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1
Bell, Janis C., and Wendy Slatkin. "Women Artists in History: From Antiquity to the 20th Century." Woman's Art Journal 7, no. 2 (1986): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1358308.
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Mandziuk, Józef. "Outline of the history of obstetricsuntil the 20th century." Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio 4, no. 52 (December 16, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v4i52.1098.
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The profession of midwife is one of the oldest professions in the history of mankind. Its background has been shaped by instinctive human behavior since ancient times, gradually enriching itself thanks to the constant demands of life in a slow process of mastering and observing the surrounding nature. This knowledge was constantly deepened and disseminated more and more widely, giving oral instructions to subsequent generations. It should be emphasized that the first fruits of obstetrics are the midwife - self-taught, who devoted herself to this activity spontaneously. She rushed to the aid of a woman in labor and passed on the experience gained to her successors, often daughters, through demonstrations and oral transmission. It must not be forgotten that these were women with inborn abilities, who, learning in the school of life, through accurate and correct reasoning, achieved extensive experience and proficiency in obstetrics.
The aim of this study is to outline the history of the profession, or rather the vocation, of a midwife, from antiquity, through the Middle Ages, to the beginning of the twentieth century of modern time. Today, in civilized countries, children are born in hospitals where they are given special care. However, there are countries where this hospital care is lacking and the help of a female midwife is absolutely indispensable.
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Núñez Valdés, Juan, Fernando de Pablos Pons, and Antonio Ramos Carrillo. "Pioneering Black African American Women Chemists and Pharmacists." Foundations 2, no. 3 (August 2, 2022): 624–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foundations2030043.
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Rivera Gómez, Elva. "Knowledge transgressors: the incursion of women to science in Mexico, 19th-20th centuries." Culture & History Digital Journal 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.004.
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The influence of feminist thought has been very important in the field of history, as it has revealed the invisibility of women in this disciplinary field, besides of studying power relations and their effects on the daily, private and public life in which both women and men are involved. Access to education, first primary, then secondary and later higher in Mexico, spanned for a period of more than a century. In some of the regions, the presence of women in higher education was in the last third of the nineteenth century in areas considered feminine, such as midwifery, nursing and others. Careers are recorded in the 20th century. In this paper we propose to review the historiography and history of women who entered the different fields of knowledge at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, as well as to present a panorama of the educational spaces to which the Mexican women had access.
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Savage, Elizabeth. "The Lonely Woman Icon, Niedecker, and Mid-20th-Century Advertising." Humanities 11, no. 5 (September 13, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h11050118.
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Popular advertising of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s depicting single women presents an especially useful reference point for Lorine Niedecker’s poems. Attendant to the development of romantic and social promises extended by these ads is the woeful character of the lonely and excluded woman. Notably, the danger of becoming a social outcast is not securely tied to an age demographic; although romantic intimacy promising or concluding in marriage stands as the primary goal of all purchasing conduct, the time of vulnerability to rejection is surprisingly extended—from early adolescence when social reputation is established to prime matrimonial age and reaching into years after marriage. A woman’s relationships with friends, suitors, and even children remain threatened by supposed lapses in self-awareness that guidance found in advertising can restore. While the use of sex to sell has long been recognized as a major part of advertising history, the complementary fear (of not having sex, of sexual and social rejection, and consequent despair) underlying these strategies is usually thought about as a fairly recent (and effective) advertising method. In ways that expose the images of women under construction in the social mindset, Niedecker’s poems call upon advertising’s thumbnail images and characters to inspect the rigid public attitude advertising was cultivating, an attitude male critics perpetuated in constructing American literary history.
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Motuz, Valeria. "The history of the transformation of women of Naddnipryansk Ukraine from an object into a subject of the political process: from idea to practical implementation." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 28-29 (2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-99-108.
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The article substantiates the theoretical and practical foundations of the development of the women’s movement in Naddnipryan Ukraine in the conditions of active politicization of society in the late 19th – early 20th century. When the object of the study is the increase by women from Naddnipryanskaya Ukraine of their social status in society, and the subject is their transformation from an object into a subject of political activity. This process is revealed from the standpoint of the influence of the politicization of Ukrainian society in the late 19th – early 20th century on the movement of socially active women in Nadnipryansk Ukraine towards achieving the modernization of the system of power and management from the point of view of gender equality and is presented as a transitional stage to this.
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Abdigapbarova, Zh. "Gender Issues in the Kazakh Literature of the Early 20th Century." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 126, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-4/2664-0686.06.
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Women’s rights and fate have always been a significant issue. In the article, the author reviews the gender issues in human history and analyzes the literary theoretical and historical aspects of the problem of women in Kazakh society of the early 20th century with the help of Kazakh intellectuals’ works which were written to solve the problems of women, and literary works and journalistic articles of that time. The Kazakh people valued the role of women, therefore, paid a lot of attention on the upbringing, behavior of a girl and planned her general life. There were times when a Kazakh woman rode a horse, fought the enemy and ruled the country wisely. But over time, the issue of women in Kazakh society has become more complicated. At the beginning of the 20th century, Alash intellectuals, who understood the importance of gender issues in Kazakh society, wrote special articles and works of art to influence people’s consciousness. It was disseminated to the public through the media. The first novel in Kazakh literature was dedicated to the issue of women. Women’s civil rights and their place in society began to find a positive solution in the early 20th century with the intervention of Alash activists. In the research article we analyzed M. Dulatuly’s «Bakytsyz Zhamal» (Poor Zhamal), Zh. Aimauytov’s «Akbilek» novels, also M. Auezov, M. Zhumabayev, N. Kulzhanova’s journalistic articles. In this article, the author examines the origins of the struggle for women’s equality in the early 20th century, and the specific actions of Kazakh intellectuals to protect women’s civil rights. The study is based on historical data and literary and journalistic works. The results of the hard struggle is proven by the works written in that period.
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Delay, Cara. "Wrong for womankind and the nation: Anti-abortion discourses in 20th-century Ireland." Journal of Modern European History 17, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419854660.
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This article asks how anti-abortion discourses and dialogues engaged with ideas about motherhood, national identity, and women’s reproductive decision-making in 20th-century Ireland, particularly from 1967, when abortion was decriminalized in Britain, to 1983, when Ireland’s Eighth Amendment became the law of the land. It assesses the ways in which ‘pro-life’ advocates rejected the notion that women were independent adults capable of reproductive decision-making. Indeed, throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, anti-choice activists defined all Irish women as innately innocent, moral, and naturally desirous of domesticity and motherhood. Abortion, they argued, was encouraged, coerced, and even forced by outsiders or ‘others’. The arguments of some anti-abortion activists utilized meaningful themes in Ireland’s colonial and nationalist history, including the historical notion of Irish sacrificial motherhood, the depiction of Irish women as young and vulnerable, and the explanation of abortion as foreign, anti-Irish, and reminiscent of British colonial repression.
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Cooper, Barbara M. "Gender, Movement, and History: Social and Spatial Transformations in 20th Century Maradi, Niger." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15, no. 2 (April 1997): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d150195.
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Analyses of gender and space have been brought short by our awareness of the sterility of the familiar public-private binary, our difficulty gaining purchase upon local spatial practices through feminist abstractions insisting upon the importance of global ‘location’, and our growing realization that women are often implicated in the very gender ideologies that constrain them. In this paper, focusing upon historical changes in Muslim women's access to and occupation of different kinds of space in the Sahelian city of Maradi, Niger, the author shifts attention away from the spaces themselves and towards women's active movement through and transformation of the spaces of the body, the home, and the city. Women define themselves, their social status, and their economic possibilities by acquiring and transforming what the author calls ‘internal spaces’ and by entering into previously inaccessible ‘external spaces’. More concretely, they locate themselves socially and economically through the decoration of their rooms in their marital homes, through the acquisition of urban property, and through the adoption of veiling. By renegotiating their spatial position women reconfigure their economic and social options. In so doing they subtly and unconsciously alter the character of the urban terrain, the nature of local marriage, and the configuration of local gender relations. Women's attempts to reposition themselves have had complex and contradictory implications. They nevertheless make clear that gender analyses fixing upon reified spaces or scales are inadequate and that common Western assumptions about Muslim women's experience of internal spaces and veiling need to be rethought.
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Nikpour, Golnar. "From Fallen Women to Citizen Mothers: Gendered Carcerality in Pahlavi Iran." International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (February 2022): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743822000083.
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Modern carcerality in Iran, with its attendant systems of surveillance, policing, and mass imprisonment, was a gendered project from the outset. In turn, the new modern prisons of the Pahlavi era (1925–79) provoked gendered anxieties about seemingly rising rates of female and child criminality, the deteriorating family unit, and the inherent sin and vice of life in a modern city. In general, it is difficult to overstate the wholesale changes that the modern carceral system has brought to Iran. The establishment of modern prisons, an effort begun in the first decades of the 20th century, has led to an enduring transformation in social worlds for Iranians of all genders. For much of Iran's pre-20th-century history, forced confinement of any kind was a relative rarity, legal practices and norms were diffuse and diverse, and long periods of incarceration were virtually nonexistent. The conceit of prisoner reform central to the modern penitentiary model—wherein centralized modern governments imagine prisons as rehabilitative spaces in which socially undesirable “criminals” can be reformed into good “citizens”— is nowhere found in the archive of Iran's pre-20th-century punishments.
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TEO, C. G. "Fatal outbreaks of jaundice in pregnancy and the epidemic history of hepatitis E." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 5 (January 25, 2012): 767–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811002925.
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SUMMARYSpace–time clustering of people who fall acutely ill with jaundice, then slip into coma and death, is an alarming phenomenon, more markedly so when the victims are mostly or exclusively pregnant. Documentation of the peculiar, fatal predisposition of pregnant women during outbreaks of jaundice identifies hepatitis E and enables construction of its epidemic history. Between the last decade of the 18th century and the early decades of the 20th century, hepatitis E-like outbreaks were reported mainly from Western Europe and several of its colonies. During the latter half of the 20th century, reports of these epidemics, including those that became serologically confirmed as hepatitis E, emanated from, first, the eastern and southern Mediterranean littoral and, thereafter, Southern and Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and the rest of Africa. The dispersal has been accompanied by a trend towards more frequent and larger-scale occurrences. Epidemic and endemic hepatitis E still beset people inhabiting Asia and Africa, especially pregnant women and their fetuses and infants. Their relief necessitates not only accelerated access to potable water and sanitation but also vaccination against hepatitis E.
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Fields, Marjory Diana. "Women in American Labour Movement." International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 3, no. 2 (July 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2019070104.
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In this article, the author examines the history of exclusion and sex-based discrimination against U.S. women workers seeking to join unions established by men. The author describes how groups of women and girls working in fabric mills in the 19th Century took strike action against work speed up and increased production requirements, making demands for higher wages, equal pay with men, improved working conditions, clean water, health care and time off. Then, in the early 20th century, women teachers formed their own unions to gain increased pay and pension plans, and for social justice. These unions continue to the present seeking also social justice and exercising political power.
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Hutchinson Miller, Carmen. "‘El trabajo dignifica’ Twentieth Century Afro-Costa Rican Women and Informal Work in Port Limon, Costa Rica." Revista Nuevo Humanismo 6, no. 2 (April 9, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rnh.6-2.1.
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The patriarchal system has convinced most that women’s respectable place and function are exclusively within the private space of the home. When women ‘transgress’ and venture out into the public sphere by choice or by force, the reception is far from welcoming both by individuals and institutions. The analysis seeks to enquire, based on women of African descent history, how this ideology affects their participation in the public sphere. The main objective is to unearth and make visible some of the informal financial activities women were involved in during the 20th century in Port of Limon, Central America, Costa Rica. The information was gathered through interviews, some early 20th-century newspaper research, and other documentation. The analysis is conducted from a historical and gender perspective.
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Murray, Elisabeth. "Nancy Deihl, ed., The Hidden History of American Fashion: Rediscovering 20th-Century Women Designers." Textile History 50, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00404969.2019.1653647.
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Malmer, Elin, and Erik Sidenvall. "Christian Manliness for Women?: contradictions of Christian youth organization in early 20th-century Sweden1." Scandinavian Journal of History 34, no. 4 (December 17, 2009): 394–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468750903126612.
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Rakhmaninova, Maria. "Women in Anarchist Pedagogy: The Twentieth Century." Polylogos 6, no. 4 (22) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s258770110023667-5.
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In recent years, an active reception of foreign libertarian discourse, including key reflections of libertarian pedagogy, has finally begun in the Russian-speaking field. This article is the second part of the study of the role of women in it. In light of this, an attempt is made to introduce new significant figures into the Russian-speaking knowledge and, in general, to outline the trajectory of anarchist pedagogy in the 20th century, focusing on the activities of those women who defined, nourished, inspired and guided it. The identification of these lines of continuity seems crucial to forming a panorama of the libertarian tradition and its integration into the overall picture of the history of pedagogy, liberation movements and women's subjectivity. In addition to defining the role, place, and significance of each of the pedagogical projects under consideration, the paper also reflects, first, on the specific conceptual relationship between anarchist, pedagogical, and feminist discourses; second, on the genesis of the demand for libertarian pedagogy (and the anarchist perspective in general), both from its agents and from society. The research is based on the texts of key primary sources as well as on a number of monographs and articles on the philosophy and history of education.
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Datsyshen, Vladimir G., and Larisa A. Kutilova. "Russian-Chinese families in the 20th century: Emergence and characteristics1." RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 742–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-4-742-757.
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This may well be the first article about the history of mixed Russian-Chinese families in Russia and the USSR. The study is based on sources in federal, regional and local archives, mainly of Siberia and the Far East, statistics, and the press. It notes that the great gender imbalance in almost exclusively male Chinese migrant community meant that Chinese men chose Russian women as life partners. The decline of Russia’s male population during the First World War and the Civil War only exacerbated this trend. First recorded in the late nineteenth century, this phenomenon became widespread during the twentieth, not only in the Far East, but also in other areas with large populations of Chinese workers, such as Donbass. Wives in such marriages were mainly peasant women, although on occasion Cossack women and even noblewomen, often widows, took Chinese husbands. The brides were invariably younger than their spouses and tended to be housewives. However, some worked with their husbands in small businesses. These mixed couples tended to have fewer children than those that were fully Russian. The vagaries of Sino-Soviet relations during the twentieth century led to several waves of deportations of such families. Thus, in 1938 some were exiled from their places of residence to Xinjiang, Kazakhstan or the Amur region. While forced migrations considerably reduced the size of the Chinese community, they did not destroy it. The authors conclude that new Chinese immigration to Post-Soviet Russia follows the pattern set in the twentieth century’s first half, as do mixed marriages.
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Tasca, Cecilia, Mariangela Rapetti, Mauro Giovanni Carta, and Bianca Fadda. "Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 8, no. 1 (October 19, 2012): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901208010110.
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Hysteria is undoubtedly the first mental disorder attributable to women, accurately described in the second millennium BC, and until Freud considered an exclusively female disease. Over 4000 years of history, this disease was considered from two perspectives: scientific and demonological. It was cured with herbs, sex or sexual abstinence, punished and purified with fire for its association with sorcery and finally, clinically studied as a disease and treated with innovative therapies. However, even at the end of 19th century, scientific innovation had still not reached some places, where the only known therapies were those proposed by Galen. During the 20th century several studies postulated the decline of hysteria amongst occidental patients (both women and men) and the escalating of this disorder in non-Western countries. The concept of hysterical neurosis is deleted with the 1980 DSM-III. The evolution of these diseases seems to be a factor linked with social “westernization”, and examining under what conditions the symptoms first became common in different societies became a priority for recent studies over risk factor.
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Booth, Marilyn. "WOMAN IN ISLAM: MEN AND THE “WOMEN'S PRESS” IN TURN-OF-THE-20TH-CENTURY EGYPT." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 2 (May 2001): 171–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380100201x.
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The first periodical in Egypt to focus on women as both subject and audience, Al-Fatat (The Young Woman, 1892), heralded the founding by women of many periodicals for women in Egypt. The women's press emerged in a time of intense public debate concerning putative intersections of systemic gender relations and gender ideology with anti-imperialist nationalism: what would constitute “national” strength sufficient to assert, or force, an independent existence based on claims to autonomous nation-state status?1Women writing in the women's press, as well as in the mainstream—or “malestream”—press, shaped the debate over how gender did and should inflect social organization and institutional change.2 Equally, male intellectuals and politicians participated in a rhetoric of persuasion, edification, and ambition. When women and men wrote treatises on what was called the “woman question” (qadi¯yat al-mar[ham]a), articles in the women's press challenged, debated, and refined the points of these treatises. Writers approached that fraught “question” from another direction, too, establishing a thriving industry of conduct literature that fed on translations of European works as well as original works by Egyptian and other Arab writers. Books on how to behave as a proper father, a good mother, a fine son or daughter, or a responsible schoolgoer went through numerous printings for a reading public prepared by various rhetorics of nationalism, theology, and reform to bring this debate into everyday life by following the guides for behavior that such literature—including essays in the women's press—supplied.3
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정용숙. "［Book Review］A Global History of the Family in the 20th Century. Göran Therborn, 2004, Between Sex and Power: Family in the World 1900-2000, London: Routledge." Women and History ll, no. 20 (June 2014): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.22511/women..20.201406.299.
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Sperling, Joy. "The Hidden History of American Fashion: Rediscovering 20th-Century Women Designers, Nancy Deihl (ed.) (2018)." Clothing Cultures 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cc.5.3.391_5.
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Weiss, Max. "THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF SHIءI MODERNISM: MORALITY AND GENDER IN EARLY 20TH-CENTURY LEBANON." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 2 (May 2007): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807070092.
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In an early 1980s interview, Amira Muhammad ءAli al-Houmani, daughter of one of the 20th century's most revered Lebanese Shiءi poets, insisted that the “southern woman” (al-marʿa al-janūbiyya) had always been a “partner” to the southern Lebanese man, both “in the house and in the field.” She explained how Lebanese women both in and from the south have historically played important domestic as well as productive economic roles spanning both the private and the public. Beyond casual nods toward their political and economic participation, however, disputes about and including Shiءi women in Lebanon and, more broadly put, discussions of and about gender, generally have been occluded from historical narratives. Considering the indisputable contemporary significance of Lebanese Shiءi communities in Jabal ءAmil (South Lebanon), the Bekaء Valley, and Beirut, it is even more remarkable that the diverse histories of gender in Shiءi Lebanon have yet to be written.
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Lin, Ziye. "The comparative analysis of Gibson girls of 20th century and contemporary females." Highlights in Art and Design 1, no. 3 (November 22, 2022): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hiaad.v1i3.2962.
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There is a complex relationship between fashion and dress to identity. It's worth noting that given twining, cloths can be a portrayal of one's identity because they tell people something about class, gender, status, and so on. Also, the author asserts that cloths can lead to misinterpretation because they are not able to speak (Entwistle, 2000: 112). It is because of this argument that copious theories have emerged in an attempt to explain the relations. Entwistle, in her book, highlights the centrality of dressing to people's identities, gender, and sexuality (2000, p.40). These sentiments are also held by Stroope, Walker, and Franzen (2017, 85), who posit that the portrayal of identity has led to theories such as feminism. Therefore, feminism has existed in all aspects of life since it came into being in early 1910. These concepts are also used in various ways in the fashion industry making it significant in contemporary times. Feminist theory mainly accentuates the analysis of gender inequality. Therefore, it aims to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of gender. In her book, Butler believes that gender is used sometimes as a way to secure heterosexuality (2006, 5). Therefore, according to Griffin (2015, p.196), feminism wanted to transform the entire realms of the lives of women: social, political, cultural, personal, and economical. Consequently, Zinn and Dill (2016, 76) assert that feminists meant to remove all psychological and structural obstacles to the financial independence of women. The reason is that most of them believed that gender was produced and considered though sexual hierarchy as outline by (Butler, 2006, 5). Some of the themes explored in these theories entail objectification, contemporary discrimination, and art history. Indeed, feminists combined lots of reasons that became related to a New Woman. Some crusaded for woman voice, others fought for labor and socialism, whereas others still called for birth control and ‘free love.’ As a result, Butler (2006, 7), in her book, she continues to point out that feminist views attempt to eliminate and overthrow gender, because it is a typical signal of women. The feminism resurgence in the recent past has been integral in the evolution of the modern fashion industry. It is a relief that females are no longer anticipated to fit into a particular mold for them to be perceived as beautiful. The stereotypical thinking, as well as the labeling of females as sexual objects, often have negatively impacted how several women dress Entwistle (2000, p.40). As denoted by Fraser (2017, 167), this is something that most women seem to be reluctant to dress because of the fear that they might be perceived as sexually provocative. Seabrook, Ward, and Giaccardi (2019, 556) also echoed this sentiment but went further to posit that fortunately for feminists, especially those in the fashion industry, feminism has led to the promotion of females as sexual beings rather than sexual objects. Many people are happy that the industry is catching up, though centuries later.
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McCombe, Pamela A. "Women who contributed to past research in multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 25, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 1440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458519846101.
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Background: The history of multiple sclerosis (MS) is dominated by the discoveries of famous men. However, women would like to feel part of the story and to know that women have contributed to MS research. Objective: To identify women who contributed to the history of discovery in MS. Method: This was a personal survey from my knowledge of previous work. Results: There were no women participants in the early stages of MS research. However, since 1950 there are many women who have contributed to MS research. In the 20th century, there were famous women who contributed to the scientific fields that form the basis of MS research. In the 21st century, more women participate in MS research but studies suggest that they are under-represented in positions of prominence. Conclusion: Women have been part of the effort to understand MS, but are not well recognized.
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Mitsyuk, Natalia A., and Anna V. Belova. "Midwifery as the first official profession of women in Russia, 18th to early 20th centuries." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-2-270-285.
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The authors study the institutionalization of midwife specialization among women in Russia in the period from the 18th through the early 20th centuries. The main sources are legislative acts, clerical documents, as well as reports on the activities of medical institutions and maternity departments. The authors use the approaches of gender history, and the concept of professionalization as developed by E. Freidson. Midwifery was the first area of womens work that was officially recognized by the state. There were three main stages on the way to professionalizing the midwifery profession among women. The first stage (covering the 18th century) is associated with attempts to study and systematize the activities of midwives. The practical experience of midwifes was actively sought by doctors whose theoretical knowledge was limited. The second stage of professionalization (corresponding to the first half of the 19th century) was associated with the normative regulation of midwife work and the formation of a professional hierarchy in midwifery. The third stage (comprising the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century) saw a restriction of the midwives spheres of activity, as well as the active inclusion of male doctors in practical obstetrics and their rise to a dominant position. With the development of obstetric specialization, operative obstetrics, and the opening of maternity wards, midwives were relegated to a subordinate position in relation to doctors. In contrast to the United States and Western European countries, Russia did not have professional associations of midwives. Intra-professional communication was weak, and there was no corporate solidarity. In Soviet medicine, finally, the midwives subordinate place in relation to doctors was only cemented.
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Safarian, Alexander. "On the History of Turkish Feminism." Iran and the Caucasus 11, no. 1 (2007): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338407x224978.
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AbstractThe paper deals with the several aspects of the history of Feminism in the Ottoman Empire. It elucidates the early stages of the formation of the Feministic ideas and tendencies in the Turkish society at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to the social-political activities and the role of the Turkish women writers Halide Edib, Arife Hanım, and others. The author discusses inter alia the impact of the Armenian intellectual milieu and, especially, that of the Turkish Armenian women's literature on the inception and development of the Feministic literature in Turkey.
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Russkikh, Tatyana Nikolaevna. "COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOR OF MODERN UDMURT WOMEN: SCENARIOS, STRATEGIES, PRACTICES." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 14, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2020-14-1-103-114.
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The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the communicative behavior generations of Udmurt women in the 20th and the early 21st century. The relevance of the article is due to the existing public demand for coverage of regional women's history and gender history. Main attention is paid to the requirements imposed by society on the behavior of the Udmurt woman. The result of a comparative analysis of the communicative behavior of two generations of women showed changes in premarital and marriage behavior. The author notes that the realities of modern life make their own corrections, including disproportions. And so the modern udmurt woman is not only the keeper of the home, but she becomes the main source of income in her family. She becomes less closed, more communicative. In this connection, Udmurt women have to overcome their modesty and shyness to develop self-presentation skills, which undoubtedly affects the strategies of communicative behavior implemented by them.
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Pohlman, Annie. "WOMEN AND NATIONALISM IN INDONESIA." Historia: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah 12, no. 1 (July 23, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/historia.v12i1.12114.
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Indonesia was established 65 years ago, but the progress of Indonesian nasionalism had not yet done when the independence was proclaimed. The nationalism movement in Indonesia has been growing since the early of the 20th century until today because nationalism is not static but it always changing. In the nationalism development process, women always play the basic and important role. However, in many academic discourses discussing the nationalism history, women are neglected most of the time. Women participation in the nationalism movement is rarely discussed. The gender relation and its association with the development of Indonesia development are also neglected most of the time. Therefore, women role in the nationalism movement and the women interest tend to be removed. However, women always play the central role in the nationalism movement, such as in the beginning of the 20th century, during the colonialism government and Japanese era, the Revolution era against the Dutch, and the regime of Soekarno and Soeharto era. In this article, I will focus my discussion on the women movement development since the 1920s and their role in the Reformation movement and Indonesia nationalism. This article will discuss: (1) the first discussion starts with the summary of the women movement and nationalist movement background in the twentieth century; (2) the second discussion is about the development of women movement in the Reformation era; and (3) finally, I will explore some issues that affect the discussion of the women and nationalism in the Reformation Era – the Indonesian nationalism developed by the Government utilizing the women’s body and sexuality for achieving their goal is the central issue in the discussion about the form of Indonesia nationality.
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Holden, Katherine. "Other people's children: Single women and residential childcare in mid-20th century England." Management & Organizational History 5, no. 3-4 (August 2010): 314–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744935910370192.
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Koh, Won. "The Rise and Fall of Women’s Football in Britain, 1881-1921." Korea Association of World History and Culture 64 (September 30, 2022): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2022.09.64.231.
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This paper examines the early history of British women’s football from 1881 to 1921. The history of women’s football during this period has not yet been seriously studied by Korean historians. There are many people who do not even know the existence of women's football at the end of the 19th century. Many people believe that the football is traditionally a ‘men’s sport’ and that women have entered the male realm as women’s social activities have recently expanded. However, women’s football has a history as long as men’s football. Women’s football first appeared in Britain at the end of the 19th century, the dawn of modern football as we know it now, and developed with great popularity until the early 20th century. The early history of women’s football has significance not only for the history of sports but also for women. It is the women’s own efforts to change traditional perceptions of women and to improve the unfair situation that were the main driving force behind the development of women’s football in the 19th century. These efforts appeared even before the emergence of women’s own political struggles which claim to improve women’s social status and rights. A Study on the early history of women’s football will be of help in understanding the process of women forming themselves as modern subjects.(Kyung Hee University)
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Syunnerberg, Maxim A. ""Beautiful women suffer unhappy fates"? History of beauty pageants in Vietnam. Part II. Modern beauty contests." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 4(49) (2020): 210–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-3-4-49-210-226.
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In the second part of the article, the author examines the influence of new trends in social thought of the 20th century on the interpretation of the concept of “beauty” and the possibilities of women to realize themselves through beauty. We will also present the collected information on beauty contests held in the country. In accordance with the idea in the title, special attention is paid to the fate of some of the winners.
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Avsheniuk, Nataliia, Olena Anishchenko, Kateryna Hodlevska, and Nataliya Seminikhyna. "Training to professional fulfillment: the history of women’s education in Ukraine (at the end 19th – early 20th centuries)." SHS Web of Conferences 142 (2022): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214201001.
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The article is focused on the findings of the research of women’s professional education in the context of their self-fulfillment opportunities in Ukraine at the end of 19th-beginning of the 20th century. The current state of research on pedagogical theory’s chosen topic is outlined. The peculiarities of training women in professional educational institutions of different profiles and levels were determined considering the socio-economic, socio-political events in Ukraine and specific purposes, tasks and functions, and foreign trends in women’s professional education. The government impact, charity and educational societies’ focus on women’s professional education in Ukraine has been analyzed. The main emphasis has been placed on the problem of special education for representatives of national minorities, deprived children, and orphans. The theoretical analysis of constructive ideas of women’s professional education experience of the late 19th – early 20th century in the new context of Ukraine’s socio-economic development is substantiated.
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Gamber, Wendy, and Alice Kessler-Harris. "In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in 20th-Century America." Journal of American History 89, no. 2 (September 2002): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3092178.
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Miodowski, Adam. "Ośrodek Badań Historii Kobiet Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych. Dokonania, plany naukowe, perspektywy badawcze." Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych, no. 1(12) (2022): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/cnisk.2022.01.12.09.
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The summary of the achievements of the Women’s History Research Center in 2019–2021 as part of the “DIALOG” grant program is positive. This is an incentive for the research team associated with the Center to continue cooperation in the following years. A new field of joint activity under the ministerial program “SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF SCIENCE” could become in the years 2022–2023 press studies (more broadly media studies) focused on media addressed to women and their public perception. Attention should be given to the publications appearing in the 19th–20th-century traditional press as well as on the 20th–21st-century audiovisual media, both classic and digital. When examining their social perception, one should not forget about the use of spoken accounts that fit into the oral history research area, about egodocuments and intimism so important in biography, as well as about traditional and digital press photography.
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Manfredini, Matteo, Marco Breschi, Alessio Fornasin, Stanislao Mazzoni, Sergio De lasio, and Alfredo Coppa. "Maternal Mortality in 19th- and Early 20th-century Italy." Social History of Medicine 33, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 860–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkz001.
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Summary Although dramatically reduced in Western and developed countries, maternal mortality is still today one of the most relevant social and health scourges in developing countries. This is the reason why high levels of maternal mortality are always interpreted as a sign of low living standards, ignorance, poverty and woman discrimination. Maternal mortality represents, therefore, a very peculiar characteristic of demographic systems of ancien regime. Despite this important role in demographic systems, no systematic study has been addressed to investigate the impact of maternal mortality in historical Italy. The aim of this article is to shed some light on such a phenomenon by investigating its trend over time and the determinants in some Italian populations between the 18th and the early 20th centuries. The analysis will make use of civil and parish registers linked together by means of nominative techniques, and it will be, therefore, carried out at the micro level.
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Larsson, Åsa, and Yvonne Hilli. "The ethos of caring within midwifery: A history of ideas study." Nursing Ethics 25, no. 6 (October 19, 2016): 808–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016669866.
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Background: The midwifery profession in Sweden has a history since the early 1700s when government training for midwives began. Midwifery is historically well described, but the idea of caring within midwifery is not described. Aim: The aim was to describe the patterns of ideas of caring as they appeared in midwifery during the first half of the 20th century. Research design: This study has a hermeneutic approach and the method is history of ideas. Sources of material are taken from the journal Jordemodern (Midwifery), textbooks for midwives, and midwifery regulations. The study has a caring science perspective according to Eriksson. Ethical considerations: This study is conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines for good scientific practice issued by The Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity. The special demands on approach to the analyzed text in history of ideas have been met. Findings: Three themes were identified: Serving as a way of life, Acting in a redemptive spirit, and Having independence with heavy responsibility. The various themes are not refined, but current ideas are woven into the weave that were characteristic of midwifery during the first half of the 20th century. Conclusion: History of ideas is a fruitful method for understanding and re-finding valuable cultural goods. We can once more stress the manner of being within the midwife’s profession where inner values, ethos, shape the manner of conduct in the care of women in childbirth.
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Deutsch, Emilia Anna. "Some American, Polish, German, Czech and Sorbian proverbs about a woman’s place and their historical and cultural context." Proverbium 39 (July 10, 2022): 29–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29162/pv.39.1.57.
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This paper will concentrate firstly on American and European culture in the 19th and 20th centuries to illustrate the cultural context in which proverbs about women were used, which refer to the following themes: women’s work, a woman’s place is in the home and a woman makes a home, a man needs a woman, and smart women were then put to use. The main aim of the article is to show briefly the correlation between the history and culture of women in the U.S.A. and in Central and Eastern Europe (where the German, Polish, Czech and Sorbian languages were used) and the position of women in some American, German, Polish, Czech and Sorbian proverbs. The language material of this article is confirmed by statements from women who lived in the nineteenth century and also with scientific publications about women’s place in society until now.
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Sánchez Blanco, Laura. "La liberación de las oprimidas. El neomalthusianismo y la maternidad consciente en el anarquismo femenino." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 8, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.541.
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During the 19th century, Malthus’s theory was supported by various sectors of Spanish society, such as the Church and the Bourgeoisie, because this was how they justified the social inequalities of the proletariat. However, starting in the 20th century, Spanish anarchists tried to remedy the population problem through a new Malthusianism that offered other preventive remedies to the working class, such as conscious motherhood classes. Added to the need to reduce the number of births was interest in quality of life. In this study, the theories of Birth Control and Neo-Malthusianism are examined in order to verify the influence they exerted on Spanish anarchism through the historical-educational method. Likewise, a historical review is made by the acratic press of the first decades of the 20th century to publicize the awareness campaigns that were directed towards women in order to achieve women’s liberation through the Belly strike and eugenic discourse, and the slogans of a conscious motherhood are analyzed, which were published, especially, in the journal Free Women. Anarchist women wrote 10 articles out of a total of 305 texts related to conscious motherhood and health problems, knowledge that was very necessary at the time to prevent diseases and reduce infant mortality, but they were not as successful as a sexual reform project.
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Timofeeva, O. V. "WOMEN's REPRESENTATION IN THE POLISH PARLIAMENT: HISTORY AND MODERNITY." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 6, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2022-6-3-383-392.
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The article attempts to trace the history of women's representation in the Polish parliament, its evolution and role in contemporary Polish politics. The author draws attention to the socio-demographic characteristics of women parliamentarians at the beginning of the 20th century and in modern times, to the role of gender quotas in achieving gender equality in the political sphere of the country. The author uses a database of women politicians created as part of a scientific project to analyze Polish women parliamentarians, and also compiles a summary table of the representation of women parliamentarians in the Sejm and the Senate of the country from the moment Poland gained independence to the present day. The author comes to the conclusion that for more than a hundred years of the presence of Polish women in parliament, their composition has become much more consistent with the real social structure of Polish society; the introduction of gender quotas has contributed to the expansion of women's representation, but has not destroyed all existing barriers to Polish women in politics.
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Nicholson, Beryl. "Women who shared a husband: Polygyny in southern Albania in the early 20th century." History of the Family 11, no. 1 (January 2006): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2005.07.001.
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Lobacheva, Yulia V. "The Contemporary Serbian Historiography on Women in the Independent Serbian State (1878–1918): An Overview." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 13, no. 3-4 (2018): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2018.3-4.1.05.
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This article aims to consider how Serbian scholars/historians approach to the study of Serbian women in the history of the independent Serbian state and the Serbian society in 1878–1918 at the current stage of the research (from the beginning of 1990th until 2017). This paper will give an overview of some of the main areas of historical studies considering Serbian women’s “being and life”. For example the historiography on history of “women’s question” including women’s movement and/or feminism will be considered as well as biographical research, the study of women’s position through the lens of the modernization process in Serbia in the 19th and 20th Century, Serbian women’s issues in gender studies and through the history of everyday and private life and family, the analysis of the perception of Serbian woman by outside observers including the study of the image of Serbian woman created/constructed by “others”.
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Kazaryan, G. S. "The institution of deaconesses in the tradition of the Armenian Apostolic Church." Russian Journal of Church History 3, no. 2 (July 29, 2022): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/2686-973x-2022-101.
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The article presents the main points on the history of the institution of deaconesses in the Armenian Apostolic Church. While the testimonies to the Armenian deaconesses date back to the 10th century, the analysis of these fragmentary passages raises various problems of textual and content-related character. The institution of deaconesses reached its peak in the 19th century, being associated with monastic circles. In the 20th century, with the disappearance of a small number of Armenian women’s convents, the institution declined, although today there are some local efforts to re-establish diaconal service of women in the parish life.
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Kotsiuk, Lesia, Oksana Kostiuk, Inna Kovalchuk, Viktoria Polishchuk, and Vadym Bobkov. "The Formation and Development of Women’s Secondary Education in Volyn in the 19th–the Beginning of the 20th Century." Journal of Education Culture and Society 12, no. 2 (September 25, 2021): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2021.2.227.240.
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Aim. The article aims to analyse the formation and development of women’s secondary education in Volyn in the 19th-early 20th centuries under historical, sociocultural, and religious factors. Methods. The authors describe the historical, sociocultural, and religious situation in Volyn of the late 19th-early 20th centuries and apply comparative diachronic and synchronous analyses of the charters of the educational institutions for girls, their curricula and weekly workload. Systematised pedagogical approaches to teaching and testing students of the analysed schools are used. Results and conclusion. The formation and development of women’s education in Volyn in the 19th-early 20th centuries represents a natural, consistent change in the content and structure of educational processes under certain specific historical conditions. Due to subordination changes in the region, private Orthodox boarding houses for noble girls became widespread in Volyn. Ostroh Women’s Specialised School, founded by Countess Antonina Bludova, underwent a qualitative and structural transformation under the influence of specific historical events. Both Women Count D. Bludov Specialised School and the Bratsvo School aimed to raise a certified woman who can teach children at home and other educational institutions. Analysis of the statutes of educational institutions, programmes of academic disciplines, and weekly workload indicates following the educational sequence principle. In Women Count D. Bludov Specialised School, attention was paid to general disciplines in the first years of study (arithmetics, languages, geography, general history etc.). At the last stage (4th grade), students were taught pedagogy (methodology) directly related to their future profession.
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Pomata, Gianna. "Amateurs by Choice: Women and the Pursuit of Independent Scholarship in 20th Century Historical Writing." Centaurus 55, no. 2 (February 4, 2013): 196–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12014.
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БОДРОВА, А. Г. "Травелоги югославских писательниц первой половины ХХ века: в поисках идентичности." Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, no. 1 (June 2019): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/060.2019.64103.
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The paper considers travelogues of Yugoslav female writers Alma Karlin, Jelena Dimitrijević, Isidora Sekulić, Marica Gregorič Stepančič, Marica Strnad, Luiza Pesjak. These texts created in the first half of the 20th century in Serbian, Slovenian and German are on the periphery of the literary field and, with rare exceptions, do not belong to the canon. The most famous of these authors are Sekulić from Serbia and the German-speaking writer Karlin from Slovenia. Recently, the work of Dimitrijević has also become an object of attention of researchers. Other travelogues writers are almost forgotten. Identity problems, especially national ones, are a constant component of the travelogue genre. During a journey, the author directs his attention to “other / alien” peoples and cultures that can be called foreign to the perceiving consciousness. However, when one perceives the “other”, one inevitably turns to one's “own”, one's own identity. The concept of “own - other / alien”, on which the dialogical philosophy is based (M. Buber, G. Marcel, M. Bakhtin, E. Levinas), implies an understanding of the cultural “own” against the background of the “alien” and at the same time culturally “alien” on the background of “own”. Women's travel has a special status in culture. Even in the first half of the 20th century the woman was given space at home. Going on a journey, especially unaccompanied, was at least unusual for a woman. According to Simone de Beauvoir, a woman in society is “different / other”. Therefore, women's travelogues can be defined as the look of the “other” on the “other / alien”. In this paper, particular attention is paid to the interrelationship of gender, national identities and their conditioning with a cultural and historical context. At the beginning of the 20th century in the Balkans, national identity continues actively to develop and the process of women's emancipation is intensifying. Therefore, the combination of gender and national issues for Yugoslavian female travelogues of this period is especially relevant. Dimitrijević's travelogue Seven Seas and Three Oceans demonstrates this relationship most vividly: “We Serbian women are no less patriotic than Egyptian women... Haven't Serbian women most of the merit that the big Yugoslavia originated from small Serbia?” As a result of this study, the specificity of the national and gender identity constructs in the first half of the 20th century in the analyzed texts is revealed. For this period one can note, on the one hand, the preservation of national and gender boundaries, often supported by stereotypes, on the other hand, there are obvious tendencies towards the erosion of the established gender and national constructs, the mobility of models of gender and national identification as well, largely due to the sociohistorical processes of the time.
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Abraham, Jose, and George Oommen. "Inter-Weaving of Local and Global Discourses: History of Early Pentecostals in Kerala." Religions 14, no. 3 (February 27, 2023): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14030312.
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Even though the Pentecostal movement in Kerala, South India, is a unique expression of Global Christianity, it has not been given due recognition either in the history of Kerala Christianity or Global Pentecostalism. It was rooted in both local and global discourses of the early 20th century. So, in order to understand the origin and early history of the Pentecostal movement, we need to delve deep into the history of socio-religious reform movements, which were enthusiastically embraced by Dalits, women, and other marginalized sections of Kerala. Unique features of Kerala Pentecostalism were shaped by various revival and reform movements among Christians in Kerala. With the arrival of American missionaries associated with the Azusa Street revival, the homegrown brand of Kerala Pentecostalism engaged in the global discourse on Pentecostalism. It equipped Pentecostals with the language and interpretations to make a break with the past and carve out a new identity for themselves. The usual method of approaching it as an extension of global Pentecostalism will not help us to understand how Pentecostals in Kerala creatively engaged in local and global discourses at the turn of the 20th century.
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Geropeppa, Maria, Dimitris Altis, Nikos Dedes, and Marianna Karamanou. "The first women physicians in the history of modern Greek medicine." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.17.1.3.
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In an era when medicine in Greece was dominated by men, at the end of the 19th and during the first decades of 20th century, two women, Maria Kalapothakes [in Greek: Μαρία Καλαποθάκη] (1859-1941) and Angélique Panayotatou [in Greek: Αγγελική Παναγιωτάτου] (1878-1954), managed to stand out and contribute to the evolution of medicine. Maria Kalapothakes received medical education in Paris and then she returned to Greece. Not only did she contribute to several fields of medicine, but also exercised charity and even undertook the task of treating war victims on many occasions. Angélique Panayotatou studied medicine at the University of Athens and then moved to Alexandria in Egypt, where she specialized in tropical medicine and also engaged in literature. Panayotatou became the first female professor of the Medical School of Athens and the first female member of the Academy of Athens. In recognition for their contributions, Kalapothakes and Panayotatou received medals and honors for both their scientific work and social engagement.
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Clarke, Norma, and Sally Alexander. "Becoming a Woman and Other Essays in 19th and 20th Century Feminist History." Feminist Review, no. 53 (1996): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1395665.
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Clarke, Norma. "Becoming a Woman and other Essays in 19th and 20th Century Feminist History." Feminist Review 53, no. 1 (July 1996): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.1996.21.
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Mironova, Iryna. "Struggle for Legal Women’s Rights in Russian Empire (second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century)." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, no. 2 (October 10, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190211.
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The article goal – showing struggle for legal women’s rights in A. Koni and others legal profession, including work in advocacy institutions in the Russian Empire in second half of XIX – beginning of XX century. Methods of research: modernization and gender history. The main results. In article author establish that the Russian Empire society in the end of XIX – beginning of XX century matured till understanding the equality principle of women and men role in social affairs, their leveling in property rights and in professional activities. Despite of lawyers struggle for women rights in conditions of autocracy were tiny (only the woman question discussion in press) it shows to empire power opposition from lawyers’ side and to society – necessity of changes in women’s legal status. The originality. Author uses memoirs and speeches of famous judge, member of State Council of the Russian Empire A. Koni and articles of leading lawyers, which were published in such newspapers as “Law”, “Law Herald”, “News of Jury and Trusted Council”. Scientific novelty: at the first time article describes the main issues about struggle for legal women’s rights, namely: attitude toward women in general and in legal cases; widening personal and property rights of women; giving them access to higher law education and possibility to apply it in their professional activity. Type of the article: descriptive and analytical. In article author insist that one of the first men, who outline the woman question and started to debate about widening legal women’s rights, was A. Koni. His activity was supported by famous scientists, lawyers, advocates such as D. Stasov, V. Spasovych, V. Nabokov, P. Liublinskiy, I. Foynytskiy, V. Sluchevskiy, and S. Shelukhin. A. Koni achieved particular regulation of widening property rights for women. In struggle for allowing advocacy practice for women author point out 2 stages, during its women tried to hold an appointment as private jury. Author notes first women-advocates in the Russian Empire and Ukraine, for example: E. Kozmina, K. Fleyshyts, L. Ginsburg, and O. Yaroshevska. Author determines that problems in female advocacy in Russian Empire were the same, as problems in Western Europe and USA. Question about allowing women to be advocates and notaries in Russia and Ukraine weren’t decided till 1917.