Journal articles on the topic 'Women household employees – history'
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1
Lawoko, Stephen. "Factors Associated With Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence: A Study of Women in Zambia." Violence and Victims 21, no. 5 (October 2006): 645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.21.5.645.
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Demographic, social, and empowerment factors associated with attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) were investigated in a random sample of women (n = 5,029) aged 15–49 years in Zambia. Data was retrieved from the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001–2002 (2003). The findings indicated demographic, social, and structural differences in attitudes toward IPV. Married/previously married and less educated women, employees in the agricultural sector, and women with a history of IPV were more likely to tolerate IPV. In addition, structurally disempowered women (i.e., women lacking access to information and autonomy in household decisions) were more likely to justify IPV than more-empowered peers. Most variables remained significant even when possible confounding was adjusted for using a logistic regression. The findings are discussed and implications for prevention as well as methodological issues considered.
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NIGHTINGALE, MADELINE. "Stepping-Stone or Dead End: To What Extent Does Part-Time Employment Enable Progression Out of Low Pay for Male and Female Employees in the UK?" Journal of Social Policy 49, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000205.
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AbstractUsing data from Understanding Society and the British Household Panel Survey, this article explores the relationship between working part-time and progression out of low pay for male and female employees using a discrete-time event history model. The results show that working part-time relative to full-time decreases the likelihood of progression out of low pay, defined as earning below two-thirds of the median hourly wage. However, part-time workers who transition to full-time employment experience similar rates of progression to full-time workers. This casts doubt on the idea that part-time workers have lower progression rates because they have lower abilities or work motivation and reinforces the need to address the quality of part-time jobs in the UK labour market. The negative effect of working part-time is greater for men than for women, although women are more at risk of becoming trapped in low pay in the sense that they tend to work part-time for longer periods of time, particularly if they have children. Factors such as childcare policy and Universal Credit (UC) incentivise part-time employment for certain groups, although in the right labour market conditions UC may encourage some part-time workers to increase their working hours.
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Montenach, Anne. "Coping with economic uncertainty: women's work and the protoindustrial family in eighteenth-century Lyon." Continuity and Change 35, no. 1 (May 2020): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416020000041.
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AbstractThe aim of this article is to analyse how female working conditions and remunerations were affected by the structural and economic crises that impacted Lyon's silk industry in the second half of the eighteenth century. It concentrates, at a micro level, on different circumstances in which sources allow us to see women and their families coping with economic uncertainty: small-scale wage conflicts with their employers, clandestine work and illicit activities. This essay studies how women's work was a real issue in power conflicts and a tool for household adaptive strategies during periods of crisis.
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Bcheraoui, Charbel El, Marwa Tuffaha, Farah Daoud, Hannah Kravitz, Mohammad A. Al Mazroa, Mohammad Al Saeedi, Ziad A. Memish, Mohammed Basulaiman, Abdullah A. Al Rabeeah, and Ali H. Mokdad. "On Your Mark, Get Set, Go: Levels of Physical Activity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no. 2 (February 2016): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0601.
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Background:With the lack of appropriate data, we conducted a large household survey in 2013 to determine current rates of physical activity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).Methods:The Saudi Health Interview Survey is a national multistage survey of individuals aged 15 years or older. We used a multivariate logistic regression model to measure association between sociodemographic and selected characteristics and meeting the recommended levels of moderate and vigorous weekly physical activity.Results:Of a total of 12,000 households contacted, 10,735 (89.4%) participants completed Saudi Health Interview Survey. An estimated 4.5 million (34.5%) Saudis aged 15 years or older reported no weekly physical activity, while only 1.7 million (12.9%) meet the recommended levels of moderate physical activity (MPA). The likelihood of meeting MPA decreased with age, education, among women, those with a history of diagnosis of select chronic conditions, including diabetes. Similar results were found for the likelihood of meeting the recommended levels of vigorous weekly physical activity.Conclusions:We found very low levels of physical activity in KSA. Perhaps, KSA can challenge communities or employers to devise solutions and reward those with the best results. These solutions would be of great value to other Gulf countries, as well.
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Grover, Shalini. "English-speaking and Educated Female Domestic Workers in Contemporary India." Journal of South Asian Development 13, no. 2 (July 20, 2018): 186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174118788008.
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This article foregrounds a labour market for English-speaking and educated female domestic workers and their Western expatriate employers. Many women in this anthropological study had left office jobs and institutional environs connoting dignity to take up employment in Euro-American households performing what is widely perceived as low-status work. Using the narratives of domestic workers, this article scrutinizes motivations for opting for a stigmatized occupation and finds women’s accounts to be multilayered and provocative, thereby challenging established generalizations. In the intimate space of the expatriate household, these female workers diligently perform the tasks of an ‘all-rounder’ that represents a new managerial role in globalizing India. As part of expanding niche labour markets, the article highlights how these roles demand eclectic skill sets, professionalism, certified training, transnational experience and gender-specific expertise. Nonetheless, a key leitmotif is how domestic service with expatriates’ remains embedded in power relations and class-race hierarchies. In developing the anthropology of domestic labour, this article illuminates the continuation of persistent inequality and stratification in a locally functioning transnational labour market.
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Şenel, Dilek. "Tarım Sektöründe İstihdamın Yapısal Analizi." International Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 26 (October 1, 2022): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.26.14.
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The agricultural sector is a strategic economic component that has importance at micro level in the sense of meeting basic food needs and being the main supplier of other sectors and at macro level in the sense of creating employment and increasing national income. In this context, the agricultural sector can directly shape the labor market with its employment dimension and be affected by the dynamics of the labor market. This study was conducted to determine the structural and characteristic features of the agricultural sector in the labor market in Turkey. Within the scope of the study, micro dataset of the 2019 Household Labor Force Survey of Turkish Statistical Institute was used. The findings indicated that 18.2% of those employed in Turkey were active in the agricultural sector and women were working in agriculture more than other sectors. A significant portion of those employed in the agricultural sector work in small-scale enterprises (the rate of enterprises with less than ten employees: 96.4%). In the study, it was also determined that the unpaid family worker (46.1%), unregistered (86.6%), part-time (24%), and temporary work (71.1%) status of those working in the agricultural sector were significantly higher compared to general employment. Agricultural production is made mostly in Black Sea Region and at least in Istanbul. Average income of agricultural laborers is quite low compared to general employment. The average incomes of male and female workers also differ significantly. This difference is more evident against women working in the agricultural sector. Keywords: Agricultural Sector, Employment, Labor market
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Sager, Eric W. "The Transformation of the Canadian Domestic Servant, 1871–1931." Social Science History 31, no. 4 (2007): 509–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013845.
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This article uses the national sample of the 1901 census of Canada to compare the earnings of live-in domestic servants with the earnings of women in other occupations and to examine the ethnoreligious backgrounds of domestic servants. The hypothesis that domestic service offered relative material advantages, when room and board are taken into account, is rejected. The hypothesis that female domestic servants came from a narrow range of specific ethnoreligious backgrounds is also rejected. The changing backgrounds and expectations of female domestic servants in the early twentieth century exacerbated class tensions in the service sector, helping ensure that domestic service remained an occupation of short duration and high turnover. The conclusion is that domestic service did not simply decline; rather, a work process was transformed. Demographic changes combined with changes in family and individual strategies to limit the supply of labor. When efforts to increase labor supply failed, bourgeois employers attempted to replace labor with new household technology; the wage-paid occupation of the domestic servant declined and was replaced by that of the unpaid housewife.
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Gorbachev, Oleg V. "Materials of the 1959 All-Union Population Census as a Source on the History of Urban Family." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2022): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-121-136.
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Using census materials for studying social history of Russia in the 20th century has serious restrictions determined by the census form and by selective publication of the obtained results. Using census forms themselves, fragmentary preserved in local archives, partially solves this problem. The researcher has to turn to the census materials for studying some topics, which are not directly reflected in the census forms, due to limited social statistics on the Soviet society. The article is to clarify the possibility of using primary materials of the 1959 census, stored in the fond of the Regional Statistical Office from the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region, alongside with the published data, for studying urban family in Sverdlovsk. The study of the Russian urban family in the second half of the 20th century is important for assessing the consequences of demographic transition of the 1930s – 1980s and the degree of population structure deformation following the Great Patriotic War. Studying the Ural family is significant, as urbanization processes in the region during the said period proceeded extremely intensively. To systematize the information on the census forms, a database “Family of the city of Sverdlovsk, 1959” has been created, combining principles of individual and family registration. The database includes information from 1,200 forms for the Oktyabrsky district. Nearly 17 000 apartment census forms for other urban settlements of the region fall outside the scope of this analysis. Comparison with published data proves that the sample is representative in its most significant indicators. Significant deviations are recorded in the social composition of the population, reflecting specifics of a central district of a large city (dominance of employees, significant number of single-parent families, presumably recent migrants). Among other things, it has been established that most commonly families consisted of two and three persons; in a significant number of cases, the households were headed by young women. The obtained information permits to characterize the Sverdlovsk urban family in terms of the so-called second demographic transition, which significantly influenced family size, distribution of intra-familial roles, and strategies of matrimonial behavior. Given the undoubted scientific value of the primary census materials, discovery of other similar documentary complexes in the Russian archives should be an important direction of research.
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Veremenko, V. A. "“On the proper keeping of linen and clothes”: organization of laundry in urban noble-intellectual families of Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 1(52) (February 26, 2021): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-52-1-13.
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The article is aimed at characterization of the ways of laundry organization in the urban noble-intellectual families of post-reform Russia, identification of the extent of innovations in this area, and of the degree of transition of this activity from the field of domestic labour to social production. The sources of the research include paperwork of laundry facili-ties, statistical data, numerous housekeeping manuals and instructions for laundry organization, memoirs, diaries and house books of urban nobles, especially noble women, and, finally, fiction and publicistic writings of this period. The study follows a methodological approach that combines research methods characteristic for the history of everyday life (first of all, historical reconstruction method), the theory of sociocultural dynamics, and the theory of “topochron”. The author concludes that, despite the significant increase of personal participation of educated housewives in household chores, which took place at the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century, this change did not extend to laundry, which was completely delegated to a special person — laundress. The employee herself could act as a single-family domestic servant, a worker who served in a laundry establishment or an independent day laborer who offered her ser-vices to all concerned. Moreover, the first group — laundresses — domestic servants — was extremely rare in the post-reform period. Washing could be carried out both “at the owners’ home”, and “on the side”. “Home washing”, which provided a theoretical opportunity for the employer to control the employee’s activities, was regarded as more preferable, both in terms of service quality and price. Active development of the laundry networks in the late 19th — early 20th century, some of which used machine washing, had little impact on lives of educated citizens. The laundries were oriented, first of all, to work with institutions, and among the “citizens” their services were mainly used by small noble-intellectual families who did not have an opportunity to invite a day labourer. Throughout the post-reform period, handwashing continued to be the most popular way to care for clothing, and the nature of the laundress’s labor re-mained virtually unchanged, still staying “backbreaking” and extremely poorly mechanized.
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Ilyinykh, Vladimir A. "PERSONAL HOUSEHOLD PLOTS OF WORKERS AND EMPLOYEES OF SIBERIA IN THE 1930S: DYNAMICS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS." Ural Historical Journal 76, no. 3 (2022): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-144-152.
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Formation of a new model of agrarian system was the result of mass collectivization in the USSR. Collective farms were its organizational and production basis. The second largest sector of agriculture in terms of production potential consisted of personal household plots. They were main producers of potatoes, vegetables and milk, and a significant part of meat products. Soviet and Russian historiography has paid main attention to the study of the personal plots of collective farmers, overlooking the dynamics of personal plots of workers and employees. The author of the article reconstructs factors and trends of development of personal household plots of workers and employees in Siberia in the 1930s. It was found that in the early 1930s the size of personal plots of this category of population was minimal. State farm workers were prohibited from personal farming, and personal household plots of other categories of workers and employees were taxed at the rates of individual farmers. After the 1932–1933 mass famine, several restrictions on the development of personal household plots were canceled. Level of its taxation was decreased. Liberalization of state policy and an increasing part of workers and employees in population of the region led to a rapid growth in production potential of their personal plots. Development rate of workers and employees’ personal plots was higher than that of collective farmers. In the late 1930s a campaign took place to limit the size of personal household plots. Taxation was increased. This led to decline in the personal sector of agricultural economy.
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van der Linden, Marcel, and Lee Mitzman. "Connecting Household History and Labour History." International Review of Social History 38, S1 (April 1993): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000112350.
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Labour historians have always shown an interest in working class men and women who participated in strikes, unions, and political parties. However, even when historians are receptive to the importance of family life behind public activism these scholars continue to use the “public sphere” as an approach for studying the family. This approach runs counter to historical logic because the daily life of those who join social movements and organizations involves far more than merely labour activism. To understand the true causes of collective resistance among workers, it is necessary to use the “private sphere” as an approach for studying labour protests as well. While this reverse perspective may not prove a panacea for all problems associated with analysing labour history, it will provide insight into the rather obscure motives of the working class for deciding whether or not to support the development of workers' movements. Furthermore, Jean H. Quataert wrote that examining working-class households makes it possible to keep “in focus at all times the lives of both men and women, young and old, and the variety of paid and unpaid work necessary to maintain the unit”.
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Sanni, Tajudeen Adebayo. "Determinants of Level of household income utilization and decision making among the educated working married employees in Mbarara Municipality, Mbarara, Uganda." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 98–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.84.9878.
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The study determines the level of household income utilization and decision-making among educated working married employees in the Mbarara Municipality, Mbarara, Uganda. The study was guided by Sen’s Cooperative Conflict Theory. The study employed a mixed design of quantitative and qualitative approach. It targeted working educated married employees from MMC with a study sample of 113 respondents consisting of 92 married, educated working employees. Purposive sampling was used to select key informants (21) like the LCs 1,(6) 2(6) and 3(6) mayor,(1) probation officer(1) and legal officers (1) that is in the 6 division in the municipality was interviewed. Qualitative data were analyzed using themes and quantitative data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
The study findings established that age, marital status, religion, educational qualification, years of marriage, monthly income influence the level of income utilization and decision-making among working educated married employees. In addition, patriarchal ideologies, community perceptions of decision making, gender roles, and religion also impacted their income utilization. The findings of this study also show that the level of household income utilization among the educated working married employees in Mbarara Municipality also varies based on the amounts earned by married employees and the difference between the husband and wife’s salaries.
The study concluded that household income utilization in general significantly influences the decision making process and affect the level of income utilization among educated working married employees. This is because the household is a huge contributor to the decision making process in the majority of employees’ homes in Mbarara Municipality. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the government should intensify effort by providing jobs for men and women to meet the financial obligation in their household.
Keywords: Gender Relations, Educated, Working Married Employees, Mbarara, Uganda
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Begum, Nasrin Nahar, Md Nazrul Islam Khan, Sk Shafiqur Rahman, and Sheikh Nazrul Islam. "Livelihood status of women workers in shrimp sector at south western region in Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v5i3.39588.
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In Bangladesh, women are engaging in shrimp sector to support themselves and their family as well. Current study was designed to study the socio-economic and hygienic status of the women working in shrimp sector (employee) in South Western region in Bangladesh (N=150). The study also selected women who are not working in shrimp sector (non-employee) in the same community (N=75) to evaluate impacts of shrimp industry on women. In socio-economic background analysis of the women, medium household size (46% and 65.3%), primary education level (63.3% and 48%), married (79.3% and 97.3%), drinking tube-well water (93.3 % and 92%) and polli electric facility (77.3% and 84%) was dominant in both cases. Average monthly household income and expenditure was found better among the employees (9235 ± 4042 Tk and 765 5± 3032 Tk, respectively) than the non-employees (9068 ± 3113 Tk and 7208 ± 2147 Tk, respectively). In summary, the study observed and suggesting that life style and hygienic condition is better among the women engaged in shrimp sector than the nonemployee in the same community.
Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(3): 391-397, December 2018
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Artemov, Viktor, and Olga Novokhatskaya. "Everyday activity of rural employees in Siberia." Eastern European Countryside 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2014-0009.
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Abstract The article presents the results of the fifth bi-seasonal survey conducted in 2004- 2005 within the framework of the longitudinal study of the time use, everyday activity and living conditions of the rural population. The study is conducted on a sample group of villages representative of the south of Siberia in rather different historical periods. The emphasis is made on changes that have taken place in the rural everyday life and on the use of time during the last two decades; in particular, in the beginning of the new century. It presents the results of the analysis of the time budgets of working women and working men and their answers to questions concerning the facts of reality, their assessments and values. In the early 2000s the working time of men increased, while their time spent on private plot production and housework decreased. Similar situation was observed in the case of women; however, the time spent on household production increased. More pronounced changes were observed among agricultural workers, especially men (increasing working time and decreasing time of housework, sleep and leisure). On the whole, there was a noticeable redistribution of time between work in the house and household production and work in the agricultural enterprise being the source of the material well-being of the rural family. The male-female difference in the total work load and leisure time has decreased.
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Zika, C. "The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg." German History 9, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/9.2.235a.
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Nofitasari, Solehati, and Supianto Supianto. "Perlindungan Hukum bagi Perempuan Ekonomi Lemah dalam upaya Pencegahan Terjadinya Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga di Kelurahan Tegalgede Kecamatan Sumbersari Kabupaten Jember." JURNAL RECHTENS 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/rechtens.v8i1.487.
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The household is a small part of a society. A person's goal in fostering a home is to be happy,safe and secure. In realizing this, it depends on each individual in a household, especially inthe attitude, behavior and self-control of everyone in the household. the factors that cause themost domestic violence is caused by economic factors, this is because the Tegalgede Villageis one of the urban areas in the urban area so that the needs are quite a lot but their incomedoes not match the expenditure. This is because their husband's job is only constructionworkers and shop employees. While obstacles in law enforcement in the event of acts ofviolence in the household namely due to violence in the household is still considered a familydisgrace that should not be told or conveyed to other parties. So many victims of domesticviolence, especially women, are reluctant to tell or report violence that has happened to him.Prevention efforts that they do is just to accept the violence that occurred against him.Keywords : Legal Protection, Poor Women, Domestic Violence
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Sarfraz, Mudassira, Zubaria Andlib, Muhammad Kamran, Noor Ullah Khan, and Hanieh Alipour Bazkiaei. "Pathways towards Women Empowerment and Determinants of Decent Work Deficit: A South Asian Perspective." Administrative Sciences 11, no. 3 (August 9, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci11030080.
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This research aims to assess the household and individual-level factors, specifically education, that affect the probability of women being engaged in decent work activities in the labor market. The study utilized the most recent labor force survey data from Pakistan with a sample size of 64,009 women. The research exploits the multinomial logit model (MNL) for data analysis. Several studies exist on the causes of female labor force participation nationally—in Pakistan—and internationally. However, there is a lack of research exploring the link between women’s access to decent work and various household and individual-level characteristics. This study intends to fill this literature gap by exploiting the largest nationwide labor force survey and exploring how household and individual-level factors, specifically focusing on women’s education level, relate to women’s employment status categories. The study’s findings reveal that education plays an essential role in uplifting women for better employment opportunities, i.e., educated women are more likely to be engaged in decent labor market activities such as paid employees and employers. The findings of the study propose some significant policy implications. E.g., (i) since education is the key to open better and decent work opportunities, it is crucial for women and their household heads to invest in education and vocational training; (ii) there is a dire need to have a policy shift in providing women access to at least a higher secondary (HS) level of education in Pakistan. The rationale is that less educated and illiterate women are concentrated in vulnerable employment; and (iii) at a micro level, there is a need to bring awareness among male household heads, specifically in rural areas, to realize that working women should not be considered a social stigma for the household.
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Beatty, Barbara, and Patricia A. Schmuck. "Women Educators: Employees of Schools in Western Countries." History of Education Quarterly 28, no. 1 (1988): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/368303.
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Labrum, Bronwyn. "Women “Making History” in Museums." Museum Worlds 6, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/armw.2018.060107.
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This article examines three remarkable New Zealand women, Nancy Adams, Rose Reynolds, and Edna Stephenson, who, as honorary or part-time staff, each began the systematic collecting and display of colonial history at museums in Wellington, Christchurch, and Auckland in the 1950s. Noting how little research has been published on women workers in museums, let alone women history curators, it offers an important correction to the usual story of the heroic, scientific endeavors of male museum directors and managers. Focusing largely on female interests in everyday domestic life, textiles, and clothing, their activities conformed to contemporary gendered norms and mirrored women’s contemporary household role with its emphasis on housekeeping, domestic interiors, and shopping and clothing. This article lays bare the often ad hoc process of “making history” in these museums, and adds complexity and a greater fluidity to the interpretations we have to date of women workers in postwar museums.
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Lahamid, Qomariah, Dwi Kurniawati, and Ulfiah Nofita. "WORK LIFE BALANCE, BURNOUT, AND JOB CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN EMPLOYEES ON JOB SATISFACTION." Marwah: Jurnal Perempuan, Agama dan Jender 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/marwah.v22i1.20570.
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Job satisfaction is something that all employees who work in an organization want to achieve, so it is necessary to pay attention to the main aspects to achieve job satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to explore work life balance, burnout and job characteristics associated with job satisfaction of female employees at the Center for Food and Drug Administration - Balai Besar Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan (BBPOM) in Pekanbaru City. This study uses a descriptive study with the intention of explaining work life balance, burnout, job characteristics and job satisfaction felt by BBPOM Pekanbaru female employees. Purposive sampling is used to determine the number of samples to be studied. There were 60 female employees of BBPOM in Pekanbaru City who met the characteristics of the sample. Questionnaire data in the form of statements were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that there were still female employees of BBPOM Pekanbaru City who lacked a sense of work life balance and still felt bored at work. The workload at the office piles up plus the burden on household chores that must be completed. As a result of the imbalance of work life and boredom experienced, some employees do not feel satisfied at work. However, in terms of job characteristics, they feel that the work assigned is in accordance with their expertise. This study can be used as input for organizations to achieve job satisfaction for female employees of BBPOM Pekanbaru City by paying attention to work-life balance.
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Small, Gillian, and Gillian M. Raab. "On-the-Job Training in Scotland: Its Contribution to Social Exclusion." Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 8, no. 2 (May 2003): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jace.8.2.2.
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Recent results from the Scottish Household Survey show that at any one time over 18 per cent of Scottish employees are engaged in some form of on-the-job training. The majority of this training is unaccredited and is not recorded in any official education statistics. Overall rates for men and women are similar. After initially high rates of training for the youngest employees, rates for men decline steadily whereas those for women remain stable into middle age, perhaps as a result of retraining for returners. The employees who receive most on-the-job training are full-time, in managerial or professional occupations and already have some formal qualification. The self-employed, the part-time, the unskilled and the unqualified miss out. Training on-the-job could have a role in promoting social inclusion for the least-advantaged employees. But more research is needed to learn what training is being delivered and what policy levers could be pulled to influence who receives it.
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Bibi, Tamanna, Amjad Amin, and Jabbar ul Haq. "Women Status in Labour Market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." Global Economics Review VI, no. III (September 30, 2021): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-iii).02.
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This study analyses the woman's status labour market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Four working states: self-employed, paid employees, and unpaid family helpers were investigated. Data were collected about individuals and household characteristics of women aged between (15-60) years from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM, 2014-15). The estimated results based on Multinomial Logit (MNL) suggest a positive and significant impact of women's age on all working categories in the labour market. The woman who owns a house, or the married woman, with multiple children or having a combined family system, or the residents of the countryside have less likelihood to take part in paid works. Participation in paid works decreases with the increase in the number of children, whereas participation in self-employment increases with the increase in the number of children. The probability of female participation in all four working states increases with the increase in the number of working individuals in the family. Whereas, probability of women's participation in the labor market decrease with the Joint family system, house owning, marriage, or higher household income.
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Schollmeier, Paul. "Aristotle and Women: Household and Political Roles." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought 20, no. 1-2 (2003): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-90000049.
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A survey of recent literature would suggest that Aristotle has become a whipping boy for philosophers who would advocate equality between the sexes. What I hope to show is that we can actually advance the cause of sexual equality by treating him more judiciously. Aristotle does argue that men and women by nature have different psychologies, and even that men are psychologically superior to women. But contrary to what many today think he himself does not conclude from this proposition that men and women ought to have roles entirely different within a city. Indeed, he leaves ample room in his theory for women to participate in political rule. We shall see by his own arguments that all women ought to have a vote in general assemblies, and that some women ought to hold high political office.
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Romano, Rossana Barragán, and Leda Papastefanaki. "Women and Gender in the Mines: Challenging Masculinity Through History: An Introduction." International Review of Social History 65, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 191–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000774.
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AbstractThe role of women as mineworkers and as household workers has been erased. Here, we challenge the masculinity associated with the mines, taking a longer-term and a global labour history perspective. We foreground the importance of women as mineworkers in different parts of the world since the early modern period and analyse the changes introduced in coal mining in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the masculinization and mechanization, and the growing importance of women in contemporary artisanal and small-scale mining. The effect of protective laws and the exclusion of women from underground tasks was to restrict women's work more to the household, which played a pivotal role in mining communities but is insufficiently recognized. This process of “de-labourization” of women's work was closely connected with the distinction between productive and unproductive labour. This introductory article therefore centres on the important work carried out in the household by women and children. Finally, we present the three articles in this Special Theme and discuss how each of them is in dialogue with the topics addressed here. Many thanks also to Marie-José Spreeuwenberg for her invaluable engagement.
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Schmid, Flurina. "The Gender Wage Gap in Switzerland over Time." Swiss Journal of Sociology 42, no. 3 (November 1, 2016): 442–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjs-2016-0020.
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Abstracts This article analyzes the gender wage gap in Switzerland, using data from the Swiss Household Panel. The results show that women in Switzerland earn still less than men with the same endowments. One of the main reasons for this gap is occupational segregation: women and men working in femaledominated occupations have lower wages than those in integrated and male-dominated occupations. In order to have equally distributed job categories, 40% of the male or female employees would need to change jobs. But the “preferences” for jobs between genders seem to have been frozen for decades. The gender wage gap is particularly large within part-time employees working below 50%. Younger cohorts, however, seem less exposed to gender wage differentials.
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TODD, SELINA. "YOUNG WOMEN, WORK, AND LEISURE IN INTERWAR ENGLAND." Historical Journal 48, no. 3 (September 2005): 789–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004668.
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Interwar England witnessed the emergence of a new generation of socially and financially independent young working-class women who worked in offices, shops, and factories, ‘dressed like actresses’, and were prominent leisure consumers, indulging in cosmetics and confectionery and frequenting the cinema and dance hall. This article analyses that development. A synthesis of qualitative and quantitative material indicates that age- and gender-specific roles were shaped by material factors rather than by ‘custom’ as existing social histories imply. It is argued that individuals' financial contribution to their household shaped the allocation of leisure and spending money, and that young women's increasing earning opportunities, and rising economic importance to the household, thus enabled them to become prominent leisure consumers. However, close attention to life histories also demonstrates that mother–daughter relationships were not simply economically determined, being characterized by mutual emotional as well as financial support. Maternal aspirations for their daughters, and expanding employment opportunities, shaped the emergence of youth as a life stage marked by a degree of personal independence and commercial consumption.
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Hill, Allan G. "Cattle, Women, and Wells: Managing Household Survival in the Sahel." Population Studies 49, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000148726.
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Ma’rufah, Lilis, Yusefri Yusefri, and Hasep Saputra. "Implementasi Hak dan Kewajiban Istri Bagi Wanita Karir di Kantor Kementerian Agama Kota Lubuklinggau Menurut Undang-Undang Perkawinan 1974 dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam(Analisis Normatif-Sosiologis)." Hutanasyah : Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara 1, no. 1 (August 11, 2022): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37092/hutanasyah.v1i1.356.
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This study focuses on discussing the Islamic view of career women, and the implementation of the rights and obligations of wives for career women of female state civil servants, at the Ministry of Religion Office of Lubuklinggau City. The spectrum that is highlighted, of course, explores the position of Career Women, whether they can carry out their obligations in a balanced way, both as wives and as ASN employees. This study uses sociological normative analysis. This normative analysis uses a study approach that examines a problem that arises by referring to religious benchmarks. In this study, the author also refers to the Marriage Law in Indonesia and the Compilation of Islamic Law. The findings in this study indicate that the wife's next obligation is to organize and manage daily household needs as well as possible. From the data above, the wife's responsibilities as stated in the Compilation of Islamic Law in Indonesia for wives who have the status of ASN at the Ministry of Religion of the City of Lubuklinggau have not been implemented properly. The wife has not fully done household chores, starting from taking care of the house, shopping for the house, cooking, or arranging the entire layout of the house is not fully done by the wife, but still involves household assistants and most of them cooperate with each other in household chores, both in terms of household chores. raising children, educating or doing housework
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Iscan, Omer Faruk, and Atilhan Naktiyok. "Attitudes towards Telecommuting: The Turkish Case." Journal of Information Technology 20, no. 1 (February 2005): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000023.
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Examines the effects of demographic characteristics (gender, marital status), household attributes (small children, largeness of home and distance of home and workplace), support factors (supervisor, colleague and technological-bill support), and perceived advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting to individuals, organizations and society on individuals’ attitudes towards telecommuting. The sample comprised 664 IT professionals working in several internet (portal) companies in Turkey. Results suggest that women, married employees, employees who have children less than five years old, employees whose house is big enough, employees whose house is relatively farther to the workplace, and those who perceived more advantages accruing from telecommuting, to themselves, to their organization or to the society, have a more favorable attitude towards telecommuting. On the other hand, employees who perceived more disadvantages accruing from telecommuting to themselves or their organization have a less favorable attitude towards telecommuting. In addition, colleague support and technological-bill support positively influence the attitudes of employees towards telecommuting.
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KESSLER, GIJS. "Work and the household in the inter-war Soviet Union." Continuity and Change 20, no. 3 (December 2005): 409–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416005005643.
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The article examines patterns of work and employment in urban households of the inter-war Soviet Union. Drawing on population censuses and time-budget surveys, it analyses trends in labour participation and gainful employment for men, women and different age-groups from the mid-1920s to the late 1930s. Particular attention is devoted to the division of labour within the household. The single most important change over this period was a substantial increase in labour participation rates, in particular among women. This was a direct result of the state-led industrialization drive of the 1930s, which simultaneously caused a booming demand for labour and a rapid decline of real wages. Households reacted to this challenge by increasing the number of working members per household. Self-employment, targeted by state repression from the late 1920s, practically disappeared, leaving paid employment as the only viable form of gainful employment. Within the household, the increase in female labour participation rates put a heavy strain on women, who came to face a double burden of employment and household duties, including child-care. In three-generation extended households, which were the norm at the time, this resulted in a division of labour between the generations, with the household members of working age concentrating on paid employment and the elderly members of the household on child-care and subsidiary agriculture.
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Kifleyesus, Abbebe. "Women Who Migrate, Men Who Wait: Eritrean Labor Migration to the Arab Near East." Northeast African Studies 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 95–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41960560.
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Abstract Over the last five decades, Eritrea has experienced a massive outflow of labor migrants to the Arab Near East. Although this labor migration has grown steadily since the 1950s, there has been a profound change in the magnitude and dynamism of the migration since the early 1970s. The reason is that Eritrea has suffered from severe economic problems resulting from its three-decade-long war of liberation with Ethiopia. By contrast, the Arab Near East, the oil-producing countries in particular, have enjoyed a significant increase in their wealth as a result of a sharp rise in energy prices following the world energy crises in 1973 and 1979. With the accumulation of wealth, these countries engaged in large-scale restructuring and development programs that created chronic labor shortages. This great contrast in the wealth and size of the labor force resulted in a pronounced difference in the rewards for employment between Eritrea and the Arab Near East. This difference has attracted a large number of Eritrean labor migrants to countries like Saudi Arabia, the Gulf States, and the United Arab Emirates. This article examines the labor market patterns and the cultural effects on economic behavior, and investigates to what extent earnings and remittances and therefore the income of women migrants are impacted by cultured variables. It also reveals that women are likely to take up domestic work when they migrate to various destinations in die Arab Near East, that such women were unemployed prior to their migration, and that the earnings of women, are, on average, lower than those of men, but that women send more money back home than do men These higher rates of remittances by women are not simply expressions of income and expenditure but are rather attributable to higher savings abilities embedded in cultural values. In sum, die article looks at the dynamics of household labor in the context of migration; discusses paid household work as a structural continuation of unpaid household work across thepubUc sphere; demonstrates how Eritrean women travel through the household worker/housewife boundary in their home country and become family breadwinners, men’s supporters, sources of funding for state projects, and urban property owners by engaging in household work; and underscores women’s agency by articulating their paid household work through the negotiation of the monetary and emotional value of their labor in the Arab Near East.
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Byron, Reginald. "The Maritime Household in Northern Europe." Comparative Studies in Society and History 36, no. 2 (April 1994): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500019058.
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The forms and processes of local-level social organisation seen today in fishing communities in northern Europe can be fully appreciated only after their history is recognized and explored. Until the middle of this century, the predominant form of organisation was the joint maritime household, which involved men and women in separate sets of collaborative activities. With changing technology, rising standards of living, and the intervention of the institutions of modernity, women everywhere in northern Europe have been able to disengage themselves from their former obligations, doing so largely in order to realise their aspirations for domestic independence. The men, however, continue to own their boats in partnerships and to pool their labour, drawing upon relationships of kinship, affinity, and neighbourhood as economic and social recnnrces
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Harris, Richard. "The Flexible House: The Housing Backlog and the Persistence of Lodging, 1891–1951." Social Science History 18, no. 1 (1994): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021441.
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Lodging was once common. In 1900 about one-quarter of U.S. households contained a lodger or lodging family. Almost as many more took one in at some point in the life of the household. Since then, rising incomes have enabled more people to maintain their own household. Today, lodging is quite rare and is confined largely to the poor.A good deal has been written about lodging, mostly by social historians concerned with its implications for daily life. We have been told that lodiging was part of the immigrant experience, that it helped even out household income over the life cycle, that it augmented the clout of women within the household, and that in larger cities it supported a subculture among single men and women (Modell and Hareven 1973).
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Kettering, S. "Strategies of Power: Favorites and Women Household Clients at Louis XIII's Court." French Historical Studies 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-2009-024.
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Chandola, Tarani, Cara L. Booker, Meena Kumari, and Michaela Benzeval. "Are Flexible Work Arrangements Associated with Lower Levels of Chronic Stress-Related Biomarkers? A Study of 6025 Employees in the UK Household Longitudinal Study." Sociology 53, no. 4 (February 28, 2019): 779–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038519826014.
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Debates around the benefits of flexible work arrangements for employee well-being are limited by a lack of empirical analyses on whether flexible working enables employees with work or family stressors to cope with their levels of stress. This study examines whether the availability and use of different flexible work arrangements are associated with lower allostatic load (an index of chronic stress-related biomarkers) in a large representative study of UK adults. Male and female employees who made use of reduced hours working arrangements had lower levels of allostatic load. Among women caring for two or more children aged under 15, there was a difference of almost one unit of the allostatic load index (an additional biomarker risk) between women who used reduced hours flexible work and those without such arrangements. Reduced hours flexible work arrangements could enable women who combine work and family roles to reduce their levels of chronic stress.
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Sopacua, Margie Gladies. "Perception of Indonesia and Afghanistan in Preventing Psychic Violence Against the Household Women." Jambura Law Review 5, no. 2 (June 9, 2023): 251–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v5i2.18529.
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The urgency and purpose of this study examine efforts to prevent psychological violence against women in the household as a form of upholding human rights. The method used is normative juridical, namely by studying theoretical literature, legal concepts, and legal norms, and connected with the efforts to prevent psychological violence against women in the household as a form of upholding human rights. The research results show that prevention psychological violence against women in the household as a form of upholding human rights, namely husbands and wives who are within the scope of the household should further increase their respective faiths by getting closer to God Almighty; Husbands and wives are open to each other, appreciate, respect and love within the scope of the household with full affection so that husbands and wives feel harmonious and comfortable both spiritually, physically, psychologically and so on; We must reject beliefs, beliefs or history about women that women are weak and as a wife if something happens in the household it becomes the wife's fault; Awareness to all parties included in the household sphere that domestic violence that occurs to women as wives is no longer a family disgrace, but acts of domestic violence are criminal acts and need to be handled properly and domestic violence must be abolished in every household sphere ; In order to escape from domestic violence, victims need to get legal protection and safe shelters prepared by the government.
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Hedija, Veronika. "Do Women Really Face Wage Discrimination on the Labour Market? An Analysis Using Intra-household Specialization." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 6 (2014): 1279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462061279.
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This study aims to estimate the gender pay gap, cleansed at least partially of the effect of intra-household specialization on productivity. The estimate is based on EU-SILC data for 19 member countries of the European Union. We use an estimate of the average treatment effect on the treated, supplemented by a matching procedure to estimate the unexplained part of the gender pay gap and use a subsample of employees earning more than their partners, thus minimizing the impact of child- and family-care on the gender pay gap. We conclude that the unexplained gender pay gap amounts approximately 10 percent working to the disadvantage of women. If we assume that the dominant role in family- and child-care is taken up by the partner earnings a lower wage, then this difference could neither be explained by differences in the observed personal and company characteristics nor by the dominant role of women in care for the household and children and could actually be due to wage discrimination against women.
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Watts, Sheldon, and Camilla Toulmin. "Cattle, Women, and Wells: Managing Household Survival in the Sahel." African Economic History, no. 21 (1993): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601827.
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Goodwin, Janet R. "Women in Medieval Japan: Motherhood, Household Management and Sexuality (review)." Monumenta Nipponica 61, no. 4 (2006): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mni.2007.0008.
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Hatton, T. J., and R. E. Bailey. "Household Labor Supply and Women′s Work in Interwar Britain." Explorations in Economic History 30, no. 2 (April 1993): 229–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exeh.1993.1010.
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GHOSH, DURBA. "Household Crimes and Domestic Order: Keeping the Peace in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1770–c. 1840." Modern Asian Studies 38, no. 3 (July 2004): 599–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x03001124.
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During the early years of British expansion in Bengal, from the 1770s to the 1840s, British courts ruled on at least three dozen domestic violence cases. In the process of ruling on crimes in which native women were victims of burglary, rape, and murder at the hands of European men, judges on the Supreme Court of Calcutta became intimately involved with enforcing domestic peace and containing the social threat posed by interracial conjugal relationships between lower-class European soldiers and merchants and the native women with whom they cohabited or married. While high-ranking, upper-class men may have also physically abused native women with whom they were intimate, these relationships were rarely the subject of judicial scrutiny. Through criminal trials of domestic crimes or ‘intimate violence’, British judges and magistrates, who were among the highest status positions in the civil service, managed the sexual and familial transgressions of lower-ranking European soldiers, merchants and civil employees, thereby ‘making empire respectable,’ while simultaneously enabling lower-ranking men to enjoy continued sexual access to local women.
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Domènech, Jordi, and Alexander Elu-Terán. "Women's Paid Work in an Urban Developing Economy. Barcelona in 1930." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 26, no. 3 (2008): 375–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900000392.
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AbstractIn this paper we explore the determinants of women's work using data from Barcelona in 1930. Although participation rates were much lower in Barcelona than in cities in the UK or the US at roughly the same time, our estimates of the labour supply suggest women in Barcelona did respond to wage incentives. The most distinguishable feature of the household division of labour in Barcelona is the lack of substitution effects among family members, especially among women. The sensitivity of the participation of each individual woman to the participation of other members of the household might indicate that labour markets were highly segmented and anticipates the existence of large differences in household earnings and welfare. We argue that the persistence of labour-intensive methods of production requiring on-the-job training might explain the type of household division of labour that we find in Barcelona.
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Țoiu, Andreea. "Balancing Efficiency and Personal Time Requirements for Human Resources Professionals after Telecommuting." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 67, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2022-0007.
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Abstract The exploitation of work and household responsibilities among women and men remains a pressing issue with significant impacts on employee productivity and satisfaction. This study sheds light on the patterns of exploitation and their consequences, with a specific focus on the experiences of HR professionals. The research emphasizes the prevalence of the “flexibility stigma” in society, which views flexible work arrangements, including teleworking, as less committed, motivated, and productive compared to traditional 9-5 work hours. The study also highlights the tendency for workers to extend their work hours when boundaries between work and personal life become blurred. In particular, the study highlights the increased likelihood of working overtime as a result of teleworking, which can further contribute to the exploitation of work and household responsibilities. For HR professionals, it is essential to understand these challenges and develop strategies that support employees’ work-life balance and well-being. The study concludes by calling for a comprehensive approach that considers the institutional and cultural contexts in which employees operate and that prioritizes their well-being and productivity.
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Takahashi, Fuyuko, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Yukiko Kobayashi, Ayumi Kaji, Ryosuke Sakai, Takuro Okamura, Naoko Nakanishi, et al. "Household Income Is Related to Dietary Fiber Intake and Dietary Acid Load in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 14, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 3229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14153229.
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Household income was related to habitual dietary intake in general Japanese people. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between household income and habitual dietary intake in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Household income was evaluated using a self-reported questionnaire and categorized into high and low household income. Nutritional status was assessed using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Among 128 men and 73 women, the proportions of participants with low household income were 67.2% (n = 86/128) in men and 83.6% (n = 61/73) in women. Dietary fiber intake (11.3 ± 4.2 vs. 13.8 ± 6.0 g/day, p = 0.006) was lower, and dietary acid load, net endogenous aid production score (NEAP) (51.7 ± 10.5 vs. 46.8 ± 10.4 mEq/day, p = 0.014) and potential renal acid load score (PRAL) (9.5 ± 10.7 vs. 3.7 ± 14.1 mEq/day, p = 0.011) were higher in men with low household income than in those without. Multivariable linear regression analyses demonstrated that log (dietary fiber intake) in men with low household income was lower than that in those with high household income after adjusting for covariates (2.35 [2.26–2.44] vs. 2.52 [2.41–2.62], p = 0.010). Furthermore, NEAP (54.6 [51.7–57.4] vs. 45.8 [42.5–49.2], p <0.001) in men with low household income were higher than in those with high household income after adjusting for covariates. Contrastingly, household income was not related to diet quality in women. This study showed that household income was related to dietary fiber intake and dietary acid load in men but not in women.
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Hanawalt, Barbara. "Women and the Household Economy in the Preindustrial Period: An Assessment of Women, Work, and Family." Journal of Women's History 11, no. 3 (1999): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2003.0114.
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Korotkov, P. A., A. B. Trubyanov, E. A. Zagaynova, and A. I. Zverev. "Changes in the Suicide Rate under the Influence of Daily Activities in EU Countries." Statistics and Economics 17, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2020-6-54-63.
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The article examines the impact of daily activities on the suicide rate on the basis of data from the European Detailed Mortality Database of the World Health Organization and the Harmonized European Time Use Survey.Purpose. To evaluate the relation between the suicide rate and duration of the main daily activities of employees in the spheres of work, household and leisure activities in terms of the multifactor models. Materials and methods. Daily activities are understood as time spent on work, household and leisure activities. In order to analyze the relation between the variables an end-to-end linear regression model arranged by all years and countries is used; the panel data structures are not taken into account in the model (as we have to deal with pseudo panel data). In addition, in order to weaken prerequisites of parametric models, a non-parametric estimate is used. The calculations are made in the econometric package STATA IC 16. The source of the data on the suicide rate (total, men, women) at the ages of 15-74 is the European Detailed Mortality Database of the World Health Organization; the source of the data on time spent on the main daily activities of employees in the spheres of work, household and leisure activities and the level of employees’ occupation is Eurostat.Results. The analysis revealed that with the increase in time spent on TV and video the suicide rate increases for the employed men; and with the increase in time spent on housekeeping the suicide rate increases for the employed women. In addition, during working days employed men are expected to be at risk of suicide due to the time spent on work, related activities and travel to and from work; employed women remain at risk due to the time spent on housekeeping. The duration of TV and video watching and housekeeping is a referent of suicide risk factors – loneliness and retreat from the society. It has been established that a possible shift to a four-day working week with an increase in the working hours while maintaining weekly hours leads to the suicide rate increase. Conclusion. In order to reduce the suicide rate in European countries, it is necessary to have such an organization of labour, daily routine and leisure activities, which will allow male employees to reduce their working hours to a minimum of 7.4 hours and to displace watching TV and video on the periphery of the hierarchy of occupations, primarily on weekends, as well as to eradicate "kitchen slavery" among female employees. While evaluating the possible shift to a four-day working week, it is necessary to conduct more research on the impact of the number (ratio) of working days and full days off on the suicide rate.
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Cebulla, Andreas. "The social orientations and ideologies of UK finance employees at the onset of the Global Financial Crisis." Capital & Class 41, no. 2 (November 23, 2016): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816816678574.
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Debates about the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 have pointed at institutional and individual-behavioural factors as its causes. Using the British Household Panel Survey, this article highlights marked differences in perceptions of societal and economic fairness among financial services employees in investment or management positions in the United Kingdom and the general working population at the brink of the Global Financial Crisis. Panel data analysis suggests that financial services and occupations did not necessarily attract employees with pro-market attitudes, but that employment in these institutions and occupations made it more likely that employees came to display these perceptions, contributing to the construction of a distinct attitudinal profile of finance employees.
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Burr, Hermann. "Prekäre Beschäftigung und depressive Symptomatik – geschlechtsabhängige Assoziationen." ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2023, no. 06 (April 27, 2023): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asu-1-273034.
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Precarious work and depressive symptoms: gender-related associations Introduction: Longitudinal studies indicate that men are at greater risk than women of developing symptoms of depression as a result of precarious work. A South Korean study suggests that household position may explain this difference. The question arises as to whether these risk differences could be explained by the position in the household (i.e. living alone without a partner or living with a partner). Methods: The analysis was based on a cohort of 2,009 employees from the “Mental Health at Work Study” (S-MGA) (Rose et al. 2017). Five indicators of precarious work were used: subjective job insecurity, marginal employment, temporary employment, low wages (net hourly wage <60 % of the median) and episodes of unemployment in the past – also summarised in an index of precarious work. Possible associations between precarious work during the period 2012–2017 and depressive symptoms in 2017 were examined by logistic regression analysis – stratified by gender and position in the household (i.e. living alone without a partner or living with a partner) in 2012 and adjusted for depressive symptoms, age, occupational status and partnership status in 2012. Results: Position in the household had no significant interactions with the indicators of precarious work or an index of precarious work among either women or men. Conclusion: It is still unclear why, in many studies, the risks of developing depressive symptoms from precarious work are higher in men than in women. Keywords: precarious work – depressive symptoms – gender differences – longitudinal study
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Dhungel, Sarad. "Work Life Balance among Women Employees in Service Sector with Special Reference to Banking Industry in Kathmandu Valley." Mega Journal 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tmj.v2i1.53206.
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This study was interested in female bank employees’ perceptions of work life balance at banking institutions in Kathmandu. The Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Model was used as a theoretical framework to consider the demands that these women encounter as well as the support systems that they utilize to help facilitate work-life balance (WLB). Importantly, as a theoretical framework, the JD-R was used to bring to light employee experiences of their WLB in relation to their work demands and the resources that are available to them. A qualitative research design was used. Semi-structured interviews on a purposive sample of eight research participants were conducted within eight commercial banks of Kathmandu. Theory-led thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview transcripts. The findings of the study indicated that these women relied heavily upon domestic helpers in terms of household duties, extended family and their spouses in terms of childcare duties and needs. These employees felt that work dominates their lives more due to the core demands of meeting targets. These employees perceived that the bank as a whole was not supportive of WLB as they claimed to be and wanted to be involved with the HR Department in the formation of work-life balance policies. This research study offers insight into the needs of female bank employees and suggests the way forward for organizations to appropriately prioritize WLB as a quality strategy in an attempt to retain talented women in the organization.
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van Dijk, Mathilde. "Household, Women, and Christianities in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages." Church History and Religious Culture 88, no. 1 (2008): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124108x316468.
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