Relevant bibliographies by topics / Women – History – 20th century

Academic literature on the topic 'Women – History – 20th century'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Women – History – 20th century"

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Bell, Janis C., and Wendy Slatkin. "Women Artists in History: From Antiquity to the 20th Century." Woman's Art Journal 7, no. 2 (1986): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1358308.

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Mandziuk, Józef. "Outline of the history of obstetricsuntil the 20th century." Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio 4, no. 52 (December 16, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34766/fetr.v4i52.1098.

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The profession of midwife is one of the oldest professions in the history of mankind. Its background has been shaped by instinctive human behavior since ancient times, gradually enriching itself thanks to the constant demands of life in a slow process of mastering and observing the surrounding nature. This knowledge was constantly deepened and disseminated more and more widely, giving oral instructions to subsequent generations. It should be emphasized that the first fruits of obstetrics are the midwife - self-taught, who devoted herself to this activity spontaneously. She rushed to the aid of a woman in labor and passed on the experience gained to her successors, often daughters, through demonstrations and oral transmission. It must not be forgotten that these were women with inborn abilities, who, learning in the school of life, through accurate and correct reasoning, achieved extensive experience and proficiency in obstetrics. The aim of this study is to outline the history of the profession, or rather the vocation, of a midwife, from antiquity, through the Middle Ages, to the beginning of the twentieth century of modern time. Today, in civilized countries, children are born in hospitals where they are given special care. However, there are countries where this hospital care is lacking and the help of a female midwife is absolutely indispensable.
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Núñez Valdés, Juan, Fernando de Pablos Pons, and Antonio Ramos Carrillo. "Pioneering Black African American Women Chemists and Pharmacists." Foundations 2, no. 3 (August 2, 2022): 624–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foundations2030043.

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Rivera Gómez, Elva. "Knowledge transgressors: the incursion of women to science in Mexico, 19th-20th centuries." Culture & History Digital Journal 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.004.

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The influence of feminist thought has been very important in the field of history, as it has revealed the invisibility of women in this disciplinary field, besides of studying power relations and their effects on the daily, private and public life in which both women and men are involved. Access to education, first primary, then secondary and later higher in Mexico, spanned for a period of more than a century. In some of the regions, the presence of women in higher education was in the last third of the nineteenth century in areas considered feminine, such as midwifery, nursing and others. Careers are recorded in the 20th century. In this paper we propose to review the historiography and history of women who entered the different fields of knowledge at the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, as well as to present a panorama of the educational spaces to which the Mexican women had access.
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Savage, Elizabeth. "The Lonely Woman Icon, Niedecker, and Mid-20th-Century Advertising." Humanities 11, no. 5 (September 13, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h11050118.

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Popular advertising of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s depicting single women presents an especially useful reference point for Lorine Niedecker’s poems. Attendant to the development of romantic and social promises extended by these ads is the woeful character of the lonely and excluded woman. Notably, the danger of becoming a social outcast is not securely tied to an age demographic; although romantic intimacy promising or concluding in marriage stands as the primary goal of all purchasing conduct, the time of vulnerability to rejection is surprisingly extended—from early adolescence when social reputation is established to prime matrimonial age and reaching into years after marriage. A woman’s relationships with friends, suitors, and even children remain threatened by supposed lapses in self-awareness that guidance found in advertising can restore. While the use of sex to sell has long been recognized as a major part of advertising history, the complementary fear (of not having sex, of sexual and social rejection, and consequent despair) underlying these strategies is usually thought about as a fairly recent (and effective) advertising method. In ways that expose the images of women under construction in the social mindset, Niedecker’s poems call upon advertising’s thumbnail images and characters to inspect the rigid public attitude advertising was cultivating, an attitude male critics perpetuated in constructing American literary history.
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Motuz, Valeria. "The history of the transformation of women of Naddnipryansk Ukraine from an object into a subject of the political process: from idea to practical implementation." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 28-29 (2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-99-108.

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The article substantiates the theoretical and practical foundations of the development of the women’s movement in Naddnipryan Ukraine in the conditions of active politicization of society in the late 19th – early 20th century. When the object of the study is the increase by women from Naddnipryanskaya Ukraine of their social status in society, and the subject is their transformation from an object into a subject of political activity. This process is revealed from the standpoint of the influence of the politicization of Ukrainian society in the late 19th – early 20th century on the movement of socially active women in Nadnipryansk Ukraine towards achieving the modernization of the system of power and management from the point of view of gender equality and is presented as a transitional stage to this.
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Abdigapbarova, Zh. "Gender Issues in the Kazakh Literature of the Early 20th Century." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 126, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-4/2664-0686.06.

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Women’s rights and fate have always been a significant issue. In the article, the author reviews the gender issues in human history and analyzes the literary theoretical and historical aspects of the problem of women in Kazakh society of the early 20th century with the help of Kazakh intellectuals’ works which were written to solve the problems of women, and literary works and journalistic articles of that time. The Kazakh people valued the role of women, therefore, paid a lot of attention on the upbringing, behavior of a girl and planned her general life. There were times when a Kazakh woman rode a horse, fought the enemy and ruled the country wisely. But over time, the issue of women in Kazakh society has become more complicated. At the beginning of the 20th century, Alash intellectuals, who understood the importance of gender issues in Kazakh society, wrote special articles and works of art to influence people’s consciousness. It was disseminated to the public through the media. The first novel in Kazakh literature was dedicated to the issue of women. Women’s civil rights and their place in society began to find a positive solution in the early 20th century with the intervention of Alash activists. In the research article we analyzed M. Dulatuly’s «Bakytsyz Zhamal» (Poor Zhamal), Zh. Aimauytov’s «Akbilek» novels, also M. Auezov, M. Zhumabayev, N. Kulzhanova’s journalistic articles. In this article, the author examines the origins of the struggle for women’s equality in the early 20th century, and the specific actions of Kazakh intellectuals to protect women’s civil rights. The study is based on historical data and literary and journalistic works. The results of the hard struggle is proven by the works written in that period.
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Delay, Cara. "Wrong for womankind and the nation: Anti-abortion discourses in 20th-century Ireland." Journal of Modern European History 17, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419854660.

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This article asks how anti-abortion discourses and dialogues engaged with ideas about motherhood, national identity, and women’s reproductive decision-making in 20th-century Ireland, particularly from 1967, when abortion was decriminalized in Britain, to 1983, when Ireland’s Eighth Amendment became the law of the land. It assesses the ways in which ‘pro-life’ advocates rejected the notion that women were independent adults capable of reproductive decision-making. Indeed, throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, anti-choice activists defined all Irish women as innately innocent, moral, and naturally desirous of domesticity and motherhood. Abortion, they argued, was encouraged, coerced, and even forced by outsiders or ‘others’. The arguments of some anti-abortion activists utilized meaningful themes in Ireland’s colonial and nationalist history, including the historical notion of Irish sacrificial motherhood, the depiction of Irish women as young and vulnerable, and the explanation of abortion as foreign, anti-Irish, and reminiscent of British colonial repression.
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Cooper, Barbara M. "Gender, Movement, and History: Social and Spatial Transformations in 20th Century Maradi, Niger." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 15, no. 2 (April 1997): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d150195.

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Analyses of gender and space have been brought short by our awareness of the sterility of the familiar public-private binary, our difficulty gaining purchase upon local spatial practices through feminist abstractions insisting upon the importance of global ‘location’, and our growing realization that women are often implicated in the very gender ideologies that constrain them. In this paper, focusing upon historical changes in Muslim women's access to and occupation of different kinds of space in the Sahelian city of Maradi, Niger, the author shifts attention away from the spaces themselves and towards women's active movement through and transformation of the spaces of the body, the home, and the city. Women define themselves, their social status, and their economic possibilities by acquiring and transforming what the author calls ‘internal spaces’ and by entering into previously inaccessible ‘external spaces’. More concretely, they locate themselves socially and economically through the decoration of their rooms in their marital homes, through the acquisition of urban property, and through the adoption of veiling. By renegotiating their spatial position women reconfigure their economic and social options. In so doing they subtly and unconsciously alter the character of the urban terrain, the nature of local marriage, and the configuration of local gender relations. Women's attempts to reposition themselves have had complex and contradictory implications. They nevertheless make clear that gender analyses fixing upon reified spaces or scales are inadequate and that common Western assumptions about Muslim women's experience of internal spaces and veiling need to be rethought.
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Nikpour, Golnar. "From Fallen Women to Citizen Mothers: Gendered Carcerality in Pahlavi Iran." International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (February 2022): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743822000083.

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Modern carcerality in Iran, with its attendant systems of surveillance, policing, and mass imprisonment, was a gendered project from the outset. In turn, the new modern prisons of the Pahlavi era (1925–79) provoked gendered anxieties about seemingly rising rates of female and child criminality, the deteriorating family unit, and the inherent sin and vice of life in a modern city. In general, it is difficult to overstate the wholesale changes that the modern carceral system has brought to Iran. The establishment of modern prisons, an effort begun in the first decades of the 20th century, has led to an enduring transformation in social worlds for Iranians of all genders. For much of Iran's pre-20th-century history, forced confinement of any kind was a relative rarity, legal practices and norms were diffuse and diverse, and long periods of incarceration were virtually nonexistent. The conceit of prisoner reform central to the modern penitentiary model—wherein centralized modern governments imagine prisons as rehabilitative spaces in which socially undesirable “criminals” can be reformed into good “citizens”— is nowhere found in the archive of Iran's pre-20th-century punishments.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Women – History – 20th century"

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Choi, Hoi-sze Elsie. "Working women in China and Japan in 20th century history : a comparative analysis /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23425556.

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Willis, Avery Tinch. "Euripides' Trojan women : a 20th century war play in performance." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bb57e1d3-b560-45f2-8cd9-64befab97bba.

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In this dissertation, I approach the interpretation of a classical text in performance by examining the practical elements (directorial and design choices: set, costumes, lighting, music, etc.) and promotional materials (programmes, press releases, photographs, etc.) for a selection of significant test cases in order to determine how these production decisions engage with external factors of political, intellectual, and cultural import. Trojan Women is a particularly useful case study to explore within the parameters of this method because the dynamism and immediacy of the play is most powerfully articulated when production choices allow for it to be wielded as a weapon of protest or reaction against contemporary policy, especially the waging of war. Using a chronological approach, this analysis of Trojan Women as a text for performance provides a broad and in-depth discussion of the reception of the play in the twentieth century, the period in which the ancient text was most frequently performed. Through the investigation of several influential productions on the international stage, and through an examination of the roles of key players (particularly Gilbert Murray and Jean-Paul Sartre), Trojan Women emerges as a play that offers theatre artists a unique and effective forum for debating issues of human responsibility in times of war a central theme in the play and a considerable preoccupation during a century of armed conflict. Chapter One discusses how the play was used to criticize imperial activity and promote ideological causes in the first half of the century. Chapters Two and Three draw attention to a major cluster of performances reflecting the spirit of international war protest in the 1960s and 1970s. Chapter Four addresses productions of the play affected by delayed responses to the Holocaust. Chapter Five features performances in the 1990s that respond to crises of civil conflict and genocide.
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Sharp, Leslie N. "Women shaping shelter." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7268.

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Choi, Hoi-sze Elsie, and 蔡凱詩. "Working women in China and Japan in 20th century history: a comparative analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31952975.

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Venkatesh, Archana. "Women, Medicine and Nation-building: The `Lady Doctor’ and Development in 20th century South India." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1588949464255362.

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Martyn, Elizabeth 1968. "Gender and nation in a new democracy : Indonesian women's organisations in the 1950s." Monash University, Dept. of Politics, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9112.

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Wernitznig, Dagmar. "No documents, no history : a political biography of Rosika Schwimmer (1877-1948)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711810.

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葉翠蓮 and Chui-lin Yip. "Women's movement in Tianjin during the May Fourth Era=." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31641453.

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Black, Latoya R. "Breaking barriers : oral histories of 20th century African-American female journalists in Indiana." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1371196.

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This study introduced six African-American female journalists in Indiana and provided an intimate account of their perception of media in regards to African-American female journalists of the 21st century. The women were publicly analyzed with a series of questions and candidly discussed the role of Black female journalists at work, in their personal lives, and their communities in general. The women shared similar responses in regards to four main topics: diversity in media, gender-related challenges, career enjoyment and impact on their communities. The most pressing issue of concern was diversity. All of the women agreed that diversity is ineffectively addressed and provided suggestions. The two research questions concluded (1) none of the women credited any female pioneer in Black journalism to their success and (2) the women did not credit early Black female journalists toward their decision to obtain longevity in journalism.
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Wallace, Aurora. "Of shadowboxing and straw-women : postfeminist texts and contexts." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26354.

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This thesis is a discursive and historical analysis of the concept and usage of 'postfeminism' in contemporary feminist debates. The importance of the vocabulary used to frame these debates is demonstrated through a survey of popular feminist discourses in the 1920s, and the circulation of the term 'postfeminism' in 1980s and 1990s mainstream and feminist media, academic journals, and bestselling books. Foremost among these contexts are mainstream newspaper and magazine articles in which postfeminism is used as a descriptive term applied to trends in fashion, television and film. Through an investigation of the texts and contexts in which post feminism is used, associations to generational disparity, antifeminism, the 'death of feminism,' commercialism, and other 'post-' discourses such as postmodernism, will be illustrated. In the process, it will be demonstrated that feminism, as it is represented through discourses of postfeminism, resides in an area of cultural criticism which straddles the spheres of the academic and the popular.
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Books on the topic "Women – History – 20th century"

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Women in the 20th century. London: Chapmans, 1991.

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Great women athletes of the 20th century. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 1991.

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Quảng, Mai Lý, ed. Outstanding Vietnamese women before the 20th century. Hà Nội: Thé̂ Giới Publishers, 2006.

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Quảng, Mai Lý, ed. Outstanding Vietnamese women before the 20th century. Hà Nội: Thé̂ Giới Publishers, 2006.

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Rose, Fine-Meyer, and Gibson Stephanie Kim, eds. Unfolding power: Documents in 20th century Canadian women's history. Toronto: Green Dragon Press, 2004.

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Eva, Kolinsky, ed. Women in 20th-century Germany: A reader. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1995.

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Uta, Grosenick, and Becker Ilka, eds. Women artists in the 20th and 21st century. Köln: Taschen, 2003.

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Leonard, Barbara Gaenger. AAUW--California: The 20th century. [S.l.]: California State Division, American Association of University Women, 2001.

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20th-century Italian women writers: The feminine experience. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996.

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Clark, Judith Freeman. Almanac of American women in the 20th century. New York: Prentice Hall, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Women – History – 20th century"

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Marcinkeviciene, Dalia. "Gabriele Petkevicaite-Bite and Social Work of Women in Lithuania at the End of 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Century." In History of Social Work in Europe (1900–1960), 65–69. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-80895-0_7.

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Thane, Pat. "Women and inequalities." In 20th Century Britain, 188–201. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003037118-14.

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Bergmann, Karl-Christian. "Milestones in the 20th Century." In History of Allergy, 27–45. Basel: S. KARGER AG, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000358478.

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Knepper, Paul. "Traffic in Women." In International Crime in the 20th Century, 86–113. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230342521_5.

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Abrams, Jesse. "Late 20th-Century Forest History." In Forest Policy and Governance in the United States, 51–71. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003043669-4.

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Varvoglis, Harry. "Physics of the 20th Century." In History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics, 105–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04292-3_5.

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Welch Guerra, Max. "Interpreting 20th Century European Planning History." In European Planning History in the 20th Century, 268–71. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003271666-28.

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Rao, J. S. "20th Century Graphical and Numerical Methods." In History of Mechanism and Machine Science, 99–114. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1165-5_11.

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Waithe, Mary Ellen. "Twentieth Century Women Philosophers." In A History of Women Philosophers, 299–380. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1114-0_14.

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Blaauw, Adriaan. "Earlier 20th Century Developments; World War I." In History of the IAU, 15–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0978-9_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Women – History – 20th century"

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Kamenskaya, Ekaterina. "The Woman's Face of European Politics (Based on Russian Women's Magazines of the Early 20th Century)." In Woman in the heart of Europe: non-obvious aspects of gender in the history and culture of Central Europe and adjacent regions. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/0475-6.10.

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Chepelevskaya, Tatyana. "Travel Essays by E.i. Witte at the Beginning of the 20th Century as an Example of Documentary Fiction and an Example of a "Feminine" View of the "Slavic" Theme." In Woman in the heart of Europe: non-obvious aspects of gender in the history and culture of Central Europe and adjacent regions. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/0475-6.32.

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Romanovska, Alina. "20TH CENTURY HISTORY OF LATVIA IN LITERARY NARRATIVES." In 3rd Arts & Humanities Conference, Barcelona. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/ahc.2018.003.002.

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Szoro, Ilona. "READING CIRCLES IN HUNGARY IN THE 20TH CENTURY." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b31/s10.072.

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Zhou, Dian. "THE HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN ETCHING OF THE 20th CENTURY." In VI Международная научно-практическая конференция "Искусствознание и педагогика. Диалектика взаимосвязи и взаимодействия". Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Книжный дом», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25807/pbh.978-5-94777-431-3.134.138.

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Munhanova, Yu A. "HISTORY OF THE MONGOLIAN AGITPROP POSTER OF THE 20TH CENTURY." In Искусство и дизайн: история и практика. Санкт-Петербург: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургская государственная художественно-промышленная академия имени А.Л. Штиглица», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54874/9785604868829_258.

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BARBOSA, Helena. "The signature of Portuguese posters from 17th Century to 20th Century: one history of identities." In Design frontiers: territories, concepts, technologies [=ICDHS 2012 - 8th Conference of the International Committee for Design History & Design Studies]. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/design-icdhs-035.

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KURAS, L. V., and B. D. TSYBENOV. "KYAKHTA IN 20th – THE BEGINNING OF 21 CENTURY: HISTORY, PRESENT, PROSPECTS." In Scientific conference, devoted to the 95th anniversary of the Republic of Buryatia. Publishing House of the Buryat Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30792/978-5-7925-0521-6-2018-81-84.

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Xin, Ziyan. "The Inscription of Chinese Women in Citizen Textbooks of the 20th century." In 2021 6th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210407.095.

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Wang, Y. "THE IMAGE OF TOILING WOMEN IN CHINESE ARTS OF THE 20th CENTURY." In IV International Conference ”Science and society - Methods and problems of practical application". Prague: Premier Publishing s.r.o., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29013/iv-conf-canada-4-8-11.

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Reports on the topic "Women – History – 20th century"

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Kempgen, Sebastian. Was Postkarten erzählen können… Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-49498.

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Payne, Krista. Median Age at First Marriage, 2019. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-21-12.

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The median age at first marriage in the United States has increased steadily since the mid-20th century. In the mid-1950s, the median age was at a record low of just over 20 for women and 22 for men, but by 2020, the median age was 28 for women and 30 for men (see Figure 1). The median age at first marriage has increased similarly for both men and women. Consequently, the gender gap in the median age at first marriage has persisted, fluctuating between 1.6 and 2.7 years. This profile uses data from the 2019 American Community Survey (ACS), 1-year estimates to track the trends in women’s and men’s median ages at first marriage. The ACS is ideal because it provides the best annual data on marital status and demographic characteristics allowing for direct estimation of the median age at first marriage (Simmons & Dye, 2004). This is an update to our previous profiles on the topic for the years 2017 (FP-19-06), 2014 (FP-16-07), 2013 (FP-15-05), 2010 (FP-12-07), and 2008 (FP-09-03).
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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro, and Joseph Teye. Long-Term Change, Commercialisation of Cocoa Farming, and Agroecosystems and Forest Rehabilitation in Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.002.

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Abstract:
Cocoa production has a long history in Ghana, originating in the late nineteenth century. Since then, cocoa production has seen significant changes. Originally, cocoa was cultivated in newly cleared forests in which many forest trees were preserved as shade trees. Cocoa is ideally suited to these conditions and produces high yields with minimum investment in labour and inputs. However, over time, as the forest conditions change, the cost of cultivating cocoa has increased and yields have declined. As long as new forest frontiers exist, farmers have continued to move into these areas, which have displaced older areas of cultivation, since the costs of production are significantly lower in the new frontiers. In recent years, however, new forest frontiers have declined and most cocoa farmers have been forced to rehabilitate and replant cocoa in open land. This study examines the rational of frontier development; changes in land relations, labour relations and use of technology; and the impact of these factors on different categories of farmers, including women and youth. This is developed through two comparative case studies drawn from the older cocoa frontier of the Eastern Region, and the more recent frontier of Western North Region.
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