasing by nearly 50% in the last two decades. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which it can impact upon geographical mobility. Employment-related geographical mobility refers to mobility to, from and between workplaces, as well as mobility as part of work. We report on a qualitative study conducted among 27 immigrant men and women in Toronto that investigates the relationship between precarious employment and daily commutes while exploring the ways in which gender, class and migration structure this relationship. Interview data reveal that participants were largely unable to work where they lived or live where they worked. Their precarious jobs were characterized by conditions that resulted in long, complex, unfamiliar, unsafe and expensive commutes. These commuting difficulties, in turn, resulted in participants having to refuse or quit jobs, including desirable jobs, or being unable to engage in labour market strategies that could improve their employment conditions (e.g. taking courses, volunteering, etc.). Participants’ commuting difficulties were amplified by the delays, infrequency, unavailability and high cost of public transportation. These dynamics disproportionately and/or differentially impacted certain groups of workers. Precarious work has led to workers having to absorb an ever-growing share of the costs associated with their employment, underscored in our study as time, effort and money spent travelling to and from work. We discuss the forces that underlie the spatial patterning of work and workers in Toronto, namely the growing income gap and the increased polarization among neighbourhoods that has resulted in low-income immigrants increasingly moving from the centre to the edges of the city. We propose policy recommendations for public transportation, employment, housing and child care that can help alleviate some of the difficulties described.
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Omorodion, Francisca Isi. "African Immigrant Women's Perceptions and Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence in Canada." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2020-0015.
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This paper examines the experiences of intimate partner violence among African immigrant women living in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. In-depth interviews were conducted and audio-recorded with 20 African immigrant women who have lived in Canada for five years. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic content analysis. The study showed that IPV is common in African communities and affects the mental health and quality of life of survivors. The women noted that poor integration of African men into the mainstream society due to lack of gainful employment perpetuates IPV, which becomes a tool used by African men to express their authority, power and control over their women. The women called for culturally specific and relevant treatment and prevention services that would be more inclusive and meet the needs of all abused women.
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Zou, Ping, Jing Shao, Yan Luo, Aarabi Thayaparan, Hui Zhang, Arzoo Alam, Lichun Liu, and Souraya Sidani. "Facilitators and Barriers to Healthy Midlife Transition among South Asian Immigrant Women in Canada: A Qualitative Exploration." Healthcare 9, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020182.
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Background: South Asian immigrant women make up the largest visible minority in Canada, where visible minorities include persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour, and approximately half of these women are above the age of 35. Few studies have investigated the factors that impact the midlife transition for these women. This study aims to identify the facilitators and barriers experienced by South Asian immigrant women during the midlife transition. Methods: Two focus groups and ten one-on-one interviews about the midlife transition were held with South Asian first-generation immigrant women in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada; discussions were analyzed thematically. Findings: Personal facilitators to the midlife transition included being employed and possessing adequate life skills. Personal barriers consisted of financial strain, overwhelming demands, and limited life skills. Familial facilitators were stable financial status and support. Familial barriers included limited understanding and support and high expectations. Community facilitators included a close social circle and adequate healthcare. Community barriers were limited social support and cultural expectations. Fair and respectful societies were a facilitator, whereas inadequate policy support and acculturative stress were societal barriers. An environmental barrier was the colder Canadian climate. Discussion: Employment and education programs for South Asian immigrant women need to be prioritized to help them integrate into society. Family-centred assessment and education can improve familial support. Communities need to foster peer support groups and culturally sensitive healthcare. Social and employment policies should accommodate the midlife transition. Conclusions: South Asian immigrant women experience unique facilitators and barriers to their midlife transition that should be considered by healthcare providers, policymakers and society to support them.
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Reitz, Jeffrey G., Emily Laxer, and Patrick Simon. "National Cultural Frames and Muslims’ Economic Incorporation: A Comparison of France and Canada." International Migration Review 56, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 499–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01979183211035725.
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This article shows that differences in the economic incorporation of Muslims and other immigrant minorities in France and in Canada are mainly related to immigrant selectivity, labor market structures, and welfare transfers. Differences in ethno-specific penalties due to national cultural frames — related to multiculturalism in Canada and secular republicanism in France — are small, affect only the second generation, and are related both to minority household patterns and to treatment in mainstream institutions. Using data on household incomes from two large-scale surveys (Trajectories and Origins in France 2008–2009 and the Canadian National Household Survey 2011) and taking account of cross-setting differences in Muslim and other minority origins, we model cross-generational economic trajectories reflecting the impact of immigrant selectivity, labor market structures, and welfare transfers. Within this framework, we examine four ways that cultural frames may affect minority economic disadvantage: the significance of religion relative to race, citizenship access, labor market discrimination, and minority household patterns, including employment of women in couples and intergenerational cohabitation. Across all minorities, we find a striking cross-national difference in intergenerational economic trajectories: flat in France and upward in Canada, plausibly reflecting institutional differences. Net of sociodemographic controls, both religion and race matter in each setting, and net Muslim disadvantage is similar in each. Citizenship differences have little impact. Labor market earnings discrimination appears similar. A small potential effect of cultural frames appears in second-generation Muslim households: in France, lower female employment rates reduce household incomes, while in English-speaking Canada, more frequent cohabitation with more affluent parents increases household incomes. Yet even these findings do not necessarily diminish the overriding significance of immigrant selectivity, labor market structure, and welfare transfers.
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Vosko, Leah F. "A New Approach to Regulating Temporary Agency Work in Ontario or Back to the Future?" Articles 65, no. 4 (February 9, 2011): 632–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/045589ar.
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In 2009, the province of Ontario, Canada adopted the Employment Standards Amendment Act (Temporary Help Agencies) partly in response to public concern over temporary agency workers’ limited access to labour protection. This article examines its “new” approach in historical and international context, illustrating that the resulting section of the Employment Standards Act (ESA) reflects continuity through change in its continued omissions and exclusions. The article begins by defining temporary agency work and describing its significance, explaining how it exemplifies precarious employment, partly by virtue of the triangular employment relationship at its heart. Next it traces three eras of regulation, from the early 20th to the early 21st centuries: in the first era, against the backdrop of the federal government’s forays into regulation through the Immigration Act, Ontario responded to abusive practices of private employment agencies, with strict regulations, directed especially at those placing recent immigrants in employment. In the second era, restrictions on private employment agencies were gradually loosened, resulting in modest regulation; in this era, there was growing space for the emergence of “new” types of agencies providing “employment services,” including temporary help agencies, which carved out a niche for themselves by targeting marginalized social groups, such as women. The third era was characterized by the legitimization of private employment agencies and, in particular, temporary help agencies, both in a passive sense by government inaction in response to growing complexities surrounding their operation, and in an active sense by the repeal of Ontario’s Employment Agencies Act in 2000. Despite a consultative process aimed, in the words of Ontario’s then Minister of Labour, at “enhanc [ing] protections for employees working for temporary help agencies,” the new section of the ESA adopted in 2009 reproduces outdated approaches to regulation through its omissions and exclusions; specifically, it focuses narrowly on temporary help agencies rather than including an overlapping group of private employment agencies with which they comprise the employment services industry and its denial of access to protection to workers from a particular occupational group (i.e., workers placed by a subset of homecare agencies otherwise falling within the definition of “assignment employees”). Highlighting the importance of looking back in devising new regulations, the article concludes by advancing a more promising approach for the future that would address more squarely the triangular employment relationship as the basis for extending greater protection to workers.
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Morgenshtern, Marina. "“My Family’s Weight on My Shoulders”: Experiences of Jewish Immigrant Women from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) in Toronto." Social Sciences 8, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8030086.
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In dominant western society, we tend to interpret the experiences of immigrant women as emancipation and liberation, rather than as the complex experiences of subjects acting within several hegemonic systems. While intersectional and transnational feminism led to questioning this view through the discussion of the challenges faced by immigrant women from developing countries, their counterparts from socialist countries have been largely ignored. To address this gap, this article focuses on the employment and social reproduction experiences of 11 white, professional, heterosexual, immigrant Jewish women from the former Soviet Union (FSU) who are now living in Toronto, Canada. The data used in this article was collected as part of a study on lived experiences of Jewish immigrant couples from FSU in Toronto. This study utilized intersectional feminist analysis as a theoretical framework and combined the qualitative methodologies of Testimonio and Oral History. This data suggests that, for these women, immigration had mixed outcomes. Although the material conditions of their lives may have changed, the traditional moral associations between femininity, domesticity, and maternity remained strong. Apparent heterosexual privilege both challenged and reinforced their subordination, in that it facilitated their access to Canadian education and professional jobs and promoted their social legitimacy/status, while also resulting in greater subordination at work and home where they had more tasks to fulfill than in premigration life. These findings challenge the monolithic representation of immigrant women’s experience and enhance our ability to generate a more comprehensive theory of those experiences.
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Benoit, Cecilia, Leah Shumka, Kate Vallance, Helga Hallgrímsdóttir, Rachel Phillips, Karen Kobayashi, Olena Hankivsky, Colleen Reid, and Elana Brief. "Explaining the Health Gap Experienced by Girls and Women in Canada: A Social Determinants of Health Perspective." Sociological Research Online 14, no. 5 (November 2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2024.
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In the last few decades there has been a resurgence of interest in the social causes of health inequities among and between individuals and populations. This ‘social determinants’ perspective focuses on the myriad demographic and societal factors that shape health and well-being. Heeding calls for the mainstreaming of two very specific health determinants - sex and gender - we incorporate both into our analysis of the health gap experienced by girls and women in Canada. However, we take an intersectional approach in that we argue that a comprehensive picture of health inequities must, in addition to considering sex and gender, include a context sensitive analysis of all the major dimensions of social stratification. In the case of the current worldwide economic downturn, and the uniquely diverse Canadian population spread over a vast territory, this means thinking carefully about how socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, immigrant status, employment status and geography uniquely shape the health of all Canadians, but especially girls and women. We argue that while a social determinants of health perspective is important in its own right, it needs to be understood against the backdrop of broader structural processes that shape Canadian health policy and practice. By doing so we can observe how the social safety net of all Canadians has been eroding, especially for those occupying vulnerable social locations.
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Phythian, Kelli, David Walters, and Paul Anisef. "Entry Class and the Early Employment Experience of Immigrants in Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 36, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2009): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6861x.
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Despite its policy importance, research related to the economic performance of immigrants by entry class is sorely lacking. It is generally presumed that immigrants selected on the basis of human capital will have better economic outcomes than unscreened immigrants; however, there is speculation that the social networks of family immigrants provide access to employment resources not available to others. Both arguments have merit, yet there is little research to support either claim. This study utilizes data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada to investigate the association between entry class and employment status of immigrants six months after arrival. Findings reveal little difference between skilled workers and family immigrants, while business immigrants and refugees are much less likely to be employed. Policy implications are discussed.
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Li, Peter S. "Immigrants' Propensity to Self-Employment: Evidence from Canada." International Migration Review 35, no. 4 (December 2001): 1106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00054.x.
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Aboubacar, Said Ahmed, and Nong Zhu. "Episodes of non-employment among immigrants from developing countries in Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 40, no. 1-2 (May 24, 2013): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6gw3f.
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Using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID), we analyze non-employment episodes for immigrants from developing countries, and compare their situation to that of immigrants from developed countries and Canadian-born individuals between 1996 and 2006. The methods used allowed us to draw the following conclusion: significant differences exist between these three groups in labour market mobility, the average duration of a non-employment episode, and the factors that affect the propensity to exit from a nonemployment episode. These differences demonstrate a particular disadvantage for immigrants from developing countries. In fact, they tend to spend more time in non-employment episodes compared to their counterparts from developed countries, and compared to Canadian-born individuals.
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Subedi, Rajendra Prasad, and Mark Warren Rosenberg. "“I am from nowhere”: identity and self-perceived health status of skilled immigrants employed in low-skilled service sector jobs." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-09-2015-0035.
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Purpose The foreign-born skilled immigrant population is growing rapidly in Canada but finding a job that utilizes immigrants’ skills, knowledge and experience is challenging for them. The purpose of this paper is to understand the self-perceived health and social status of skilled immigrants who were working in low-skilled jobs in the service sector in Ottawa, Canada. Design/methodology/approach In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews with 19 high-skilled immigrants working as taxi drivers and convenience store workers in the city of Ottawa, Canada were analysed using a grounded theory approach. Findings Five major themes emerged from the data: high expectations but low achievements; credential devaluation, deskilling and wasted skills; discrimination and loss of identity; lifestyle change and poor health behaviour; and poor mental and physical health status. Social implications The study demonstrates the knowledge between what skilled immigrants expect when they arrive in Canada and the reality of finding meaningful employment in a country where international credentials are less likely to be recognized. The study therefore contributes to immigration policy reform which would reduce barriers to meaningful employment among immigrants reducing the impacts on health resulting from employment in low-skilled jobs. Originality/value This study provides unique insights into the experience and perceptions of skilled immigrants working in low-skilled jobs. It also sheds light on the “healthy worker effect” hypothesis which is a highly discussed and debated issue in the occupational health literature.
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Razin, Eran, and André Langlois. "Metropolitan Characteristics and Entrepreneurship among Immigrants and Ethnic Groups in Canada." International Migration Review 30, no. 3 (September 1996): 703–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000303.
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This study assesses the influence of metropolitan characteristics on self-employment among immigrant groups and ethnic minorities in Canada. It compares self-employment among 65 immigrant and ethnic groups in Canada's 25 metropolitan areas and is based on a special tabulation from the 1991 Census of Canada. Results show that locational variations in self-employment among groups that are clearly distinguished from Canada's mainstream population, and among the more entrepreneurial groups, differ markedly from locational variations among the rest of the population. These groups gravitate to self-employment, particularly in peripheral metropolitan areas where entrepreneurial opportunities are few. Neither does a large local community of co-ethnics positively influence the propensity to become self-employed. However, immigrants and minorities in peripheral metropolitan areas cluster in relatively narrow entrepreneurial niches. While benefiting from less competition by co-ethnics, the immigrants are probably constrained there to self-employment due to the lack of alternative opportunities.
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VERMA, R. B. P., and K. G. BASAVARAJAPPA. "Employment Income of Immigrants In Metropolitan Areas of Canada, 1980." International Migration 27, no. 3 (September 1989): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1989.tb00357.x.
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Creese, Gillian, and Brandy Wiebe. "‘Survival Employment’: Gender and Deskilling among African Immigrants in Canada." International Migration 50, no. 5 (July 20, 2009): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00531.x.
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Lewin-Epstein, Noah, Moshe Semyonov, Irena Kogan, and Richard A. Wanner. "Institutional Structure and Immigrant Integration: A Comparative Study of Immigrants’ Labor Market Attainment in Canada and Israel." International Migration Review 37, no. 2 (June 2003): 389–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00142.x.
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The present study focuses on the incorporation of immigrants from the former Soviet Union in two receiving societies, Israel and Canada, during the first half of the 1990s. Both countries conducted national censuses in 1995 (Israel) and 1996 (Canada), making it possible to identify a large enough sample of immigrants and provide information on their demographic characteristics and their labor market activity. While both Canada and Israel are immigrant societies, their institutional contexts of immigrant reception differ considerably. Israel maintains no economic selection of the Jewish immigrants and provides substantial support for newcomers, who are viewed as a returning Diaspora. Canada employs multiple criteria for selecting immigrants, and the immigrants’ social and economic incorporation is patterned primarily by market forces. The analysis first examines the characteristics of immigrants who arrived in the two countries and evaluates the extent of selectivity. Consistent with our hypotheses, Russian immigrants to Canada were more immediately suitable for the labor market, but experienced greater difficulty finding and maintaining employment. Nevertheless, immigrants to Canada attained higher-status occupations and higher earnings than their compatriots in Israel did, although the Israeli labor market was more likely to reward their investments in education.
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Bevelander, Pieter. "The Employment Status of Immigrant Women: The Case of Sweden." International Migration Review 39, no. 1 (March 2005): 173–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00259.x.
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This article presents an exploration of the employment status of various groups of immigrant women in the Swedish labor market in the period 1970–1995. Since employment is one of the key components for the integration of immigrants, it is interesting to study what factors determine whether or not immigrants become employed after entering Sweden. Numerous studies have analyzed the labor market integration of immigrant men, whereas the integration of women still has received less attention (Ekberg, 1983, 1991; Hammarstedt, 2001; Scott, 1999). This study can be seen as a contribution to an increase in the knowledge of the labor market integration of female immigrants in Sweden.
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Bauder, Harald. "Origin, employment status and attitudes towards work: immigrants in Vancouver, Canada." Work, Employment and Society 20, no. 4 (December 2006): 709–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017006069810.
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Alaazi, Dominic A., Salima Meherali, Esperanza Diaz, Kathleen Hegadoren, Neelam Punjani, and Bukola Salami. "Perspectives of service agencies on factors influencing immigrants’ mental health in Alberta, Canada." International Health Trends and Perspectives 1, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v1i2.1437.
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Newcomers to Canada experience resettlement challenges that affect their mental well-being. Guided by an intersectionality theoretical framework, we sought the perspectives of immigrant service agencies on factors influencing immigrants’ mental health in Alberta, Canada. Data were collected by means of qualitative interviews and focus groups with immigrant service providers. Our data analysis identified seven themes – precarious immigration status, employment discrimination, social isolation, socioeconomic pressures, sociocultural stress, gender and age-related vulnerabilities, and lack of appropriate mental health supports – reflecting the major intersecting determinants of immigrants’ mental health. We propose policy interventions for addressing the mental health vulnerabilities of immigrants.
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Okeke-Ihejirika, Philomina, Neelam Saleem Punjani, and Bukola Salami. "African Immigrant’s Women Experiences on Extended Family Relations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 12, 2022): 8487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148487.
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African immigrants are increasingly migrating to high-income countries, including Canada, in search of a better life. These immigrants often face several challenges, such as keeping healthy ties with their extended families back home and in a new socio-cultural context. We present findings from a participatory action research (PAR) study of Sub-Saharan African immigrants and refugees (SSAIRs) living in Alberta, Canada. Using the theoretical framework of postcolonial feminism and transnationalism, in this study we investigated how cultural roots and transnational ties affect newcomer transition and integration to provide information on the female perspectives of SSAIRs. The results of the study indicate that maintaining relational ties with one’s extended family in the homeland has been highlighted as both a source of support—providing moral, social, religious, and cultural support during the integration processes—and strain, with participants noting its impact on their integration processes, such as delaying the ability to restructure life and to successfully plan their life financially. Our findings outline various implications of the existing gaps and recommendations for policymakers and community stakeholders for future improvement. Overall, our study findings affirm the importance of extended family relations for African immigrants living in Canada.
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Blekesaune, Morten. "Employment among female immigrants to Europe." Acta Sociologica 64, no. 3 (April 19, 2021): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00016993211003643.
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This article investigates how cultural factors might affect the employment of female immigrants to Europe. Cultural factors include the characteristics of individual women, their countries of origin in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the European regions where they reside. Data are from the European Social Survey (2002 to 2019) and various international organisations. Employment is predicted by educational level and religiosity, religious composition of the country of origin, and rates of unemployment in the region of residence. Less educated immigrants from Muslim countries have particularly low employment rates. Contrary to expectations, the employment of female immigrants seems unaffected by overall female employment rates in the region of residence, and correlation with female employment in the country of origin disappears when controlling for its religious composition. The findings for cultural factors are consistent with theories about transculturation and also with theories about religion and moral orders. They are less consistent with a standard acculturation model hitherto popular in the research literature.
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Frank, Kristyn. "Does occupational status matter? Examining immigrants’ employment in their intended occupations." Canadian Studies in Population 38, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2011): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6t03k.
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Research examining the economic integration of immigrants to Canada primarily focuses on earnings differentials between the native-born and foreign-born populations. Although some studies examine occupational matching among immigrants, broad levels of occupational classification are employed. This paper has two objectives: (1) to examine occupational matching for the immigrant population at a precise level of classification and (2) to broaden the focus of immigrant employment research by considering whether characteristics of their intended occupations influence the likelihood of an occupational match. Results indicate that immigrants seeking high-status occupations are significantly less likely to obtain a match than those seeking low-status occupations.
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Greenwood, Michael J., and Paul A. Young. "Geographically Indirect Immigration to Canada: Description and Analysis." International Migration Review 31, no. 1 (March 1997): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100103.
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This article is concerned with geographically indirect immigration to Canada over the period 1968–1988. A geographically indirect immigrant is an individual legally admitted to Canada whose country of last permanent residence differs from country of birth. Records maintained by Employment and Immigration Canada on every immigrant legally admitted over the period were used in the study. Relative to geographically direct immigrants, geographically indirect immigrants tend to be older, more educated, and more highly skilled. Moreover, if they were not born in an English or French speaking country, indirect immigrants are more likely to speak English and/or French capably than direct migrants born in such countries. The study also contains bivariate logit estimates of a model of geographically indirect Canadian immigration. This model suggests that indirect migrants tend to be influenced by personal characteristics (age, sex, marital status, occupation, language ability), as well as by various characteristics of the country of birth (distance from Canada, income level, political conditions).
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Lee, Rennie. "Gendered Pathways: Employment Behavior among Family-Based and Skill-Based Immigrants in the United States." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8 (January 2022): 237802312211443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221144354.
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The United States is the only country to admit the majority of its immigrants on the basis of kinship ties. Although policy makers typically view family migration as less favorable and assume that family immigrants do not contribute to the U.S. economy, this argument is oversimplified and ignores the role of gender and the various ways that family immigration works. This study captures the multiple aspects of immigrants’ entry visas and its intersection with gender to examine the employment behavior of college-educated immigrant men and women who arrived in the United States via several family-based and skill-based categories. Using nationally representative data from 2010, 2013, and 2015 National Survey of College Graduates, the author finds that immigrants’ initial entry pathways into the United States continue to stratify their employment behavior and trajectories, especially for immigrant women. The conditions of family-sponsored immigration matter; temporary migration as a spouse is negatively associated with immigrant women’s employment but not permanent family migration.
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Cranford, Cynthia J., Leah F. Vosko, and Nancy Zukewich. "The Gender of Precarious Employment in Canada." Articles 58, no. 3 (January 22, 2004): 454–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/007495ar.
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Summary This article examines the relationship between gender, forms of employment and dimensions of precarious employment in Canada, using data from the Labour Force Survey and the General Social Survey. Full-time permanent wage work decreased for both women and men between 1989 and 2001, but women remain more likely to be employed in part-time and temporary wage work as compared to men. Layering forms of wage work with indicators of regulatory protection, control and income results in a continuum with full-time permanent employees as the least precarious followed by full-time temporary, part-time permanent and then part-time temporary employees as the most precarious. The continuum is gendered through both inequalities between full-time permanent women and men and convergence in precariousness among part-time and temporary women and men. These findings reflect a feminization of employment norms characterized by both continuity and change in the social relations of gender.
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Sharaf, Mesbah Fathy. "Job-Education Mismatch and Its Impact on the Earnings of Immigrants: Evidence from Recent Arrivals to Canada." ISRN Economics 2013 (January 17, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/452358.
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Using the most recent Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada, this paper measures the incidence of job-education mismatch, particularly over-education, examines its determinants, and estimates its impact on the earnings of immigrants. Job-education mismatch is measured using the realized match method, and the corresponding earnings impact is estimated using an over-required-under education technique. Determinants of over-education are examined using a bivariate probit model to account for selectivity into employment. Panel data estimation methods are used to estimate earnings equations and the analysis is stratified by gender. Results show that recent immigrants to Canada have a persistent high incidence and intensity of over-education with a substantial negative impact on their earnings. In particular, two-thirds of recent immigrants to Canada are over-educated with a wage loss of 8%, while an under-educated immigrant loses around 2% on average. Results also show that proficiency in English or French and post-immigration investment in education and training significantly reduce the likelihood of being over-educated. The findings of this study could benefit policies directed to help immigrants integrate in the labour market.
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Ohle, Robert, Helena Bleeker, Krishan Yadav, and Jeffrey J. Perry. "The immigrant effect: factors impacting use of primary and emergency department care – a Canadian population cross-sectional study." CJEM 20, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.4.
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AbstractObjectiveIn 2011, Canada had a foreign-born population of approximately 6,775,800. They represented 20.6% of the total population. Immigrants possess characteristics that reduce the use of primary care. This is thought to be, in part, due to a lower education level, employment, and better health status. Our objective was to assess whether, in an immigrant population without a primary care physician, similar socioeconomic factors would also reduce the likelihood of using the emergency department compared to a non-immigrant population without primary care.MethodsData regarding individuals ≥ 12 years of age from the Canadian Community Health Survey from 2007 to 2008 were analysed (n=134,073; response rate 93%). Our study population comprised 15,554 individuals identified without a primary care physician who had a regular place for medical care. The primary outcome was emergency department as a regular care access point. Socioeconomic variables included employment, health status, and education. Covariates included chronic health conditions, mobility, gender, age, and mental health. Weighted logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the importance of individual risk factors.ResultsThe sample of 15,554 (immigrants n=1,767) consisted of 57.3% male and 42.7% female respondents from across Canada. Immigrants were less likely than Canadian-born respondents to use the emergency department as a regular access point for health care (odds ratio=0.48 [95% CI 0.40 – 0.57]). Adjusting for health, education, or employment had no effect on this reduced tendency (odds ratio=0.47 [95% CI 0.38 – 0.58]).ConclusionIn a Canadian population without a primary care physician, immigrants are less likely to use the emergency department as a primary access point for care than Canadian-born respondents. However, this effect is independent of previously reported social and economic factors that impact use of primary care. Immigration status is an important but complex component of racial and ethnic disparity in the use of health care in Canada.
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Sánchez-Domínguez, María, and Luis Guirola Abenza. "The double penalty: How female migrants manage family responsibilities in the Spanish dual labour market." Journal of Family Research 33, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 509–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-497.
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Objective: This study examines the convergence of employment behaviour and work-life balance of foreign-born women with those of native-born Spanish women between 2014 and 2018.
Background: The changing role of women in the labour market is a central development of the past century. However, the study of female labour market participation has focused on native women, typically with a college education.
Method: We use the Spanish Labour Force Survey and its 2018 ad hoc module on the reconciliation of work and family life to compare the working behaviours of native and migrant women. We use a matching algorithm to construct a sample of native workers with comparable human capital and living arrangement characteristics.
Results: The segmentation of the Spanish labour market leads to the concentration of female immigrants in specific occupational niches with precarious employment conditions, regardless of the length of their stay in the country. The country’s employment and care regime forces female migrants to deal with their care responsibilities differently than their native counterparts: i.e., migrants are more likely than natives to interrupt their employment to fulfil household duties, and are less likely to engage in part-time work and to outsource care provision to family and professional caregivers.
Conclusion: Female immigrants are doubly penalised as both immigrants and mothers.
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Borjas, George J., and Marta Tienda. "The Employment and Wages of Legalized Immigrants." International Migration Review 27, no. 4 (December 1993): 712–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700401.
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This article analyzes the employment and wages of recently legalized immigrants using the Legalization Application Processing System (LAPS) file, an administrative file based on the individual records of amnesty applicants, and draws comparisons with a sample of the foreign-born population from the Current Population Surveys of 1983, 1986 and 1988. Compared to the total foreign-born population, the legalized immigrant population differs in four important respects that bear on labor market position: 1) a younger age structure; 2) a less balanced gender composition; 3) a greater representation of Latin Americans; and 4) few years of U.S. residence. LAPS data reveal high rates of labor force participation among legalized immigrants, which exceeded the rates of the foreign-born population by approximately 5 and 17 percent for men and women, respectively. Legal immigrants earn approximately 30 percent more than their undocumented counterparts from the same regional origins. National origin alone accounts for about half of the wage gap between legal and undocumented migrants. In addition, the wage disadvantage of undocumented immigrants actually increases with age. Cross-sectional data preclude an unambiguous interpretation of this result, which requires longitudinal data.
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Jang, Sou Hyun. "Relationship between Employment Type and Self-Rated Health among Korean Immigrants in the US: Focusing on Gender and Number of Years in the US." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041654.
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Although Korean immigrants report worse self-rated health and a higher self-employment rate than other Asian immigrant groups, the relationship between their employment type and self-rated health is understudied. This study examines the relationship between employment type and self-rated health among Korean immigrants in the US. Survey data of 421 first-generation working-age (18–64 years old) Korean immigrants in the New York–New Jersey area were analyzed. The self-administrated survey questionnaire included 39 items (e.g., sociodemographic characteristics, self-rated health, and health insurance status). A logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between the dependent variable—self-rated health (e.g., bad/not bad vs. good/very good)—and independent variable—employment type (e.g., work at non-ethnic firms, work at co-ethnic firms, self-employed, and unemployed)—by focusing on differences regarding gender and number of years living in the US. Self-employed and unemployed Korean immigrants were less likely to report good health compared to those working in non-ethnic firms. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, health insurance status, membership in any Koran association, religion, and English proficiency), the relationship between employment type and self-rated health remained significant among female and recent Korean immigrants. More worksite interventions by occupational health nurses that target self-employed Korean immigrants, especially women and recent immigrants, are necessary.
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Kim, Bok-Tae, and Cheon Geun Choi. "Understanding female marriage immigrants’ participation in economic activities and their working conditions in South Korea." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196818793737.
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Using data from the 2012 National Multicultural Family Survey, this study examines various factors that influence female marriage immigrants’ participation in economic activities and their working conditions in South Korea. The results suggest that household characteristics, human capital and social relations–discrimination factors, as well as experience with employment support services, have significant positive effects on female marriage immigrants’ participation in economic activities and their working conditions. While the government’s employment support services positively affect marriage immigrants’ decision to participate in economic activities, they do not contribute toward improving their working conditions. There is a need for governmental employment support services to take specific actions to help improve the working conditions of immigrant women.
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Shahim, Sima. "Psychometric Characteristics of the Iranian Acculturation Scale." Psychological Reports 101, no. 1 (August 2007): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.1.55-60.
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The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid scale to measure acculturation of Iranian immigrants in Canada. The 20-item Iranian Acculturation Scale showed Cronbach alpha of .83. Item-total correlations ranged from .25 to .65. Four factors were extracted, based on responses from 119 Iranian immigrants (43 men and 76 women) living in Toronto. The scale tapped different acculturation dimensions, cultural identity, language, family-related attitude and family-related values. The longer these Iranian immigrants had lived in Canada, and the earlier the age of moving to Canada the better acculturation suggested by their scores.
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Braimah, Joseph A., Emmanuel Kyeremeh, Eugena Kwon, Roger Antabe, Yujiro Sano, and Bradley P. Stoner. "Immigrants’ Length of Residence and Stalking Victimization in Canada: A Gendered Analysis." Sexes 3, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes3010017.
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Although previous studies have explored the role of gender on stalking victimization, we know very little about how female and male immigrants are exposed to stalking victimization over time after their arrival to their host society. To address this void in the literature, we use the 2014 Canada General Social Survey to compare stalking victimization among native-born individuals, recent immigrants (those who have been in Canada for fewer than 10 years), and established immigrants (those who have been in Canada for 10 years or more) separately for women and men. Applying gender-specific complementary log-log models, we find that female (OR = 0.63, p < 0.05) and male (OR = 0.46, p < 0.01) recent immigrants are less likely to experience stalking victimization than their native-born counterparts. We also find that female established immigrants (OR = 0.65, p < 0.05) are less likely to experience stalking victimization than their native-born counterparts although there is no significance difference for male established immigrants (OR = 1.01, p > 0.05). Overall, this study points to the importance of understanding the intersection between immigrants’ length of residence and gender in the context of stalking victimization in Canada. Based on these findings, we discuss several implications for policymakers and directions for future research.
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Akbar, Marshia. "Examining the factors that affect the employment status of racialised immigrants: a study of Bangladeshi immigrants in Toronto, Canada." South Asian Diaspora 11, no. 1 (September 23, 2018): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2018.1523092.
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Aycan, Zeynep, and John W. Berry. "Impact of employment-related experiences on immigrants' psychological well-being and adaptation to Canada." Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 28, no. 3 (1996): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0008-400x.28.3.240.
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Bauder, Harald. "Habitus, rules of the labour market and employment strategies of immigrants in Vancouver, Canada." Social & Cultural Geography 6, no. 1 (February 2005): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1464936052000335982.
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Guetto, Raffaele. "Employment Returns to Tertiary Education for Immigrants in Western Europe: Cross-Country Differences Before and After the Economic Crisis." Social Inclusion 6, no. 3 (July 30, 2018): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i3.1446.
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This article contributes to the literature on the models of immigrants’ labour market incorporation in Western Europe by analysing the employment returns to tertiary education for both natives and immigrants. By using yearly EU-LFS data (2005–2013) for a selection of Western European countries, cross-country differences in the employment returns to tertiary education are analysed separately by immigrant status and gender. In Continental Europe, where immigrant-native employment gaps before the crisis were much larger than in Southern Europe, immigrants are found to benefit more from tertiary education, and their returns are also higher than for natives, while the opposite holds in Southern European countries. The same pattern is found irrespective of gender, but cross-country differences are more pronounced among women. The article also documents that the crisis contributed to a cross-country convergence, although limited to men, in the degree of immigrant employment disadvantage, which increased substantially in Southern Europe while remaining unchanged or slightly declining in all other countries. Nevertheless, although immigrant-native employment gaps grew as high as in Continental Europe, immigrant men in Southern Europe are still found to benefit from lower returns to tertiary education than their native counterparts.
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Wanner, Richard A., and Michelle Ambrose. "Trends in occupational and earnings attainments of women immigrants to Canada, 1971-1996." Canadian Studies in Population 30, no. 2 (December 31, 2003): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6s899.
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This study examines the extent to which immigrant women arriving in Canada between the 1960s and the early 1990s were able to attain occupations and earnings equivalent to those of Canadian-born women using a data file created by merging public-use microdata files from Censuses of Canada between 1971 and 1996. We study both changes in country of birth effects on the earnings and occupational status of women aged 25 to 29 immigrating prior to each of the five census years and the experience of successive female immigrant cohorts as they age to determine the extent to which the effects of birthplace on occupational status and earnings change over their careers. In both cases we find a considerable advantage associated with being educated in Canada compared to being educated abroad. For those visible minority immigrants just beginning their careers in Canada, we could find no evidence that more recent cohorts have lower attainments than earlier cohorts, though this was true for some European groups. In our analysis of aging cohorts we find evidence of a tendency for immigrant earnings to converge with those of the Canadian born and for that tendency to be stronger in more recent cohorts.
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Zhang, Zhen, and Douglas Chun. "Becoming entrepreneurs: how immigrants developed entrepreneurial identities." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 24, no. 5 (August 6, 2018): 947–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2016-0214.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the important process of how entrepreneurial identity is formed and constructed, with the perspective that entrepreneurial identity is social and dynamic, constantly shaped by various life episodes and human interactions, rather than static and unchanging. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study comprises 30 in-depth interviews with Chinese immigrants in West Canada. These immigrants had been employed professionals under the “Skilled Workers” immigration category but later became entrepreneurs. None of the entrepreneurs in this study had prior business ownership experience, and many of them said that they had never thought about running businesses until they came to Canada. Findings A process model of entrepreneurial identity construction is presented. This paper advances the literature on entrepreneurship through the identification of three stages in the development of entrepreneurial identity: identity exploration, entrepreneurial mindsets building, and narrative development. Originality/value This study has important implications for the understanding of the exploratory and discovery mode of entrepreneurial identity construction. This study also moves away from the contextual and structural hypotheses as the sole explanations for the high rate of self-employment among immigrant entrepreneurs, and provides a useful starting point for a deeper understanding of the agency of immigrant entrepreneurs.
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Gilbertson, Greta A. "Women's Labor and Enclave Employment: The Case of Dominican and Colombian Women in New York City." International Migration Review 29, no. 3 (September 1995): 657–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900302.
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The enclave hypothesis holds that obligations stemming from a common ethnicity not only permit utilization of past investments in human capital, but help to create opportunities for mobility. This implies that both men and women benefit from a broader reward structure involving more than just wages. Yet few studies examine whether immigrants in co-ethnic-owned firms, particularly women, benefit from these other forms of compensation, such as advancement opportunities. Using data from a survey of Colombian and Dominican immigrants in New York City, this research examines whether Dominican and Colombian women working in Hispanic-owned firms in New York City are advantaged relative to women in other labor market sectors in earnings-returns to human capital, opportunities for skill acquisition, and fringe benefits. The results indicate that enclave employment provides women with low wages, minimal benefits, and few opportunities for advancement.
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Strimelle, Véronique, and Sylvie Frigon. "After Prison: Experiences of Women and Employment in Québec, Canada." Journal of Prisoners on Prisons 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 108–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/jpp.v20i1.5296.
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Chouinard, Vera. "Women with disabilities' experiences of government employment assistance in Canada." Disability and Rehabilitation 32, no. 2 (December 2, 2009): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09638280903023389.
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Miyar-Busto, María, Fco Javier Mato Díaz, and Rodolfo Gutiérrez. "Immigrants’ educational credentials leading to employment outcomes: The role played by language skills." Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, no. 23 (January 9, 2020): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17345/rio23.167-191.
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Transferability of human capital is a key issue in the analysis of immigrants’ integration in the destination country, according to both empirical and theoretical literature. In addition to the problem of recognition of immigrants’ educational credentials and their lack of social networks, language is highlighted in the literature as a crucial factor regarding human capital transfer. This paper considers the role played by Spanish language skills in the integration of migrants into the labour market in Spain. It takes advantage of the fact that about half of the immigrant population have Spanish as their native language, and of the diversity levels of fluency in Spanish among the remaining immigrants. Using the Labour Force Survey special module on the labour market situation of immigrants (INE 2015), the research has two purposes: first, to measure the direct effect of language skills on employment outcomes; and second, to analyze the complementary vs. substitution hypotheses regarding the interaction between Spanish language skills and educational credentials as determining factors for employment. The results confirm that skill levels in Spanish have a significant role regarding access to employment. Regarding the complementary vs. substitution hypotheses, interesting gender differences appear that confirm the striking contrasts in the Spanish labour market for female and male immigrants. For men, their level of Spanish acts as a complement to their educational qualifications in helping them to obtain employment, but this is not the case for women. However, female immigrant workers seem to obtain higher employment returns on their educational qualifications than men when it comes to avoiding very low-skilled jobs.
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Turin, Tanvir C., Nashit Chowdhury, Deidre Lake, and Mohammad Z. I. Chowdhury. "Labor Market Integration of High-Skilled Immigrants in Canada: Employment Patterns of International Medical Graduates in Alternative Jobs." Healthcare 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091705.
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Background: International medical graduates (IMGs) in Canada are individuals who received their medical education and training outside Canada. They undergo a complex licensing procedure in their host country and compete for limited opportunities available to become practicing physicians. Many of them cannot succeed or do not have the resources or interest to undergo this complex and unpredictable career pathway and seek alternative career options. In this study, we aimed to understand how IMGs integrate into the alternative job market, their demographic characteristics, and the types of jobs they undertake after moving to Canada. Methods: An anonymous cross-sectional, online, nationwide, and open survey was conducted among IMGs in Canada. In addition to demographic information, the questionnaire included information on employment status, types of jobs, professional experience, and level of medical education and practice (e.g., specialties, subspecialties, etc.). We conducted a survey of 1740 IMGs in total; however, we excluded responses from those IMGs who are currently working in a clinical setting, thus limiting the number of responses to 1497. Results: Of the respondents, 43.19% were employed and 56.81% were unemployed. Employed participants were more likely to be older males, have stayed longer in Canada, and had more senior-level job experience before moving to Canada. We also observed that the more years that had passed after graduation, the higher the likelihood of being employed. The majority of the IMGs were employed in health-related nonregulated jobs (50.45%). The results were consistent across other demographic characteristics, including different provinces, countries of origin, gender, time since graduation, and length of stay in Canada. Conclusions: This study found that certain groups of IMGs, such as young females, recent immigrants, recent graduates, and less experienced IMGs had a higher likelihood of being unemployed. These findings will inform policymakers, immigrant and professional service organizations, and researchers working for human resources and professional integration of skilled migrants to develop programs and improve policies to facilitate the employment of IMGs through alternative careers.
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Cortés, Patricia, and José Tessada. "Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Highly Skilled Women." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 88–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.3.3.88.
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Low-skilled immigrants represent a significant fraction of employment in services that are close substitutes of household production. This paper studies whether the increased supply of low-skilled immigrants has led high-skilled women, who have the highest opportunity cost of time, to change their time-use decisions. Exploiting cross-city variation in immigrant concentration, we find that low-skilled immigration increases average hours of market work and the probability of working long hours of women at the top quartile of the wage distribution. Consistently, we find that women in this group decrease the time they spend in household work and increase expenditures on housekeeping services. (JEL J16, J22, J24, J61)
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Michalowski, Margaret. "A Contribution of the Asian Female Immigrants into the Canadian Population." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 5, no. 1 (March 1996): 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689600500104.
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In Canada, the proportion of women among immigrants fluctuates around 50 percent, with a slight increase in recent years. Another important characteristic of immigration to the country is a radical change in the composition of origin of flows in the past three decades — European-dominated streams have been replaced by those originating mostly in Asia. This paper focuses on female Asian immigrants in Canada. The exploratory analysis of this population points to its significant diversity. This diversity is determined to a great extent by regional differences, and more precisely, by Asian countries' specific situations which produce distinct migration flows destined to Canada. Major Asian source countries of female immigrants (Hong Kong, Philippines, India, China, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Lebanon and Iran) give evidence to the growing importance of political push factors and sending countries' policies-facilitation factors as crucial determinants of international migration.
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Ahmad, Sajjad, and Keith S. Dobson. "Providing Psychological Services to Immigrant Children: Challenges and Potential Solutions." Clinical and Counselling Psychology Review 1, no. 2 (December 2019): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/ccpr.12.04.
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Canada is a diverse and multicultural country. More than one fifth of Canadians are foreign-born individuals from over 200 countries (Statistics Canada, 2017a). Whereas diversity and official multiculturalism makes Canada attractive for immigrants, the newcomers nonetheless face challenges in the areas of settlement, employment, and access to mental health services. These challenges are particularly acute for immigrant children. This article describes four major challenges related to the provision of psychological services to immigrant children and suggests potential solutions for each of these four challenges. The article concludes with the suggestion of a multilevel approach to address these challenges, and the collaborative inclusion of relevant stakeholders.
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Ohle, R., H. Bleeker, and J. J. Perry. "LO078: The immigrant effect: a barrier to accessing primary and emergency department care - a Canadian population cross-sectional study." CJEM 18, S1 (May 2016): S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2016.115.
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Introduction: In 2011, Canada had a foreign-born population of about 6,775,800 people. They represented 20.6% of the total population, the highest proportion among the G8 countries. Immigrants encounter significant barriers to accessing primary healthcare. This is thought to be due to lower education level, employment status and the healthy immigrant effect. Our objective was to assess in an immigrant population without a primary care physician, would similar socioeconomic barriers also prevent access to the emergency department. Methods: Data regarding individuals’ ≥12 years of age from the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007 to 2008 were analyzed (N=134,073, response rate 93%). Our study population comprised 15,554 individuals identified without a primary care physician who used emergency department care. Socioeconomic variables included employment, health status, and education. Covariates included chronic health conditions, mobility, gender, age, and mental health. Prevalence estimates and confidence intervals for each variable were calculated. Weighted logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the importance of individual risk factors and their interactions after adjustment for relevant covariates. Model parameters were estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. The Wald statistic was employed to test the significance of individual variables or interaction terms in relation to ED choice. Results: Our study population included 1,767 immigrants and 13,787 Canadian born respondents from across Canada without a primary care physician (57.3% male). Immigrants were less likely to use the emergency department then Canadian born respondents (Odds Ratio 0.4759 (95%CI 0.396-0.572). Adjusting for health, education or employment had no effect on this reduced access (Odds Ratio 0.468 (95%CI 0.378-0.579). Conclusion: In a Canadian population without a primary care physician, immigrants access the emergency department less then Canadian born respondents. However this effect is independent of previously reported social and economic barriers. Immigration status is an important but complex component of racial and ethnic disparity in access to care. Specific policy and system development targeting this at risk population are required to allow for equal access to healthcare.