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1
Scullion, Adrienne. "Self and Nation: Issues of Identity in Modern Scottish Drama by Women." New Theatre Quarterly 17, no. 4 (November 2001): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00015001.
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The creation of the devolved Scottish parliament in 1999, argues Adrienne Scullion, has the potential to change everything that has been understood and imagined or thought and speculated about Scotland. The devolved parliament shifts the governance of the country, resets financial provisions and socio-economic management, recreates Scottish politics and Scottish society – and affects how Scotland is represented and imagined by artists of all kinds. The radical context of devolution should also afford Scottish criticism an unprecedented opportunity to rethink its more rigid paradigms and structures. Specifically, this article questions what impact political devolution might have on the rhetoric of Scottish cultural criticism by paralleling feminist analysis of three plays by women premiered in Scotland in 2000 with the flexible, even hybrid, model of the nation afford by devolution, resetting identity within Scottish culture as much less predictable and much more inclusive than has previously been understood. An earlier versions was delivered by the author on 5 March 2001 to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in receipt of the biennial RSE/BP Prize Lectureship in the Humanities. Adrienne Scullion teaches in the Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies at the University of Glasgow, where she is also the academic director of the Centre for Cultural Policy Research.
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Grundy, Sue, and Lynn Jamieson. "Are We All Europeans Now? Local, National and Supranational Identities of Young Adults." Sociological Research Online 10, no. 3 (November 2005): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1142.
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The continued expansion and deepening of the European Union state raises important questions about whether there will be a corresponding development of pro-supranational feeling towards Europe. This paper is based on data drawn from a European Commission (EC) funded project on the ‘Orientations of Young Men and Women to Citizenship and European Identity’. The project includes comparative surveys of ‘representative samples’ of young men and women aged 18-24 and samples of this age group on educational routes that potentially orient them to Europe beyond their national boundaries. This comparison of samples is made in paired sites with contrasting cultural and socio-political histories in terms of European affiliations and support for the European Union. The sites are: Vienna and Vorarlberg in Austria; Chemnitz and Bielefeld in East and West Germany; Madrid and Bilbao in Spain; Prague and Bratislava, the capitals of the Czech and Slovak Republics; Manchester, England and Edinburgh, Scotland in the UK. This paper examines patterns of local, national and supranational identity in the British samples in comparison to the other European sites. The typical respondent from Edinburgh and Manchester have very different orientations to their nation-state but they share a lack of European identity and disinterest in European issues that was matched only by residents of Bilbao. International comparision further demonstrates that a general correlation between levels of identification with nation-state and Europe masks a range of orientations to nation, state and Europe nurtured by a variety of geo-political contexts.
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ANDERSON, ROBERT. "Ceremony in Context: The Edinburgh University Tercentenary, 1884." Scottish Historical Review 87, no. 1 (April 2008): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0036924108000073.
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Edinburgh introduced Britain to the university centenary, an established form of celebration in continental Europe. The ceremonies in 1884 can be seen in the framework of the late nineteenth-century ‘invention of tradition’. Such events usually asserted the links of the university with national and local communities and with the state. The Edinburgh celebrations marked the opening of a new medical school, after a public appeal which itself strengthened relations with graduates and wealthy donors. The city council, local professional bodies, and the student community all played a prominent part in the events of 1884, which were a significant episode in the development of student representation. Analysis of the speeches given on the occasion suggests that the university sought to promote the image of a great medical and scientific university, with the emphasis on teaching and professional training rather than research, for the ideal of the ‘Humboldtian’ research university was still a novelty in Britain. Tercentenary rhetoric also expressed such themes as international academic cooperation , embodied in the presence of leading scientists and scholars, the harmony of religion and science, and a liberal protestant view of the rise of freedom of thought. The tercentenary coincided with impending legislation on Scottish universities, which encouraged assertions of the public character of these institutions, and of the nation's distinct cultural identity. One striking aspect, however, was the absence of women from the formal proceedings, and failure to acknowledge the then current issue of women's admission to higher education.
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SCULLY, PAMELA. "MUSIC, MIGRATION AND IDENTITY Songs of the Women Migrants: Performance and Identity in South Africa. By DEBORAH JAMES. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute, 1999. Pp. x+238. £14.95, paperback (ISBN 0-7486-1304-8)." Journal of African History 42, no. 3 (December 2001): 491–544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853701478145.
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Bianchi, Victoria. "Flexible Characterization: Herstorical Performance in Heritage Sites." New Theatre Quarterly 36, no. 4 (November 2020): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x20000603.
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This article explores how performance and character can be used to represent the lives of real women in spaces of heritage. It focuses on two different site-specific performances created by the author in the South Ayrshire region of Scotland: CauseWay: The Story of the Alloway Suffragettes and In Hidden Spaces: The Untold Stories of the Women of Rozelle House. These were created with a practice-as-research methodology and aim to offer new models for the use of character in site-specific performance practice. The article explores the variety of methods and techniques used, including verbatim writing, spatial exploration, and Herstorical research, in order to demonstrate the ways in which women’s narratives were represented in a theoretically informed, site-specific manner. Drawing on Phil Smith’s mythogeography, and responding to Laurajane Smith’s work on gender and heritage, the conflicting tensions of identity, performance, and authenticity are drawn together to offer flexible characterization as a new model for the creation of feminist heritage performance. Victoria Bianchi is a theatre-maker and academic in the School of Education at the University of Glasgow. Her work explores the relationship between space, feminism, and identity. She has written and performed work for the National Trust for Scotland, Camden People’s Theatre, and Assembly at Edinburgh, among other institutions.
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Taylor, Yvette. "‘Negotiation and Navigation - an Exploration of the Spaces/Places of Working-class Lesbians’." Sociological Research Online 9, no. 1 (February 2004): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.887.
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This article draws upon my research on working-class lesbians, which explores the relationship between class, sexuality and social exclusion. Research participants were drawn mainly from Scotland (Glasgow, Edinburgh and the Highlands), with smaller samples in Yorkshire and Manchester; in total fifty-three women took part, most being interviewed individually, others as part of three focus groups, and a couple in ‘paired’ interviews. The significance of sexuality and class position is highlighted across various social sites from family background and schooling to work experiences and leisure activities. The women's own identifications, understandings and vivid descriptions point to the continued salience of class as a factor in shaping life experiences. This article focuses primarily on the women's ‘sense of place’ and their relations to the often devalued territories that they inhabit. The relationship between sexual identity and class has received little academic attention - here the ‘gaps’ in the literature pertaining to ‘lesbian and gay’ space, and to (de-sexualised) class space, will be identified. By including empirical data I offer a picture of the ways in which classed spaces is sexualised and sexualised space is classed and suggest that space is constitutive of identity in terms of where it places people, both materially and emotionally.
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Oommen, Susan. "Inventing Narratives, Arousing Audiences: the Plays of Mahesh Dattani." New Theatre Quarterly 17, no. 4 (November 2001): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00014986.
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In this article Susan Oommen looks at the plays of the popular Indian dramatist Mahesh Dattani as conversations between the writer and his audience on models of reality, and interprets their performance as moments in subjectivization. In initiating an audience into redefining identity, she argues that Dattani provides the parameters within which problematizations may be reviewed and better understood. He also seeks to queer the debate on Indian middle-class morality, thereby challenging its privileged status and underscoring the interconnection between repression and invisibility. The question for the audience is whether Dattani's plays can cue them into experiences of resistance and encourage them to reinvent narratives that may then function as personal histories. One of the plays on which this article focuses, Dance Like a Man, was seen during this year's Edinburgh Festival as part of the Celebration of Indian Contemporary Performing Arts. Susan Oommen works in the English Department in Stella Maris College, India, where she has been on the faculty since 1975. She spent the past academic year at the Institute for Research on Women at Rutgers University.
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Ньюман Джон. "The Linguistics of Imaginary Narrative Spaces in Daphne du Maurier’s Rebecca." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2018.5.2.new.
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Daphne du Maurier’s 1938 novel Rebecca provides rich opportunities for the study of imaginary narrative spaces and the language associated with such spaces. The present study explores the linguistics of the imaginary narrative spaces in Rebecca, drawing upon three lines of linguistic research consistent with a Cognitive Linguistic approach: (i) an interest in understanding and appreciating ordinary readers’ actual responses (rather than merely relying upon “expert” readers’ responses), (ii) the construction of worlds or “spaces”, and (iii) the application of ideas from Cognitive Grammar. The study reveals a surprisingly intricate interplay of linguistic devices used in the construction of imaginary narrative spaces and the maintenance of such spaces in extended discourse.
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Judd, Fiona, Stephanie Lorimer, Richard H. Thomson, and Angela Hay. "Screening for depression with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and finding borderline personality disorder." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 5 (October 12, 2018): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418804067.
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Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the range of psychiatric diagnoses seen in pregnant women who score above the ‘cut-off’ on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale when this is used as a routine screening instrument in the antenatal period. Method: Subjects were all pregnant women referred to and seen by the Perinatal Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Team of a tertiary public hospital over a 14-month period. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score at maternity ‘booking-in’ visit, demographic and clinical data were recorded and diagnoses were made according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) criteria following clinical interview(s) and review of documented past history. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 200 patients who had completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were seen for assessment; 86 (43%) scored ⩾13 on Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Of those scoring 13 or more on Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, 22 (25.6%) had a depressive disorder. In total, 12 patients (14%) had an anxiety disorder, 14 (16.3%) had borderline personality disorder and 13 (15.1%) had a substance use disorder. An additional 23 women (26.7%) had two or more borderline personality traits. Conclusion: Psychiatric assessment of women who scored 13 or more on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at routine antenatal screening identified a significant number with borderline personality disorder or borderline personality traits rather than depressive or anxiety disorders. Clinical Practice Guidelines note the importance of further assessment for all women who score 13 or more on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The findings here suggest that this assessment should be made by a clinician able to identify personality pathology and organise appropriate and timely interventions.
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Stasik-O’Brien, Sara M., Jennifer E. McCabe-Beane, and Lisa S. Segre. "Using the EPDS to Identify Anxiety in Mothers of Infants on the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit." Clinical Nursing Research 28, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1054773817740532.
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Despite the prevalence of postpartum depression and anxiety, current screening recommendations are limited to depression symptoms. Screening using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale–Anxiety subscale (EPDS-A) may enhance ability to detect distress in postpartum women. We aimed to replicate the EPDS-A in 200 mothers with infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and examine its incremental utility in identifying emotional distress. Presence of the EPDS-A was identified using exploratory factor analysis. Women experiencing elevated anxiety were identified using a previously established cutoff score. Results replicated the EPDS-A for the first time in mothers with infants hospitalized in the NICU. In all, 21.9% of these women had elevated anxiety symptoms and nearly one quarter of them would have been missed in routine depression screening. Use of the EPDS-A, in addition to the total EPDS score, is a promising approach to identifying anxious women in need of further evaluation, treatment, or support.
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Jansen, Karen, Aline Rezende Curra, Luciano Dias de Mattos Souza, Ricardo Tavares Pinheiro, Inácia Gomes da Silva Moraes, Myriam Siqueira da Cunha, and Ricardo Azevedo da Silva. "Tobacco smoking and depression during pregnancy." Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul 32, no. 2 (2010): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81082010000200004.
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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between cigarette smoking and depression in pregnant women and to identify associated factors. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study including 1,264 pregnant women assisted by the public health service in the municipality of Pelotas, Brazil. Depression was evaluated using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Cigarette consumption was assessed using open questions. Poisson regression was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression during pregnancy was 21.2%; 19.3% of the depressed women were smokers. Women who smoked during pregnancy showed a 1.72-fold (95% confidence interval: 1.27-2.34) higher probability of being depressed. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a positive relationship between cigarette smoking and depression symptoms in pregnant women.
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Ing, Harriet, Gracia Fellmeth, Jitrachote White, Alan Stein, Julie A. Simpson, and Rose McGready. "Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) on the Thai–Myanmar border." Tropical Doctor 47, no. 4 (July 12, 2017): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475517717635.
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Postnatal depression is common and may have severe consequences for women and their children. Locally validated screening tools are required to identify at-risk women in marginalised populations. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is one of the most frequently used tools globally. This cross-sectional study assessed the validity and acceptability of the EPDS in Karen and Burmese among postpartum migrant and refugee women on the Thai–Myanmar border. The EPDS was administered to participants and results compared with a diagnostic interview. Local staff provided feedback on the acceptability of the EPDS through a focus group discussion. Results from 670 women showed high accuracy and reasonable internal consistency of the EPDS. However, acceptability to local staff was low, limiting the utility of the EPDS in this setting despite its good psychometrics. Further work is required to identify a tool that is acceptable and sensitive to cultural manifestations of depression in this vulnerable population.
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Fontein-Kuipers, Yvonne, and Julie Jomeen. "Validity and accuracy of the Whooley questions to identify maternal distress in Dutch pregnant women." Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 14, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-06-2018-0034.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the validity and accuracy of the Whooley questions for routine screening of maternal distress in Dutch antenatal care. Design/methodology/approach In this cohort design, the authors evaluated self-reported responses to the Whooley questions against the Edinburgh Depression Scale screening for antenatal depression, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for general anxiety and the pregnancy-related anxiety questionnaire-revised screening for pregnancy-related anxiety, among Dutch pregnant women during the first and third trimester of pregnancy. The authors used standard diagnostic performance measures for the two case-finding items. Findings The Whooley items in this study showed a higher specificity than sensitivity. The Whooley results showed good evidence to identify women who are depressed or (trait)anxious in both trimesters of pregnancy, but the results showed weak to moderate evidence to identify pregnancy-related anxiety. The Whooley items had a low to moderate predictive ability for depression, trait-anxiety and pregnancy-related anxiety and a good ability for negative case-finding. The Whooley items proved to be more able to report how effective the case-finding questions are in identifying women without depression, trait-anxiety and pregnancy-related anxiety (ruling out) rather than how effective these are in identifying women with depression, trait-anxiety and pregnancy-related anxiety (ruling in). The Whooley items were accurate in identifying depression and trait-anxiety in both trimesters but were not very accurate to identify pregnancy-related anxiety. Research limitations/implications Assessment of pregnancy-related anxiety using a case-finding tool requires further attention. Practical implications The two-item Whooley case-finding tool has shown good utility as a screening instrument for maternal distress. The continuous assessment of maternal emotional health during the childbearing period or, at least, revisiting the topic, would both support the woman and the midwife in regarding perinatal emotional wellbeing as an important remit of midwifery care. Originality/value A novel aspect of this paper is the proposition of applying the Whooley questions at later stages of pregnancy or presenting the Whooley questions in a written or digital form.
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Fellmeth, Gracia, Siân Harrison, Maria A. Quigley, and Fiona Alderdice. "A Comparison of Three Measures to Identify Postnatal Anxiety: Analysis of the 2020 National Maternity Survey in England." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (May 28, 2022): 6578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116578.
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Perinatal anxiety affects an estimated 15% of women globally and is associated with poor maternal and infant outcomes. Identifying women with anxiety is essential to prevent these adverse associations, but there are a number of challenges around measurement. We used data from England’s 2020 National Maternity Survey to compare the prevalence of anxiety symptoms at six months postpartum using three different measures: the two-item Generalised Anxiety Disorders Scale (GAD-2), the anxiety subscales of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS-3A) and a direct question. The concordance between each pair of measures was calculated using two-by-two tables. Survey weights were applied to increase the representativeness of the sample and reduce the risk of non-response bias. The prevalence of postnatal anxiety among a total of 4611 women was 15.0% on the GAD-2, 28.8% on the EPDS-3A and 17.1% on the direct question. Concordance between measures ranged between 78.6% (95% CI 77.4–79.8; Kappa 0.40) and 85.2% (95% CI 84.1–86.2; Kappa 0.44). Antenatal anxiety was the strongest predictor of postnatal anxiety across all three measures. Women of Black, Asian or other minority ethnicity were less likely to report self-identified anxiety compared with women of White ethnicity (adjusted odds ratio 0.44; 95% CI 0.30–0.64). Despite some overlap, different anxiety measures identify different groups of women. Certain population characteristics such as women’s ethnicity may determine which type of measure is most likely to identify women experiencing anxiety.
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Do, Thi Kim Ly, Thi Thanh Huong Nguyen, and Thi Thu Huong Pham. "Postpartum Depression and Risk Factors among Vietnamese Women." BioMed Research International 2018 (September 18, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4028913.
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Postpartum depression (PPD) places a burden on maternal health. PPD exerts a negative impact on mothers’ health and children’s life. The purpose of this research was to identify the prevalence of PPD and the risk factors contributing to PPD. Therefore, a cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted. 116 women were categorized into two groups. One category included new mothers who received scores of Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) 12 or more. The other category included mothers who received scores less than 12. Descriptive statistic and then binary logistic regression were also performed. For EPDS ≥ 12, the prevalence of PPD was 27.6% among new mothers during the first year after delivery. Level of education, diseases during pregnancy, being the first-time mothers, dissatisfaction about family, and limited communication and interaction with others were significant predictors of PPD.
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Wheelhouse, Nick, Sadie Kemp, Jo E. B. Halliday, Efstathios Alexandros Tingas, W. Colin Duncan, and Andrew W. Horne. "Q fever and early pregnancy failure: a Scottish case–control study." Reproduction and Fertility 3, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): L1—L2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/raf-21-0072.
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Lay summary Q fever is a bacterial disease that passes between animals and humans and causes disease in both. The disease has been associated with pregnancy complications including miscarriage. This study was undertaken to identify if Q fever exposure was correlated with miscarriage in 369 women attending a pregnancy support unit in Edinburgh. The women in the study were in two groups, the miscarriage group with 251 women who had experienced a miscarriage and a control group of 118 women who had not experienced miscarriage. Three women were found to be positive for Q fever antibodies, suggesting that they had previously been exposed to the infection and all of them were from the group who had experienced miscarriage. The study indicates that Q fever is relatively rare in women attending an urban Scottish hospital suggesting that the infection is not a major cause of miscarriage in this population. However, as Q fever antibodies could only be found in women within the miscarriage group, it suggests that the infection cannot be ruled out as a potential cause of miscarriage in individual cases.
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Karki, Sapana, and Shila Gurung. "Prevalence, Knowledge and Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression in Western Nepal - A Cross-Sectional Study." Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v3i1.203.
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Background: Postpartum depression(PPD)can be defined as non-psychotic depression occurring within a year after childbirth, characterized by low mood, unusual thoughts, feeling of guilt, unexplained anxiety, worthlessness, and other depressive symptoms. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, knowledge and risk factors of postpartum disorder. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 217 postpartum mothers in the outpatient department of psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale(EPDS). All the patients enrolled were directly interviewed using a structured questionnaire to identify the associated risk factors of postpartum depression. The data collected were checked for validity and analyzed using S.P.S. version 16.0. Results: Out of 217 patients, five women were found to have an EPDS(Edinburgh postnatal depression scale) score greater than 10. The prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 2.3%.Upon evaluation of knowledge about postpartum depression, 90.3% of women were found to have a poor level of knowledge and 8.8% had a good knowledge level. The statistically significant factors associated with postpartum depression were the lack of support from family and partners (p<0.005). Conclusion: There was a comparatively low prevalence of P.P.D. in Western Nepal. Majority of the mothers (90.3%) were found not aware of P.P.D. The present study concluded on the need for educational intervention among the mothers regarding P.P.D. in Western Nepal.
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BenDavid, Dina N., Diane F. Hunker, and Kathleen C. Spadaro. "Uncovering the Golden Veil: Applying the Evidence for Telephone Screening to Detect Early Postpartum Depression." Journal of Perinatal Education 25, no. 1 (2016): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.25.1.37.
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ABSTRACTPostpartum depression (PPD) is often detected later than symptom onset, or even undetected, because of lack of prompt or adequate screening. An evidence-based PPD screening protocol using a telephone-based format within a primary care practice was developed to identify symptoms and initiate treatment between 2 and 3 weeks postpartum. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used, with positive screens referred for provider and support services, and then tracked for follow-through. Fifty-two percent of women screened positive. Sixty-four percent accepted both provider and support referrals, with 89% follow-through with provider referrals and 78% follow-through with support referrals. Outcomes support early screening for PPD using a telephone-based format to effectively identify symptoms and acceptance of referrals by participants.
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Araújo, Ivan, Karolina Aquino, Luciana Fagundes, and Vanessa Santos. "Postpartum Depression: Epidemiological Clinical Profile of Patients Attended In a Reference Public Maternity in Salvador-BA." Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics 41, no. 03 (March 2019): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676861.
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Objective To evaluate the clinical epidemiological state of women with suspected postpartum depression (PPD) in a public maternity hospital in Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional research was performed with puerperal patients attended at a public maternity hospital in Salvador, Bahia. Data collection was performed from June to September 2017. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used as a screening instrument, and, subsequently, women with positive scores answered a questionnaire to identify their clinical and epidemiological status. Results Out of 151 postpartum women from the research, 30 (19.8%) presented suspicion of PPD. There was a prevalence of single mothers 13 (43.3%), women with complete fundamental education 15 (50.0%), women with black skin color 14 (46.7%), and those with a monthly family income of up to one minimum wage 18 (40.0%). Conclusion Although PPD is an underdiagnosed disease, a high prevalence of the condition was found in our research. It is, then, considered that these results reinforce its significance as a public health problem, requiring prevention strategies, early diagnosis and effective treatment.
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K., Kruthika, Sharavanan Eshwaran Udayar, and M. D. Mallapur. "An epidemiological study of postnatal depression among women availing maternal health services in rural areas of Belagavi, Karnataka, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 3 (February 22, 2017): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170754.
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Background: Postnatal depression is an important public health issue exhibiting the strongest link to adverse child outcomes and also maternal morbidity. Objectives were to study the prevalence of Postnatal depression among mothers and to identify the factors associated with depressive symptoms among post-natal mothers.Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted from January 2016 to June 2016 in two rural areas among 300 women attending immunisation clinics in the Primary health centre with postpartum period less than 3 months were included in the study. Edinburgh Postnatal depression scale was used to for identifying mothers at risk of postnatal depression. A score of ≥13 was considered as positive for depressive symptoms.Results: The prevalence of Post-natal depression 41 (13.6%). Factors like age, literacy status, socio economic status, gravidity, sex of newborn, mode of delivery and unplanned pregnancy were significantly associated with the prevalence of postnatal depression.Conclusions: Early screening of the women and counselling of women and their family will reduce the maternal morbidity and adverse child outcomes.
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Yu, Min, Wenjie Gong, Beck Taylor, Yiyuan Cai, and Dong (Roman) Xu. "Coping Styles in Pregnancy, Their Demographic and Psychological Influences, and Their Association with Postpartum Depression: A Longitudinal Study of Women in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 3654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103654.
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We aimed to investigate the coping styles of Chinese pregnant women, identify factors associated with coping and further explore the effect of coping during pregnancy on postpartum depression. A longitudinal study was performed from early pregnancy to six-week postpartum. A total of 1126 women were recruited by convenience sampling and participants who completed eight questionnaires at four time points were included (three self-developed questionnaires, Coping Style Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Brief Resilience Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) (n = 615). Linear regression analyses were used to identify the possible factors for coping and their association with postpartum depression. The mean scores of positive coping and negative coping were 2.03 and 1.21, respectively. Women with a higher educational level scored higher on both positive and negative coping in pregnancy. Resilience was associated with both positive and negative coping, while self-esteem only related to positive coping (p < 0.05). Postpartum depression was associated with both positive and negative coping (p < 0.05). The women in our study reported using positive coping styles more than negative coping antenatally. Positive and negative coping behaviors could be used simultaneously. Increasing self-esteem and resilience antenatally might promote more positive coping and further reduce the occurrence of postpartum depression.
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Orsolini, Laura, Simone Pompili, Antonella Mauro, and Umberto Volpe. "Foreign Nationality, Family Psychiatry History and Pregestational Neoplastic Disease as Predictors of Perinatal Depression in a Cohort of Healthy Pregnant and Puerperal Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Healthcare 11, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030428.
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Background: Perinatal depression (PND) represents one of the most common mental disorders in the pregnancy and/or postpartum period, with a 5–25% prevalence rate. Our aim was to investigate predictors associated with PND in a cohort of pregnant and puerperal women based in an Italian setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We retrospectively recruited 199 (55 pregnant and 144 puerperal) women, afferent to our Perinatal Mental Outpatient Service of Ancona (Italy). Participants were administered an ad hoc case-report form, Whooley Questions (WQ), the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), the Stress Holmes-Rahe scale (HR) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results: Around 10% of the sample had a confirmed PND. Being a foreigner woman (RR = 3.8), having a positive psychiatric family history (RR = 5.3), a pre-pregnancy medical comorbidity (RR = 1.85) and a comorbid medical illness occurring during the pregnancy (RR = 2) were much likely associated with PND. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that GHQ, medium- and high-risk at the HR, foreign nationality, positive family psychiatric history, and neoplastic disease before conception significantly predicted EPDS [F(1, 197) = 10.086, R2 = 0.324, p < 0.001]. Limitations: The sample size, poor heterogeneity in terms of socio-demographic, clinical and gynecological-obstetric characteristics, the cross-sectional design of the study. Conclusions: Our study showed a set of predictors associated with a higher risk for the PND onset, including gestational and pregestational medical disease. Our findings outline the need to screen all fertile women, particularly in gynecological and medical settings, in order to identify at-risk women for PND and promptly suggest a psychiatric consultation.
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Ohashi, Yukiko, Kyoko Sakanashi, Tomoko Tanaka, and Toshinori Kitamura. "Mother-To-Infant Bonding Disorder, but not Depression, 5 days After Delivery is a Risk Factor For Neonate Emotional Abuse: A Study in Japanese Mothers of 1-Month Olds." Open Family Studies Journal 8, no. 1 (December 30, 2016): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874922401608010027.
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Background:Despite its clinical and public policy-making importance, neonatal abuse has been only minimally studied.Purpose:To identify predictors of mothers’ emotional abuse towards their infants at 1 month after childbirth.Methods:We studied a cohort of 252 women at three time points: late pregnancy and 5 days and 1 month after childbirth. At each time point, the women were administered a set of questionnaires about their depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), bonding towards the foetus or neonate (Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale and Postnatal Bonding Questionnaire, respectively), and, at 1 month after childbirth, emotional abuse (Conflict Tactic Scale).Results:Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis revealed that neonatal emotional abuse was predicted by bonding difficulties at 5 days after childbirth but not by depression at that time point.Conclusion:Assessment for maternal bonding problems in the early post-natal period should be routinely performed by perinatal health professionals.
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Agrawal Khatry, Roshani, Nirmala Ghimmire, Ratna Kumari Maharjan, and Niran Shrestha. "Psychological distress during COVID-19 among pregnant women attending antenatal outpatient department at tertiary hospital." Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences 8, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v8i3.32232.
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Introduction: It is known that a pregnant person’s body is undergoing immune system changes and is not operating the same way as a non-pregnant person’s body, which threatens the emotional states of women trying to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic situation. The present study aimed to identify the psychological distress during COVID-19 among pregnant women. Method: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the antenatal outpatient department of Patan Hospital, Nepal. The non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select 457 samples. Ethical approval was obtained. Data were collected through a face-to-face interview using the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (5 items) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (10 items). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analyzing the data. Result: The average age of the respondents was 27 years. Results revealed that only 5(1.1%) pregnant women had anxiety, while 23(5.0%) had possible depression due to COVID-19. None of the sociodemographic variables were significantly associated with psychological distress (anxiety and depression) among pregnant women. Conclusion: Psychological distress was found to be minimal among pregnant women attending antenatal OPD in Patan Hospital.
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McDaid, Frances, Lisa Underwood, Jacinta Fa'alili-Fidow, Karen E. Waldie, Elizabeth R. Peterson, Amy Bird, Stephanie D'Souza, and Susan Morton. "Antenatal depression symptoms in Pacific women: evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 11, no. 2 (2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc18102.
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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONPacific women in New Zealand (NZ) have higher rates of antenatal depression than women from other ethnic groups. AIMTo identify factors that are significantly associated with depression symptoms in pregnant Pacific women living in NZ. METHODSData were collected from 5657 pregnant women, 727 of whom identified their ethnicity as Pacific Island. Antenatal depression symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Depression Scale with scores above 12 indicating elevated antenatal depression symptoms (ADS). RESULTSPacific women had significantly higher rates of ADS than non-Pacific women, with 23% of pregnant Pacific women experiencing ADS. Factors associated with ADS for Pacific women included age <25 years, moderate to severe nausea during pregnancy, perceived stress, family stress and relationship conflict. Not seeing the importance of maintaining one’s Pacific culture and traditions and negative feelings towards NZ culture were also significantly associated with ADS in Pacific women. One in three Pacific women aged <25 years experienced ADS. Pregnant Pacific women without a family general practitioner (GP) before their pregnancy were 4.5-fold more likely to experience ADS than non-Pacific women with a regular GP. DISCUSSIONFurther attention is required to providing appropriate primary health care for Pacific women of child-bearing age in NZ. Better screening processes and a greater understanding of effective antenatal support for Pacific women is recommended to respond to the multiple risk factors for antenatal depression among Pacific women.
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Elkashif, Mirfat Mohamed Labib. "Prevalence of Postpartum Depression, Associated Factors, Social Support, and Professional Assistance: A Cross-Sectional Study in Port Said, Egypt." International Journal of Childbirth 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/ijc-2021-0009.
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INTRODUCTIONPostpartum depression is a mental illness that affects post-childbirth mothers. It is associated with psychological and social risk factors such as negative childhood experiences and pregnancy and childbirth problems. Postpartum depression has not been a focus of concern in Egypt. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of postpartum depression, its associated factors, social support, and professional assistance in Port Said, Egypt.METHODOLOGYA random sampling strategy was used to select 540 women ten weeks postpartum. Data were collected using a questionnaire during an interview to identify potential risk factors for postpartum depression. The modified Arabic version of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale was used to assess symptoms of postpartum depression which is a multidimensional measure of social communication. Statistical analysis was completed using SPSS 25.0. software.RESULTSIt was found that 24.4% of women were at risk for postpartum depression. Social support from family and friends was significantly associated with mitigation of postpartum depression.CONCLUSIONThis study affirmed postpartum depression was a common health problem among 540 women who gave birth in Port Said, Egypt. Early detection and efficient screening methods to detect postpartum depression should be applied, especially in areas with a high risk for this condition. Early detection may prevent complications for mothers, babies, and families.
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Albuquerque, Denyse Sales Veloso, Eugenio de Moura Campos, Joao Paulo Lima Santos, Joao Paulo de Oliveira Rodrigues, Isadora Wanderley Araujo, Ilana Leila Barbosa de Lima, and Igor Emanuel Vasconcelos e. Martins Gomes. "Mental disorders and obstetric diseases in high risk gestations." Revista de Medicina da UFC 59, no. 3 (September 13, 2019): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20513/2447-6595.2019v59n3p11-19.
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Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of major depression disorder, anxiety disorders and substance abuse in women with high-risk pregnancy and identify maternal-fetal pathologies and other variables associated with higher prevalence of mental disorders. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 46 women in the high-risk gestation outpatient clinic of the Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand in Fortaleza - Ceará. A sociodemographic and a clinical data questionnaire were applied, as well as Abuse Assesment Screen, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Alcohol Smoking and Substance Screening Test. Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI) was applied to women with positive screening in the mentioned scales. Results: Using the screening tools, the prevalence was 30.4% for depression and 52.2% for anxiety; with the MINI the prevalence was 30,4% and 34,8%, respectively. Pregnant women with cardiac diseases had a 66,7% depression prevalence and a 77.8% anxiety prevalence, both higher than those with other pathologies. Depression and anxiety were also associated with unwanted pregnancy and domestic violence during life. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression and anxiety was high in this sample of pregnant women and the associated risk factors need to be understood, so that better interventions in the treatment of pregnant women can be implemented.
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Condon, John T., and Carolyn J. Corkindale. "The Assessment of Depression in the Postnatal Period: A Comparison of Four Self-Report Questionnaires." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 3 (June 1997): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709073844.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to ascertain the degree of agreement between four self-report depression scales, with particular emphasis on whether each scale would identify the same subgroup of women as being ‘most depressed’. Method: The questionnaires were administered to a sample of approximately 200 postnatal women at 4 weeks, 4 months and 8 months after delivery. The instruments were: the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale; the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale; and the depression subscale of the Profile of Mood States. Results: Agreement between pairs of instruments, in terms of identifying the most depressed subgroup of women in the cohort, only averaged approximately 40%. Agreement between the three instruments was only about 25%. Conclusions: This poor level of agreement most likely reflects the different emphasis in item content of the questionnaires, which in turn reflects different notions of ‘depression’ held by the designers of the instruments. The implications of the findings for research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Figueiredo, B., C. Canário, and T. Field. "Breastfeeding is negatively affected by prenatal depression and reduces postpartum depression." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 5 (July 3, 2013): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001530.
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BackgroundThis prospective cohort study explored the effects of prenatal and postpartum depression on breastfeeding and the effect of breastfeeding on postpartum depression.MethodThe Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered to 145 women at the first, second and third trimester, and at the neonatal period and 3 months postpartum. Self-report exclusive breastfeeding since birth was collected at birth and at 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum. Data analyses were performed using repeated-measures ANOVAs and logistic and multiple linear regressions.ResultsDepression scores at the third trimester, but not at 3 months postpartum, were the best predictors of exclusive breastfeeding duration (β = −0.30,t = −2.08,p < 0.05). A significant decrease in depression scores was seen from childbirth to 3 months postpartum in women who maintained exclusive breastfeeding for ⩾3 months (F1,65 = 3.73,p < 0.10,ηp2 = 0.05).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that screening for depression symptoms during pregnancy can help to identify women at risk for early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding, and that exclusive breastfeeding may help to reduce symptoms of depression from childbirth to 3 months postpartum.
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Riesco-González, Francisco Javier, Irene Antúnez-Calvente, Juana María Vázquez-Lara, Luciano Rodríguez-Díaz, Rocío Palomo-Gómez, Juan Gómez-Salgado, Juan Jesús García-Iglesias, Tesifón Parrón-Carreño, and Francisco Javier Fernández-Carrasco. "Body Image Dissatisfaction as a Risk Factor for Postpartum Depression." Medicina 58, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58060752.
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Background and Objectives: Pregnancy and postpartum are periods that imply numerous physical and psychological changes that could lead to mental health consequences. The aim of the present study is to identify whether women who had body image dissatisfaction had a higher incidence of postpartum depression 6 months after birth than women who did not have body image dissatisfaction. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed with a sample of 450 women from two hospitals in Andalusia. Quantitative variables were age and scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) for body image dissatisfaction. The qualitative variables used were marital status, self-perceived health status, diet or physical exercise, type of delivery, and others. Results: Body dissatisfaction was positively correlated with the symptomatology of postpartum depression. Thus, for each point increased in body dissatisfaction, the occurrence of depression also increased. There was a relationship between the study variables, so women who were more dissatisfied with their body image were more frequently depressed. Conclusions: In conclusion, it can be established that postpartum depression seems to be related to the presence of poor body image.
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Serobyan, A. K., A. K. Grigoryan, and N. G. Khachatryan. "GENDER DIFFERENCES OF COGNITIVE AND MOTIVATIONAL PREDICTORS OF STUDENT’S PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING." Modern Psychology 5, no. 1(10) (January 17, 2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/sbmp/2022.5.1.107.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in cog- nitive and motivational factors of achieving success-predetermining stu- dent’s psychological well-being. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being scale (WEMWBS) was used to measure psychological well-being. The mindset and promotion/prevention regulatory focus were consi- dered as cognitive and motivational predictors. The study was based upon a sample of 415 students (Mage=20.4, SDage=2.568), of whom 63.5% were women. Two regression models were developed separately, for men and women to identify gender differences in factors contributing to psychological well-being. The promotion focus was a significant predictor for men’s psychological well-being. Women’s psychological well-being was determined by growth mindset and promotion focus. The prevention focus negatively predicted women’s psychological well-being. The results of this study replicated the findings of other studies, that promotion focus has a predictive role in psychological well-being, at the same time revealing gender differences in cognitive and motivational factors of achieving success.
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Hardy, Theresa M., Mauricio Garnier-Villarreal, Donna O. McCarthy, Richard A. Anderson, and Rebecca M. Reynolds. "Exploring the Ovarian Reserve Within Health Parameters: A Latent Class Analysis." Western Journal of Nursing Research 40, no. 12 (August 9, 2018): 1903–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945918792303.
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The process of ovarian aging is influenced by a complex and poorly understood interplay of endocrine, metabolic, and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of using latent class analysis to identify subgroups based on cardiometabolic, psychological, and reproductive parameters of health and to describe patterns of anti-Müllerian hormone levels, a biomarker of the ovarian reserve, within these subgroups. Sixty-nine lean (body mass index [BMI] ⩽ 25 kg/m2) and severely obese (BMI ⩾ 40 kg/m2) postpartum women in Edinburgh, Scotland, were included in this exploratory study. The best fitting model included three classes: Class 1, n = 23 (33.5%); Class 2, n = 30 (42.2%); Class 3, n = 16 (24.3%). Postpartum women with lower ovarian reserve had less favorable cardiometabolic and psychological profiles. Examining the ovarian reserve within distinct subgroups based on parameters of health that affect ovarian aging may facilitate risk stratification in the context of ovarian aging.
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Sharif, A., M. Husain, N. Gire, B. Tomenson, N. Chaudhry, and M. Husain. "Suicidal ideation during pregnancy in British Pakistani women." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.720.
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IntroductionSuicide is a major public health problem and one of the common causes of maternal mortality. Rates of suicide and self-harm are higher in British South Asian women compared to the majority white population. Suicidal Ideation (SI) is a significant risk factor associated with self-harm and suicide.ObjectiveTo explore the prevalence and risk factors of SI in British Pakistani women.AimTo identify risk factors associated with SI, in order to inform future preventive strategies.MethodThis is a secondary analysis of a larger study which looked at depression during pregnancy and infant outcomes. Participants who consented (women aged 18 or over, in their third pregnancy trimester) were initially assessed for maternal depression using the Edinburgh Post-Natal Depression Scale (EPDS), with one of the questions on the EPDS being on SI. Participants who met the study criteria, were further assessed regarding socio-demographic factors, perceived social support, social adversity and isolation.ResultsThe rate of SI in this group of women was 8.1%, with baseline interview results suggesting that women with SI being significantly more likely to be aged 20 or less, have experience of severe life events and being less likely to have social support.ConclusionThis area of research is key to understanding SI in British Pakistani women, to better develop culturally sensitive interventions for use within this group.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Grussu, Pietro, and Rosa Maria Quatraro. "Prevalence and risk factors for a high level of postnatal depression symptomatology in Italian women: A sample drawn from ante-natal classes." European Psychiatry 24, no. 5 (June 2009): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.01.006.
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AbstractBackgroundDepression after childbirth is a major problem affecting 10–22% of all mothers. In Italy, postnatal depression has not yet been systematically studied.MethodsIn this retrospective study we have sought to identify risk factors, assessed during pregnancy, and their importance for postnatal depression symptoms in a sample of 297 Italian women attending ante-natal classes organised by the local Consultorio Familiare Unit of the National Health Service, Italy. The Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory – revised form (PDPI-Revised), was used to identify risk factors, 8–9 month of pregnancy. A double-test strategy using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12), was administered to screen women with a higher occurrence of symptoms of postnatal depression six–eight weeks after delivery. Women with high EPDS (<8) and high GHQ12 (<3) scores were compared with those who had scored below the EPDS and/or GHQ12 threshold scores.ResultsWe found that 13% of the women studied showed high postnatal depressive symptomatology, which is very similar to rates of prevalence of postnatal depression in the first year after the birth of the child reported in other Western World studies. Feeling anxious during pregnancy is a strong predictor of high symptoms of depression at 6–8 weeks after delivery. However, University education and friends' support appear to be important protective factors.ConclusionThese findings could be useful both for Italian health professionals and for researchers interested in the transcultural aspects of postnatal depression.
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Abujilban, Sanaa, Lina Mrayan, Salwa Al-Obeisat, Mu’ath Tanash, Marlene Sinclair, and W. George Kernohan. "Factors associated with antenatal depression in the Kingdom of Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): e0000194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000194.
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Fear of infection and measures taken to mitigate infection, such as social distancing, lockdown and isolation can lead to anxiety and depression across the life course, but especially in pregnancy. We set out to identify the prevalence of depression in pregnancy, using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during national quarantine and to examine women’s knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) in regard to potential COVID-19-related depression. Following ethical approval, an observational design, with an online questionnaire and snowball sampling was used to recruit 546 pregnant women (231 primi and 315 multiparous) in Jordan via common social media platforms (facebook, WhatsApp). Over one third (36.7%) reported depressive symptoms. There were significantly lower depression scores among pregnant women who exhibited more knowledge about COVID-19 (in high [vs low] knowledge groups, mean EPDS = 10.8 [vs 12.2]; p = 0.007). Depression scores were not significantly associated with attitude nor with practice. This suggests that enhanced knowledge levels may protect pregnant women against depression. Our findings contribute to understanding of the experience of pregnant women in developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare Professionals should provide health education to all pregnant women and timely services to pregnant women with depressive symptoms. This may lead to the prevention of serious symptoms and reduce negative consequences on the next generation, not only in Jordan, but worldwide.
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Reis, Liane G., Cláudio Jerônimo da Silva, Arlene Trindade, Margarida Abrahão, and Vilma Aparecida da Silva. "Women who smoke and stop during pregnancy: who are they?" Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 8, no. 2 (March 2008): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-38292008000200009.
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OBJECTIVES: to identify factors involved in not stopping smoking in spite of being pregnant. METHODS: standardized interviews were applied to 486 pregnant women in the pre-natal clinics of four health centers in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between April 2003 and February 2004. Every time a smoker was identified, an additional interview, which included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Fagerströn scale for nicotine dependence, and the Screening Questionnaire for Adult Mental Disorders, was carried out. RESULTS: the prevalence of smoking, in the initial stages of pregnancy was 21.1%. Most smokers presented a low level of nicotine dependence. Thirty-six percent of them stopped smoking by the first trimester of the present pregnancy without any specific medical intervention. Important differences between those who were able to stop and those who were not were alcohol intake and number of previous attempts at abstinence. Women who stopped smoking drank less during gestation. CONCLUSIONS: stopping smoking during pregnancy seems to be linked to a non-specific drive towards the well-being of the fetus. The number of previous attempts at abstinence was positively related to stopping at the beginning of pregnancy. In spite of the prevalence of the problem, there is still inadequate support for smokers in the prenatal services.
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Meuti, Valentina, Isabella Marini, Alessandra Grillo, Marco Lauriola, Carlo Leone, Nicoletta Giacchetti, and Franca Aceti. "MMPI-2: Cluster Analysis of Personality Profiles in Perinatal Depression—Preliminary Evidence." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/964210.
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Background. To assess personality characteristics of women who develop perinatal depression.Methods. The study started with a screening of a sample of 453 women in their third trimester of pregnancy, to which was administered a survey data form, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2). A clinical group of subjects with perinatal depression (PND, 55 subjects) was selected; clinical and validity scales of MMPI-2 were used as predictors in hierarchical cluster analysis carried out.Results. The analysis identified three clusters of personality profile: two “clinical” clusters (1 and 3) and an “apparently common” one (cluster 2). The first cluster (39.5%) collects structures of personality with prevalent obsessive or dependent functioning tending to develop a “psychasthenic” depression; the third cluster (13.95%) includes women with prevalent borderline functioning tending to develop “dysphoric” depression; the second cluster (46.5%) shows a normal profile with a “defensive” attitude, probably due to the presence of defense mechanisms or to the fear of stigma.Conclusion. Characteristics of personality have a key role in clinical manifestations of perinatal depression; it is important to detect them to identify mothers at risk and to plan targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Chalise, Anisha, Gambhir Shrestha, Shishir Paudel, and Amod Kumar Poudyal. "Antenatal depression and its associated factors among women of Godawari Municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 12, no. 11 (November 2022): e063513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063513.
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ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of antenatal depression and identify its associated factors among pregnant women of Godawari Municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal.DesignCommunity-based cross-sectional study.SettingGodawari Municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal, between September and November 2021.Participants250 randomly selected pregnant women of Godawari Municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal.Main outcome measuresThe level of antenatal depression was assessed using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. χ2test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to determine the association between antenatal depression and related variables at 95% level of confidence.ResultsThe prevalence of antenatal depression was found to be 24.8% (95% CI: 19.2 to 30.7). Multigravida (AOR: 2.219, 95% CI: 1.113 to 4.423), unintended pregnancy (AOR: 2.547, 95% CI: 1.204 to 5.388), male sex preference of child by family (AOR: 2.531, 95% CI: 1.204 to 5.321) and intimate partner violence (AOR: 2.276, 95% CI: 1.116 to 4.640) were found to be the positive predictors of antenatal depression.ConclusionThis study showed a high prevalence of depression among pregnant women. The results suggest a need for mental health assessment during pregnancy. Screening for depression should be part of routine antenatal checkups for early detection and management of mental health concerns during this vulnerable period.
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Hildingsson, Ingegerd, and Christine Rubertsson. "Depressive symptoms during pregnancy and after birth in women living in Sweden who received treatments for fear of birth." Archives of Women's Mental Health 25, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-022-01213-z.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors in women who underwent treatments for fear of birth; internet-based cognitive therapy, counseling with midwives, continuity with a known midwife or standard care. A secondary analysis was performed using data collected from four samples of women identified with fear of birth and receiving treatment with different methods. A questionnaire was used to collect data in mid-pregnancy and at follow-up 2 months after birth. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depressive Scale. In mid-pregnancy, 32% of the 422 women with fear of birth also reported a co-morbidity with depressive symptoms. At postpartum follow-up, 19% reported depressive symptoms 2 months after birth, and 12% showed continued or recurrent depressive symptoms identified both during pregnancy and postpartum. A history of mental health problems was the strongest risk factor for presenting with depressive symptoms. None of the treatment options in this study was superior in reducing depressive symptoms. This study showed a significant co-morbidity and overlap between fear of birth and depressive symptoms. Screening for depressive symptoms and fear of birth during pregnancy is important to identify women at risk and offer specific treatment.
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Tauqeer, Fatima, Michael Ceulemans, Eva Gerbier, Anneke Passier, Alison Oliver, Veerle Foulon, Alice Panchaud, Angela Lupattelli, and Hedvig Nordeng. "Mental health of pregnant and postpartum women during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a European cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 13, no. 1 (January 2023): e063391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063391.
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ObjectiveTo describe the mental health of perinatal women in five European countries during the third pandemic wave and identify risk factors related to depressive and anxiety symptoms.DesignA cross-sectional, online survey-based study.SettingBelgium, Norway, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the UK, 10 June 2021–22 August 2021.ParticipantsPregnant and up to 3 months postpartum women, older than 18 years of age.Primary outcome measureThe Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS) and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) were used to assess mental health status. Univariate and multivariate generalised linear models were performed to identify factors associated with poor mental health.Results5210 women participated (including 3411 pregnant and 1799 postpartum women). The prevalence of major depressive symptoms (EDS ≥13) was 16.1% in the pregnancy group and 17.0% in the postpartum . Moderate to severe generalised anxiety symptoms (GAD ≥10) were found among 17.3% of the pregnant and 17.7% of the postpartum women. Risk factors associated with poor mental health included having a pre-existing mental illness, a chronic somatic illness, having had COVID-19 or its symptoms, smoking, unplanned pregnancy and country of residence. Among COVID-19 restrictive measures specific to perinatal care, pregnant and postpartum women were most anxious about not having their partner present at the time of delivery, that their partner had to leave the hospital early and to be separated from their newborn after the delivery.ConclusionApproximately one in six pregnant or postpartum women reported major depression or anxiety symptoms during the third wave of the pandemic. These findings suggest a continued need to monitor depression and anxiety in pregnancy and postpartum populations throughout and in the wake of the pandemic. Tailored support and counselling are essential to reduce the burden of the pandemic on perinatal and infant mental health.
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Al Rawahi, Aisha, Maisa H. Al Kiyumi, Raya Al Kimyani, Iman Al-Lawati, Sathiya Murthi, Robin Davidson, Abdullah Al Maniri, and Mohammed Al Azri. "The Effect of Antepartum Depression on the Outcomes of Pregnancy and Development of Postpartum Depression: A prospective cohort study of Omani women." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 20, no. 2 (June 28, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2020.20.02.008.
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Objectives: This study aimed to identify the relationship between antenatal depression and pregnancy outcomes, including the risk of developing postpartum depression in Oman. Methods: This follow-up prospective longitudinal cohort study included pregnant women attending primary healthcare institutions in Muscat, Oman from January to November 2014. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen for antenatal and postnatal depression. Pregnant Omani women with a gestational age ≥32 weeks attending 12 local health centres for antenatal care in Muscat were invited to participate. Recruited women were followed-up at 6–8 weeks after delivery. The following pregnancy outcomes were assessed: mode of delivery (normal or Caesarean section [CS]), gestational age at delivery (preterm or fullterm), baby’s birth weight and development of postnatal depression. Results: A total of 959 women participated in this study (response rate: 97.3%). In total, 233 women (24.4%) had antenatal depression with a score of ≥13 on the EPDS. Of the 592 participants (61.7%) who attended postnatal clinics at 6–8 weeks post-delivery, 126 (21.3%) were positive for postnatal depression. Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that antenatal depression was associated with increased risk of CS (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20–2.66) and postnatal depression (OR = 8.63; 95% CI: 5.56–13.39). Conclusion: Screening women for antenatal depression and providing appropriate management may reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and the risk of developing postnatal depression.Keywords: Depression; Postnatal depression; Women Health Services; Maternal Health Services; Pregnancy; Primary Health Care; Oman.
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Trinh, Thuy Giang, Cornelia E. Schwarze, Mitho Müller, Maren Goetz, Kathrin Hassdenteufel, Markus Wallwiener, and Stephanie Wallwiener. "Implementing a Perinatal Depression Screening in Clinical Routine: Exploring the Patientʼs Perspective." Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 82, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 1082–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1844-9246.
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Abstract Introduction Perinatal depression (PND) is a frequently observed mental disorder, showing a prevalence of up to 20% and resulting in unfavorable maternal and neonatal outcomes. Targeted screening for PND offers the potential to identify and treat undiagnosed cases and help prevent its deleterious consequences. The aim of the present study was to evaluate participantsʼ personal attitudes and acceptance of a routine screening program for PND in pregnancy care, identify any potential underlying factors, and appraise the general perspective on perinatal mental health problems. Methods In total, 732 women in their second trimester of pregnancy took part in a PND screening program that was incorporated in routine prenatal care using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and completed a web-based survey on screening acceptance. Results Participants viewed PND screening as useful (78.7%, n = 555/705), especially in terms of devoting attention to perinatal mental health problems (90.1%, n = 630/699), easy to complete (85.4%, n = 606/710), and without feelings of discomfort (88.3%, n = 628/711). Furthermore, women with previous or current mental health issues rated the usefulness of screening significantly higher, as did women with obstetric risks (p < 0.01 – p = 0.04). The final regression model explained 48.4% of the variance for screening acceptance. Conclusion Patient acceptance for PND screening was high in our study cohort, supporting the implementation of screening programs in routine pregnancy care with the potential to identify, sensitize, and treat undiagnosed patients to reduce stigmatization and offer access to tailored dedicated PND care programs.
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Feduniw, Stepan, Olga Płaza, Dominika Paździor, Katarzyna Kosińska-Kaczyńska, Iwona Szymusik, and Mirosław Wielgoś. "Depressive symptoms during pregnancy and their risk factors – a cross-sectional study." European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 18, no. 1 (2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2020.1.2.
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Introduction. It was established that intragestational depression is a common disease, with the estimated average prevalence of 10–25% in all expectant mothers worldwide. Aim of the study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of depressive symptoms in pregnant women in Poland and to identify which factors may be related to a higher risk of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Material and methods. A prospective cross-sectional study was performed. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the validated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). 346 women were enrolled in the study. Results. 130 women (37.6%) scored 13 or more points and were considered as presenting with depressive symptoms. Independent risk factors of depressive symptoms during pregnancy including mood disorders diagnosed before the current pregnancy (aOR=2.68, 95%CI 1.37-5.22), mental disorders confirmed in family members (aOR=2.72, 95%CI 1.24-5.98), unhappiness in their current relationship (aOR=4.0, 95%CI 1.77-9.01), lack of support from family members (aOR=2.73, 95%CI 1.51-4.96) increased the risk of DS and good financial status decreased the risk of DS occurrence (aOR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.25-0.80). Conclusions. Pregnant women commonly report depressive symptoms. The evaluation of relations with the family members, socio-economic status, former depressive symptoms and possible prenatal depression are essential for proper screening of depression in pregnant women.
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Prabhu, Savitha, Shyamala Guruvare, Linu Sara George, Baby S. Nayak, and Shreemathi Mayya. "Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Antenatal Depression among Pregnant Women Attending Tertiary Care Hospitals in South India." Depression Research and Treatment 2022 (November 17, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9127358.
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Background. Antenatal depression (AND) is a common mood disorder that affects both the mother and the child. Objective. The current study is aimed at identifying the prevalence of antenatal depression and the risk factors associated with it in South Indian pregnant women. Materials and Methods. The current study was carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital where pregnancy and postnatal care are offered. In the study, 314 pregnant women who visited the antenatal clinic for their prenatal checkups were included. To diagnose possible depression, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used. The chi-square test was applied to determine the association between antenatal depression and various socioeconomic, obstetric, and medical factors. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify significant confounding variables. Results. Of the total 314 women, 69 (21.98%) were suffering from possible depression with the mean EPDS score being 10.61 ± 7.48 . Women of younger age had greater risks for depression than older women ( AOR = 2.01 ; 95% CI: 0.56-7.20). Maternal age ( χ 2 = 0.013 , p = 0.009 ) and the presence of health issues during the current pregnancy ( χ 2 = 5.18 , p = 0.023 ) were the factors significantly associated with antenatal depression. Conclusions. Clinical efforts should focus on screening antenatal depression, early identification, and effective care, thus preventing progression to postpartum depression and its detrimental effects.
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Brik, Maia, Miguel Sandonis, Elena Rocio Horrillo Murillo, Rogelio Monfort Ortiz, Alexandra Arteaga Fernandez, Maria de Arriba, Sara Fernández, et al. "Social Support and Mental Health in the Postpartum Period in Times of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Spanish Multicentre Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 15445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315445.
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Background: To explore the depression and anxiety symptoms in the postpartum period during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and to identify potential risk factors. Methods: A multicentre observational cohort study including 536 women was performed at three hospitals in Spain. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scale, the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) were assessed after birth. Depression (EPDS) and anxiety (STAI) symptoms were measured, and the cut-off scores were set at 10 and 13 for EPDS, and at 40 for STAI. Results: Regarding EPDS, 32.3% (95% CI, 28% to 36.5%) of women had a score ≥ 10, and 17.3% (95% CI, 13.9% to 20.7%) had a score ≥ 13. Women with an STAI score ≥ 40 accounted for 46.8% (95% CI, 42.3% to 51.2%). A lower level of social support (MOS-SSS), a fetal malformation diagnosis and a history of depression (p = 0.000, p = 0.019 and p = 0.043) were independent risk factors for postpartum depression. A lower level of social support and a history of mental health disorders (p = 0.000, p = 0.003) were independent risk factors for postpartum anxiety. Conclusion: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, an increase in symptoms of anxiety and depression were observed during the postpartum period.
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Juarez Padilla, Janeth, Chelsea R. Singleton, Cort A. Pedersen, and Sandraluz Lara-Cinisomo. "Associations between Self-Rated Health and Perinatal Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Latina Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 11978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911978.
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Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine whether decreases in or consistently low preconception to pregnancy self-rated health (SRH) were associated with perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms among Latinas. Methods: This is a secondary data analysis of 153 perinatal Latinas. Three groups were created to capture SRH from preconception to pregnancy: a decline in ratings, consistently low, and good+ (i.e., good, very good, or excellent). SRH was measured using two questions about their perceived physical health before and during pregnancy. Depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms were assessed in the third trimester and six weeks postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, respectively. Life stressors were assessed in pregnancy using a modified version of the Life Experiences Survey. Linear regressions tested the associations. Results: Women with consistently low (i.e., fair or poor) SRH reported significantly more prenatal depressive symptoms than women who reported consistently good+ SRH. Women who reported a decline in SRH to fair or poor reported more prenatal anxiety symptoms but decreased postpartum anxiety symptoms than women who reported consistently good+ ratings. Life stressors were positively associated with prenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Healthcare practitioners should assess changes in SRH ratings to identify risks for prenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms among Latinas, who have elevated rates of depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to non-Hispanic White women. Policymakers should provide healthcare providers with mental health resources to support at-risk during the prenatal period.
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Matsuzaki, Masayo, Hiroko Matsumoto, Mie Shiraishi, Risa Kobayashi, Sachi Watanabe, and Megumi Haruna. "Association Between Mental Health and Feeding Methods among 1- Month Postpartum Women in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study." Women, Midwives and Midwifery 1, no. 3 (October 31, 2021): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36749/wmm.1.3.47-56.2021.
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Background: The rate of predominant breastfeeding was 51.3% at 1 month postpartum, even though 93.4% of Japanese mothers expressed a desire to predominantly breastfeed during pregnancy. A wide range of historical, socioeconomic, cultural, and individual factors, as well as mental health, affect breastfeeding practices. However, the relationship between breastfeeding and mental health—depressive symptoms—has been controversial. Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify factors relationship including mental health and the feeding methods adopted by mothers at 1 month postpartum in Japan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at 2 Tokyo area hospitals between July and October 2014. We recruited a total of 560 eligible women. The participants included 392 women without severe illnesses or low birth weight babies at 1 month postpartum. The feeding methods were “mainly breastfeeding” (exclusively or mostly breastfeeding) and “mixed feeding and formula only”. Depressive symptoms as a mental health were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Multiple logistic regression analysis clarified the factors associated with mainly breastfeeding. Results: The mean (SD) age for the categories of mainly breastfeeding and mixed feeding and formula only was 33.0 (5.1) and 33.9 (5.5) years, respectively (p = 0.085). Women who were mainly breastfeeding at 1 month postpartum were more likely to be multiparous (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.80, CI:1.11 - 2.94), had EPDS score < 9 (AOR:1.87, CI:1.09 – 3.20), and had been desirous of breastfeeding from their pregnancy (AOR: 7.73, CI: 4.68 – 12.74). Conclusion: Our results suggested that healthcare providers should focus on the relationship between feeding methods and new mothers’ mental health. Further research must identify effective care strategies for women who desire to breastfeed exclusively.
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Bilal, A., D. Bathula, E. Bränn, E. Fransson, J. Virk, F. Papadopoulos, and A. Skalkidou. "Mom2B: a study of perinatal health via smartphone application and machine learning methods." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S574—S575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1472.
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Introduction Peripartum depression (PPD) impacts around 12% of women globally and is a leading cause of maternal mortality. However, there are currently no accurate methods in use to identify women at high risk for depressive symptoms on an individual level. An initial study was done to assess the value of deep learning models to predict perinatal depression from women at six weeks postpartum. Clinical, demographic, and psychometric questionnaire data was obtained from the “Biology, Affect, Stress, Imaging and Cognition during Pregnancy and the Puerperium” (BASIC) cohort, collected from 2009-2018 in Uppsala, Sweden. An ensemble of artificial neural networks and decision trees-based classifiers with majority voting gave the best and balanced results, with nearly 75% accuracy. Predictive variables identified in this study were used to inform the development of the ongoing Swedish Mom2B study. Objectives The aim of the Mom2be study is to use digital phenotyping data collected via the Mom2B mobile app to evaluate predictive models of the risk of perinatal depression. Methods In the Mom2B app, clinical, sociodemographic and psychometric information is collected through questionnaires, including the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Audio recordings are recurrently obtained upon prompts, and passive data from smartphone sensors and activity logs, reflecting social-media activity and mobility patterns. Subsequently, we will implement and evaluate advanced machine learning and deep learning models to predict the risk of PPD in the third pregnancy trimester, as well as during the early and late postpartum period, and identify variables with the strongest predictive value. Results Analyses are ongoing. Conclusions Pending results. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Kiewa, Jacqueline, Samantha Meltzer-Brody, Jeannette Milgrom, Elizabeth Bennett, Tracey Mackle, Jerry Guintivano, Ian B. Hickie, et al. "Lifetime prevalence and correlates of perinatal depression in a case-cohort study of depression." BMJ Open 12, no. 8 (July 2022): e059300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059300.
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ObjectivesThis study sought to evaluate the prevalence, timing of onset and duration of symptoms of depression in the perinatal period (PND) in women with depression, according to whether they had a history of depression prior to their first perinatal period. We further sought to identify biopsychosocial correlates of perinatal symptoms in women with depression.Design and settingThe Australian Genetics of Depression Study is an online case cohort study of the aetiology of depression. For a range of variables, women with depression who report significant perinatal depressive symptoms were compared with women with lifetime depression who did not experience perinatal symptoms.ParticipantsIn a large sample of parous women with major depressive disorder (n=7182), we identified two subgroups of PND cases with and without prior depression history (n=2261; n=878, respectively).Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was a positive screen for PND on the lifetime version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Descriptive measures reported lifetime prevalence, timing of onset and duration of PND symptoms. There were no secondary outcome measures.ResultsThe prevalence of PND among parous women was 70%. The majority of women reported at least one perinatal episode with symptoms both antenatally and postnatally. Of women who experienced depression prior to first pregnancy, PND cases were significantly more likely to report more episodes of depression (OR=1.15 per additional depression episode, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.17, p<0.001), non-European ancestry (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.1, p=0.03), severe nausea during pregnancy (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6, p=0.006) and emotional abuse (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7, p=0.005).ConclusionsThe majority of parous women with lifetime depression in this study experienced PND, associated with more complex, severe depression. Results highlight the importance of perinatal assessments of depressive symptoms, particularly for women with a history of depression or childhood adverse experiences.
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Pompili, S., A. Mauro, L. Orsolini, V. Salvi, and U. Volpe. "Depressive symptoms in the peripartum: incidence and associated characteristics." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S104—S105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.298.
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Introduction The peripartum is a period at high risk for the onset of depressive symptoms. The prevalence of peripartum depression (PD) ranges from 6 to 20% and is burdened with high adverse birth outcomes, poor mother-infant bonding, and a high risk for suicidal ideation and attempts. However, PD is underrecognized and consequently undertreated. Objectives We aimed at screening depressive symptoms in women during pregnancy and postpartum, and evaluating the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated with depressive symptoms. Methods 199 women, 55 during pregnancy and 144 in the postpartum period, consecutively admitted to the Perinatal Mental Health Service of Ancona (Italy) were administered a socio-demographic and clinical questionnaire together with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Women scoring ≥ 12 at the EPDS were considered screening positive. Results Twenty women (10%) were screening-positive. These women were more often foreigners (R2=0,032; β=0,178; p=0,012), single (R2=0,026; β=0,163; p=0,022), with a positive psychiatric family history (R2=0,114; β=-0,337; p=0,001) and more frequently affected by physical comorbidities unrelated to pregnancy (R2=0,03; β=0-0,174; p=0,014). These women also had more gestational comorbidities such as gestational hypertension (R2=0,02; β=-0,154; p=0,030), shortening of uterus neck (R2=0,05; β=-0,234; p=0,001), and miscarriage threats/placental abruption (R2=0,004; β=-0,067; p=0,001). Conclusions Our study highlighted the association between depressive symptoms and potentially dangerous gestational comorbidities. Our results further stress the need to screen all women in the peripartum for the presence of depression, in order to identify those at-risk and eventually put in place strategies to prevent further complications to mothers and children. Disclosure No significant relationships.